Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 52 (2): 121-136 — 1982
Petrus Camper’s study of the Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus ) and its influence on Georges Cuvier
by
L.C. Rookmaaker & R.P.W. Visser
Biohistorical Institute, University of Utrecht, Nieuwe Gracht 187,
3512 LM Utrecht, The Netherlands
Abstract "Ich habe Gelegenheit gehabt die beiden asia-
tischen Gattungen von Rhinoceros aus ein- It has been asserted that Petrus Camper (1722-1789) was ander die mit vier Schneide- the first zu setzen, to distinguish the Javan Rhinoceros as a separate grossen species. This opinion is based remark in versehen on a cursory in a zähnen, zwey jedem Kinnbacken posthumously published letter to the Russian scientist Peter sind. Ich werde der Akademie zu Petersburg Simon Pallas. A of careful analysis Camper’s numerous
die meiner von die- writings on the rhinoceros, both published and unpublished, Fortsetzung Abhandlung confirmation has produced not the slightest of this taxonomic sem Tier schicken" (Camper, 1793: 249).
achievement. Therefore, it seems premature to label Camper
as the discoverer of the Javan Rhinoceros. As Georges Cuvier This statement is both and made of the material collected intriguing tantalizing. ample use by Camper, we have It clear that here also discussed its influence on Cuvier’s ideas with respect seems quite Camper distinguished
to rhinoceros classification. two species of rhinoceros in Asia, which must
refer to the animals now known as the Great
Résumé Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis Lin-
and the Rhinoceros naeus, 1758) Javan [Rhino- L’idée que c’est Petrus Camper (1722-1789) qui fut le 1 ceros sondaicus We are dis- premier à voir dans le Rhinocéros de Java une espèce Desmarest, 1822).
distincte fondée if in- est généralement acceptée. Cette opinion est appointed, however, we try to find more dans lettre adressée zoolo- sur une remarque fugitive une au formation about his distinction of two Asian
giste russe Peter Simon Pallas, lettre publiée après la mort de The article announced in the letter to Camper. Mais une analyse sérieuse des nombreuses con- species. tributions Pallas de Camper, publiées ou non, sur les rhinocéros, never appeared in print anywhere. It is n’a la moindre à de pas apporté preuve l’appui cette idée, generally accepted that Camper’s death, in 1789, et il semble prématuré de considérer Camper comme décou- him to out his It is this inter- vreur du Rhinocéros de Java. Puisque Georges Cuvier avait prevented carry plan.
utilisé le matériel collectionné les which Pallas in amplement par Camper, pretation gave a footnote to de l’influence de dernier auteurs s’occupent aussi ce sur les Camper (1793: 249n), and subsequently sub- idées de Cuvier concernant la classification des rhinocéros. scribed to by Cuvier (1806: 32, 1812b: 14), De
Blainville (1817: 165, 1846: 69), 2 Geoffroy 1. INTRODUCTION St. Hilaire & F. Cuvier (1824: 1), Schreber
the In course of the 18th century it had become (1835: 309) and Müller & Schlegel (1845:
3 More customary to distinguish a single-horned rhino- 183). recently, Sody (1959: 132)
ceros in Asia and a double-hornedspecies in Africa reviewed the problem and concluded that thanks to
of “das als (Rookmaaker, 1981, 1982). While the status Camper Erkennen des Javaners neue Art
there these forms was discussed, was before 1790 war damit vollzogen, aber u.a. durch das Fehlen
no suggestion at all about the possible existence eines ‘lateinischen’ Namensblieb diese Entdeckung of more living species of rhinoceros. It is there- noch einigermassen in der Schwebe.” Sody still
fore rather surprising to find the following leaves place for doubt, more than his followers remarks in letter written a by Petrus Camper Guggisberg (1966: 114) and Schenkel & Schen-
( 1722-1789), Dutch anatomist and paleontologist, kel-Hulliger (1969: 98).
Peter Simon Pallas in 1793: It seems rather published by hasty to present Camper as the
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of the “Asian Fig. 1. Two views rhinoceros” sent from Java to Camper in 1785. These drawings were later engraved by
section 8) on intended differences between African rhinoceroses. Vinkeles (see a plate to show the the and Asian of (Library of the University Leiden, department of manuscripts, BPL 247 I omslag 20.)
