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DAVID H. McKILLOP, President PRINCETON LYMAN, First Vice President HORACE G. DAWSON, JR., Second Vice President

Board of Directors

WILLIAM C. HARROP, Chairman THOMAS D. BOYATT, Vice Chairman BARBARA J. GOOD, Second Vice Chairman DAVID W. LOVING, Secretary-Treasurer JOHN J. TUOHEY, Assistant Secretary-Treasurer HERMAN J. COHEN JAMES L. HOLMES, JR. F. ALLEN HARRIS WILLIAM R. LENDERKING, JR. LINDA LOWENSTEIN W. A. WHITTEN

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Staff JULY 1972: VOLUME 49, NUMBER 7 GERALD BUSHNELL, Executive Director MARGARET S. TURKEL, Executive Secretary CLARKE SLADE, Educational Consultant HELEN VOGEL, Committee Coordinator

Journal Editorial Board

JOHN D. STEMPEL, Chairman TERESITA C. SCHAFFER, Vice Chairman AMBLER MOSS MICHAEL P. CANNING FREDERICK QUINN RALPH S. SMITH ANTHONY C. E. QUAINTON EDWARD M. COHEN

American Foreign Policy Planning 12 Journal

ROBERT H. PUCKETT SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor THOMAS R. DE BRINE, Editorial Assistant Health in the Developing World 15 MclVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction DONALD W. MacCORQUODALE, M.D. Advertising Representatives

Covering State JAMES C. SASMOR, 295 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017 (212) 532-6230 An Interview with Claude Moisy 18 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. RALPH S. SMITH 94105 (415) 392-7144 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 5 Winsley Street, London W.l 01- 580 6594/8. International Representatives.

©American Foreign Service Association, 1972. The Foreign OTHER FEATURES Service Journal is published twelve times a year by the Amer¬ ican Foreign Service Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Wash¬ News from Capitol Hill 6 ington, D. C. 20037. Telephone (202) 338-4045

Second-class postage paid at Washington, D. C. A Problem for the ‘70s and Beyond, by William B. Young 10

DEPARTMENTS

Letters to the Editor 4

FSJ Competition 8 , The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in foreign affairs, published twelve times a year by the American For¬ eign Service Association, a non-profit organization. Editorials 28 Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, AFSA News 29 the United States Information Agency, the Agency for International Development or the United States Government as a whole. Membership in the American Foreign Service Association is open to Photographs and Illustrations: the professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to persons having an active interest in, or close association with, COVER: "Business is Poor," by Marie Skora foreign affairs. Membership dues are: Active Members—Dues range from $13 to $52 annually depending upon income. Retired Active Members—Dues are $30 annually for members with incomes over $15,000; $15 annually for less than $15,000. Associate Members—Dues are $20 annually. For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (12 issues); $6.00; two years, $10.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annually for overseas postage. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and/or America: History and Life. Microfilm copies of current as well as of back issues of the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL are available through the University Microfilm Li¬ brary Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 under a contract signed October 30, 1967. ilJ

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Has any insurance company or underwriter declined to accept or refused to renew your insurance? if yes, give particulars on separate sheet. (yes or no) Have you or any other persons or members of your household who will drive your car had any accidents during the past two years? if yes, give particulars on separate sheet. (yes or no) Do you plan to travel in Canada? (yes or no) Signature of Applicant Date J Bureaucratic Frog Ponds ance of one’s colleague’s evalua¬ tions in matters of ability and judg¬ LETTERS ID | ■ The article in the May issue of ment, and the risk of being fired on the JOURNAL by David Newsom on Opinions Please the basis of those evaluations. the Washington environment for the Our critics will, we hope, note ■ I note that in Director General FSO hit the nail on the head. It is a these risks as some justification for Hall’s open letter on personnel poli¬ very difficult thing for FSOs who do the extra pension benefits and the cy which appeared in the April De¬ not really know this town to learn so-called “elite corps status” we en¬ partment NEWSLETTER, Mr. Hall, and accept the fact that the Foreign joy. However, the real compensa¬ in discussing proposed revisions in Service is not the center of the tion, many of us, perhaps vainly, the performance rating form, sug¬ universe and that a big man profes¬ still hope, comes not in money and gests that an employee might be sionally and socially at an Embassy status, but in the opportunity to called upon to note the community abroad is often a small boy on the participate in US foreign policy de¬ activities in which he participates, in Washington bureaucratic and social cisions and to see that the nation addition to listing efforts at self- scene. can benefit from truly professional advice in its foreign relations. This improvement and aspirations for fu¬ H. CHRISTOPHER MARTIN Washington may be “elitism,” but if so it is of ture assignments and training. I the Harry S. Truman school, and would like to express my own be¬ those who would make the kitchen lief, which I hold firmly, that an Foreign Service Professionalism more comfortable by lowering the employee’s participation in volun¬ ■ The recent debate on grievance heat should consider whether the tary community affairs is not a procedures and other personnel result will not be a poorer product proper subject for mentioning in a questions revealed widespread and the departure of the few cus¬ performance evaluation report, nei¬ agreement concerning the need for tomers who remain. ther in a self-appraisal nor in an some better grievance procedures, This is not a plea for the status evaluation by a rating officer. This but extensive disagreement concern¬ quo. It has become clear that the is an aspect of an employee’s per¬ ing both the desirability of the Department’s sense of noblesse sonal life which should be outside present bill and its meaning. It also oblige is too slender a reed for the the scope of performance evalua¬ revealed that many members of the Foreign Service to lean on—if not tion. Comment on, or even the mere service do not realize they must pay in fact too slender a straw to grasp listing of, an employee’s community a price for the benefits they seek. at. Moreover, the Department activities is no different from com¬ This price will appear in the already seems uncertain whether it wants a menting on the qualities of an em¬ weakened evaluation system, as rat¬ professional Foreign Service. The ing officers realize they must antici¬ effort to remove from the Service ployee’s spouse, or on the contribu¬ pate grievance hearings over any through selection out officers ren¬ tion the latter makes to the employ¬ quasi-critical remarks, and as per¬ dered “redundant” by the presence ee’s job. Listing the community ac¬ sonnel assignment officers adjust to of others not subject to Foreign Serv¬ tivities in which an employee partic¬ the knowledge that any exercise of ice risks and discipline, and the ipates is no more relevant to his judgment may subject them to hear¬ whole series of wildly fluctuating on-the-job performance than would ings and challenges. Granted that personnel policies of the last 20 be listing the number of musical the majority will refrain from ex¬ years, have called into question the instruments one plays. Some people ploiting these possibilities, it is hard future of the professional Foreign are community minded and devote to envision the personnel system re¬ Service itself. Assuming, however, a lot of time to community activi¬ taining even the individuality and that the increasing complexity of the ties; others prefer to spend their time flexibility it now enjoys, in the face world calls for more professionalism on hobbies or in the privacy of their of these pressures. in analyzing and coping with its families. I do not believe the De¬ A far more basic failure has conflicts, not less, and hoping that partment should in any way draw gained emphasis during this debate, the mutually exacerbated polariza¬ any distinction between these two however, in the lack of recognition tion of management vs. Foreign Serv¬ ice can be attenuated, I urge: types. Although I recognize that the on many sides of what the Foreign purpose in soliciting this information Service is. It is not, as many sug¬ a) That the Department commit itself formally to a full-scale review, is probably to fill out the picture of gest, simply a privileged caste of in consultation with representatives the employee as an individual, I public servants, nor a group of tech¬ nicians who speak foreign lan¬ of the Foreign Service, of Foreign believe the inclusion of this in¬ guages; it is a profession, developed Service personnel policies, to cover formation would lead to invidious to provide the US government with assignment, evaluation, promotion, comparisons among employees the best available advice and assist¬ selection out, and grievance proce¬ when performance files are re¬ ance in the conduct of foreign dures, and projections for the future viewed. I would be interested in affairs. Its qualifications include not strength and structure of the Service. knowing if the AFSA has yet solic¬ only careful selection and training, b) That AFSA immediately ini¬ ited or expressed any opinions on but the acceptance of special disci¬ tiate preparation of a statement of this point. plines and certain risks. Among standards and guidelines for use in —CHARLES O. CECIL these, in addition to world-wide as¬ these consultations, for submission Beirut signment availability, are the accept¬ (Continued on page 27)

