Study of Radioactive Materials in the Baltic Sea
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IAEA-TECDOC-362 STUDY OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IN THE BALTIC SEA REPORT OF THE FINAL RESEARCH CO-ORDINATION MEETING ON THE STUDY OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IN THE BALTIC SEA ORGANIZED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY AND HEL HELSINKIDN I , FINLAND 24-28 SEPTEMBER 1984 A TECHNICAL DOCUMENT ISSUED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1986 STUDY OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IN THE BALTIC SEA IAEA, VIENNA, 1986 IAEA-TECDOC-362 Printe IAEe th AustriAn y i d b a January 1986 PLEAS AWARE EB E THAT ALL OF THE MISSING PAGES IN THIS DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK The IAEA does not normally maintain stocks of reports in this series. However, microfiche copie f thesso e reportobtainee b n sca d from IN IS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 0 10 x P.OBo . A-1400 Vienna, Austria Orders should be accompanied by prepayment of Austrian Schillings 100,- for e for cheque a th f m IAEth f m o n i o n i r Aeo microfiche service coupons orderee whicb y hdma separately MIfroI Se m Clearinghouseth . FOREWORD The IAEA's activity concerning the radioecology n relatioe Baltii o th a f Se co radiologicat n l safety and environmental protection was initiated in 1980. A Technical Committee was convened at the Agency's Headquarters in Vienna to review the work on radiological investigations under way in the Baltic Sea countries ano discust d a co-operative neer th sfo d e research programme in the Baltic Sea area, which could enhance the evaluation of the long-term behaviour of radionu- clides enterin e Baltith g c Sea, including their transport back to man. Following the recommendations of the Technical Committee, a co-ordinated research programme was initiated in 1981 on the Study of Radioactive Materials in the Baltic Sea. The programme's goals were outlined in the first Technical Committee Meeting (TCM). The results were presented and discussed at the first Research Co-ordination Meeting (RCM) and alse seconth o d Technical Committee Meeting which were hel n i 1982d , Vienna, Austri d 1983an a , Stockholm, Sweden, respectively. This document presents an evaluation of the Co-ordinated Research Programme (CRP d som)an e con- clusion d recommendationan s s together wite finath h l reports given by the chief investigators on the activities performed during the entire co-ordinated research programme, from its inception in 1981 to its conclusion (final Research Co-ordination Meeting in Helsinki, Finland, in September 1984), as well e resultth s f a Intercalibratioo s n Exercisese Th . annually reported release and monitoring data collected for the database are not included in this document. CONTENTS 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 7 . 2 Descriptio Baltie areth a f ncao Se ...........................................................................8 . 3 Source contend san f man-mado t e radionuclide Baltie th a ...........................n sci Se 0 1 . 4. Monitoring programmes ............................................................................................ 11 5. Special studies performed within the framework of the CRP .................................... 12 6. Intercalibration ........................................................................................................ 17 P ...........................................................................................CR resulte e th Th f so . 7 8 1 . 8 Conclusion recommendationd san s ...........................................................................9 2 . ANNEXES 1. Research contract agreementd san s ...........................................................................1 3 . Individual reports: 2. Denmark .................................................................................................................... 32 . 3 Finland ...................................................................................................................2 5 . 4 German Democratic Republic ...................................................................................9 8 . 5. Germany, Federal Republic of ................................................................................ 110 6. Norway ...................................................................................................................3 13 . 7. Poland .................................................................................................................... 141 8. Sweden .................................................................................................................... 152 . 9 Unio Sovief no t Socialist Republics .......................................................................2 16 . 