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the discoverer of the Javan Rhinoceros just on 3. CAMPER’S COLLECTION ABOUT 1780
the there basis of cited above, as is nothing passage Until the end of the 18th century, European
else pertinent to this subject in Camper's published collections rarely included any rhinoceros parts vexed oeuvre. To shed some light on this question, except horns. Camper was probably exceptional is it to turn to Camper's unpublished varied in necessary in having a more collection, which
manuscripts, letters and drawings hoping to find 1782 consisted of six specimens:
additional remarks on the classification of the
1, 2. The skull and skin of the head of a double- rhinoceros. We shall confine this discussion to horned Diceros bicornis after in rhinoceros, (Lin- the years 1782, the year which Camper received from the of his naeus, 1758), Cape published major monograph on the African
Good in 1771. were rhinoceros. Hope They presented
by Joachim Annema, Baron van Plettenberg
(1739-1793), who became Independent
2. FIRST REPORTS ON THE RHINOCEROS OF JAVA Fiscal at the Cape in 1767 and succeeded
in The first tolerable description of the rhinoceros Rijk Tulbagh as governor 1771 (Picard,
Bontius his on Java was given by Jacobus (1596- 1972). Camper expressed gratitude
and 1631) who lived in Batavia during the last four about this rare valuable present on
His 18 1771. 7 years of his life. observations on the rhino- August
3. The "nasal ceros or "Abada" were first published post- bone of a Cape rhinoceros",
humously in 1642 and later included in the better with a forward inclined anterior horn oi
4 and known book edited by Piso (1658: 50-52). feet a posterior horn of 10 duym
Bontius observed the rhinoceros "a thousand times, Rijnlands length (Camper, 1782: 151). 8
in the woods." His 4. The "nasal bone with two horns of caged, or grazing description a very
is indicate the rhino- in Paris in unsuitable, however, to that young Rhinoceros" bought 1777.
differ in The measured and 3 ceros on Java would some respects from horns 6y 2 2 /s duym,
the Indian species. The account in Piso (1658) respectively (Camper, 1782: 152).
The African is illustrated by two drawings, the lower one 5. "anterior part of the nose of an depicting the animal's head "Cranium Rhino- rhinoceros with two horns", 25 and 6 duym
which Bontius cerotis", was sent by (Piso, 1658: long, respectively (Camper, 1782: 152).
The other above the 6. The skull of 52). figure first, showing a a very young single-horned
side view of the animal, was added by Piso and rhinoceros received from the "often praised"
sketch "drawn life copied from a after in the Mr. Hoffmann of Batavia (Camper, 1782:
9 Its Indies" which was supplied by Johannes Uuten- 166). (occipito-nasal) length was
5 which indicates that it bogaert (1557-1644). Sody (1959: 127) some 30 cm, belonged recognized the head as one of the Javan Rhino- to a very young individual. Camper (1782:
"kann nicht als its ceros, while the other figure Rh. 166-167) described dentition, saying that
sondaicus anerkannt werden." Whatever their the anterior part of the upper jaw showed
these diagnostic value, figures are certainly two sockets, "of which the anterior one was
and least attrib- than the original they show at one element much larger one next to it."
tooth utable to the Javan species, i.e. the typical "saddle" Similarly, the lower jaw had a on
8 formed by the neck folds on the withers. both sides in front of the molars.
In the that the of century followed, presence
a rhinoceros on Java was asserted rather frequently, Besides, Camper studied the existing literature,
as shown by the review in Sody (1959: 128-131 ). previously published illustrations, 10 and rhino-
few There were, however, original descriptions ceros specimens in other Dutch collections. The and in the terms latter consisted nobody suggested even vaguest primarily of horns, with two excep-
that there could be a difference between the tions: mounted small a skin of a very rhinoceros
rhinoceros of India and that of Java. in the museum of the Prince of Orange (Camper,
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Anterior of the of the immature skull Anterior of the left lower of the immature Fig. 2. part upper jaw Fig. 3. part jaw of rhinoceros Rhinoceros in a Javan sondaicus) Camper’s Javan rhinoceros skull (no. 6), published by Pallas (1780,
IX collection (no. 6), published by Pallas (1780, pl. fig. II). pl. IX fig. III).
1782: and of the lower of a in in 154) part jaw large work on the rhinoceros appeared Dutch
rhinoceros in the collection of the of It University 1782. is not merely a description of the African
Leiden 11 also (Camper, 1782: 167). Camper head and skull, but a review of the existing in- observed of the Indian two living specimens formation about the rhinoceros in general. This
rhinoceros. The first he in Leiden where he translated saw monograph was into German in 1791
made and a clay model some drawings (Camper, and into French in 1803. In the German edition
1782: 176; Rookmaaker, 1973: are few and 61 in 139, 147, 50, there a footnotes (pp. 50, 59 )
fig- 9, 1978a). The second specimen he drew on which some additional remarks written by Camper
in the 28 July 1777 menagerie of Versailles (Cam- before his death are presented for the first time
1782: 12 14 per, 147). in print.
After examination of the material mentioned in
4. CAMPER’S CLASSIFICATION IN 1782 the previous section, Camper decided to distin-
two of rhinoceros: In guish species 1776, Camper wrote a Latin description of his
" African which in I. Das mit einem specimens (nos. 1, 2), appeared Asiatische einzelnen run-
the "Acta" of the St. Petersburg Academy in den Hörne, und mit merklichen Falten
illustrated 1780, by V to VIII. In the same und den plates Schildern über Körper, so wie
issue, plate IX (figs. II, the inter- Albin und Buffon sie III) depicts Parsons, vorge- maxillary of the Javan skull (no. 6) and the stellt haben. 15
anterior part of its lower jaw (figs. Al- II. Das Afrikanische Hör- 2, 3). mit zwey platten
these were after einem hinter dem though figures engraved drawings nern, andern, ohne
the in made by Camper, plate is discussed a short Falten oder Schilder."
