La Nubie Ancienne Vue Par Les Historiens: Les Questions D'ethnicité Et D'identités Culturelles

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La Nubie Ancienne Vue Par Les Historiens: Les Questions D'ethnicité Et D'identités Culturelles UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL LA NUBIE ANCIENNE VUE PAR LES HISTORIENS: LES QUESTIONS D'ETHNICITÉ ET D'IDENTITÉS CULTURELLES MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE.LAMAÎTRISE EN HISTOIRE PAR GUILLAUMEBOUCHARDLABONTÉ FÉVRIER 2011 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS Je souhaiterais remercier: M. Jean Revez, professeur à l'UQÀM, pour son intérêt et sa direction flexible; Toute ma famille, pour son soutien moral; Mme Alice Leblanc, étudiante, qui m'aida lors de nos journées d'écriture à trouver l'inspiration; Mme Perrine Poiron, pour sa complicité en tant qu'étudiante en histoire de l'Égypte ancienne; Le FQRSC pour son financement; Ainsi que l'Association des Études du Proche-Orient Ancien, pour l'occasion qu'elle me donna de présenter devant le public les résultats préliminaires de mes recherches. Il TABLE DES MATIÈRES INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... l CHAPITRE! LA MISE EN ROUTE DE L'HISTOIRE NUBIENNE ............................................................. 9 1.1 Les savants de l'Antiquité .............................................................................................. 9 1.1.1 Hérodote ........................................................................................................... 9 1.1.2 Diodore de Sicile ............................................................................................ 11 1.1.3 Strabon ............................................................................................................ 12 1.2 Les premiers archéologues .......................................................................................... 14 1.2.1 Premières histoires .......................................................................................... 14 1.2.2 Biais et révolutions de Reisner....................................................................... 16 CHAPITRE II LES ANNÉES CINQUANTE: AFRICANISTES ET AFROCENTRISTES .......................... l9 2.1 La race dynastique ....................................................................................................... 20 2.1.1 Des balbutiements aux crânes des fouilles d'El-Kurru ................................... 20 2.1.2 Batrawi et Strouhal: un travail fondateur........................................................ 23 2.2 Les premières offensives afrocentristes ...................................................................... 25 2.2.1 Les inspirations ............................................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Les Nubiens: une classe sociale ..................................................................... 26 2.2.3 Physiologie et culture..................................................................................... 27 CHAPITRE III DANS LA FOULÉE DE LA CAMPAGNE DE SAUVETAGE: ANTHROPOLOGUES ET ÉGYPTOLOGUES EN NUBIE ............................................................................................... 30 3.1 Discussions sur les origines de Kouch ....................................................................... .31 3.1.1 Emery et la XXVe dynastie ............................................................................ 31 3.1.2 Le déclin des théories reisneriennes ............................................................... 33 3.2 Les fouilles soudanaises françaises ............................................................................. 35 3.2.1 La nubiologie égyptocentrique de Leclant .................................................... .35 3.2.2 La Nubie africaine et dynamique de Vercoutter............................................. 38 iii CHAPITRE IV LES ANNÉES SOIXANTE-DIX ET LA NUBIOLOGIE...................................................... .41 4.1 Le Colloque du Caire.................................................................................................. 42 4.1.1 Le rejet des méthodes archaïques .................................................................. .42 4.1.2 Diop et Obenga............................................................................................... 43 4.1.3 La récupération de l'identité nubienne ........................................................... .45 4.2 La fracture ................................................................................................................... 47 4.2.1 Adams et la fondation de la nubiologie ......................................................... .47 4.2.2 Après les égyptologues, les anthropologues .................................................. .48 4.3 L'égyptianisation des élites nubiennes ....................................................................... .49 4.3.1 Le phénomène d'acculturation scruté à la loupe ............................................ .49 4.3.2 Identité et acculturation .................................................................................. 50 4.4 L'égyptianisation du peuple ......................................................................................... 52 4.4.1 L'archéologie et le point de vue nubien .......................................................... 52 4.4.2 Qu'en serait-il des divergences régionales? .................................................... 54 CHAPITRE V LA NUBIOLOGIE EN EXPANSION (1978-1991) ................................................................ 58 5.1 Questions sur la morphologie des Nubiens chez les anthropologues .......................... 59 5.1.1 Morphologie nubienne. et la stabilité dans le peuplement... ........................... 59 5.1.2 Lacontestation................................................................................................ 61 5.2 La Nubie, terre de débats idéologiques ....................................................................... 64 5.2.1 La conscience du colonialisme ....................................................................... 64 5.2.2 L'analyse du colonialisme chez les nubiologues ............................................ 66 CHAPITRE VI VERS DES RACINES NUBIENNES DE L'ÉGYPTE ? ......................................................... 70 6.1 Le ressac des idées afrocentristes ................................................................................ 71 6.1.1 La crucifixion africaine selon Obenga et l'impossible réconciliation ............ 71 6.1.2 Miriam Monges: un produit des Black Studies .............................................. 73 6.1.3 Babacar Sall: héritier de Diop et de Leclant... ................................................ 76 6.2 La réaction« africaniste » ........................................................................................... 78 iv 6.2.1 Les découvertes de Bruce Williams ............................................................... 78 6.2.2 Une Nubie égyptienne .................................................................................... 81 CHAPITRE VII LA NUBIOLOGIE ÉMANCIPÉE ........................................................................................... 83 7.1 Les pharaons noirs .................................. ~ .................................................................... 84 7.1.1 De nouvelles synthèses ................................................................................... 84 7 .1.2 La contamination littéraire et la Nubie dans l'imagerie populaire .................. 86 7.2 L'impérialisme égyptien en Nubie ............................................................................... 88 7 .2.1 Smith, l'impérialisme et le système mondial contemporain ........................... 88 7.2.2 Une assimilation superficielle........................................................................ 91 7.2.3 Le pouvoir en Nubie ....................................................................................... 94 7.2.4 L'identité génétique ........................................................................................ 95 7.3 Les autres marqueurs culturels ............................................... ,..... , .............................. 97 7 .3.1 La féminité à Kouch: un marqueur d'identité ................................................. 97 7.3.2 Les reines kouchites ....................................................................................... 99 7 .3.3 L'amour des chevaux: identité et technique ................................................. !
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