DOCSLIB.ORG

Critiques: Past and Present Research

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Critiques: Past and Present Research Journal of Egyptian History 11 (2018) 19–44 brill.com/jeh Critiques: Past and Present Research ∵ De-colonizing the Historiography and Archaeology of Ancient Egypt and Nubia. Part 1. Scientific Racism Uroš Matić* Institut für Ägyptologie und Koptologie, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster [email protected] Abstract The process of epistemological de-colonization of the historiography and archaeol- ogy of ancient Egypt and Nubia has begun unfolding only in the last two decades. It is still set in the context of descriptive disciplinary history with little reflection on and criticism of background theories and methods. As a consequence, some of the old approaches and concepts live on in the discipline. Utilizing the concepts of “thought collective” and “thought style” (sensu Ludwik Fleck) this paper analyzes previous works on ancient Egypt and Nubia written in the colonial discourse. Three key ideas run like threads through these works: 1. scientific racism, 2. socio-cultural evolution, and 3. colonial and imperial discourse. In this paper the emphasis will be put on scien- tific racism, its development, and its remnants in the archaeology and historiography of Egypt and Nubia. * The work leading to this publication was supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) with funds from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under REA grant agreement n° 605728 (P.R.I.M.E.—Postdoctoral Researchers International Mobility Experience). I would like to thank Angelika Lohwasser, Bettina Bader, Christian Knoblauch and Filip Franković for our discussions, reading the draft, and giving me useful suggestions during my work on this paper. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi:10.1163/18741665-12340041Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 02:09:59PM via free access 20 Matić Keywords Ancient Egypt – Nubia – scientific racism – polygenism – the Hamitic question – colonialism – imperialism 1 Introduction Archaeology and historiography in the 1980s and 1990s were targets of post- modern criticism which manifested itself in numerous study fields, such as feminism, neo-marxism, queer, and postcolonial theory.1 Postcolonial criticism of archaeological discipline and its practice was especially strong in the former colonies,2 and in fields which were from their onset framed within imperialist and colonialist projects.3 Egyptology also found itself as the target of post- colonial criticism, primarily because of the remnants of colonialism in field archaeology in Egypt4 and the orientalist and colonialist roots of the discipline.5 Most of the criticism of colonialism dealt with the roots of Egyptology in colo- nial projects of France and Great Britain,6 and considerably less was done on the topic of colonial discourse within interpretations of ancient Egypt and Sudan and the application of postcolonial theory.7 The existing criticism of colonialism in Egyptology, and especially interpre- tations of Egyptian-Nubian interrelations, tends to primarily concentrate on some authors8 and does not situate their works within a broader context of what Ludwik Fleck termed “thought collective,” defined as “a community of persons mutually exchanging ideas or maintaining intellectual interaction.”9 According to Fleck: 1 Johnson, Archaeological Theory. 2 E.g. Liebmann and Rizvi, Archaeology and The Postcolonial Critique; Lydon and Rizvi, Hand- book of Postcolonial Archaeology. 3 E.g. Roman archaeology in Britain, see Webster and Cooper, Roman Imperialism; Hingley, Roman Officers and English Gentlemen. 4 Meskell, “The Practice and Politics of Archaeology in Egypt.” 5 Said, Orientalism; Reid, Whose Pharaohs? 6 Reid, Whose Pharaohs? 7 Van Pelt, “Revising Egypto-Nubian Relations”; Matić, “Der ‘dritte Raum’, Hybridität und das Niltal”; As Jane Webster wrote, the question is to what extent does our position within “post imperial” condition cause us to reassess not only ancient imperialism but also the episte- mological basis of our discipline which developed in the context of Western imperialism? Webster, “Roman imperialism and the ‘post-imperial age’,” 1. 8 Van Pelt, “Revising Egypto-Nubian Relations”; Matić, “Der ‘dritte Raum’, Hybridität und das Niltal.” 9 Fleck, Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, 39. Journal of EgyptianDownloaded History from 11 Brill.com10/07/2021 (2018) 19–44 02:09:59PM via free access Part 1. Scientific Racism 21 The general structure of a thought collective consists of both a small esoteric circle and a larger exoteric circle, each consisting of members belonging to the thought collective and forming around any work of the mind [Denkgebilde], such as a dogma of faith, a scientific idea, or an artistic musing. A thought collective consists of many such intersecting circles. Any individual may belong to several exoteric circles but probably only to a few, if any, esoteric circles.10 By examining previous works on Egypt and Nubia, written in the colonial discourse, one can recognize a distinct thought collective, and thus better ex- plain how certain ideas were developed and inherited after this collective was no more. In his 1971 debate on human nature with Noam Chomsky, Michel Foucault argued that within the traditional history of science, importance was given to the creativity of individuals at the expense of the analysis on how great scien- tific revolutions not only remove the obstacles, prejudices, and preconceived ideas on