4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 Quiet Diplomacy: 1972 GRAN TORINO (Quiet...Because it’s a Ford)

Gran Torino. The most changed And you pay no U.S. excise tax on tribution Operations, Ford Motor automobile in the mid-size class. any American-made Ford Motor Company, 153 Halsey Street, Computer-tuned to eliminate noise. Company car when shipped Newark, N.J. 07102. Telephone— Computer-tuned to provide a plush, abroad. For full information: 643-1900. From New York, tele¬ phone—964-7883. quiet ride. Beautifully quiet. Like it In the Washington area, contact or not . . . when you drive a 1972 Diplomatic Sales, Ford Motor Com¬ Gran Torino you have to be quiet pany, 9th Floor, 815 Connecticut FORD • TORINO • THUNDERBIRD MUSTANG • MAVERICK • PINTO about it. Quiet... because it’s a Ford. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. MERCURY . MARQUIS • MONTEREY 20006. Telephone-298-7419. As with all Ford-built cars, you MONTEGO • COUGAR • COMET can order your new Gran Torino In the New York area, contact LINCOLN CONTINENTAL now at full Diplomatic discount. Diplomatic Sales, Overseas Dis¬ CONTINENTAL MARK IV NEWS FROM CAPITOL HILL to the United Nations make a contribution to this cause? MR. DERWINSKI: Yes. I would merely say the gentle¬ (Excerpt from Congressional Record, House of Representa¬ man from New York and the gentleman from Iowa show tives, May 17, 1972. Discussion of "Department of State, great diplomatic foresight and legitimate concern in ques¬ Justice and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies tioning things like the representation allowance, but from Appropriations, 1973.") my personal experience in the world of diplomacy I be¬ lieve that the subcommittee has been a little too tight in MR. GROSS: Mr. Chairman, the annual consideration cutting that phase of the budget. Quite frankly, the art of of an appropriation for the State Department would not diplomacy, like the art of salesmanship, requires a rep¬ be complete without having inquired of the distinguished resentation allowance equal to the stature of the country. gentleman from New York (Mr. Rooney) about the I am sympathetic to our poor diplomats who, I feel, have $993,000 representation allowance or the tools of the been overly restricted by this subcommittee. trade in the State Department. How are they faring this MR. ROONEY of New York: Will the distinguished year with respect to the tools of the trade? gentleman from Iowa yield? MR. ROONEY of New York: Well, I think they have MR. GROSS: Yes. been sufficiently taken care of in the present year, and I MR. ROONEY of New York: Of course, the gentleman am informed that in the coming year, although there will diplomat from Illinois would not understand that the be some price and wage increases for local alien employ¬ committee and the Congress have given the diplomats, if ees abroad who serve the lunches or dinners or cocktails, you want to call them that, every nickel that was asked they will see to it that no one puts more than a one- of the committee in the past 8 years. ounce shot in any cocktail or highball. If they do this, MR. DERWINSKI: Yes. they will be able to meet the price and wage increases. MR. ROONEY of New York: So the gentleman’s com¬ MR. GROSS: IS this by reason of an order from the offi¬ plaint is without merit. cials in striped pants over in Foggy Bottom, or is this be¬ MR. DERWINSKI: NO. May I pay a sort of indirect com¬ cause of— pliment to the gentleman from New York. I wish to ad¬ MR. ROONEY of New York: No. This is a deduction vise the gentleman from Iowa that it is my experience that the gentleman from New York has made after a dis¬ that many people in “Foggy Bottom” are scared to death cussion with some Foreign Service officer friends. of the gentleman from New York, so they asked for less MR. DERWINSKI: Will the gentleman yield? than they might if they were not in such fear of the chair¬ MR. GROSS: Can the distinguished former Ambassador man. Worldwide 111-Risk Insurance Coverage For Government Employees Special rates for American Foreign Service Association members

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6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 The Diplomatic Edge.