Pallas note written by (1780), who clearly is (Camper, 1791: 61, cf. Camper, 1782:
for its 13 responsible publication. Camper's major 180).
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The only characters used by Camper in this classi- pleased when he discovered in the collection of
horns and the fication are the number of folds John Hunter (1728-1793) on 16 October 1785
in the be- "a skin. Another important difference head of an old rhinoceros from Asia, in whose
tween the African black rhinoceros and the two well lower there upper as as jaws are very clearly
in Asia single-horned species (genus Rhinoceros) incisors" (Nuyens, 1939: 182). He even returned
is the of in the latter. 16 presence incisors Camper to Hunter on 21 October to examine the speci-
make (1782: 167-169) observed these front teeth in men more thoroughly and to some drawings
18 the lower jaw of the Versailles specimen, and of it (fig. 4).
he mentioned them in his of the description young
6 Javan skull, no. above. He was reluctant, how- 6. NEW MATERIAL FROM JAVA include incisors ever, to the absence or presence of
in his diagnosis, probably for two reasons. Camper obtained some additional rhinoceros from der First, Camper (1782: 169) realized that his specimens Jacob van Steege (1746- of his former who became material was insufficient. He had one African 1811), one pupils,
skull in which the intermaxillaries might have M.D. at the University of Groningen in 1772 and
been who worked as in Batavia from 1774 damaged. Camper (1782: 165) stated to physician
until have preserved them with difficulty, while Merck 1788. According to notes in the posthumous German translation of (1786: 7) found them missing in Camper's speci- Camper's monograph,
Van der The Asian skull sent to a skeleton, four men. (no. 6) belonged to a very Steege Camper
a and a young specimen, which obviously made compari- heads, tongue penis (Camper, 1791: 50,
with We shall this material sons the adult African skull rather hazardous. 59)- try to define more
The second uncertainty is found in the obser- precisely according to letters by Van der Steege
vations Pallas to and those by (1769, 1780) on fossil skulls. Camper, by Camper to Joseph Banks
All rhinoceros examined in London. skulls by Pallas were (1743-1820)
A letter double-hornedand Pallas maintained in his letters 7. by Camper to Banks of 8 June 1786
that mentioned the arrival to Camper there were always at least vestiges of a complete skele- of ton: 19 "I received East sockets in the front part of the lower jaw in just now from the
the fossil material Indies a skeleton of rhinoceros from (Camper, 1782: 166). a young
In asked Java, in which the teeth of which I have 1782, Camper himself this question: are,
described the sockets in "Maybe there is a constant difference [concerning the act. of St. Peters- viz. the four incisivi the teeth] between the double-homed and the burg, in the lower jaw and four in the single-horned rhinoceroses?" (Camper, 1782: 168, intermaxillary bones, of which
More two are translated). specimens were needed to only persistent." Possibly, this ship- included answer this problem. ment a tongue "im Weingeist" because Camper (1791: 59) dated its arrival
as the summer of 1786. He have been TO may 5. JOURNEY ENGLAND IN 1785
mistaken, however, because on 1 October 1787
In went to for 1785, Camper England some Van der 20 that Steege wrote he was sending which time months, during he a the kept diary, "the tongue of small Rhinoscer of which and translated published by Nuyens (1939). He have the skeleton you and was forgotten to visited the British Museum several times. On be sent at that time."
11 October 1785 he examined "several heads of 8. On 16 November Van der 1785, Steege wrote rhinoceroses from the Orient, and others from the to that Camper he was sending the head of
Cape" 1939: these 21 (Nuyens, 175)." Although a rhinoceros. Camper was expecting this skulls showed teeth in the anterior of the part on 8 and specimen 18 June 1786, as he men- lower jaw, they were too damaged in other tioned to Banks. 22 parts It probably arrived in the
(intermaxillaries were missing) to be useful middle of 2 3 summer 1786. This shipment (Camper, 1791: much 50). Camper was more also have included may the animal's tongue and
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Rhinoceros Fig. 4. The skull of an Indian rhinoceros unicornis) in the collection of John Hunter in London, drawn by Cam-
21 October 1785. of the of Amsterdam, of A per on (Library University department manuscripts, X.)
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24 On weil im 4ten feet. 19 February 1787, Camper wrote unnöthig wäre, sie Band meiner kl.
25 "You have finden to Banks : already been informed, Schriften zu sind." This paper certainly
I that I neither in the of the believe, have got from Java, a pro- never appeared, periodicals
in digious fine head of the asiatick rhinoc. with Academy St. Petersburg, nor in Camper's
I have the "Kleine of which 3 volumes have one horn; sent my engraver Propl. Schriften", only
and frontview of it, and of the African Rhinos: ever been published.
reduced to to have them There a entitled "Addi- engraved upon is, however, manuscript dissertationem cranio the same plate. ...The asiatick specimen is tamentum ad de Rhinocerotis
finer, and more compleat than that of Mr. Africani gemino cornu de: Act. Petrop: Tom. I
A° datam ad John Hunter." Clearly, it was this specimen pag. 193 pro 1777 26: Octob.