the way of gaining knowledge, but also eliminate and mask a certain amount of existing knowledge. This would act as if a new grid is applied, which while it allows the appearance of previously masked phenomena, at the same time masks existing phenomena.11 This means that ideas and concepts which are later abandoned, at least by some, continue to exist under the new grid. They do not disappear but even continue transformed. This grid consists of social and intellectual conditions which are historically contingent. It corre- sponds to Fleck’s “thought style” defined as a “special ‘carrier’ for the historical development of any field of thought,” and determines the formulation of every concept.12 Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar argued (in 1979) that social dimensions of how scientists work cannot be separated from the truth claims they make. In their analysis of productions of scientific knowledge, they aim to: “specify the precise time and place in the process of fact construction when a statement became transformed into a fact and hence freed from the circumstances of its production.”13 In the words of Rajagopalan Radhakrishnan one has to stress that: 10 Fleck, Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, 105. 11 Chomsky and Foucault, The Chomsky-Foucault Debate on Human Nature, 15‒19; Wiktor Stoczkowski argued in his defense of history of archaeology that scientific thought is a combinatory activity as it operates with an organised set of pre-existing ideas which are modified according to the rules of internal transformation triggered by external stimuli, Stoczkowski, “How to benefit from received ideas,” 25. 12 Fleck, Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, 39, 9. 13 Latour and Woolgar, Laboratory Life, 105. Journal of Egyptian History 11 (2018) 19–44 Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 02:09:59PM via free access 22 Matić The point is that in a world structured in dominance, comparisons are initiated in the name of those values, standards, and criteria that are dom- inant. Once the comparison is articulated and validated, the values that underwrote the comparison receive instant axiomatization as universal values.14 Historiography of any archaeology and thus also of the archaeologies of Egypt and Nubia should foster critical reflection about the fundamental structures of the discipline.15 Therefore, the purpose of this study is not to concentrate on single authors who wrote about Egypt and Nubia in colonial discourse,16 but to concentrate on the entire “thought collective” (sensu Fleck) and, fol- lowing Latour’s and Woolgar’s approach, to specify the times, places, and contexts of the naissance of concepts frequently used in writing on the ancient Egyptian and Nubian past. In this paper the colonial discourse within the studies of ancient Egypt and Nubia will be analyzed as a “thought style” (sensu Fleck). One can also outline key ideas which were shared in certain stag- es, and which were later transformed. In the words of Foucault, these concepts stayed there although new grids were introduced. There are three key ideas which run like a thread through the works of authors dealing with Egypt and Nubia: 1. scientific racism, 2. socio-cultural evolution, and 3. colonial and impe- rialist discourse. This paper will analyze the development of scientific racism and its remnants in English and German speaking archaeology and historiog- raphy of Egypt and Nubia. 2 Polygenism, Negroes, and Slave Politics Under the term scientific racism, one understands a pseudoscientific idea that there is empirical evidence for the justification of racism, including the notion of racial superiority or inferiority.17 It is the practice of the classification of indi- viduals of different phenotypes or genotypes into predefined racial categories.18 14 Radhakrishnan, Theory in an Uneven World, 74. 15 Murray and Spriggs, “The historiography of archaeology,” 151. 16 Some excellent reflections on the works of single authors are found in Ambridge, “Impe- rialism and Racial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A History of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons 1926 to Circa 1990
    A History of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons 1926 to circa 1990 TT King TT King A History of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons, 1926 to circa 1990 TT King Society Archivist 1 A History of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons, 1926 to circa 1990 © 2017 The Society of British Neurological Surgeons First edition printed in 2017 in the United Kingdom. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys- tem or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permis- sion of The Society of British Neurological Surgeons. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the infor- mation contained in this publication, no guarantee can be given that all errors and omissions have been excluded. No responsibility for loss oc- casioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by The Society of British Neurological Surgeons or the author. Published by The Society of British Neurological Surgeons 35–43 Lincoln’s Inn Fields London WC2A 3PE www.sbns.org.uk Printed in the United Kingdom by Latimer Trend EDIT, DESIGN AND TYPESET Polymath Publishing www.polymathpubs.co.uk 2 The author wishes to express his gratitude to Philip van Hille and Matthew Whitaker of Polymath Publishing for bringing this to publication and to the British Orthopaedic Association for their help. 3 A History of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons 4 Contents Foreword
