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Map 17 Lugdunum Compiled by E. Bertrand, 1997 Introduction From both geographic and economic perspectives, the area covered by the map divides into three zones, west to east. In the west, the economy of the Massif Central (ancient Cebenna Mons) depended upon animal husbandry, forestry and mining. Ancient authors (note Strabo 4.6.9) emphasize how hard life was in the high mountains, and this zone–like the Alps to the east–was resistant to romanization. The Alps (where the economy was similar) formed a natural boundary; securing its passes became a necessity for Roman administration. Both before and after the conquest, these passes were used more than the coast road for traffic between Italy and Gaul, and they remain vital economic arteries for the area. It has always been difficult to identify the minor towns and road stations located in the Alps by the ancient itineraries, in particular because of considerable erosion which has buried many sites beneath alluvium. In the center, the romanization of the R. Rhône (ancient Rhodanus) valley was more rapid and more complete. In the fertile land of the Rhône plains there remain traces of extensive Roman centuriation linked to the colonies there. Archaeological survey has also located numerous villas in this zone, although very few are excavated. The Rhône and the roads along it were a key axis in the economic relationship between Italy, Gaul and Spain. Major changes to the physical landscape since antiquity are few. In the Alps, a number of reservoirs have been constructed; notably, at Serre-Ponçon such development has led to the submersion of several valleys near Vappincum. Most important, however, are changes affecting the course of the Rhône. Historians and geomorphologists agree that this was originally more diffuse (Bravard 1987); its bed was wider and shallower, and it could certainly be forded in several places. Except over very limited stretches–as at its confluence with the Saône (ancient Arar, Desbat 1982; Bravard 1997)–the ancient course of the Rhône cannot be reconstructed. Even so, simply by removing modern modifications it is possible to give an instructive impression of the river’s natural course, as is attempted here. Submersion of the Franclens quarries (Savay-Guerraz 1997), as well as of the pottery workshops of Portout and Conjux (Magny 1990) around Lake Le Bourget, indicates a lower water level for the Rhône in antiquity (Bravard 1987, 35-65). Certainly the level of Lake Le Bourget is known to have risen over fifteen ft since the Neolithic period, and over nine ft since Roman times. Since the Middle Ages the confluence of the Rhône and the Ain (not labeled) has been steadily shifting westwards (see E2, north-west of St-Romain-de-Jalionas). Some confusion between the Rhône and the Isère (ancient Isara) on the part of ancient authors seems likely (Van Ooteghem 1949). MAP 17 LUGDUNUM 245 Directory All place names are in France unless otherwise noted Abbreviations CAG 01 A. Buisson, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 01. L’Ain, Paris, 1990 CAG 03 J. Corrocher, M. Piboule and M. Hilaire, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 03. L’Allier,Paris, 1989 CAG 04 G. Bérard, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 04. Les Alpes–de–Haute–Provence,Paris,1997 CAG 05 I. Ganet, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 05. Les Hautes-Alpes,Paris,1995 CAG 38/1 A. Pelletier et al., Carte archéologique de la Gaule 38/1. L’Isère,Paris,1994 CAG 42 M.-O. Lavendhomme, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 42. La Loire,Paris,1997 CAG 43 M. Provost and B. Rémy, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 43. La Haute-Loire,Paris,1994 CAG 48 D. Fabrié, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 48. La Lozère,Paris,1989 CAG 63/1 M. Provost and C. Mennessier-Jouannet, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 63/1. Clermont-Ferrand,Paris,1994 CAG 63/2 M. Provost and C. Mennessier-Jouannet, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 63/2. Le Puy-de-Dôme,Paris,1994 CAG 73 B. Rémy, F. Ballet and E. Ferber, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 73. La Savoie,Paris,1996 CAGR 6 H. de Gérin-Ricard and A. Blanchet, Carte