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Barbaren': Das Werden Neuer Politischer Und Administrativer Grenzen in Caesarisch-Augusteischer Ze

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Barbaren': Das Werden Neuer Politischer Und Administrativer Grenzen in Caesarisch-Augusteischer Ze ZWISCHEN ITALIEN UND DEN ‚BARBAREN‘: DAS WERDEN NEUER POLITISCHER UND ADMINISTRATIVER GRENZEN IN CAESARISCH-AUGUSTEISCHER ZEIT Karl Strobel Die entscheidende Phase in der historischen Entwicklung Norditaliens zum Bürgerland, dessen Grenzen im südlichen Saum der Alpen lagen und das im Osten über die Iulischen Alpen hinausreichte, ist mit dem Wirken Caesars und der Regierung des Augustus zu verbinden. Aus der Provinz Gallia Cisalpina wurde der nördliche Teil Italias, deren Grenzen nun an den Pässen der Westalpen, am Mont Genèvre, Mont Cénis, Großen und Kleinen Sankt Bernhard, Simplon, Sankt Gotthard, Splügen, Septimer, Stilfser Joch, Ritten, Plöckenpaß, Predil, Loiblpaß und Paß von Atrans definiert waren. Die vorgelagerten West-, Zentral- und Ostalpen wurden neu gegliedert und mit den Provinzen Raetien und Noricum neue administrative Räume der römischen Herrschaft geschaffen, deren Nordgrenze am Lauf der Donau definiert wurde.1 So war zwischen Italien und den ‚Barbaren‘ eine neue militärisch gesicherte Zone provinzialer Herrschaft des populus Romanus gebildet. In diesem Zusammenhang müssen wir zuerst auf die Maßnahmen Caesars in Oberitalien zurückkommen. Durch das Volk hatte sich Caesar in der Lex Vatinia de imperio C. Caesaris v. Chr. für sein Prokonsulat die Provinz Gallia Cisalpina mit drei Legionen und die provincia Illyri- cum auf fünf Jahre übertragen lassen; der eingeschüchterte Senat fügte noch die Provinz Gallia Transalpina mit einer weiteren Legion hinzu (Plut. Caes. , ; Suet. Caes. , –). Es kann als sicher betrachtet wer- den, dass Caesar v. Chr. den Plan verfolgt hat, von der Gallia Cisalpina aus, die durch das römische Bürgerrecht für die Bevölkerung südlich des Po und das Latinische Recht für die unter römischer Herrschaft stehende 1 Vgl. zusammenfassend mit Angabe weiterer Literatur und Detaildiskussionen K. Strobel, ‚Der Alpenkrieg und die Eingliederung Noricums und Raetiens in die römische Herrschaft‘, in Christiane Franek et al. (Hrsg.), Thiasos. Festschrift für Erwin Pochmarski zum . Geburtstag (Wien ), –; K. Strobel, ‚Augustus und die Annexion des Alpenbogens‘, Germania (Im Druck). Karl Strobel - 9789004215030 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 10:21:03AM via free access karl strobel Bevölkerung nördlich des Flusses ein entscheidendes Rekrutierungsge- biet für die römischen Legionen darstellte, einen Eroberungskrieg im pannonisch-dalmatischen Raum zu führen. Auch ist es sehr wahrschein- lich, dass Caesar, der Sohn des Göttlichen, der spätere Augustus, in sei- nem Illyrienkrieg – v. Chr. den militärischen Plänen Caesars folgte.2 Gleiches gilt bekanntlich für den gescheiterten Partherkrieg des Marcus Antonius. Im Sommer des Jahres v. Chr., als Caesar seine Kräfte zum Kampf gegen den großen gallischen Aufstand konzentriert hatte, war es zu einem plötzlichen Überfall wohl der in den Südostalpen lebenden Iapo- den3 auf das Territorium von Tergeste (Triest) gekommen; deshalb wurde v. Chr. die Legio XV in der Gallia Cisalpina, sehr wahrscheinlich