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Caesar, De Bello Gallico, Book is^sii "^^^^ Ji^<i!- A ' .il ioi' ' ' ' '** <w. aig*t*>*ii>w*i*«t 'i^iW i Wi^>«»»*««a '»i'w i ww ""^ -- t HiiMii II I i W i -(-^ir-nnr-T"-r'li -ir-»T-'ln T' .. LONDON F-V.LV.m"''"^ & ART MUSEUM LONDON - ONTARIO IDNDON PUBLIC UBma.^^^^^ & ART hiUSmiA r^2-^MW 1^ ^ tONDON - ONTARIO/ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Ontario Council of University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/caesardebellogalOOrobe CAIUS JULIUS C^SAR. (From a Bust in the Paris Louvre.) : ^h^ (M. J. ©age Co.'e ^)iQh <Sclvool Classirs. C^SAR, DE BELLO GALLICO BOOKS V. AND VI. Introductiox, Notes, Maps and Illustrations, Appendices WITH Hints and Exercises on Translation at Sighl AND ON Re-Translation into Latin, and a Complete Vocabulary to Caesar. BY J. C. ROBEETSON, B.A., Principal, Toronto Junction High School. TORONTO TUB W. J. GAGE CO'Y (i.td.) 1894. Entavad according' to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the oflSce of tlie Minister of Aj^riculture, bv Thk W. J. Gagk Company (Ltr), in the year one thousand eiglit liundrccl and ninety-four. PREFACE. This present edition follows in the main the lines of the edition of Books III. and IV. To quote from the preface to that book : ' ' In the editor's opinion, the first aim of a teacher of Latin is to enable the student to read Latin with accuracy, appreci- ation and speed, as the only means of reaching the higher ideals of classical studj'. In this edition therefore the con- stant aim has been to further the intelligent translation of the text into idiomatic English, and to build up a sound knowledge of Latin as a language to be read. "In the annotations of the earlier chapters, the editor has recognized the fact that the the student of Latin meets his greatest difficulties when he comes for the first time to read a Latin author. In later chapters the amount of help given is gradualU" reduced. TSTiile unnecessary help has be«u avoided, no difficulty has been left without an explanation as simple as could be framed ; and in estimating difficulties the standpoint of the young student, not of the advanced scholar, has been taken." It will be observed that, even where the notes are fullest, the student is left to do the real work of ti'anslation himself. To render passage after passage for the stu<lent is b\' no means a real help or a kindness to him. As one means of setting him in the way of gfetting the translation for himself, frequent ii PREFACE. reference is made to the 'liints and suggestions for the trans- lation of Caesar's Latin. ' To these liave been added in this edition suggestions for retranslation of Englisli intoCaesarean Latin, that will be found, perhajjs, still more useful. Other new features are an adaption of the first chapter, rewritten in simpler and shorter sentences, to make the intro- duction to Caesar's connected prose more gradual for those who have as yet had to do only with detached sentences ; a list of the words most commonly used by Caesar ; a running analysis of the story in the notes ; and an entirely new, and it is believed, full and accurate vocabulary to the whole of Caesar's Bellum Gallicum. The notes of a more advanced character added to each chapter have been continued, at much cost of time and labor, in the belief that the close study, bj^ teachers or advanced uuiDils. of the Latinity of even a portion of a single author is a great help to the ready and full appreciation of the meaning and style of all other Latin authors. Toronto, April 12, 1894 ' '^/f ry^ji'^ff"^ ' -• „<^' jr»>A'' •'.>: ff^ioV -; ? y^. 4>-J 1^ I Caesars rddzii^e X5Umis T.Clir I 696 58 "-(VX .-IS a: H 697 57 638 56 m ''<;^ IV 699 S£ --St^dli, V 700 54 \I 701 S3 Tit 702 S2' u. Vm 703 -51 C a 1 t 1 I 3 1 n It s s GALLIA. to illiisti a+e The CnminEnl:ariE5 or Caesar (From KranEr 5 editiDn] 1 * jOir^c/i i*un^ ^ ii^troductio:n^. § I. Life of Cesar. § II. Gaul, and the Gauls. § III. Cesar's Campaigns in Gaul. § IV. The Commentaries of Cesar. S V. The Army and Methods of Warfare. I.