You’d think Oldsmobile built this one espe¬ could pay a lot more for a lot less car.” cially for service with the Foreign Service. The respon¬ Now add the edge you enjoy with General sive Rocket V-8 engine runs on no-lead, low-lead or Motors service for the Foreign Service. Like local de¬ regular gas. The body by Fisher is strong and dirt-tight livery from an authorized General Motors dealer—even with guard beams in every door. Rust resisting front if you ordered your car in another part of the world, fender liners. Anti-corrosion battery. Heavier finned with exactly the color, equipment and op¬ front brake drums for cooler operation. Aluminized tions you specified. Reliable General Motors muffler and tailspout. Bias-ply belted tires for longer parts and service are available anywhere in tread life. Olds calls all this “the Oldsmobile Edge” the world, too. A great car and great service overseas and puts it on the Cutlass S at a price that says:“You to give our customers the edge...every where. OLDSMOBILE /ILWAfS A STEP/IHE AD

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The July competition calls for the following effort, to which we are confident our readers will arise: Imagine that, as part of efforts to improve the morale in the Foreign Service, the Secretary of State has instituted an award for bureaucratic courage and/or diplomatic finesse. Readers are asked to submit nominations for this award for one of the following: Metternich, Talleyrand, Pal¬ merston, Kissinger. Nominations should be no more than 100 words in length. A prize of $10.00 to the reader who submits the most original and humorous response. The winning entry and those of two runners-up will be published in subsequent issues. Entries by September 15, please, to: Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. The winner of the April contest and the two runners- up appear below. The $10.00 prize to Richard J. Higgins for his translation from Court Turkish. Since I am presently residing in a country which was once part of the Ottoman Empire, I read with interest your recent announcement of a competition involving the Ottoman Empire Foreign Service. DPL families I thought you, and perhaps your readers, might be interested in the attached document which bears on relax while the subject of the competition. I found the original of this document one hot afternoon while searching through the Cairo ar¬ Merchants packs chives of the former Ottoman Imperial Administra¬ tion. I was seeking information to resolve a particu¬ Upcoming move?—let the Diplomatic larly knotty non-immigrant visa case when I noticed Packers do it all! Merchants has again been a curious document written in Court Turkish. I OFFICIALLY SELECTED for export packing made a rough translation at the time but forgot and storage of the possessions of Foreign about the matter until I read recently that the Service Personnel . . . and our over 83 years of original has been destroyed in a fire set by a fanatic experience is your assurance that every last nationalist opposed to all forms of Imperialism— detail will be handled safely, swiftly, efficiently. Ottoman as well as the more recent varieties. Call on the Packers with Portfolio. And the RICHARD J. HIGGINS only thing you’ll have to plan is your first party in your new home. OTTOMAN EMPIRE FOREIGN DEPARTMENT Management Reform Bulletin #33 Efforts to ensure that the Foreign Service adequately represents all segments of the Imperial population (and that the Sublime Porte be restored to its traditional and rightful position of primacy in the conduct of Foreign Affairs) have revealed that an important part of our many-faceted populace is grossly under-represented in the Foreign Service. According to the latest census figures 4.7 percent of the population replied “eunuch” to the question of gen¬ der. Foreign Service medical records reveal, however, 547-7777 1616 First St., S.W. that only 1.2 percent of Foreign Service personnel are Washington, D.C. 20024 eunuchs. The majority, moreover, are in the lower ranks Cable Address: “Removals” MEMBERS: with most serving in Constantinople. The Foreign Service National Furniture Warehouseman’s Assn. • British of the Ottoman Empire cannot call itself Ottoman so long Assn, of Removers • F.I.D.I. (Federation International as this inequality persists. Every Foreign Service eunuch des Demenageurs Internationaux) must have an equal opportunity with all other Foreign Service Pashas. Sound administrative principles reinforce equity and justice. Unencumbered by family, the eunuchs of the Foreign Service require but moderate travel and housing

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 allowances. The eunuch’s ability to resist the sensual lures of hostile agents is well known. We have never had a security problem with a eunuch. Free of emotional bias the eunuch is ablf to examine problems in the light of pure reason—with only the interests of our sovereign and Announcing the Sublime Porte at heart. a very i rrterevfi ng a ffemtiveCy Accordingly, I have today issued instructions that: 1) positive steps be instituted to bring the proportion of to 5oJrhem Gal Ho rn id pattern Flaicb eunuchs in the Service up to the level of that in society as and5oiAhern An' zona a whole; 2) that the next promotion list include at least two eunuchs promoted to Foreign Service Pasha Class I; For at least ninety years, The information we will 3) that preference be given to assignment of eunuchs to our neck of the woods has send you may very well been a closely guarded change your mind about distant and high-cost of living posts; and, 4) that the private secret among the where you go to finally newly established Imperial Council for Deep Thinking in knowing few. (And not just settle down or establish a because of our low tax new base for your goings Foreign Relations (see Management Reform Bulle¬ rates). We count 14 golf and comings. We hope so. courses, enough tennis Drop us a line. Or call. tin # 13) have at least one eunuch on its staff. courts and more bridle Or come down and Signed. paths and trails than a inspect^ thoroughbred hunter (Signature illegible) can cover in a year. Runners L)p Now we have a condo¬ minium type community TO ALL JANISSARIES OF THE of charming one, two, three and four bedroom homes THIRD CLASS IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MERCIFUL AND MIGHTY—GREETING! In the interests of greater efficiency in the conduct of government at the Sublime Porte, His Exalted Majesty the Sultan has decreed that a new ceremony shall be instituted to be known henceforward as the Great Salaam. The purpose of this ceremony, at which all Janissaries of appropriate rank and experience will pros¬ trate themselves thrice before his Imperial Majesty, is to choose those Janissaries of the Third Class worthy of Between Southern Pines and Pinehurst Tel. (919) 692-7000 advancement up the celestial ladder of imperial prefer¬ ment to the exalted status of Senior Pasha. In prepara¬ tion for this magnificent and splendid ceremony, Janis¬ saries must present themselves before a panel of Drago¬ mans at a date and time of their own choosing presenting Credit Cards - YES evidence either of Christmas brutally behaded, provinces barbariously subdued, or firmans slavishly obeyed. 18®7o Annual Percentage Each Janissary must take the inititative in determining his suitability for Pashaship and prostration ceremonies Rate-NO! will be held at regular intervals in the outer courtyard of the Seraglio. In the highest traditions for the service we anticipate fierce competition in bowing ever more deeply. Those failing to demean themselves sufficiently in deference to His Majesty at three successive ceremo¬ nies will, while retaining their rank of Janissary of the third class, thereafter be relegated to positions of doorkeepers of imperial palaces and messengers of im¬ perial decrees. May the peace and prosperity of Allah be upon all who receive these notices of imperial favor. Mehmet, Grand Vizier to Credit cards are handy, His Majesty but when your bill gets OTTOMAN EMPIRE too high come in to the CONSTANTINOPLE Credit Union and pay them off. 8i/2% on all FROM: Foreign Office loans!