    [Show full text]
  • Race and Membership in American History: the Eugenics Movement
    Race and Membership in American History: The Eugenics Movement Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. Brookline, Massachusetts Eugenicstextfinal.qxp 11/6/2006 10:05 AM Page 2 For permission to reproduce the following photographs, posters, and charts in this book, grateful acknowledgement is made to the following: Cover: “Mixed Types of Uncivilized Peoples” from Truman State University. (Image #1028 from Cold Spring Harbor Eugenics Archive, http://www.eugenics archive.org/eugenics/). Fitter Family Contest winners, Kansas State Fair, from American Philosophical Society (image #94 at http://www.amphilsoc.org/ library/guides/eugenics.htm). Ellis Island image from the Library of Congress. Petrus Camper’s illustration of “facial angles” from The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. Inside: p. 45: The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. 51: “Observations on the Size of the Brain in Various Races and Families of Man” by Samuel Morton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 4, 1849. 74: The American Philosophical Society. 77: Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, Charles Davenport. New York: Henry Holt &Co., 1911. 99: Special Collections and Preservation Division, Chicago Public Library. 116: The Missouri Historical Society. 119: The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, 1882; John Singer Sargent, American (1856-1925). Oil on canvas; 87 3/8 x 87 5/8 in. (221.9 x 222.6 cm.). Gift of Mary Louisa Boit, Julia Overing Boit, Jane Hubbard Boit, and Florence D. Boit in memory of their father, Edward Darley Boit, 19.124.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes and References
    NOTES AND REFERENCES PREFACE 1 In the period of history covered by the present work, the words most commonly used to describe the type of society studied by anthropologists were "primitive" and "savage". Since however, neither of these words can be used without strongly pejorative overtones, I have done my best to avoid them, substituting instead more emotionally neutral words like "aboriginal", "indigenous" and "preliterate". None of these words is perfectly suited to the job at hand and the result may sometimes come out sounding rather oddly. Nonetheless, I would rather be guilty of minor offences of usage than of encouraging Eurocentric prejudice. 2 Peter Lawrence, "The Ethnographic Revolution", Oceanill45, 253-271 (1975). 3 A recent work which makes a start in this direction is Perspectives on the Emergence of Scientific Disciplines, Gerard Lemaine, Roy MacLeod, Michael Mulkay and Peter Weingart (eds.), (The Hague and Chicago, 1977). From our point of view the most inter­ esting contribution is Michael Worboy's study of British tropical medicine, a discipline which, largely because of its relationship to British imperialism, exhibited a maturation process which bore many similarities to that of British Social Anthropology. 4 Jairus Banaji, ''The Crisis of British Social Anthropology", New Left Review 64, 75 (Nov.-Dec. 1970). 5 E. E. Evans-Pritchard's famous 1940 ethnography on The Nuer, for example, often regarded as the ultimate achievement of British Social Anthropology, presents the Nuer as a self-contained, static and harmoniously-operating group. However, it is evident from a number of things which Evans-Pritchard mentions in passing that, in fact, the Nuer interact so substantially with the neighbouring Dinka people that, instead of reifying "the Nuer" as a self-contained social entity, it may well have been more sensible to write a book about the Nuer-Dinka complex.
    [Show full text]
  • Vom Wandern Der Völker      
    Vom Wandern der Völker Felix Wiedemann Kerstin P. Hofmann Hans-Joachim Gehrke (eds.) BERLIN STUDIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD gehören zu den zentralen Gegenständen historischer Forschung und Darstellung. Sie fungieren als historische Wegmarken oder Epochen schwellen und spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei der ( Trans-) Formation von Räumen und kollektiven Identi täten. Dabei weisen moderne wissenscha liche Darstellungen von Wanderungsbewegungen aus unter schiedlichen Kontexten, Zeiten und Räumen er staun liche inhalt liche Ähnlichkeiten und analoge Erzähl muster auf, die sich keineswegs durch vermeint- liche Parallelen in den dargestellten Ereignissen er klä ren lassen. Vielmehr scheinen diese ihren Hinter- grund in der Art und Weise zu haben, wie Migra- tionen dargestellt und erzählt werden. Die Beiträge des vor liegenden Bandes decken ein breites Spektrum vornehmlich altertumswissenscha licher Disziplinen ab und ver mögen zu zeigen, dass noch die jüngere Wanderungs historiographie tradierten Erzählmustern folgt, die teilweise bis in die Antike zurückreichen. 41 · 41 Vom Wandern der Völker ä Felix Wiedemann Kerstin P. Hofmann Hans-Joachim Gehrke Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © Edition Topoi / Exzellenzcluster Topoi der Freien Universität Berlin und der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Abbildung Umschlag: Dunja Antić Typographisches Konzept und Einbandgestaltung: Stephan Fiedler Printed and distributed by PRO BUSINESS digital printing Deutschland GmbH, Berlin ISBN ---- ISSN (Print) - ISSN (Online) -X URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:-fudocsseries- First published Published under Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC . DE. For the terms of use of the illustrations, please see the reference lists.