—LIFE OF CESAE. At the time of Caesar's bixth Rome had become mistress of all the lands bordering on the Mediterranean, so that foreign wars of conquest had virtually ceased, and during his boyhood commenced that struggle for supremacj' in the State called the civil wars. This was at first a contest between the aristocratic and the popular party, but, as time went on, it became practi- cally a struggle between individuals for personal supremacy. Caius Julius Caesar was bom in 100 B.C. (or, as the historian IV INTRODUCTION. Momnisen holds, in 102 B.C. ), of oiin of the oldest of the patri- cian or aristocratic families of E,ome. The family was, how- ever, closely connected by maiTiage with the great popular leader Marius, and Ctesar himself in 83 married the daughter of Cinna, Marius' leading supporter. His sympathies were thus from the first with the popular party, and on the defeat of that party by Sulla in 82, he barely escaped with his life. For seA'eral 3'ears after this Caesar served in the Koman army in Asia Minor, returning to Rome after Sulla's death in 78. At first he devoted himself to public oratorj^ in the law courts, and in 76 went to Rhodes to study rhetoric under the famous teacher Molo. For several years after his return to E.ome in 74 he busied himself in strengthening his position with his party, and soon came to be looked on as one of its leaders. The senatorial party was at this time supreme, and Caesar had to win his way to power gradually. He went through the various grades of office by which Roman citizens rose to the rank of Consul, being in succession Quaestor, Curule Aedile, and Praetor. In 63 he was elected Pontifex Maximus, becoming technically the head of the Roman religion. This success over the aristocratic party showed clearly that its power was wan- ing, and that Caesar was now one of the leaders of the Roman state. In 61, immediately after his Praetorship, he went to Spain as Propi'aetor or Military Governor. Here, in his first com- mand, he at once showed his ability as a general, in quelling the rebellious native tribes. His manner of living at Rome (for he was not only one of the ablest but one of the most dis- solute of men dux'ing the earlier period of his manhood), and the means by which he had obtained office and ingratiated himself with the people, had plunged him heavily into debt. But the Governor of a Roman province had plenty of opportunities for enriching himself at the expense of the provincials, and one year in Spain freed him from all his debts, as well as making him known as a brilliant commander. INTKODUCTION. V Tti no he returned to the city and was elected Consul for 59, vith a, colleague of the aristocratic party, who was, however, t<)o ^^ eak and insignificant to be able to thwart his measures. The three leading men of Kome at this time were Pompey, representing the nobles ; Caesar, the leader of the popular influence was to his party ; and Crassus, whose largely due immense wealth. Caesar persuaded the other two to form a coalition with him, and thus get the practical supremacy of the state in their own hands. In the end this bargain proved to be entirely to Caesar's advantage, as it prevented any active opposition to him during the next few years while he was absent from Rome securing for himself experience, prestige, and a veteran army to assist him when the final struggle for supremacy came. For one of the results of the coalition was that Caesar was appointed for five years (58 to 54) governor of Illyricum and the two Gauls, Cisalpine and Transalpine, (the former being the northern part of Italy above the peninsula proper, and the latter the southern part of Fi'ance). In 55 this command was extended for another period of five years, by an agreement with Pompey and Crassus, who were consuls that year. For eight years (58 to 51) he was engaged in the conquest of GauL At the end of that time the whole of Gaul, from the E-hine to the Pyrenees, had been subjugated and made part of the Jtoman empire, and Caesar had an army of experienced and devoted veterans, such as the Roman state had never before witnessed. Crassus had fallen in battle in the far East, and Caesar and Pompey remained to compete for absolute suprem- acy in Rome, Pompey liaving the somewhat lukewarm support of the Senate and the aristocratical party. Civil war soon arose from the jealousy between these two rivals, and in 49 Caesar advanced with his legions into Italy. Pompey was not ready to oppose him, and crossed to Greece where the Senatorial party gathered its forces. Meanwhile Caesar hastened to Spain, where Pompey had strong supi^orters, — — VI INTRODUCTION. anrl quickly reduced them to submission. Returning t<^) Komc he was made Consul for 48 and then crossed over to Greece. After a short summer campaign Pompey was decisively defeated at Pharsalia, and fleeing to Egypt was assassinated there After short campaigns in S^-ria and Asia Minor (47) and Africa (46), in which all remaining opposition was crushed, Caesar returned to Eome and occupied himself in securing his power and settling affairs of state, surprising many by the clemency he showed to those who had lately opposed him.
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