To: ALL PHALANXES

SUBJ: MANAGEMENT REFORM: Istanbul Bulletin 1— YOUR STATE DEPARTMENT Travel Regulations FEDERAL CREDIT UNION A. This complies with recommendation XCII, Defini¬ tion Force XLIV. (Continued on page 22)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 9 COMMUNICATION Liquor RE: Discounts A FOREIGN SERVICE MEMBERS Problem 5% OFF OUR USUAL LOW PRICES on liquor, wine, brandy, for the gin, rum, cordials, cocktails, vermouth, champagne. 10% OFF on estate bottling wines Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin Brut 70’$ Jean Lacoste Reims Brut (1964) Dry Monopole Brut Moet & Chandon Extra Dry and 10% OFF Beat Stateside prices! , on champagnes this month All European cars delivered stateside or in ■ We loan glasses for parties Europe at special factory prices. We arrange ■ Beyond every detail. For complete information send for | NO CHARGE our free 60 page Master Catalog. Please indicate whether you require delivery in U.S.orin Europe. I FSJ-70 Name i i WILLIAM B. YOUNG Riverside Social Security # i Address William B. Young joined the I Foreign Service in 1956 and Liquors Place of Delivery I has served at Calcutta, Abi- 2123 E St., N.W. 338-4882 Date of Rotat ion_ jan, Paris (USRO), Curitiba (conveniently located across from and Brasilia. His present as¬ the State Department on E Street, • NFMFT^NEMET AUTO INTERNATIONAL. SA? '*/153-03 Hillside Ave.,Jamaica, N.Y.11432 | signment is as African ana¬ next to Peoples Drug Store) Tel: (212) 523-5858 lyst, Bureau of Intelligence Our 39th Year and Research.

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10 FOREIGN SEEVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 in UNCTAD and in their reaction to the.world monetary crisis. In Law of the Sea questions, less developed nations tend to see proposals for international control as a big-power plot to exploit limited resources be¬ fore they themselves are technolog¬ ically able to compete. The expend¬ itures of the great powers on arms, space programs, and supersonic air¬ Look to the ant, consider her ways, and be wise! craft are cited as proof of unconcern for the poorer majority of humanity. An extreme variation holds that the NOW YOU CAN START YOUR OWN developed nations, having become SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT PROGRAMS- wealthy through spoliation of the NO MATTER WHERE YOU LIVE OR SERVE earth’s resources, now seek to deny AROUND THE WORLD! the enrichment of others through en¬ vironmental controls. Let us help you open your own account! The emotional potential of the Let us give personal supervision to your portfolio! emerging ideology is enhanced by the large coincidence, except in Ja¬ pan and parts of Latin America, of LET YOUR FUNDS, rich nations being predominantly LIKE AN ARMY OF WORKER ANTS, white and poor nations mainly non¬ BUILD YOUR WEALTH! white. More than twenty years of bickering between East and West — for Education? — for Recreation? — for a Second Income? have taught the third world a sylla¬ - FOR WHATEVER YOUR FINANCIAL GOAL! bus of invective against developed nations, whether “communist” or “capitalist.” Lying like a land mine Are you looking for a better way to increase your wealth? just below the surface is the devas¬ Then let us help you try! tating realization that most LDCs can never achieve the wealth of a US or Japan; neither the earth’s Simply mail us your name and address! finite resources nor fragile biosphere will permit it. “Developing nation” We'll send you our free booklet! is often a semantic fraud. Then see and judge for yourself! The emerging doctrine is not held uniquely by third world “radicals” or “communists,” although it per¬ meates their thought. Feet-on-the- YOU MAY START WITH AS LITTLE AS $2,500, ground leaders like Presidents Felix OR AS MUCH MORE AS YOU WISH! Houphouct-Boigny of the Ivory The cost is low! Coast and Hamani Diori of Niger publicly deplore the callousness of the Western nations in setting the Please send immediately a free copy of THE terms of trade in a blatantly self- THE WANDERERS INVESTMENT SERVICE serving manner. The Foreign Min¬ BOOKLET, describing their investment philoso¬ ister of anti-communist Brazil can WANDERERS' phy, tactics, and services. Please send it to: give a formal lecture, without once Post Office Box 1101 mentioning East-West issues, on the Silver Spring, Maryland usefulness of the UN as a place for 20910 less developed nations to unite and weaken the grip of the developed countries on the world economic system. This polarization of rich and poor is superseding East-West ori¬ entations in the less developed We of THE WANDERERS are former FOREIGN SERVICE! world with alarming speed. WE CHOOSE TO SERVE OUR FOREIGN SERVICE FRIENDS! The cleavage between “develop¬ And we are close at hand! Being Washington based -- ing” and developed will be the cen¬ tral diplomatic fact of the ’70s and WE'RE JUST AT THE OTHER END OF THE POUCH RUN! (Continued on page 23) - FROM EVERY POST IN THE WORLD!

