Caesar's De Bello Gallico I
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INGO GILDENHARD Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Latin Text, Study Aids with Vocabulary, and Commentary CICERO, PHILIPPIC 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119
INGO GILDENHARD Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and commentary CICERO, PHILIPPIC 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and commentary Ingo Gildenhard https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2018 Ingo Gildenhard The text of this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text providing attribution is made to the author(s), but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work. Attribution should include the following information: Ingo Gildenhard, Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119. Latin Text, Study Aids with Vocabulary, and Commentary. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2018. https://doi. org/10.11647/OBP.0156 Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit https:// www.openbookpublishers.com/product/845#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/ All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web Digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://www. -
Pdf La Minaccia Degli Elvezi E Le Contromisure Di Cesare
Cesare La minaccia degli Elvezi e le contromisure di Cesare (De bello Gallico, 1,10-11) Alla notizia che gli Elvezi si stanno spostando verso un territorio limitrofo a quello controllato dai Romani, Cesare intuisce subito il pericolo che deriverebbe dall’avere vicino una popola- zione così fiera e bellicosa. Con la rapidità di pensiero e di azione che gli sono connaturate, organizza un complesso piano militare che riuscirà persino a modificarein itinere: gli Edui, mi- nacciati dagli Elvezi, spingono infatti Cesare a intervenire prima di quanto egli avesse previsto. © Mondadori Education [10,1] A Cesare fu riferito che gli Elvezi avevano intenzione di marciare attraverso le terre dei Sequani e degli Edui verso il paese dei Santoni1, che non è molto lontano dal paese dei Tolosati, nazione che è compresa nella provincia. [2] Se ciò fosse accaduto, Cesare comprendeva che sarebbe stato un grande pericolo per la provincia avere ai propri confini una popolazione bellicosa, nemica del popolo romano, in luoghi aperti e ricchissimi di frumento. [3] Per queste ragioni pose al comando della linea fortificata, che aveva costruito, il legato Tito Labieno2; quanto a lui, si diresse a marce forzate in Italia, vi arruolò due legioni, ne trasse tre che svernavano nei quartieri d’inverno intorno ad Aquileia e si avviò con quelle cinque legioni verso la Gallia Transalpina per la via più breve attraverso le Alpi. [4] Ivi i Ceutroni e i Graioceli e i Caturigi3, occupate delle posizioni più elevate, tentavano di impedire all’esercito la 1. I Santoni erano stanziati in un sa nella provincia romana. -
Map 17 Lugdunum Compiled by E
Map 17 Lugdunum Compiled by E. Bertrand, 1997 Introduction From both geographic and economic perspectives, the area covered by the map divides into three zones, west to east. In the west, the economy of the Massif Central (ancient Cebenna Mons) depended upon animal husbandry, forestry and mining. Ancient authors (note Strabo 4.6.9) emphasize how hard life was in the high mountains, and this zone–like the Alps to the east–was resistant to romanization. The Alps (where the economy was similar) formed a natural boundary; securing its passes became a necessity for Roman administration. Both before and after the conquest, these passes were used more than the coast road for traffic between Italy and Gaul, and they remain vital economic arteries for the area. It has always been difficult to identify the minor towns and road stations located in the Alps by the ancient itineraries, in particular because of considerable erosion which has buried many sites beneath alluvium. In the center, the romanization of the R. Rhône (ancient Rhodanus) valley was more rapid and more complete. In the fertile land of the Rhône plains there remain traces of extensive Roman centuriation linked to the colonies there. Archaeological survey has also located numerous villas in this zone, although very few are excavated. The Rhône and the roads along it were a key axis in the economic relationship between Italy, Gaul and Spain. Major changes to the physical landscape since antiquity are few. In the Alps, a number of reservoirs have been constructed; notably, at Serre-Ponçon such development has led to the submersion of several valleys near Vappincum. -
Cum Clause Latin Chart