28 While it is evidence which Camper had engraved by Vinkeles; an 1776." not dated, internal
illustration which will be discussed below clearly indicates that it must have been written in
(section 8). 1787. 29 In this manuscript, Camper reviewed the
10. Van der literature which after and he 9, Steege wrote to Camper on appeared 1776,
October 26 discussed the which him 1 1787 that he was sending on the observations led to some
Wijnanda Lubberta two boxes including "two extended conclusions, as follows:
complete heads of the rhinoceros. To obtain a. The Asian rhinoceros skulls examined in the I sent four of slaves with these, my some British Museum lacked the intermaxillaries, natives to the mountains and they brought me but the lower jaws had 2 large incisors and the after these beautiful heads more than a month sockets of two more in between. the in jungle. They belong to an old female b. The adult rhinoceros skull from Asia in Hun- and a young male, which is still changing its ter's collection showed the same arrangement teeth like the biggest crocodile." In the first as those in the B.M., while there were 2 in- there box, were also the "two front legs of cisors in the intermaxillaries of the upper jaw. the male, and the hind legs and the neck of The skeleton of the c. young rhinoceros sent from female the rhinoceros" and the "tongue of Java (no. 7) showed two large and 2 small the small rhinoceros" (see no. 7 above). The teeth the in upper jaw. second box contained "the lower parts of the d. The skull of the adult rhinoceros from Java which rhinoceros legs are dry in the box. The had (no. 8) the same set of teeth as Hunter's of both and the sexual the tongues organ of specimen. male one." The arrival of this shipment, prob-
ably during 1788, is not mentioned in the Camper now asserted that he was more certainabout available but correspondence, Camper's ( 1791 : the suggestion earlier published by Pallas (1780: 50) remarks about four heads seems to in- the of teeth 211) concerning presence in the ante- dicate their safe receipt. Camper (1791: 50) rior He parts of both jaws. was convinced enough presented one head, probably one of these two, to include the arrangement of the teeth in his to his "Freunde Sommering in Mainz." 27 of the two he diagnosis only species still recog-
nized: the Aethiopian or African, with a double
OBSERVATIONS without incisors and without folds 7. ADDITIONAL IN 1787 horn, any on
the body, from the and the Asiatic, In the in Cape; single- passage cited the introduction, Camper with horned, skin folds on the body, neck and (1793) mentioned a "Fortsetzung meiner Ab- thighs, provided with 2 broad incisors in the handlung" to be sent to the Academy in St. and upper jaw 4 in the lower jaw. Petersburg. Elsewhere, Camper (1791: 61) Camper wrote a of these results to claimed "in summary to have dem Zusätze zur Abhandlung in 30 Joseph Banks a letter of October 1787: über das Afrikanische Nashorn in den Petersburg.
Acten die wahre Kennzeichen Arten voll- Pennant beyder "Mr. [1781: 136-140] was the first, ständig abgehandelt, welches hier zu wiederholen who divided these animals into two species;
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Front view of the rhinoceros head Van drawn 24 Fig. 5. sent from Java by der Steege (no. 8), by Camper on January
of 1787. (Library the University of Amsterdam, department of manuscripts, A X.)
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I did while before I was a for this as a long ago, quarter. Preliminary drawings engraving
and The acquainted with his book on quadrupeds, but are shown in figs. 1, 5 6. engraving was
only by conjecture. not for sale, but Camper donated them to friends
34 The African has naturally and constantly two and institutions. Later, Blumenbach (1796, pl.
folds its used the with horns and never any on body; no VII) engraving an acknowledge-
each side of its cutting teeth, seven grinders, on ment source.
of the jaw, 28. in all.
teeth The Asiatic has one horn, two VAN only cutting 9. DID CAMPER DISCOVER THE JA
in and on RHINOCEROS? the upper maxilla, seven grinders
Pennant mentioned six, tho each side. only We have now covered all evidence found in Cam-
in the there are seven not only specimen now per's publications, letters and manuscripts which
in but likewise in that of Mr. the It has my possession, could help to solve above question. is Hunter's. The os intermaxillare that John very been proven Camper examined specimens
and incisivi in the large contains two young from Africa, India and Java, and was therefore
the is shed and out ones, second never grows in a position to distinguish the three species. How-
to the teeth, in of the studies discussed with again, belonging supernumerary ever, none here, number of which common to a are great the exception of the posthumously published letter the In the skeleton of young could discover trace of evidence quadrupeds. [...] to Pallas, we any
which sent to the same Rhinoceros, was me by that he was aware of or even suspected a specific
these two are Dr. Van der Steege very visible, difference between the Indian and the Javan
these I have described the alveoli of already rhinoceroses. His last reference to his rhinoceros
in the Comment, of the Acad, of Peters- Imp. studies was in a letter to the Imperial Academy
31 maxilla inferior contains on 35 burgh. The in St. Petersburg, dated 27 April 1788. There side likewise and four each seven grinders, too no mention is made of a distinction between
and almost cutting teeth, two very long large, the two Asian species. In order to account for the the in the middle and on curious remark in do triangular sharp Camper (1793) we can
smaller round and in the sides: two pointed nothing but suggest that it originated in the
middle." period 27 April 1788—7 April 1789, the day
in when he died. It was that period that Camper Camper added some observations communicated received the last from him der of the shipment Java (specimens to by Van Steege about the use 9 and It is then that arrived incisors the the soft- 10). possible Camper as a weapon by rhinoceros, at conclusions after Un- skin and the new 27 April 1788. ness of its tongue, its folded high fortunately nothing more can be said at this value of the small middle incisors to the Javanese. there juncture as is no further evidence in The last fact would help to explain why the skulls any
of or works. 32 Camper's published unpublished sent from Java always lacked these teeth.