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 it 12 FOREIGN SERVICEJOURNAL,July,1972 American Foreign Policy M.A. andPh.D.degreesfromtheUni¬ of PoliticalScienceatIndianaStateUni¬ of Americanforeignpolicygoals: eign policyplanningistheassump¬ State UniversityaswellaSocialSci¬ American foreignpolicyandspacepol¬ articles andmonographsinthefieldsof De PauwUniversity;hereceivedhis partment taskforces,forinstance, stract orastheendproductofpoliti¬ be constructed—eitherintheab¬ Scholar-Diplomat seminarprogram. lowship. In1970heparticipatedinthe ence ResearchCouncilpostdoctoralfel¬ Indiana StateUniversityandMichigan icy. Hehasreceivedresearchgrantsfrom versity ofChicago.Hehaswrittenseveral versity, isaPliiBetaKappagraduateof ROBERT H.PUCKETT recently proposedtheexplicitcrea¬ cal processes.AseriesofStateDe¬ tion thataprioritylistofgoalscan tion ofamasterlistthehierarchy | NHERENTintheconceptoffor¬ Robert H.Puckett,AssociateProfessor Department ofState.” of planning,interestsandobject- macy forthe70’s\AProgram of ManagementReformfor the sources andcapabilities.—“Diplo¬ tives mustbematchedto re¬ finally aglobalplan.Inallphases opment ofregionalplansand their reviewbytheIG’s,devel¬ odologies, developmentofcoun¬ will involveestablishmentofglob¬ fairs planningandstrategy.These termine therelativeimportance should beundertakenwithout preferred andalternativeobjec¬ try plansbytheCountryTeam, al planningguidelinesandmeth¬ interagency process.Theprocess steps shouldbepartofanagreed basis fordevelopingforeignaf¬ to theUnitedStatesofeach of USinterestsabroadandtode¬ delay, istodeviseanexplicitlist which theTaskForcebelieves vancement, andselectscosts and opportunitiesfortheirad¬ strategies totheidentifiedthreats vironmental trends,matchesUS mates foreigninterestsanden¬ which identifiesUSinterests,esti¬ these interests.Thiswouldbethe essential stepinthisprocess, tives andcoursesofaction.An to thepreservationofUSinterests and baseitsactivitiesonasystem dation thattheDepartmentdevise Underlying allourotherconsid¬ erations istheprincipalrecommen¬ Thus, theprocessofdecision¬ cording tothisreasoning,ifthena¬ be, chosenintheabstract.Ac¬ eign policygoalscan,andshould conflicting goals;policyemerges only ply theaccumulationofwhat with immediate,short-runcircum¬ makers advancelong-runinterests involved. decisions wouldbemore“rational.” lated, bothacademicandpolitical conflict, theycanbeonlyprovision- through asystemofbargaining. cile domesticpoliticalstruggles and making thusfacesinwardaswell generalized conflictovervalues— context, accordingtothisproposi¬ basic objectivesofforeignpolicy, which perceptionsofthreatsand dimensions conditionthewaysin ronment (theinternationalpolitical recognition thatthepolicymaker goals, then,wouldbeginwiththe lation offoreignpolicygoals,ac¬ stances. Thelong-run,then,issim¬ by formulatingdecisionsdealing thermore, wouldcombinebothshort- cording tothepriorityofvalues allocate availableresourcesac¬ ter listofgoalsorinterestsand policy makerswouldassessthemas¬ and logicalsequence.Theforeign making couldproceedinaprecise analysis offoreigneventsandpolicy tion's interestsareclearlyarticu¬ outward, sinceitattempts to recon¬ both endsandmeans.Policy¬ abstract, butintheatmosphereof tion. Goalsarechosen,notinthe are determinedwithinthedomestic opportunities develop. cal environment(thedomesticdeci¬ faces anexternal,operationalenvi¬ the formulationofforeignpolicy they aremerelytheendproductof the abstractispropositionthat ational decisions. thus serveasguidepostsforoper¬ to awarstrategy;theseaimswould cording tothisargument,issimilar nation doesintheshort-run.Articu¬ sion-making process).Bothofthese system) andaninternal,psychologi¬ political processes.Ananalysisof that policygoalscanbechosenin run andlong-runinterests.Policy This approachassumesthatfor¬ The pursuitofsuchgoals,fur¬ If goalsemergeoutofpolitical These perceptions,aswellthe Ranged againsttheassumption al; and the “images” (or definitions the end product of political proc¬ as well as the value of opportunities of the situation) of both the domes¬ esses) : specific objectives, as well that are foreclosed because the poli¬ tic political context and the oper¬ as the emphasis placed on them, cy has been decided upon. ational environment of international change over lime. Indeed, one ma¬ “Vital” interests, according to this politics are also provisional. The jor weakness of the decision-making concept of a balance sheet, would goals can be categorized as “prag¬ approach is that it is difficult to include those objectives which re¬ matic”—arising from the immediate determine the exact point at which ceived the bulk of the available self-interest of a group or groups— a policy has been officially decided resources. If interests were viewed and “idealistic”—evolving from upon. This is the case since most in terms of costs, then, there would long-term characteristics of the po¬ policies evolve over time, being sub¬ be some point at which a vital one litical culture or from ideological ject to revision in response to chang¬ could be given up—if the costs be¬ precepts. These aims, furthermore, ing conditions in international pol¬ gan to foreclose others which, in can be identified as “subnational” itics and to shifts in domestic politi¬ sum, were more important than the (groups), “national” (nation-state), cal demands. vital interest. “transnational” (groups composed Appearance or disappearance of In terms of the foregoing assump¬ of members from two or more coun¬ both threats and opportunities in tions, the basic function of a policy¬ tries), or “supranational” (organi¬ international politics, then, forces maker is to allocate, or ration, zational system superior in power to the policy makers to reassess foreign resources among multiple policy nations). policy goals. This is necessary since goals. Formulating a priority list of In other words, only individuals the aims are hierarchical in nature; foreign policy objectives involves and groups can advance foreign pol¬ most objectives are sought because less political controversy than the icy goals; they speak in the name they are intended to achieve higher process of allocating scarce resour¬ of the “national interest” to justify values. Thus, threats and/or oppor¬ ces. The increasing degree of their own perceptions of values. The tunities upset the pattern of percep¬ economic interdependence in inter¬ country obviously cannot speak for tion by which policy makers view national politics and the steady dis¬ itself; only policy makers can legiti¬ international politics; they are integration of the distinction be¬ mately do so. forced to analyze the changes and tween foreign and domestic policy Such an emphasis on the role of make at least a preliminary conclu¬ spheres accentuate the policy makers’ policy makers is characteristic of the sion about their effects on other dilemma of rationing scarce re¬ decision-making approach in the foreign policy values. In addition, sources—since there are, in effect, analysis of foreign policy and inter¬ the availability of means—or fewer resources to allocate; the national politics. This method as¬ resources—affects the assessments same ones are used in both fields. sumes that the values of the society concerning the viability of foreign One significant exception to the are reflected in the actions of the policy goals; in other words, the cost accounting nature of the foreign policy makers. The national inter¬ resources generate many aims. The policy balance sheet theory is the est, in effect, is what the decision fact that objectives shift in emphasis value of ambiguity in certain cases. makers decide it is. An attempt to or change over time, therefore, con¬ This is especially relevant in a reac¬ uncover the goals of foreign policy, stitutes the dynamic nature of inter¬ tive policy—responding to another then, must concentrate on specific national politics. nation’s demands for change. Such a decisions, which presumably reflect response presupposes an assessment the policy makers’ estimates of the of the intentions of the other coun¬ values of the society. LINKED to the assumption that a try; if they seem ambiguous, then However, some emphasis should priority list of foreign policy goals the reaction in turn would tend to be given to “non-decision-making.” can be constructed (either in the be tentative, or ambiguous. Many grievances do not develop abstract or as the end product of into issues which call for decisions— political processes) is the proposi¬ primarily because the dominant val¬ tion that policy makers, in effect, THE formulation of foreign policy ues of the society or the operational can draw up a “balance sheet” of goals and the allocation of resources aspects of the domestic political foreign policy. Such an effort would among them take place in an arena context serve as a bias against the focus on the means to achieve for¬ of conflict, not as an exercise of ab¬ “legitimacy” of the complaints. If eign policy goals—i.e., alternative stract thought. Thus, the political this is true, only a partial range of courses of action. This assessment nature of the process cannot be foreign policy goals can emerge as would calculate the subsidiary re¬ overemphasized. the end product of political bargain¬ sults of each option, weighing the The locus of foreign policy¬ ing, since certain aims are not even effects of achieving the aim on the making is the bureaucracy; thus, considered at the beginning of the other values in the priority list of many generalizations about the decision-making process. foreign policy objectives. nature of bureaucratic decision¬ There is one important exception Furthermore, the balance sheet making are relevant in terms of to the proposition that a priority list would list the “costs” of each alter¬ foreign affairs. The foreign policy of foreign policy goals can be con¬ native course of action: the resour¬ bureaucracy supplies information to structed (either in the abstract or as ces needed to implement the policy the policy makers which tends to

