LINGUISTIC UNITING FEATURES AND TYPES OF SOUND CHANGE FROM SAMBORI TO TETA DIALECT
By: IDA AYU ANGGI MAHARANI 1712021018
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ART
UNDIKSHA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
2021
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LINGUISTIC UNITING FEATURES AND TYPES OF SOUND CHANGE FROM SAMBORI TO TETA DIALECT
SKRIPSI
Diajukan Kepada Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha Untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan Dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Oleh Ida Ayu Anggi Maharani NIM. 1712021018
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS FAKULTAS BAHASA DAN SENI UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA SINGARAJA 2021
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, the writer would like to thank the Almighty God, Ida Sang Hyang
Widhi Wasa, for the blessing and mental and physical health to the writer to finish this study entitled “Linguistic Uniting Features and Types of Sound Change from
Sambori to Teta Dialect”. Besides, the writer also would like to thank some parties that had given support, guidance, advice, and suggestion during the accomplishment of this thesis.
1. Dr. I Gede Budasi, M.Ed. as the first supervisor, who kindly gives
valuable guidance, inspiring ideas, and advice as well as motivation that
help the writer finish this study. Please accept my deepest thanks, Sir.
2. Drs. I Wayan Suarnajaya, M.A., Ph.D. as the second supervisor, who
kindly gives valuable guidance, inspiring ideas, and advice as well as
motivation that help the writer finish this study. Thank you for your
guidance, Sir.
3. All the lecturers from English Language Education, who had supported
and given knowledge to the writer during my study in this department.
4. For the informants who had given a lot of information needed in this
research.
5. My lovely family (Ajik and Ibu) Ida Bagus Asta Gunastra and Ni
Nyoman Sulastri who always give me support, motivation, and pray for
me to finish this study.
6. My best and beloved boyfriend I Gusti Manubrata who is always there
when the writer needs support, transportation, go food, and everything.
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7. Further, the writer is grateful to all her friends in UNDIKSHA, the
writer’s classmates in Amazing Class, her comrades (Indah, Saras,
Restu, and Yoga), and especially for my beloved No Brain friends (Ayu
Gunawati, Cabel, Shanti, and Dekyik) who gave her advice and fun time
during my study in UNDIKSHA.
8. Next, the writer would like to thank Kim Namjoon, Kim Seokjin, Min
Yoongi, Jung Hoseok, Park Jimin, Kim Taehyung, Jung Jungkook a.k.a.
BTS who give her a lot of healing music to heal the writer while
finishing this study.
9. Last, for all people who cannot be mentioned by the writer one by one,
thank you very much.
In all modesty, the writer realizes that this thesis is a long way from perfectness. The writer warmly welcomes any comments and suggestions to make this thesis better. Hopefully, this study can be useful and beneficial for the readers in learning linguistics. Thank you very much.
Singaraja, 19 February 2021
Ida Ayu Anggi Maharani
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRAK ...... i
ABSTRACT ...... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... v
LIST OF TABLES ...... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ...... x
LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xi
LIST OF SYMBOL ...... xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1 Research Background ...... 1
1.2 Research Questions ...... 4
1.3 Purposes of the Study ...... 4
1.4 Research Scope ...... 4
1.5 Research Significances ...... 5
1.5.1 Theoretical Significances ...... 5
1.5.2 Practical Significances ...... 5
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ...... 6
1.6.1 Conceptual Definition ...... 6
1.6.2 Operational Definition ...... 7
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 8
2.1 Geographical Description of Sambori and Teta Villages in Bima ...... 8
2.1.1 Geographical Description of Bima Regency...... 8
2.1.2 Geographical Description of Sambori and Teta Village ...... 10
2.2 Theoretical Review ...... 12
2.2.1 Phonology ...... 12
2.2.2 Dialect ...... 13
2.2.3 Phonological Change ...... 14
2.2.4 Linguistic Uniting Features and Lexeme and Lexical Variation 15
2.2.5 Types of Sound Change ...... 15
2.3 Empirical Review ...... 31
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ...... 36
3.1 Research Design ...... 36
3.2 Research Setting ...... 36
3.3 Research Subjects ...... 37
3.4 Research Informants ...... 37
3.5 Types of Research Data ...... 38
3.6 Research Instruments...... 38
3.7 Data Collection Procedure ...... 38
3.8 Research Data Analysis ...... 39
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...... 40
4.1 Findings ...... 40
4.1.1 The Lexical Variation that Unite Sambori and Teta dialects ...... 41
4.1.2 The Types of Sound Change from Sambori to Teta dialect ...... 44
4.2 Discussion...... 59
4.2.1 The Lexical Variation that Unite Sambori and Teta dialects ...... 60
4.2.2 The Types of Sound Change from Sambori to Teta dialect ...... 60
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 64