10. 8. THE ENGRAVING BY VINKELES CAMPER’S SPECIMENS AFTER HIS DEATH
that African It was now quite undeniable the When Petrus Camper died in 1789, his entire
collection his Rhinoceros differed in essential respects from the was left to son Adriaan Gilles Cam-
conclusion He Asian species. This was important per (1759-1820). compiled some catalogues
show the in of this which enough to Camper to two species a museum was kept in his country privately published engraving of 1787. The plate estate Klein Lankum near Franeker (A. G. Cam- was R. Vinkel and dedicated to 36 The of the engraved by es per, 1809, 1811). enumeration
33 It skull Jacob van der Steege. depicts the of rhinoceros specimens indicates that we have the African rhinoceros (no. 1 ) from the front covered all material in Camper's collection and
and that and from the side, the adult skull from Java most was still present when the catalogues
(no. 8) in the same positions, both reduced to were written:
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Fig. 6. The skull of the rhinoceros shown in fig. 5, also drawn by Camper. (Library of the University of Amsterdam, depart- ment of manuscripts, A X.)
"62. Le squelette d'un très-jeune rhinocéros In 1820, when A. G. Camper died, the collection
six d'Asie; sa hauteur est de décimètres; was transferred to the University of Groningen
la longueur de huit décimètres. where it was divided between the Theatrum Ana-
63. Quatre crânes du rhinocéros d'Asie; tomicum and the Cabinet of Natural History.
ils diffèrent et le The latter in fire in pour l'âge sexe. museum was destroyed a
64. Le crâne d'un rhinocéros à double corne, 1906. The specimens from the anatomical theatre
later several du Cap. were dispersed among institutes of
La the shown in 65. peau bourrée du même animal. university. They were in 1939 a
Plusieurs 66. os du nez de rhinocéros d'Afri- memorial exhibition (Anonymous, 1939). Only
les il s'en que avec cornes; trouve qui one specimen mentioned in this paper is listed
huit sont longues de décimètres. there, as "two rhinoceros horns of a Rhinoceros
67. Différentes parties de squelettes, les bicornis" (Anonymous, 1939: 36, no. 119), but
these individuals vertèbres cervicales, une partie du thorax horns belong to two different
et des extrémités antérieures et posté- of R. unicornis (fig. 7).
rieures de rhinocéros de Two other skulls have been plusieurs Java. may preserved
68. La collection des One pièces en liqueur although they are at present irretrievable.
la la skull in comprend langue, verge, etc." was sent by Camper to Sömmerring Mainz,
(A. G. Camper, 1811: 19). as we have seen above (no. 9, 10). Another skull
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donated A. G. Cuvier was by Camper to Georges
in Paris as we shall elucidate in the next section.
This skull of Rhinoceros sondaicus was placed by
Cuvier in the collections of the Muséum National
in still there d'Histoire Naturelle Paris. It may be
although two recent catalogues of the specimens of the Javan Rhinoceros in world museums only
list two skulls (from Indo-China), one mounted
of skin from Java and 3 complete skeletons un-
in Paris known origin the museum (Loch, 1937;
Barbour & Allen, 1932).
11. CUVIER’S CLASSIFICATION OF CAMPER’S
RHINOCEROS SKULL
Fig. 7. Two horns of Rhinoceros unicornis from the collection As Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) often referred of Petrus Camper, being the only surviving specimens, to the Rhinoceros skulls owned Petrus Javan by preserved in the Museum of the Laboratory of Anatomy and Camper, it is important to investigate how these Embryology, University of Groningen.
specimens influenced his ideas. His first attempt
to classify the rhinoceroses is found in Geoffroy enverai le dernier résultat." There is no doubt
& G. Cuvier (1795), where three living (and that Cuvier received the skull described above
41 one fossil) species are distinguished: the African as no. 8.
rhinoceros described by Camper (1780), the Cuvier (1812a) presented an extensive descrip-
ordinary Asian single-horned rhinoceros, and tion of the skeleton of the Indian rhinoceros which
another one-horned species. The last species is died in the Versailles menagerie in 1793, com-
drawn with "la tête d'un rhinocéros based on a figure by Camper but published pared plus jeune,
Pallas IX which shows notre Muséum doit à la de M. by (1780, pl. fig. II), que générosité
the anterior of the of rhinoceros Adrien celle part upper jaw a Camper, et qui est précisément qui
this 42 The from Java (no. 6). There are two sockets in a servi à la planche de son illustre père."