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 13 confirm existing images about inter¬ the total control of formal diploma¬ which the emerging consensus national politics. In doing so, it cy. The distinctions between domes¬ would be challenged by bureaucrat¬ tends to develop general and static tic and foreign policy tend to break ic units charged with the responsi¬ foreign policy goals and low-risk down at the Presidential level; the bility of presenting opposing argu¬ alternatives. White House staff is thus the major ments to the initial policy bargains. The foreign policy-making proc¬ instrument for constructing a priori¬ This debate could, in large mea¬ ess, then, has become “bureau¬ ty list of foreign policy goals, de¬ sure, deflect later criticism of the cratized,” rather than “dem¬ veloping a balance sheet of foreign compromises by those who claimed ocratized.” Policy shifts and changes policy, and controlling the negotia¬ that relevant points of view had tend to occur incrementally, rather tory process of policy-making. been ignored. The process might than suddenly, since they emerge Effective control of the policy¬ well include Congressional staff per¬ through a series of minor modifica¬ making process requires a detailed sonnel, non-government experts, bu¬ tions of existing policies. These analysis of domestic politics: 1) an reaucratic officials, and White gradual changes are the result of a inventory of the values of the major House staff. negotiatory process, in which there groups in the society, 2) recognition This adversary analysis would ac¬ is vertical compromise among of the relative power of these complish two purposes: 1) it would officials within a single administra¬ groups, and 3) working hypotheses strengthen Presidential control over tive unit as well as lateral bargain¬ about the dynamics of domestic pol¬ the entire foreign policy-making ing among officials representing all itics. With the results of this knowl¬ process insofar as the consensus was of the units interested in a particular edge, the policy makers must at¬ protected against damaging public policy. Such negotiation generally tempt to devise policy bargains criticism, and 2) it would “de¬ depends upon the personal influence which reduce the degree of incom- mocratize” the policy process to and power of the participants to a some extent. It would be more dem¬ greater extent than the substance of ocratic in the sense that non-bureau- the policy positions each is pursu¬ cratic personnel—representatiye of a ing. "Consensus is the standard variety of groups and points of view Most foreign policy issues are set¬ of feasibility; since, without —would be involved throughout the tled, then, by negotiated compro¬ consensus, the policy mak¬ decision-making process. mises within the bureaucracy. It is ers face loss of support and unlikely that the President would public office." As generally conceived, foreign pol¬ often override a policy consensus icy planning includes four types of achieved at lower levels. Of course, activity: 1) contingency planning, critical and/or insoluble policy patibility between the domestic 2) program planning, 3) country problems reach the Presidential goals of groups and the foreign poli¬ analysis and strategy, and 4) issue level for settlement. cy objectives perceived by the poli¬ research. These areas supply a the¬ If this description of Executive cy makers. oretical dimension to foreign policy, Branch foreign policy making as ba¬ Decision-makers, then, seek to since they are based on the assump¬ sically a negotiatory process is cor¬ broaden the scope of the “policy tion that current research will have rect, then “analysis” is essentially consensus” by reducing such incom¬ future payoffs. Planning, then, is post facto. In other words, the poli¬ patibility. In a democratic political not primarily a prediction of the cy makers develop an analysis of a system, consensus is the standard of remote future, but rather a consid¬ policy consensus that has already feasibility; since, without consensus, eration of the implications of current been achieved in order to justify it. the policy makers face loss of popu¬ policies. Such analysis enhances the In this regard, the potential of for¬ lar support and public office. possibilities of choice in the future eign policy planning is also under¬ Due to the necessity of maintain¬ and supplies a sense of perspective cut; it is a form of analysis which ing or broadening the policy consen¬ to the policy maker. This added primarily serves as a secondary sus, decision-makers are forced to depth arises from a grasp of current process of justifying a political con¬ be defensive. If most foreign poli¬ problems, their origins, similar diffi¬ sensus that has been hammered out cies are primarily bureaucratic bar¬ culties in other areas of the world, by negotiation within the bureaucra¬ gains, then policy makers would and possible implications of the is¬ cy. However, planning does perform tend to fear extensive public de¬ sues on future trends in internation¬ several other functions, which will bate; such argumentation might al politics. be discussed later in this essay. well destroy the policy equilibrium. The first type of planning— Assuming that foreign policy¬ In effect, the policy has been made; contingency planning—is based making is negotiatory rather than and the policy makers wish only to upon models of possible crises. analytical in nature, it is essential justify it with analysis and cultivate Preparing operational plans for such that decision-makers develop better a consensus to reinforce it. eventualities enables the policy modes of understanding domestic Decision-makers could more ef¬ makers to analyze the effects such politics. This is true because of the fectively strengthen a policy con¬ crises would have upon American increased degree of interdependence sensus in the long run, however, by foreign policy goals and to speculate between domestic and foreign policy institutionalizing a system of adver¬ about the most effective responses. as well as the additional amount of sary analysis at the beginning stages Contingency planning is a useful transnational and extragovernmen- of the policy-making process. Such exercise to consider the relevant tal relations which occur outside of an analysis would provide means by (Continued on page 24)

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 HEALTH IN THE DEVELOPING" 'WORLD