    [Show full text]
  • Grade 6 Social Studies: Quarter 1 Curriculum Map Scope and Sequence
    Grade 6 Social Studies: Quarter 1 Curriculum Map Scope and Sequence Unit Length Unit Focus Standards and Practices Unit 0: Social 1 week Students will apply the social studies practices to TN Social Studies Practices: SSP.01- Studies Skills create and address questions that will guide inquiry SSP.06 and critical thinking. Unit 1: 2 weeks Students will learn proper time designations and TN Social Studies Practices: SSP.01- Foundations of analyze the development and characteristics of SSP.06 Human civilizations, including the effects of the Agricultural Week 1: 6.01, 6.02 Civilization Revolution. Week 2: 6.03, 6.04 Unit 2: Ancient 3 weeks Students will analyze the geographic, political, TN Social Studies Practices: SSP.01- Mesopotamia economic, and cultural structures of the civilization of SSP.06 ancient Mesopotamia. Week 1: 6.05, 6.06, 6.07 Week 2: 6.08, 6.09, 6.10 Week 3: 6.11, 6.12 Unit 3: Ancient 3 weeks Students will analyze the geographic, political, TN Social Studies Practices: SSP.01- Egypt economic, and cultural structures of ancient Egypt. SSP.06 Week 1: 6.13, 6.14, 6.15 Week 2: 6.16, 6.17 Week 3: 6.18, 6.19 Grade 6 Social Studies: Quarter 1 Map Instructional Framework Course Description: World History and Geography: Early Civilizations Through the Fall of the Western Roman Empire Sixth grade students will study the beginnings of early civilizations through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Students will analyze the cultural, economic, geographical, historical, and political foundations for early civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Israel, India, China, Greece, and Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • 9 the Beautiful Skulls of Schiller and the Georgian Girl Quantitative and Aesthetic Scaling of the Races, 1770–1850
    9 The beautiful skulls of Schiller and the Georgian girl Quantitative and aesthetic scaling of the races, 1770–1850 Robert J. Richards Isak Dinesen, in one of her gothic tales about art and memory, spins a story of a nobleman’s startling recognition of a prostitute he once loved and abandoned. He saw her likeness in the beauty of a young woman’s skull used by an artist friend. After we had discussed his pictures, and art in general, he said that he would show me the prettiest thing that he had in his studio. It was a skull from which he was drawing. He was keen to explain its rare beauty to me. “It is really,” he said, “the skull of a young woman [. .].” The white polished bone shone in the light of the lamp, so pure. And safe. In those few seconds I was taken back to my room [. .] with the silk fringes and the heavy curtains, on a rainy night of fifteen years before. (Dinesen 1991, 106‒107)1 The skulls pictured in Figure 9.1 have also been thought rare beauties and evocative of something more. On the left is the skull of a nameless, young Caucasian female from the Georgian region. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, the great anatomist and naturalist, celebrated this skull, prizing it because of “the admirable beauty of its formation” (bewundernswerthen Schönheit seiner Bildung). He made the skull an aesthetic standard, and like the skull in Dinesen’s tale, it too recalled a significant history (Blumenbach 1802, no. 51). She was a young woman captured during the Russo-Turkish war (1787–1792) and died in prison; her dissected skull had been sent to Blumenbach in 1793 (Dougherty and Klatt 2006‒2015, IV, 256‒257).