the much than older Versailles than part of the jaw, anterior one larger skull was a quarter higher
the one behind it, which were not found in the the other although they had the same length
other A few 1812b: For single-horned species (fig. 2). years (Cuvier, 33). a good understanding
this it later, Cuvier (1797, 1798), more carefully, only of Cuvier's classification at point, is neces-
two R. unicornis and R. to look somewhat at his notes on distinguished species, sary more closely
he bicornis, while he indicated the possible distinc- the incisors of the rhinoceros. As in 1795,
tion of the animals described Bruce small the by (1790) observed the presence of a tooth on
and Bell and the 37 outside of the incisor in the of by (1793) one by Camper. large upper jaw
In Cuvier to with the earlier 1799, began correspond very young specimen figured by Camper
found Adriaan Gilles Camper (Theunissen, 1980). 38 (in Pallas, 1780, pi. IX fig. II). He a
These letters often included the similar side in the questions about tooth on one only upper jaw
rhinoceros specimens formerly owned by Petrus of the old Versailles specimen (fig. 8), which
On A. 39 indicated him that character Camper. 12 February 1801, G. Camper to this was not linked
he decided 43 unicorne wrote that had to donate one skull of with age. However, "notre d'âge
the rhinoceros from Java to Cuvier. While intermédiaire", i.e. the skull sent by A. G. Camper,
in 40 did such acknowledging its safe arrival Paris, Cuvier not even show a trace of the socket of
"la tête de à then asked: "Y auroit-il Asie added that Rhinocéros me parait, a tooth. Cuvier en
la forme de la tête une légère inspection, d'une espèce différente. espèces distinguées par et par
des mais dont l'une J'y regarderai avec plus d'attention, et je vous le nombre incisives, au moins
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Rhinoceros which lived in the Versailles Menagerie (1770-1793), Fig. 8. Upper jaw of the Indian rhinoceros unicornis) drawn by Maréchal in 1793. Note the small tooth labelled “6” behind the right incisor. (Vélin vol. 60 no. 66, Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, Bibliothèque Centrale, Paris.)
de 45 This seroit indifféremment unicorne ou bicorne?" figure, n'est qu'une variété l'unicorne."
(1812b: 13). He hesitatingly suggested that there is the last of the discussions in which the speci-
Asian rhinoceros: with men of an because are two species of one a Camper played important part, received skeleton high skull provided with 2 incisors in both sides in 1821 the Muséum in Paris a
of the the Versailles rhino- of a rhinoceros collected Pierre upper jaw (based on single-homed by
and the Diard in Indonesia. On the basis ceros specimen figured by Pallas); and (1794 —1863)
of that the Rhinoceros was another with a lower skull, without the second specimen, Javan
from the other Asian upper incisor (based on the one-horned specimen definitively distinguished
donated by A. G. Camper and the double-horned species and Camper's specimen (no. 8) was also animal described by Bell in 1793). 44 Cuvier allocated to this new species (De Blainville, 1846:
(1812b: 14) thought it likely that Camper had 72-73; Cuvier, 1822: 20-29).
reached that same conclusion, which would have
led to the note in Camper (1793). ABBREVIATIONS These points are discussed by De Blainville
who that the number (1817: 165-166), objects BM British Museum, London of horns is too peculiar to be accidental in the hss. manuscript (with number) IFFC Institut de France, Paris: Fonds Cuvier rhinoceros. He assumed "que la crâne dont il est UBA Library of the University of Amsterdam
et dont on ne connoît en France la question, que UBL Library of the University of Leiden
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NOTES 13. Sody (1959: 132) is in error when he writes: "Anderer-
seits [Acta Acad. Scient. Imper. Petropolitanae, 1777,
1. The third recent Asian species, the double-horned Suma- II, Tab. IX] hatte Camper wahrscheinlich bereits solch
tran Rhinoceros, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Fischer, einen Schädel von Rh. sondaicus abgebildet, ohne es
be from It selbst Plate shows small 1814) can excluded the discussion. was first recht zu wissen." IX only parts
observed by Bell (1793) and its occurrence was un- of the Javan skull (figs. 2, 3), which were drawn by
suspected by Camper and his contemporaries. Camper but published by Pallas (1780).
2. 14. The French translation also has additional Jardine (1836: 181) claimed that "De Blainville gave of 1803 some the to another rhinoceros which he characterized from the footnotes, but not those present in German work,
to skull, the title of R. Camperii but the species remains nor any pertinent our theme.