I F one is going to make some ob¬ DONALD W. MacCORQUODALE, M.D., M.S.P.H. servations on health in the de¬ veloping world, it would certainly be appropriate to state clearly what health is. It is a surprisingly difficult approximated the number of births thing to do. The World Health Or¬ that the annual rate of growth of the ganization insists that health is more world’s population was probably on than the absence of disease, but is the order of magnitude of 0.000001 rather “a state of complete physical, percent per year. mental, and social well being.” As late as the period from 108 The foregoing prompted Rocke¬ B.C. to 1911 A.D., China withstood feller University’s Dr. Rene Dubos 1,828 famines or nearly one per to observe that according to the year. One of the worst famines of World Health Organization, health modern China struck four northern is a “kind of primeval euphoria,” I provinces in 1877-1878. Incidental¬ suppose a state not dissimilar from ly, communications were so poor at that of being mildly stoned on pot. that time that the news of the famine In short, a satisfactory definition did not reach the capital until a of health is yet to be set down. year after it had occurred. Canni¬ Nonetheless, when speaking of the balism was widespread, and magis¬ health of societies, few would quar¬ trates were ordered “to connive at rel with the concept that death the evasion of the laws prohibiting rates, particularly age-specific mor¬ however, that workers whose caloric the sale of children, so as to enable tality rates, constitute one indicator intake is very low by western stand¬ parents to buy a few days’ food.” at least of the state of health of a ards are capable of performing in¬ Most European nations sustained given population. Death rates in the tensive manual labor. a depletion of from 20 percent to 25 developing world have declined dra¬ I would like to suggest that what percent of their populations from matically in recent years. By virtue is commonly referred to as econom¬ the first attack of the plague in the of the fact that the developing coun¬ ic and social development has a jar period from 1348 to 1350 and 40 tries have very young populations, more powerful effect on health than percent of their populations from crude death rates in these countries health has on development. the same cause by the end of the are in some instances lower than How easily we forget the lessons century. those of the nations of western Eu¬ of history. We are prone to forget The conclusion seems inescapable rope, the United States, and Cana¬ that for hundreds of thousands of that there were many periods in the da. However, infant mortality rates years the most critical problem fac¬ history of the human species when and the mortality rates of preschool ing mankind was simply that of sur¬ the total population of the world children in the poorer countries re¬ vival. For thousands of centuries, actually declined due to pestilence main shockingly high in all too the number of deaths so closely and famine. many instances. At different times during the lat¬ There seems to be rather wide¬ Dr. Donald W. MacCorquodale served ter half of the 18th century and in spread agreement that there is a with the Naval Medical Corps from 1946- different parts of western Europe, a causal relationship between health 48, and in private practice before join¬ truly remarkable phenomenon took and development. It has often been ing AID as Chief, Human Resources place. Death rates declined rapidly, Division in Guatemala in 1964. Since pointed out that a poorly nourished then he has served as Special Assistant and as a consequence, the rates of worker, anemic from hookworm in¬ to the Director, AID Mission to Colom¬ population growth soared in the so¬ festation and chronically weakened bia and as Health and Population Officer, cieties so affected. by repeated attacks of malaria, can¬ AID, Philippines. He received the Su¬ Most medical doctors are far not possibly do as much productive perior Honor Award in 1969 from AID. more familiar than I with the mar¬ This article is excerpted from a lecture labor in a given period of time as a at the Department of Social Ecology, vels of modern surgery. But, with healthy worker. It does appear true, University of California, Irvine. all due respect to our colleagues, the

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 15 surgeons, I cannot help but wonder her nursing students had come to modern health care, this cannot be how much their brilliant efforts con¬ her office in a state of near hysteria. accomplished by nurses and doc¬ tribute to longevity. I should not be It seems that the student nurse had tors. Another kind of health worker surprised to learn that the invention gone to one of the wards to do her will have to be created. of cotton underwear saved more routine work, and to her horror, she Finally, I believe it is important lives in England than all the British found that her mother had been to realize that health care cannot be thoracic surgeons in history. In the lying in her urine and feces for two considered as an isolated system but days of woolen “long johns,” no days. The little nurse had not must be considered as intimately one ever washed his underwear known previously that her mother related to economic, social, political from autumn until spring, for the had been admitted to the hospital. and other systems. Let us look for a wretched things simply would not It developed that there simply was moment at malnutrition, one of the dry in the damp climate of Britain. no clean linen available with which most important health problems in The introduction of cotton under¬ to change the poor woman’s bed. the developing world and clearly the wear. brought with it the extraordi¬ A new, modern university hospi¬ most serious health problem in nary practice of washing it since it tal is nearing completion to replace Guatemala, a country in which I dried easily. This in turn meant the the present one described above, have had some experience. By vir¬ disappearance of lice and conse¬ and the number one priority for tue of the fact that Guatemala is the quently of typhus. equipping the new institution is not headquarters of the Institute for There were other factors too nu¬ bed linen but a cobalt bomb\ Nutrition of Central America and merous to mention which brought Of course, most of the common Panama, INCAP, a unique and ex¬ about improved health and declin¬ illnesses in the developing world, cellent institution devoted to the ing mortality in western Europe at malnutrition, intestinal parasites, teaching of and research in nutri¬ the beginning of what is now called malaria, skin infections, diarrheal tion, Guatemala has been the object the “demographic transition,” but diseases, etc., are preventable, but of intensive nutritional research, al¬ medical science was probably not a they cannot be prevented by the though I hasten to add that INCAP contributor. The only significant construction of more hospitals. Par¬ serves all the Central American re¬ medical advance in the half century enthetically, in Colombia at least it publics and Panama. preceding the fall in mortality in is rather ironic that the number of A few years ago, for example, England was vaccination against health facilities in relation to the INCAP did a detailed study of die¬ smallpox, and, unfortunately, there size of the population is woefully tary intake of pre-school children in are no records to indicate how ex¬ inadequate by almost any stand¬ some 100 representative villages in tensively it was practiced during this ards, but the existing facilities are Guatemala. Caloric intake, rather interesting period. all too often under-utilized. than that of protein, was examined The nations of the developing The population of the Republic since there was more general agree¬ world will and must continue to of Colombia will double within the ment, at least at that time, on daily plan and implement programs spe¬ next 23 years if the present rate of caloric requirements than there was cifically designed to improve the growth of 3.2 percent continues. I regarding the quantitative need for health of their peoples, but it seems can assure you that Colombia will protein. Highly trained nutrition all too clear that their best hope for be hard pressed to double the num¬ workers lived in the homes of the achieving this admirable goal lies in ber of its physicians during that families whose children were improving the general standard of time and thus “stay even,” much studied and recorded every item of living. Nonetheless, medical and less produce enough new physicians food each child consumed daily, public health programs can con¬ to improve the ratio of physicians to usually for a period of five days. tribute to improved health and fur¬ the number of inhabitants. This study revealed that in the ther declines in mortality, but I I might add that if Colombia poorest areas of Guatemala, 90 per¬ think it is obvious that “more of the could achieve a net reproduction cent of the pre-school children same” will not do the job. By “more rate of unity tomorrow, that is, if studied did not receive enough calo¬ of the same,” I mean more hospitals beginning tomorrow each Colombi¬ ries daily to meet their minimal and more physicians, solutions all an couple would have just enough needs. In the best areas studied, 75 too frequently proposed in the de¬ children to reproduce itself, the percent of these children had in¬ veloping world to improve health. population of Colombia would con¬ sufficient caloric intake. It is not More hospitals are not indicated, tinue to grow for the next 50 years remarkable that pre-school child id more physicians will not be during which time it would double. mortality in Guatemala at that time forthcoming. Colombia has a population of was 25 times that of the United May I digress a moment to share about 21,000,000 people. It has States. an experience which I hope will about 7,000 physicians, most of Now, let us take a look at a illustrate the type of thinking that whom are concentrated in 23 cities typical family with a malnourished all too often prevails in poor socie¬ of over 100,000 inhabitants. It has child in the highlands of midwestern ties. Some time ago, a charming and fewer than 2,000 graduate nurses. Guatemala a few hours by car from attractive young lady, an instructor If the great masses of the poor, who the capital. Juan and his wife are in nursing, was showing me through live in the rural areas and in the Indians. Among themselves, they a large teaching hospital in a major slums of Bogota, Cali, Medellin, speak Quiche, and although Juan Latin American city. She told me and the other major cities of Colom¬ speaks Spanish, his wife does not. that earlier the same day one of bia, are to know the benefits of (Continued on page 26)