    [Show full text]
  • And the Hamitic Hypothesis
    religions Article Ancient Egyptians in Black and White: ‘Exodus: Gods and Kings’ and the Hamitic Hypothesis Justin Michael Reed Department of Biblical Studies, Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Louisville, KY 40205, USA; [email protected] Abstract: In this essay, I consider how the racial politics of Ridley Scott’s whitewashing of ancient Egypt in Exodus: Gods and Kings intersects with the Hamitic Hypothesis, a racial theory that asserts Black people’s inherent inferiority to other races and that civilization is the unique possession of the White race. First, I outline the historical development of the Hamitic Hypothesis. Then, I highlight instances in which some of the most respected White intellectuals from the late-seventeenth through the mid-twentieth century deploy the hypothesis in assertions that the ancient Egyptians were a race of dark-skinned Caucasians. By focusing on this detail, I demonstrate that prominent White scholars’ arguments in favor of their racial kinship with ancient Egyptians were frequently burdened with the insecure admission that these ancient Egyptian Caucasians sometimes resembled Negroes in certain respects—most frequently noted being skin color. In the concluding section of this essay, I use Scott’s film to point out that the success of the Hamitic Hypothesis in its racial discourse has transformed a racial perception of the ancient Egyptian from a dark-skinned Caucasian into a White person with appearance akin to Northern European White people. Keywords: Ham; Hamite; Egyptian; Caucasian; race; Genesis 9; Ridley Scott; Charles Copher; Samuel George Morton; James Henry Breasted Citation: Reed, Justin Michael. 2021. Ancient Egyptians in Black and White: ‘Exodus: Gods and Kings’ and Religions the Hamitic Hypothesis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hamitic Hypothesis; Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective Author(S): Edith R
    The Hamitic Hypothesis; Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective Author(s): Edith R. Sanders Source: The Journal of African History, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1969), pp. 521-532 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/179896 . Accessed: 08/05/2014 00:32 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of African History. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.95.104.66 on Thu, 8 May 2014 00:32:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journal of African History, x, 4 (I969), pp. 521-532 521 Printed in Great Britain THE HAMITIC HYPOTHESIS; ITS ORIGIN AND FUNCTIONS IN TIME PERSPECTIVE1 BY EDITH R. SANDERS THE Hamitic hypothesis is well-known to students of Africa. It states that everything of value ever found in Africa was brought there by the Hamites, allegedlya branchof the Caucasianrace. Seligmanformulates it as follows: Apart from relatively late Semitic influence... the civilizationsof Africa are the civilizations of the
    [Show full text]
  • Miscegenation” This Page Intentionally Left Blank “Miscegenation” Making Race in America
    “Miscegenation” This page intentionally left blank “Miscegenation” Making Race in America ELISE LEMIRE PENN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS Philadelphia Copyright © 2002 University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Published by University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4011 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lemire, Elise Virginia. “Miscegenation” : making race in America / Elise Lemire. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-8122-2064-3 (alk. paper) 1. American literature—19th century—History and criticism. 2. Miscegenation in literature. 3. Literature and society—United States—History—19th century. 4. Jeff erson, Th omas, 1743–1826—In literature. 5. Racially mixed people in literature. 6. Race relations in literature. 7. Racism in literature. 8. Race in literature. I. Title. PS217.M57 L46 2002 810.9'355—dc21 2002018048 For Jim This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations ix Introduction: The Rhetorical Wedge Between Preference and Prejudice 1 1. Race and the Idea of Preference in the New Republic: The Port Folio Poems About Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings 11 2. The Rhetoric of Blood and Mixture: Cooper’s “Man Without a Cross” 35 3. The Barrier of Good Taste: Avoiding A Sojourn in the City of Amalgamation in the Wake of Abolitionism 53 4. Combating Abolitionism with the Species Argument: Race and Economic Anxieties in Poe’s Philadelphia 87 5. Making “Miscegenation”: Alcott’s Paul Frere and the Limits of Brotherhood After Emancipation 115 Epilogue: “Miscegenation” Today 145 Notes 149 Bibliography 179 Index 191 Acknowledgments 203 This page intentionally left blank Illustrations 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Profanarchitektur Der Napatanischen Epoche