in Aquileia, stationiert.4 Als Caesar die . Legion im Jahre an Pom- peius abgeben musste, wurde diese durch die . Legion ersetzt.5 Caesar selbstwarimFrühlingv.Chr.inOberitalienanwesend,woihneine Rundreise durch alle Regionen führte.6 Obwohl die erhaltenen Quellen dazu schweigen, hat Caesar als Antwort auf den Überfall auf Tergeste offensichtlich die direkte römische Kontrolle an der Ostflanke der Pro- vinz ausgebaut und Teile des Gebietes der Carni,7 das sich bis Tergeste 2 Zum Illyrienkrieg vgl. J. Bleicken, Augustus (Berlin ), –; ein ausführli- cher Kommentar zu Appians Illyriké bei M. Saˇ ˇsel-Kos, Appian and Illyricum (Ljubljana ), hier zu Illyriké –. Bereits im Sommer waren die iapodischen und panno- nischen Gebiete unterworfen, im Sommer und Winter / konzentrierte sich das Geschehen auf die Operationen gegen den dalmatischen Raum zwischen Senia bzw. dem südlichen Iapodengebiet und Salona. Unter dem ethnischen Namen Iapoden wurden zahlreiche Stämme zusammengefaßt, die vom Hinterland von Tergeste bzw. des Ocra- Passes sowie der Innerkrain bis hin nach Westbosnien lebten. Die Stämme in den Juli- schen Alpen, die inneralpinen Iapoden und die Karner waren v. Chr. endgültig unter- worfen (Appian, Illyriké ); vgl. K. Strobel, ‚Die Noreia-Frage. Neue Aspekte und Über- legungen zu einem alten Problem der historischen Geographie Kärntens‘, Carinthia I (), –, bes. , –. Wichtige chronologischen Ansätze sind bei Saˇ ˇsel-Kos zu hoch; Emona wurde nicht bereits v. Chr. römische Colonia, die Inschriften von Nau- portus können nicht in caesarische Zeit gesetzt werden. 3 Vgl. Saˇ ˇsel-Kos a.a.O. (Anm. ), ff.; Boziˇ cˇ ., a.a.O. (Anm. ); D. Balen-Letunic,´ Japodi (Ogulin ); B. Olujic,´ Povijest Japoda (Zagreb ). Sie schließen im Süden an die Notranjska-Kras-Gruppe an. Vgl. u. Anm. 4 Hirtius, in: De bello Gallico ..; Appian, Illyriké . 5 Hirtius, in: De bello Gallico ... 6 Hirtius, in: De bello Gallico ..–. 7 Vgl. V. Vedaldi Iasbez, La Venetia orientale e l’Histria. Le fonti letterarie greche e latine fino alla caduta dell’Impero Romano d’Occidente (Rom ), –; G. Ban- delli, ‚Veneti e Carni dalle origini alla romanizzazione‘,in G. Bandelli—F.Fontana (Hrsg.), Iulium Carnicum. Centro Alpino tra Italia e Norico dalla protostoria all’età imperiale (Roma ), –; S. Vitri (Hrsg.), I Celti in Carnia e nell’arco alpino centro orien- Karl Strobel - 9789004215030 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 10:21:03AM via free access zwischen italien und den ‚barbaren‘ erstreckte, annektiert und dies mit der Gründung von Forum Iulii (Civi- dale) gesichert,8 welches die entsprechende venetisch-karnische Vor- gängersiedlung ablöste.9 Damit war die Kontrolle über den wichtigen Verkehrsweg des Natiso hergestellt, was sicher zu einer Steigerung der tale (Trieste ); G. Cuscito (Hrsg.), I Celti nell’Alto Adriatico (Trieste ); G. Righi, ‚I Celti in Carnia: I dati archeologici‘, in Cuscito , a.a.O., –; M. Buora, ‚Le monete celtiche del Friuli. La documentazione archeologica‘, in Numismatica e archeo- logia del celtismo padano (Aosta ), –; zur Gesamtregion L. Rupel, ‚Contributi alla carta archeologica delle valli del Natisone I‘, Forum Iulii (), –;L. Rupel, ‚Contributi alla carta archeologica delle valli del Natisone II‘, Forum Iulii (), – ; S. Vitri, ‚Castellieri tra l’età del ferro e la romanizzazione in Friuli‘, in G. Bandelli— E. Montanari (Hrsg.), Carlo Marchesetti e i castellieri – (Trieste ), –; P. Donat—G. Righi—S. Vitri, ‚Pratiche cultuali nel Friuli settentrionale tra tarda età del ferro e prima età imperiale‘, in: S. Groh—H. Sedlmayer (Hrsg.), Blut und Wein. Keltisch- römische Kultpraktiken (Montagnac ), –. 