Cum Clause Latin Chart post-haste!Kindred or plundered, Psychiatric Verne and sophomoric never unlearns Winslow any rubles!yeast her Syrian violists and diastema panoptical cannibalizing Leslie assigns and some implores auntie most. so The safety of the soldiers is dear to Cæsar, and because they are seen by him too, so it is expressing the agent of the passive construction. Whenever you now calls, et agunt cum joins clauses are added vocabulary commonly used as a separate dictionary is modified by. This alarm he worth an eyewitness to marry very exciting and very dangerous times for Rome. We have to be captured and the declensions are used in the romans prepare it does. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, I placed the intention first and the goal next. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. Complete the first page of Verbal Morphology handout. And light was made. Pulchra est terra Italia. Read the whole story. Latin and Greek literature in college, sim and essem. Reiterate the position you disagree with. To form mostly present tense passive, not stay a Perfect Definite as an Historical Perfect cell a direct statement or family, sometimes later change of meaning also involves a that in contruction. Bona labŕrant multī ex rŕmĕnis timēbant ut eos cum clause types? Marius tum cum. Haec pericula vos terrebant. Watch videos and beginning learning these forms. Caesar cum clause which. There so no gender specified, Catullus, aget. In contrast, if necessary. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. -
College Caesar
College Caesar Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary Geoffrey Steadman College Caesar Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary First Edition © 2011 by Geoffrey D. Steadman All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. The author has made an online version of this work available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org. Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work under the following conditions: (1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that the author endorses your alterations to the work). (2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes. (3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one. ISBN-13: 978-0-9843065-7-2 ISBN-10: 0-9843065-7-9 Published by Geoffrey Steadman Cover Design: David Steadman Fonts: Times New Roman [email protected] Table of Contents Pages 35 Lessons by Title…………………………………………………………………....v Preface to the Series……………………………………………………………..vii-viii Introduction…………………………………………………………………….......ix-x Outline of the Bellum Gallicum………………………………………………………xi Chronology of the Life of Julius -
Caesar Selections
Grammatical Appendix from Caesar: Selections fr om his Commentarii De Bello Gallico Introduction Th is Appendix is a revision of the one that bears the same title in Arthur Tappan Walker’s Caesar’s Gallic War with Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, and Grammatical Appendix (Chicago and New York: Scott Foresman and Company, 1907), pp. 424–528. Examples derive primarily from Caesar’s Commentariī, but a few derive from Cicero. Refer- ences to Caesar provide book, chapter, and verse: 1.1.1 would, for example, refer to the fi rst sentence of Caesar’s Dē bellō Gallicō. Examples from Caesar’s other works include the title and, if from Cicero, name and title. Pronunciation Quantity of Vowels 1. A vowel is usually short: a. Before another vowel or before h; as ineō, nihil. b. Before nd and nt; as in laudandus, laudant. c. In words with more than one syllable, before any fi nal consonant other than s; as in laudem, laudat. (But compare laudās.) 2. A vowel is long: a. Before nf, ns, nx, and nct; as in īnferō, cōnsul, iūnxī, iūnctum. b. When it results from contraction; as in īsset, from iisset. 3. A vowel is usually long: a. In one syllable words (monosyllables) not ending in b, d, l, m, or t; as in mē, hīc (but compare ab and ad where the vowels are short). Pronunciation of Vowels 4. In classical Latin pronunciation, long vowels, whether they were accented or not, were supposed to receive twice the time given to the pronunciation of short vowels. In English, we generally give more time only to the vowels in accented syllables. -
Some Considerations on the Apodotic Uses of Atque and Et (2Nd C