5.1 Conclusion ...... 64
5.2 Suggestion ...... 66
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Stronger and Weaker Phonemes ...... 19
Table 2.2 Manner of Articulation...... 23
Table 4.1 List of Lexicons Evidence with Same Form ...... 41
Table 4.2 List of Lexicons Evidence with Similar Form ...... 43
Table 4.3 Examples of Prothesis from Sambori to Teta Dialect ...... 45
Table 4.4 Examples of Epenthesis from Sambori to Teta Dialect ...... 47
Table 4.5 Examples of Paragoge from Sambori to Teta Dialect...... 48
Table 4.6 Examples of Apheresis from Sambori to Teta Dialect ...... 49
Table 4.7 Examples of Syncope from Sambori to Teta Dialect ...... 51
Table 4.8 Examples of Assimilation from Sambori to Teta Dialect ...... 52
Table 4.9 Examples of Metathesis from Sambori to Teta Dialect ...... 53
Table 4.10 Examples of Fusion from Sambori to Teta Dialect...... 54
Table 4.11 Examples of Unpacking from Sambori to Teta Dialect ...... 55
Table 4.12 Examples of Fortition from Sambori to Teta Dialect ...... 56
Table 4.13 Examples of Lenition from Sambori to Teta Dialect ...... 57
Table 4.14 Examples of Abnormal Change from Sambori to Teta Dialect .... 58
Table 4.15 The Frequency of Occurrence of the Types of Sound Change
Processes ...... 61
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. Map of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) ...... 08
Figure 2.2. Map of Sumbawa Island ...... 09
Figure 2.3 Map of Bima Regency ...... 10
Figure 2.4 Map of Lambitu Sub-District...... 12
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX I: SWADESH, HOLLE, AND NOTHOFER WORDLISTS
APPENDIX II : SAME FORM AND SIMILAR FORM OF LEXICON
APPENDIX III: LIST OF INFORMANTS
APPENDIX IV: RESEARCH PERMIT 1 AND RESEARCH PERMIT 2
APPENDIX V: DOCUMENTATIONS
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Signs symbol
/. . ./ : phoneme
→ : become
++ : same
+ : similar
International Phonetic Alphabet
Symbol Phonetic value
low central (or front) unrounded /a/ vowel
central vowel ranging between [ɛ] and /ä/ [ə]
low back unrounded vowel; often /ɑ/ written [a]
/ɒ/ low back rounded vowel
/æ/ low front unrounded vowel
/b/ voiced bilabial stop
spirantized [b]; historically [β], /ḇ/ modern [v]
/β/ voiced bilabial fricative
voiceless alveolar affricate; IPA [ʦ] or /c/ [ts]
voiceless palatoalveolar affricate; IPA /č/ [ʧ] or [tʃ]
/ɔ/ lax mid back rounded vowel
/ɕ/ voiceless alveolopalatal fricative
/ç/ voiceless palatal fricative
/d/ voiced alveolar stop
/ḏ/ palatalized [dʸ]; can be pronounced [ǰ]
or spirantized [d], same as [ð]
/ḍ/ voiced retroflex stop; IPA [ɖ]
or emphatic, i.e. pharyngealized [dˁ]
/ð/ voiced dental fricative
/e/ tense mid front unrounded vowel
lax mid central vowel (unstressed in /ə/ English); "schwa"
/ɚ/ rhotacized schwa, essentially [ər]
/ɛ/ lax mid front unrounded vowel
stressed [ɚ] in English; often /ɝ/ transcribed the same way
/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative
/g/ voiced velar stop
/ḡ/ spirantized [g]; same as [ɣ]
/h/ voiceless glottal fricative
/ʰ/ aspiration of preceding sound
/ḥ/ voiceless pharyngeal fricative; IPA [ħ]
/ḫ/ voiceless uvular fricative; same as [χ]
voiceless fricative; probably palatal /ẖ/ [ç]
/i/ tense high front unrounded vowel
/ɪ/ lax high front unrounded vowel
/ỉ/ special transcriptional symbol; also [j]
/ɨ/ high central unrounded vowel
voiced palatal glide; same as [y] in /j/ other systems
or alternate transliteration for [ỉ]
palatalization of preceding sound; also /ʲ/ [ʸ]
voiced palatoalveolar affricate; IPA /ǰ/ [ʤ] or [dʒ]
/k/ voiceless velar stop
/ḳ/ voiceless uvular stop; same as [q]
/ḵ/ spirantized [k]; same as [x]
/l/ voiced alveolar lateral liquid
/ḷ/ voiced retroflex lateral liquid; IPA [ɭ]
/ɬ/ voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
/ɫ/ velarized voiced alveolar lateral liquid
/m/ voiced bilabial nasal
/n/ voiced alveolar nasal
voiced velar nasal; don't confuse with /ŋ/ sequence [ŋg]
/ṇ/ voiced retroflex nasal; IPA [ɳ]
/ɲ/ voiced palatal nasal
/ɴ/ voiced uvular nasal
/o/ tense mid back rounded vowel
mid central unrounded vowel, similar /ŏ/ to [ə]
/ɸ/ voiceless bilabial fricative
/θ/ voiceless dental fricative
/p/ voiceless bilabial stop
spirantized [p]; historically [ɸ], /p̅ / modern [f]
/þ/ runic letter equivalent to [θ]
or runic letter that can be read as
either [θ] or [ð]
/q/ voiceless uvular stop
voiced alveolar trill (often used for /r/ other types of "r")
voiced (post)alveolar liquid, the /ɹ/ English "r"; often just written [r]
voiced alveolar tap; sometimes written /ɾ/ [ᴅ]
/ʀ/ voiced uvular trill
/ʁ/ voiced uvular fricative
/ṛ/ voiced retroflex flap; IPA [ɽ]
/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative
voiceless postalveolar fricative; IPA /š/ [ʃ]
voiceless alveolopalatal fricative; IPA /ś/ [ɕ]
or voiceless alveolar fricative;
historically distinct from [z]
or voiceless fricative; historically
distinct from [s]
/ṣ/ voiceless retroflex fricative; IPA [ʂ]
or emphatic, i.e. pharyngealized [sˁ]
voiceless postalveolar fricative; same /ʃ/ as [š]
/t/ voiceless alveolar stop
/ṭ/ voiceless retroflex stop; IPA [ʈ]
or emphatic, i.e. pharyngealized [tˁ]
/ṯ/ palatalized [tʸ]; can be pronounced [č]
or spirantized [t], same as [θ]