archéologique de la Gaule romaine, VI. Basses-Alpes,Paris,1937 CAGR 7 J. Sautel, Carte archéologique de la Gaule romaine, VII. Vaucluse,Paris,1939 CAGR 8 M. Louis and A. Blanchet, Carte archéologique de la Gaule romaine, VIII. Gard,Paris,1941 CAGR 11 J. Sautel, Carte archéologique de la Gaule romaine, XI. Drôme,Paris,1957 CAGR 15 A. Blanc, Carte archéologique de la Gaule romaine, XV. Ardèche,Paris,1975 FormIt Transpadana P. Barocelli, Forma Italiae: Transpadana, Augusta Praetoria (regio XI, vol. 1), Rome, 1948 GAL Piemonte G. Cavalieri Manasse, G. Massari and M.P. Rossignani (eds.), Guide archeologiche Laterza. Piemonte, Valle d’Aosta, Liguria, Lombardia, Bari and Rome, 1982 Römer Schweiz W. Drack and R. Fellmann, Die Römer in der Schweiz, Stuttgart, 1988 TIR Mediolanum Tabula Imperii Romani L 32, Mediolanum-Aventicum-Brigantium, Rome, 1966 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference G1 L’Abergement HR Broise 1974, 115 H2 Acitavones? HR Barruol 1969, 316-17 Acunum = Akousion F4 Ad Finem R?L near La CAG 05.123 Roche-des-Arnauds D5 Ad Letoce RL near Bollène CAGR 7.108; Barruol 1969, 263 H3 Ad Martis RL Ulzio ITL Crosetto 1981, 409 G2 Ad Publicanos RL near Alberville Barthélémy 1986, 241-44 G2 Ad *Turnonem HR Tournon? Barruol 1969, 302 E2 Ad VII R Septème? CAG 38/1.301 E2 Ad VIII RL Oytier-St-Oblas? CAG 38/1.108 E2 Ad XII R Dièmoz? CAG 38/1.105; Gallia (1996) 99 I3 Ad XII L S. Didero? ITL TIR Mediolanum 18; Prieur 1968, 103 D5 Aeria H near St-Pierre-de-Sénos Barruol 1972; Salviat 1985 B2 Ailleux RL CAG 42.002 E4 Aix-en-Diois R Rémy 1992, 233 D4 Akousion/ R/ Montélimar Barruol 1969, 243; Beaumont 1992, 58-77 Acunum L F5 Alabonte RL Le Monêtier-Allemont Barruol 1969, 291; CAG 05.78 D4 Alba Helviorum RL Alba-la-Romaine Lauxerois 1983; 1985; Bromwich 1993, 17-21, 45; Gallia (1996) 23-32; §Helvii HR Lauxerois 1983, 41-78 F2 Albinnum RL Albens CAG 73.010 D5 Allan RL? CAGR 11.59; Rémy 1992, 233-34 C5 Allègre See Map 15 B4 Allenc RL CAG 48.11 246 MAP 17 LUGDUNUM Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference E3 Allobroges HR FRA / SWI Barruol 1969, 295-305; Rémy 1970; NPauly G2 Allonzier-la-Caille R Broise 1984, 187-91; Rémy 1992, 234 H4 Alpes Cottiae RL FRA / ITL RE Alpes, col. 1602; Prieur 1968; NPauly H3 Alpes Graiae RL RE Alpes, col. 1602; Vavassori 1980; NPauly *Alpis Cottia = Druantium H2 *Alpis Graia HR settlement and pass at Col Barruol 1969, 56-58; Walser 1986; CAG § Alpes Atrectinae du Petit-St-Bernard 73.285 Prieur 1962; Bérard 1995, 353-58 H5 Alpes Maritimae FRA / ITL See Map 16 E5 [Altonum] CHR Le Pègue Barruol 1969, 267; Hatt 1976; 1977; Bromwich 1993, 44 D2 Ambarri HR CAG 01, 24-25; NPauly B2 Ambert R Gagnaire 1992; CAG 63/2.003 D3 Andance RL Blanc 1959; CAGR 15, 76-79; Bromwich 1993, 43 A4 Anderitum RL Javols CAG 48.004; Pierobon-Benoît 1992 § Civitas Gabalum B3 Anicium HRL Le Puy-en-Velay CAG 43.157 D3 Annonay RL Bedon 1984, 33 F2 Antoger RL Broise 1974, 113 C2 Aquae Segetae RL Moingt Vallat 1981, 236-39; Blin 1991; CAG 42.147 F2 Aquae Sextiae RL Aix-les-Bains Prieur 1976; CAG 73.008; Gallia (1996) 222-24 B4 Aquitania See Map 14 D2 Arar fl. RL Saône RE; NPauly G2 Arbin RL Lancha 1974; CAG 73.018 I2 Arebrigium RL near Le Pré-St-Didier ITL TIR Mediolanum 26; Barruol 1969, 313 H2 Ariolica R near La Thuile ITL Barruol 1969, 313 B2 Arverni HRL Duval 1955, 215, 221; CAG 63/1, 71-73; §Arvernia RL NPauly D2 Asa Paulini RL Anse-sur-Saône Guey 1960; Gruyer 1984 E4 Augusta RL Aouste-sur-Sye CAGR 11.94 F2 Augusta RL Aoste Rougier 1986; 1988; Jospin 1990 Augusta Tricastinorum = Noiomagos G3 Auris RL Barruol 1969, 96 G4 Avantici HR Barruol 1969, 287-91 H2 Axima/ HRL/ Aime Gimard 1991; Bérard 1995; CAG 73.006 Forum Claudii Ceutronum R Barruol 1969, 313-16; Gimard 1991 § Ceutrones HR C5 Barjac RL CAGR 8.342 G5 Barles RL Barruol 1969, 96 C3 Bas-en-Basset HR Simonnet 1984, 76-103; CAG 43.020 D4 Batiana RL near Etoile-sur-Rhône CAGR 11.100 F3 La Bauche R Rémy 1992, 234 B3 Beaulieu R CAG 43.021 E5 Beaumont-du-Ventoux See Map 15 B3 Beaune-sur-Arzon RL CAG 43.023 H3 Belaci? HR Prieur 1968, 77 F2 *Bellicum RL Belley CAG 01.034 H2 Bergintrum RL Bourg-St-Maurice CAG 73.054; Gallia (1996) 226 D5 Bergoiata RL Bourg-St-Andéol Lauxerois 1983, 111-17; Bromwich 1993, 21 E2 Bergusium RL Bourgoin-Jallieu Barruol 1969, 304 C5 