10. Intercalibration report ............................................................................................ 176 List of meetings and participants .................................................................................... 187 1. INTRODUCTION cleas wa r t I froe beginninth m ge thatth t a , present discharg concentratiod an e n e levelth f o s Whe e Internationath n l Atomic Energy Agency radionuclides, indirect methods had to be used to (IAEA) suggested a co-ordinated research programme achiev e goath e l outlined above e fall-ouTh . t from between the Baltic Sea countries, it was well known nuclear weapons test s howeverha s , mad t i possible e that radiological investigations in the Baltic Sea to measure artificial radionuclides even in the were carried out to a certain extent by all the open sea. Baltic Sea countries. A part of these investigations In evaluatin e radiologicath g l consequences had already been published in different scientific there are a number of factors other than radionuclide papers. However e result, th mos f o t s were given concentration e consideredb o t s , suc s dischargea h s n i national annual reports onld wer n an manyi e y from nuclear facilities, demographic data and consumption case t availablno s n internationaa n o e l level. a foo se y manb df o . In any case, the existing data were not considered The Baltic Sea countries have long traditions sufficient for satisfactory assessments of n océanographii e investigatio e Baltith a f o nSe c area. It was stated that consideration should be e distributioth d transporan n t mechanismf o s given to the océanographie knowledge of the Baltic the different artificial radionuclides in the Sea and to studies going on with regard to non-radio- Baltic Sea active pollutants. dose commitments to man and to other species At its meeting in 1980 the Technical Committee other radiobiological aspects. recommende e IAEth Ao t dtha a co-ordinatet d research programme be established to carry out the co-ordination e studth f f radionuclideo yThereforo m ai e th e s of the most urgent tasks, as follows: o furnist s e e Baltidatwa th th ha an i Se cneede d for intercalibration of sampling and analytical assessment of both individual and collective procedures needed for the monitoring activities radiation doses co-ordination of the radiological monitoring prediction of the long term behaviour of radionu- programme of the Baltic Sea, and clides enterin e Balti th ga owin Se co norma t g l improvemen e exchangth f o tf o informatioe n operations or as a result of accidental releases e radiologicaoth n l studiee Baltith a n i Se sc from nuclear facilities States, including the data of releases into assessmen e radiologicath f o t l impact from the Baltic Sea. such releases from each individual country e environmenth o t f thio t s international water Furthermore e Technicath , l Committee recommended system. that the tasks should be carried out in accordance wit e worth h k planned withi e frameworth n e th f o k convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment 2' ID- 34' 42' of the Baltic Sea Area (Helsinki Convention). •70' 68' 2. DESCRIPTIO E BALTI TH A ARE F SE CO N A •68' Th a semi-enclosee s Baltii a Se c shallod an d w n whici a hse dissolved substances could remair fo n a long perio f timeo d . This leada greate o t s r -66' accumulation of radioactive materials than in other e Atlantith sea f o s c Basin Baltie a Th wit.Se ch s subregionit transitiod an s n are s i showa n Figi 1 n . -64' together with the drainage areas of the rivers dis- charging into it. Tables I and II give the dimensions and water balance terms of the Baltic Sea. TABLE I. Dimensions of the Baltic Sea Area and s subareait s Area Volume km2 km3 Baltic Proper 209 200 0 160 3 Gul f Rigo f a 18 100 410 Gul f Finlano f d 29 600 1 130 Bothnian Sea 0 830 0 4 950 Bothnian Bay 36 800 1 490 54- Baltic Sea total 374 000 21 580 e DanisTh h Straits 43 900 800 (Kattegat+Belt Sea) 52- e approximatTh TABL . II E e water balance termf o s -52' the Baltia Se c 50'- Precipitation + 200 -50' Evaporation - 200 10' 14' 18' 26' 30- Inflow through Danish Straits + 433 o 17-19) Fig. 1 The Baltic Sea with its subregions and transition Outflow through Danish Straits - 866 (S°/00 8-9) area. Boundaries between the subregions are marked by dashed lines and boundaries between the drainage basins of the rivers Run-off + 433 discharging into the Baltic Sea are marked by thick lines. The largest rivers discharging into the Baltic o d discharga arean Se :m Nevk 0 ea 10 (are 1 28 a 2 600 m3s~1), Vistula (193 900 / 954), Daugava 87 900 / 688), Neman (98 200 / 674), Kemijoki / 581) 0 540 1 , Oder (10 / 526 0 9d Luleäl50 )an v (25 250 / 477). The mean residence e ewateth th timn i f ro e Baltic Sea has been calculated to