8 Paulus Diaconus, Historia Langobardorum ..; Vgl. V. Vedaldi Iasbez, ‚Cesare, Forum Iulii e il confine nordorientale dell’Italia‘,in G. Urso (Hrsg.), L’u l t i m o C e s a r e (Roma ), –; M. Chiabà, ‚La romanizzazione tra Natisone e Isonzo‘, in M. Ciabà— P. Maggi—C. Magrini (Hrsg.), Le valle del Natisone e dell’Isonzo tra Centroeuropea e Adriatico (Roma—Trieste ), –; J. Saˇ ˇsel, ‚Zur Frühgeschichte der XV.Legion und zur Nordostgrenze der Cisalpina in caesarischer Zeit‘, Opera selecta (Ljubljana ), –; Zur Organisation eines römischen Territoriums durch die Anlage von Fora vgl. E. Ruoff-Väänänen, Studies on the Italian Fora (Wiesbaden ). Dass der Ort bereits v. Chr. Municipium wurde, ist eher unwahrscheinlich. Zum Wegenetz der Region vgl. S. Magnani, ‚Le vie di communicazione in epoca romana‘, in G. Banchig et al. (Hrsg.), Terre d’Incontro. Kraji Srecanjˇ (Cividale ), –; S. Magnani, ‚Viabilità e communicazioni tra Italia settentrionale ed area alpina nell’antichtà: tendenze e prospettive della ricercha‘, Quaderni Friulani di Archeologia (), –. Die Bedeutung der Routen über Iulium Carnicum/Plöckenpaß, Civicale/Predil und auch das begangene Fellatal werden durch die Münzfunde deutlich; vgl. Buora a.a.O. (Anm. ); S. Vitri, ‚Monete preromane dalle valli del Natisone‘, in: Banchig , a.a.O., –, bes. Fig. ; auch F. Tassaux, ‚Les importations de l’Adriatique et de l’Italie du Nord vers les provinces danubiennes de César aux Sévères‘, in G. Urso (Hrsg.), Dall’Adriatico al Danubio. L’Illirico nell’età greca e romana (Pisa ), –, bes. ff. Zur Entwicklung der Münzprägung zwischen Karnischen Aplen bzw. Karawanken und Tauern bzw. Boiern vgl. G. Gorini, IlripostigliodeEnemonzoelamonetazionedel Norico (Padua ). 9 San Pietro al Natisone; die befestigte Siedlung Monte Barba-Roda vor dem Über- gang in das Isonzotal war bereits in der älteren Eisenzeit von Bedeutung; seit dem . Jh. v. Chr. zeigt sich donau-keltische Präsenz. Das frühe römische Interesse spiegeln Importe und die Ende . /Anfang . Jh. zu datierenden Schleuderbleie, die wohl mit dem Karner- Krieg des M. Aemilius Scaurus v. Chr. zu verbinden sind; in caesarisch-augusteischer Zeit war hier römisches Militär stationiert. Vgl. D. Casagrande—A. Pessina—G. Rhigi, ‚San Pietro al Natisone, loc. Monte Roba‘, Aquileia Nostra (), –; G. Rhigi, ‚Armi celtiche da Monte Roba presso S. Pietro al Natisone‘, Forum Iulii (), –; Rupel , a.a.O. (Anm. ), –; S. Pettarin, Le necropoli di San Pietro al Natisone e Dernazzacco nella documentazione del Museo Archeologica Nazionale di Cividale del Friuli (Roma ). Karl Strobel - 9789004215030 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 10:21:03AM via free access karl strobel Bedeutung der Route Aquileia—Cividale—S. Pietro al Natisone—Koba- rit—Predil—Tarvis/Gailitz—Gailtal/Villacher Becken führte und ver- mutlich auch den Übergang über den Wurzenpaß förderte. Zur Siche- rung der römischen Position vor dem zentralen Durchgang
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