Bessèges RL CAGR 8.344 A2 *Biliomagus HRL Billom CAG 63/2.040 B3 Blavozy RL CAG 43.032 E2 La Boisse RL villa and cemetery Vicherd 1982; CAG 01.210 B4 Le Bouchet-St-Nicolas HR CAG 43.037 D3 Boucieu-le-Roi RL? Blanc 1966, 94 MAP 17 LUGDUNUM 247 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference I2 Bourg-St-Pierre RL SWI Blondel 1962, 310 G2 Boutae R Les Fins d’Annecy Broise 1984 E5 Boxs(...) HR Buis-les-Baronnies CAGR 11.14; Barruol 1969, 248 H3 Bramans RL Barruol 1969, 98 F2 Brangues RL Savay-Guerraz 1990a, 140 H3 Brides-les-Bains RL Rémy 1992, 234 G2 Brigantio RL Notre-Dame de Briançon Barruol 1969, 301, 316 H4 Brigantio RL Briançon Barruol 1969, 322; CAG 05.023 H4 Brigianii HR Barruol 1969, 338-340 E2 *Brioratis RL Briord CAG 01.185 A3 Brivas HRL Brioude Mangin 1992; CAG 43.040 D2 Bully R Rémy 1992, 235 F4 Cambonum RL Font-Vineuse? CAG 05.154 G2 Casuaria RL Faverges Broise 1974, 73-74; Gallia (1996) 240-41 G3 Catorissium RL near Le Bourg-d’Oisans Barruol 1969, 322 G4 Caturiges HR Barruol 1969, 340-44; NPauly G4 Caturigomagus HRL Chorges CAG 05.040 D5 Cavares H Barruol 1969, 231-72 B4 Cebenna M.
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    The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context By Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Director of Thesis: Dr. Frank Romer Major Department: History Abstract The goal of this thesis is, as the title affirms, to understand the military reforms of Gaius Marius in their broader societal context. In this thesis, after a brief introduction (Chap. I), Chap. II analyzes the Roman manipular army, its formation, policies, and armament. Chapter III examines Roman society, politics, and economics during the second century B.C.E., with emphasis on the concentration of power and wealth, the legislative programs of Ti. And C. Gracchus, and the Italian allies’ growing demand for citizenship. Chap. IV discusses Roman military expansion from the Second Punic War down to 100 B.C.E., focusing on Roman military and foreign policy blunders, missteps, and mistakes in Celtiberian Spain, along with Rome’s servile wars and the problem of the Cimbri and Teutones. Chap. V then contextualizes the life of Gaius Marius and his sense of military strategy, while Chap VI assesses Marius’s military reforms in his lifetime and their immediate aftermath in the time of Sulla. There are four appendices on the ancient literary sources (App. I), Marian consequences in the Late Republic (App. II), the significance of the legionary eagle standard as shown during the early principate (App. III), and a listing of the consular Caecilii Metelli in the second and early first centuries B.C.E. (App. IV). The Marian military reforms changed the army from a semi-professional citizen militia into a more professionalized army made up of extensively trained recruits who served for longer consecutive terms and were personally bound to their commanders.
  • The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)

    The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)

    Impact of Empire 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd i 5-4-2007 8:35:52 Impact of Empire Editorial Board of the series Impact of Empire (= Management Team of the Network Impact of Empire) Lukas de Blois, Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt, Elio Lo Cascio, Michael Peachin John Rich, and Christian Witschel Executive Secretariat of the Series and the Network Lukas de Blois, Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn and John Rich Radboud University of Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] Academic Board of the International Network Impact of Empire geza alföldy – stéphane benoist – anthony birley christer bruun – john drinkwater – werner eck – peter funke andrea giardina – johannes hahn – fik meijer – onno van nijf marie-thérèse raepsaet-charlier – john richardson bert van der spek – richard talbert – willem zwalve VOLUME 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd ii 5-4-2007 8:35:52 The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476) Capri, March 29 – April 2, 2005 Edited by Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio With the Aid of Olivier Hekster & Gerda de Kleijn LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.