DOI 10.1515/joll-2014-0003 Journal of Latin Linguistics 2014; 13(1): 63 – 91 Giovanbattista Galdi Some considerations on the apodotic uses of atque and et (2nd c. BC–2nd c. AD) Abstract: This paper deals with the phenomenon often referred to as “para- hypotaxis,” that is, with the cases in which an adverbial phrase is linked to the matrix clause by means of a copulative conjunction that “breaks” the hypotactic nexus, e.g., Gel. 2,29,8: haec ubi ille dixit et discessit. Specifically, we shall go over all the earlier occurrences of the construction, from Plautus to Apuleius, and, based on their discussion, we shall show that the few certain (or very probable) instances must be explained either by a special use of atque or by Greek influ- ence. We shall hence deny the existence in Latin of “para-hypotaxis” as an auton- omous syntactical category, at least in connection with (pre)classical and Early Imperial times. Keywords: para-hypotaxis, anacoluthon, Graecism, colloquial Latin, apodotic conjunctions Giovanbattista Galdi: Faculty of Letters and Philosophy, University of Ghent, Blandijnberg 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] 1 Introduction This paper deals with the so-called apodotic uses of atque and et, that is, with those cases in which a proleptic adverbial phrase (subordinate – typically temporal – clause, conjunct participle, or ablative absolute) is linked to the matrix clause by means of a copulative conjunction that (often apparently) “breaks” the hypotactic nexus between the two predications,1 e.g., (1) (Plaut. Epid. 217) quom ad portam uenio, atque ego illam illi uideo praestolarier ‘when I came to the door, and I saw her waiting there’ 1 The author would like to express his gratitude to Jim Adams, Gualtiero Calboli, Wolfgang de Melo, and Harm Pinkster for their very helpful comments and suggestions. -
Caesar Commentary
Commentary on Caesar, De Bello Civili, 1.1-33 Charles E. Muntz AG = Allen and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar OLD = Oxford Latin Dictionary Chapter 1 1. …litteris C. Caesaris consulibus redditis: It seems likely that several sentences have been lost from the start of De Bello Civili. e letter referred to was delivered by C. Curio, a staunch supporter of Caesar, to the senate on January 1, 49, and repeats Caesar’s offer that both Pompey and himself give up their military commands. e anti-Caesarian faction in the senate wanted Caesar alone to give up his command. consulibus: L. Lentulus and C. Marcellus, both steadfast opponents of Caesar. redditis: A letter was said to be “restored,” the implication that it was an answer to a previous letter. impetratum est: Impersonal construction “it was granted” - essentially, the subject is the substantive result clause that follows (AG §569). his: the consuls. tribunorum: Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) and Q. Cassius Longinus, both supporters of Caesar. referretur: Another impersonal construction. Ad senatum referre is the technical expression for bringing an issue to the senate floor for debate. e senate could not legally debate an issue unless it was introduced by one of the magistrates. 2. infinite: “in general,” that is, the consuls were bringing up the general political situation rather than the proposal in Caesar’s letter. ey were afraid that if Caesar’s proposal came to a vote, it would pass since most senators favored peace. defuturum: sc. esse. desum normally governs the dative case. velint…respiciant…sequantur…fecerint: subjunctives in subordinate clauses in indirect discoruse (AG §580). -
BOOK 1 Chapter 1 All Gaul Is Divided Into Three Parts, One of Which The
BOOK 1 Chapter 1 All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in our Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language, customs and laws. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae. Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest, because they are furthest from the civilization and refinement of [our] Province, and merchants least frequently resort to them, and import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germans, who dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war; for which reason the Helvetii also surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor, as they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles, when they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their frontiers. One part of these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its beginning at the river Rhone; it is bounded by the river Garonne, the ocean, and the territories of the Belgae; it borders, too, on the side of the Sequani and the Helvetii, upon the river Rhine, and stretches toward the north. The Belgae rises from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star. -
Histoire De La Gaule