in referred to in Parsons (1743), Albinus uncertainty." De Blainville discussed a "rhinocéros 15. Camper plates
de binomen. and Buffon & Daubenton (1764). All these Camper" but probably never proposed a (1747)
Rookmaaker The views of are illustrated in (1973). 3. Georges Cuvier and De Blainville are of teeth in the rhinoceros. further discussed in section 11. 16. The number is not constant
A R. sondaicus has 3 molars and 3 in 4. Latin-English edition of Bontius's book was edited usually premolars of both in sides of the each side jaws, one incisor both by Van Andel (1931). The account of the rhinoceros jaw, and 2 incisors in both sides of the lower jaw. is presented in a German translation by Sody (1959: upper Diceros bicornis has 4 and 3 molars in each 127-128, 187-188). premolars
side of both jaws; sometimes one premolar lacks, and 5. Piso's (1658: 52) note states: "Quapropter elegantem
both can show one or two vestigial incisors (Hit- & genuinam hanc belluae effigiem ad vivum in Indiis jaws chins, 1978: 72). depictam favore praestantissimi Yiri, Ioannis Wten- 17. made of rhinoceros bogaert, in Amstelodamo Hollandiae Quaestoris, hie Camper two drawings specimens
offero." in the British Museum (UBA, hss. A X). An English translation of 1769, used by Van
18. One is shown in 4. Another is entitled: Andel (1931), translates "in Indiis depictam" into fig. drawing
"Rhinocerotis Asiaticis unico cornu maxilla inferior, "drawn in India", but "in the Indies" is more accurate.
— Londini in Museo 6. The illustrations crude. Besides magnit: nat. P. Camper J. Hunter, are very the "saddle", ad Oct. 1785" hss. A Hunter's the animal in the also shows 21 (UBA, X). John upper figure a dewlap collection went to the Royal College of Surgeons of formed by the skin folds in the throat region, typical of England. Their Flower & Garson R. unicornis. The head in the lower figure is one-horned catalogue prepared by listed 3 of Rhinoceros "Hun- but otherwise without characteristics. (1884) specimens as
terian": 7. Letter unknown. The date is recorded in a return letter
by Van Plettenberg in Cape Town to Camper dated R. unicornis: 2122: incomplete skeleton without 28 February 1772 (UBA, hss. X 114). skull;
8. used measure: 1 foot 31.4 Camper Rhijnlands equals cm, "the left 2123: skull, upper poste-
1 duym 2.62 cm. rior molar has been removed
9. Johannes Paulus Hoffmann was a former student of and horizontally polished and Camper, he his M.D. at Groningen in got University bisected"; 1766. Afterwards he became in Batavia. physician R. sondaicus: skull without 2133: young pre- 10. Some time between 1771 and 1774, Camper borrowed maxillae. collection of a rhinoceros plates compiled by James
in have 2123. The skull of Douglas 1739 (Rookmaaker, 1978b). Camper no- Camper may seen no. young
where referred to this collection in his published work, R. sondaicus 2133 is one of the few osteological speci-
mens to survive the of E. although its use was acknowledged in a note in the bombings 1941 (Ms. Allen,
Curator of the litt. manuscript of Camper's book (1782): "aan den Heere College, in 27 April 1982).
heb ik behalven deeze Camper to 8 June 1786: BM, Add. MS. 8096, Hunter nog de verplichting van de 19. Banks,
Prenten den fols. 261-262. geheele verzaameling en afteekeningen van
kab. 20. Van 1 Rhinoceros, uyt het van Douglas ter leen gehad der Steege to Camper, October 1787: UBA, hss.
te hebben" (UBL, hss. BPL 247/106, fol. 7 recto). X 133a. Quotations translated from the Dutch.
21 21. Van 11. Camper drew it on April 1779: "Fragmentum maxil- der Steege to Camper, 16 November 1785: UBA,
lae inferioris rhinocerotis adulti ex Museo Academiae hss. A X.
Lugdunis Batavae" (UBA, hss. A X). Probably some 22. Camper to Banks, 8 June 1786 (note 19) and 18 June
time later, Camper added that it was an African rhino- 1786: BM, Add. MS. 8096, fol. 408.
ceros because there were no incisors: "Est Africani, nam 23. Camper's "Additamentum" (see section 7 and note 28),
incisivos The shows media anni 1786 non habet, adeoque bicornis." jaw p. 15: "Accepi aestate praeterlapsi just molars each the last 3 on side, one on the right side alterum petriosum munus ab eodem D.V.D. Steege
in the process of eruption. It is, therefore, most unlikely Cranium scilicet integrum Rhinocerotis Asiatici adulti
that the adult. specimen is cum unico Cornu, et ossis hyoidis conservatione. Lingua
12. Lacroix described trini (1977: 13-19) the early history of ac pedis digiti, splanchni [?] condita erant addita."
the Versailles rhinoceros. It arrived in the 24. to menagerie on According Camper's "Additamentum", see note 23.
11 September 1770 and died there in September 1793. 25. Camper to Banks, 19 February 1787: BM, Add. MS.
Camper's drawing of its head and penis is preserved 8096, fols. 411-412. and (UBA, hss. A X) has some morphological notes on 26. Van der Steege to Camper, 1 October 1787: UBA,
the verso. hss. X133a.
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27. A catalogue prepared shortly after the death of Samuel 39. A. G. Camper to Cuvier, 12 February 1801: IFFC
Soemmerring by his son Wilhelm, "Catalogus Musei 223 (39).
anatomici quod collegit Samuel Thomas de Soemmer- 40. Cuvier to A. G. Camper, not dated: UBA, hss. X 49 d.
lists II 41. This is not evident from Cuvier's statements. ring" Frankfurt am Main, 1830, in part (dry only own
184 "cranium Rhinocerotis P. said that still specimens), p. no. 180 a Camper some ligaments were preserved,
and indeed shown Asiatici." Probably the specimen no longer exists. some are in the plate engraved by Vinkeles (Information kindly provided by Dr. Franz Dumont, (see also figs. 1 and 6). Cuvier (1812b: 12) wrote that "nous l'avons débarrassé et Soemmerring-Forschungsstelle, Akademie der Wissen- de ses ligamens
de le faire dessiner de schaften und der Literatur, Mainz, in litt. 22.6.1982). sa corne, pour nouveau."