    2015 Varia Uwe Sievertsen Die Profanarchitektur der napatanischen Epoche Einleitung erscheint, auch der Übergang zur meroitischen Zeit in die Betrachtung einbezogen. In der Zeit vor und um die Mitte des 1. Jts. v. Chr. waren Königtum und gesellschaftliche Eliten im Reich von Kusch nicht nur durch eigenständige Herrscherpaläste kulturelle Traditionen, sondern auch durch viel- fältige Einflüsse aus dem nördlichen Nachbarland Einen Eindruck vom Aussehen kuschitischer Herr- Ägypten geprägt. scherpaläste aus napatanischer Zeit vermittelt bis- Die Anklänge und Entlehnungen lassen sich etwa lang einzig der Palast B. 1200 von Gebel Barkal. in der Schrift, in den Grabsitten sowie in der Rund- Der sogenannte Napatan Palace liegt südwestlich und Reliefplastik, aber ebenso in der architektoni- der beiden parallel ausgerichteten Amuntempel B. schen Hinterlassenschaft beobachten. Dort erstrek- 500 und B. 800 (Abb. 1-2).2 Er beschreibt ein gro- ken sie sich auf die Sakralarchitektur, wie sie uns ßes Rechteck von rund 70 x 45 m Fläche, doch ist beispielhaft in den großen Amuntempeln von Gebel nur die Gebäudegrenze im SW eindeutig bestimmt. Barkal, Sanam Abu Dom und Kawa entgegentritt, Die Art der Verbindung zwischen B. 1200 und dem wie auch auf die weniger gut bekannte zivile Archi- Tempel B. 800 ist deshalb unklar, aber Spuren an der tektur, wobei die Trennlinie zwischen ‚sakralen‘ und Oberfläche deuten auf eine Trennmauer mit einem ‚profanen‘ Bauten im Bereich der königlichen Archi- Türdurchgang. tektur nicht immer scharf zu ziehen ist. Wichtig für die Interpretation von B. 1200 ist die Die Übernahmen erklären sich einerseits daraus, Lage des Gebäudes auf der rechten bzw. ‚Steuer- dass die Pharaonen der 25.
    [Show full text]
  • Gebel Barkal (Sudan) No 1073
    deceased, buried in a hypogeum underneath. In front of the Gebel Barkal (Sudan) pyramid a small temple was built, for offerings. In the cemetery of Gebel Barkal there are 30 explored tombs, most of them by G. A. Reisner and 5 recently by a No 1073 Spanish archaeological mission. The tombs are accessible by stairs and most of them are decorated, whether with paintings or angravings. 1. BASIC DATA Gebel Barkal site has still vast unexcavated nor studied, archaeological areas. State Party : Republic of Sudan El- Kurru; This Napatan cemetery is situated at a distance Name of property: Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the of 20 km from Gebel Barkal. It includes several royal Napatan Region tombs and royal family members burials. The cemetery was Location: Northern state, province of Meroe in use between the end of the 9th and the 7th centuries BC. The are different types of tombs in the cemetery, from the Date received: 28 June 2001 most simple, covered with a small tumulus, to the most Category of property: elaborate with a pyramid on top. In terms of the categories of cultural property set out in 34 tombs were excavated by Reisner between 1916 and Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, these are 1918. sites. It is a serial nomination. Nuri: This cemetery contains 82 tombs, all excavated by Brief description: Reisner. Most of the tombs have pyramidal superstructures. The first burial in Nuri is from the year Several archaeological sites covering an area of more than 664 BC and the last from around 310 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Petrie Museum of 'Race' Archaeology?
    Think Pieces: A Journal of the Joint Faculty Institute of Graduate Studies, University College London 1(0) ‘UCLfacesRACEISM: Past, Present, Future’ The Petrie Museum of 'Race' Archaeology? Debbie Challice [email protected] The essay makes the case that the Petrie Museum at UCL—a collection of objects from Egypt and Sudan comprising over 7,000 years of history from the Nile valley in northern Africa—is as much a museum of ‘race’ archaeology as Egyptian archaelogy. Tracing the relationship between slavery, racism and curatorial practices at museums, I excavate the lifelong beliefs of William Petrie in migration, racial mixing and skull measuring through objects such as the craniometer now housed at the Department of Statistical Sciences. The correlation of racialised groups and purported intelligence in Petrie’s work is examined, and I finally claim that his ideas need to be re-examined for an understanding of the Petrie Museum and their legacy within UCL today. ‘Race’, Archaeology, Museums, William Matthew Flinders Petrie, UCL Petrie Museum The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology at University College London (UCL) is made up of a collection of 80,000 objects from Egypt and Sudan that comprise over 7,000 years of history from the Nile valley in northern Africa. The museum is celebrated for its combination of objects, excavation and archival records, which give a unique insight into the ancient context of the collection as well as the work of the museum’s founding archaeologist William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853-1942). These records also give an insight into the racially determinist viewpoints of Petrie and how he interpreted some of the objects in the museum according to ideas about race in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
    [Show full text]