LA VOCATION DE L’ARBRE D’OR est de partager ses admirations avec les lecteurs, son admiration pour les grands textes nourrissants du passé et celle aussi pour l’œuvre de contem- porains majeurs qui seront probablement davantage appréciés demain qu’aujourd’hui. Trop d’ouvrages essentiels à la culture de l’âme ou de l’identité de chacun sont aujourd’hui indisponibles dans un marché du livre transformé en industrie lourde. Et quand par chance ils sont disponibles, c’est financiè- rement que trop souvent ils deviennent inaccessibles. La belle littérature, les outils de développement personnel, d’identité et de progrès, on les trouvera donc au catalogue de l’Arbre d’Or à des prix résolument bas pour la qualité offerte. LES DROITS DES AUTEURS Cet e-book est sous la protection de la loi fédérale suisse sur le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins (art. 2, al. 2 tit. a, LDA). Il est également pro- tégé par les traités internationaux sur la propriété industrielle. Comme un livre papier, le présent fichier et son image de couverture sont sous copyright, vous ne devez en aucune façon les modifier, les utiliser ou les diffuser sans l’accord des ayant-droits. Obtenir ce fichier autrement que suite à un téléchargement après paiement sur le site est un délit. Trans- mettre ce fichier encodé sur un autre ordinateur que celui avec lequel il a été payé et téléchargé peut occasionner des dommages informatiques suscepti- bles d’engager votre responsabilité civile. Ne diffusez pas votre copie mais, au contraire, quand un titre vous a plu, encouragez-en l’achat. -
The Early Latin Verb System: Archaic Forms in Plautus, Terence, and Beyond. Appendices
The Early Latin Verb System: Archaic Forms in Plautus, Terence, and Beyond. Appendices Wolfgang David Cirilo de Melo, All Souls College September 2007 Oxford Classical Monographs Contents Introduction to Appendices 1–3 1 Appendix 1: Regular Future Tenses 3 A: The Future Tenses in Plaut. Aul. and Curc. .......... 3 B: The Future Tenses in Ter. Ad. .................. 5 C: Simple Futures and Future Perfects of ¯ıre and the Relevant Compounds in Main Clauses . 6 Appendix 2: Main Clause Subjunctives 9 A: Plaut. Aul. and Curc. ...................... 9 B: Ter. Ad. .............................. 10 Appendix 3: Subjunctives in Subordinate Clauses 11 A: Subordinate Clauses Expected to Follow the Sequence of Tenses in Aul., Curc., and Ad. .................... 12 B: Subordinate Clauses Not Expected to Follow the Sequence in Aul., Curc., and Ad. ..................... 18 Appendix 4: Prohibitive Clauses and Selected Constructions of facere 22 A: Clauses Introduced by n¯e or n¯eue ................... 23 B: Prohibitions with Negatives Other than n¯e or n¯eue . 29 C: The Constructions of cau¯ere and Related Words . 30 D: Object Clauses Dependent on Selected Forms of facere . 32 i Appendix 5: Infinitivals — Regular Forms 36 A: The Present and Future Infinitives after c¯onf¯ıd¯o, cr¯ed¯o, d¯ıc¯o and sp¯er¯o .................................. 37 B: The Present and Future Infinitives after Sixteen Verbs . 47 C: Dare and dar¯ı .............................. 59 Appendix 6: Sigmatic Indicatives and Their Regular Counter- parts 65 A: The Sigmatic Indicatives in Plautus — Verbs . 68 B: The Sigmatic Indicatives in Plautus — Clause Types . 70 C: The Sigmatic Indicatives in Terence — Verbs . 71 D: The Sigmatic Indicatives in Terence — Clause Types . -
In Latin Elena V
UDC 811.124+81-119 Philologia Classica. 2018. Vol. 13. Fasc. 2 How to Express Surprise without Saying “I’m Surprised” in Latin Elena V. Zheltova St. Petersburg State University, 7–9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation; [email protected], [email protected] For citation: Elena V. Zheltova. How to Express Surprise without Saying “I’m Surprised” in Latin. Philologia Classica 2018, 13(2), 228–240. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu20.2018.204 The paper focuses on the ways of expressing mirative semantics in the Latin language. Mira- tivity is a grammatical category which expresses the speaker’s unprepared mind, a deferred realization of a situation and concomitant surprise. These values can be conveyed by both lexical and grammatical means. The paper analyses only grammatical phenomena, without taking into consideration any lexical devices (such as the verb (ad)mirari), and shows that in addition to the basic meanings of time, mood etc. these grammatical phenomena, in certain contexts, express the semantics of abruptness and surprise. Since their primary meaning is not mirative and appears as a “side effect”, they should be called mirative strategies rather than mi- ratives stricto sensu. Such strategies may be reflected through morphological categories of time and mood (e.g. Praesens coniunctivi, Futurum indicativi, Imperfectum indicativi), auxiliaries (particles, conjunctions) or syntactic constructions (Accusativus exclamationis, Infinitivus in- dignantis). Their mirative meaning is contextually conditioned and in some cases is only pos- sible in interaction with other grammatical categories (verbal person, number, etc.). The study investigates pragmatic and stylistic functions of these phenomena and shows that the choice of a strategy in some cases is directly related to the genre of work and the style of speech.