Varia IV A 2 42. A of the had been Cuvier 28. UBA, hss. Complementa 11 pp. 13-18. copy engraving sent to by , A. G. cf. Cuvier dated Camper sent these and additional observations on Camper, to Camper, not
animals previously described by him to the Imperial (note 40).
St. For unknown 43. This tooth is in of the Academy in Petersburg. reasons they clearly depicted a drawing
"Mâchoire du Rhinocéros" drawn Maré- were never published (Camper to Imperial Academy supérieure by
27 April 1788, original in the Archives of the Academy, chal in 1793 (Vélins du Muséum National d'Histoire
the vol. 66 no. 70) 8). a copy is in Rijksmuseum Boerhaave, Leiden). Naturelle, (fig.
44. This classification is also found in Cuvier 29. Camper twice referred to "anni praeterlapsi 1786", as (1816), where he in note 23. distinguished between Rhinoceros bicornis,
R. indicus and R. There is no mention of 30. Camper to Banks, not dated but received by Banks on sumatranus.
10 October 1787: BM, Add. MS. 8096, fols. 413-414. Camper's specimen.
45. It is remarkable that De Blainville had 31. The skeleton (no. 7) was received in 1786, and nothing the impression
that there was the engraving and not the skull was published about it between this date and October only, itself. 1787. Camper probably referred to his description of
the alveoli of another Javan skull (no. 6) included in
the paper by Pallas (1780, pl. IX figs. II, III).
32. These teeth were used as amulets by the Javanese,
also other in South-east Asia. Martin possibly by people REFERENCES
(1980), unacquainted with most pertinent literature,
does not mention this in his historical but states B. Tabulae sceleti chapter, ALBINUS, S., 1747. et musculorum cor-
not to have discovered this use during his study trip poris humani. (Iohannem et Hermannum Verbeek, Lug- in S.E. Asia. duni Batavorum).
33. The engraving and some preliminary drawings are M. A. ANDEL, VAN (ed.), 1931. Bontius on tropical medi- preserved: UBA, hss. A X (figs. 5, 6) and UBL, hss. cine. Opuscula selecta neerlandicorum de arte medicina, BPL 2471 omslag 20 (fig. 1). 10: i-lxxiv, 1-459. 34. For instance, Camper sent copies to Banks, the Royal ANONYMOUS, 1939. Catalogus van de tentoonstelling ter Society and the British Museum in London (Camper to herdenking van den 150sten sterfdag van Petrus Camper Banks, 27 September 1788: BM, Add. MS. 8097, 1722-1789 gehouden te Groningen van 30 april tot 7 mei fol. 23). 1939: 1-50 (J. B. Wolters, Groningen). 35. See note 28. With to the rhinoceros he regard refers BARBOUR, T. & G. M. ALLEN, 1932. The lesser one-horned to his new observations sent to the as "lucubra- Academy rhinoceros. J. Mammal., 13: 144-149, pl. XI.
tiones meas... de Rhinocerote Indico...". Aethiopico et BELL, W., 1793. Description of the double-horned rhinoceros
36. A shorter list of the material is found in A. G. Cam- of Sumatra. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 1793: 3-6, pis. II-IV. per's letter to Cuvier, 4 1800: IFFC, 222 June (6). BLAINVILLE, H. DE, 1817. Lettre de M. W.-J. Burchell sur
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fidèles, qu'il en a encore deux le bicorne de la y autres, et à géologie, III: Quaternatès: 1-232 (J. B. Bail- Bruce d'Abysinie, et celui de Bell, à Sumatra. J'ajoutais lière et fils, Paris).
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et était très qu'il possible ce fût là que encore une BONTIUS, J., 1642. De medicina Indorum Lib. IV: [i-vi], espèce particulière." 1-212, [i-iv] (Francisais Hackius, Lugduni Batavorum). 38. The correspondence between A. G. and Cuvier Travels to Camper BRUCE, J., 1790. discover the source of the Nile, was analyzed by Bert studie in Theunissen, "Een over Egypt, Arabia, Abyssinia, and Nubia, 5: [1-3], i-iv, A. G. als Camper aan de zoöloog hand van zijn kor- iii-xiv, 1-230, [1-10] (J. Ruthuen, Edinburgh). met respondentie G. Cuvier", an master's unpublished BUFFON, G. L. LECLERC DE & L. J. M. DAUBENTON, 1764. thesis prepared at the Biohistorical Institute, University Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la des- of Utrecht. The results summarized are in Theunissen cription du Cabinet du Roi, 11: i-iv, 1-451 (l'Impri- (1980). merie royale, Paris).
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Received: 29 June 1982
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