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 Claude Moisy, Washington bureau the Pentagon? news, at the State Department noon chief of Agence France-Presse, tells MOISY: YOU know, there is a joke briefings as they get at* the White about the ups and downs of covering going on now in Washington that House. the State Department — and other when the news is 'good it comes There’s another thing you should American institutions. (He was inter¬ from the White House, and when bear in mind about Washington as¬ viewed by a member of the JOURNAI it’s bad it comes from the State board, Ralph Stuart Smith.) signments. The White House seems Department ... If there’s a big very desirable, but remember that story, of course—like the mining of when you're over there you are Haiphong, for example—it’s apt to pretty much limited to the press come first from the White House, room. You see Ron Ziegler and perhaps followed by a Kissinger Jerry Warren, and if you’re very briefing. But the next day, in the lucky maybe you occasionally see case 1 mentioned, you get the story Kissinger. But there’s not much about practical implementation of more than that. In the State Depart¬ the decision from the Pentagon. So ment, on the other hand, you have we have to cover all these fronts. access—very good access—to a lot SMITH: HOW would you rate the of people working in a whole lot of usefulness of the State Department different fields. As a matter of fact, noon briefings? the American press generally has MOISY: AS a wire service which is made a practice of assigning its distributed internationally—in about more experienced correspondents to 115 countries—we find these noon the State Department. Maybe this is briefings indispensable. Sometimes just conservatism on their part, the comments from the State De¬ reflecting an earlier situation; or partment on the major event of the maybe it’s because of this variety of day are rather slim—and this is sources. something my American colleagues SMITH: HOW do American attitudes deplore very much; but there are towards France influence your abili¬ many secondary news events on ty to get news in Washington? Are which the State Department is often there any “legacies” from some of the only source. While these appar¬ the de Gaulle policies? ently secondary news events may MOISY: (Reflectively) Well, from not be of very great interest to the my own experience, I don’t think it American press, they are often of has any effect whatsoever. I have COVERING direct interest to other areas where very, very seldom felt that my being we distribute our service. For exam¬ French would influence the attitude ple, take the case of Jordan supply¬ of an official I was talking to. ing arms to Pakistan . . . well, this SMITH: The fact that AFP is state- was big news in South Asia. Or owned . . . United States reaction to Chile’s na¬ MOISY (pained expression): It was tionalizing the ITT ... big news in state-owned and controlled after Latin America. And it’s only in the World War II; but the French Par¬ State Department that you get in¬ liament passed a law which made it SMITH: In covering Washington for formation on these things. a kind of autonomous body, which the major French news agency, SMITH: You’ve been in Washington is run by a board on which the what kinds of fire engines do you quite a while—four years this time publishers of French newspapers chase, what kind of news do you and two years before that, during have a majority of the votes . . . know there is a market for in the Kennedy administration. Would The Foreign Ministry and the France. you say the relative significance of French Radio-Television also are MOISY: There are six of us in the the State Department briefings has represented on it. Washington bureau, and I cover gone up, down, or stayed about the SMITH: What I’m getting at is this: mainly diplomatic developments. same? When you file a story, you are But we don’t just think of the MOISY: That’s hard to answer. confident that it won’t get edited or French market: some of our largest There are times when my collea¬ altered, and that it will survive and clients are in Japan, for instance, gues—and mostly my American be put on the wires the way you file not in France. Latin America is also colleagues—are rather dispirited or it, is that right? a major area of distribution for us. frustrated because apparently they MOISY: Well, in my personal ex¬ We have two people here who deal resent, sometimes even more than perience in 17 years in the agency, I almost solely in Latin American the Foreign Service officers, the ap¬ have never come across a single affairs. parent preeminence taken by the case when one of my stories has SMITH: Speaking for the AFP bu¬ White House in international been changed for political reasons. reau as a whole, how would you affairs. But on the whole I would SMITH: This has been a great year, rate as news sources the White say we probably get at least as in the United States, for the divul- House, the State Department, and much news, or explanation of the gence of official secrets. There were

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 17 the Pentagon Papers, and such confidential information to Ameri¬ much influence. In spite of the enor¬ things as Jack Anderson’s revelation can officials? mous space taken by advertisers in of inner governmental workings MOISY: No, 1 don't think so. 1 don’t the American press, I don’t think over the Indo-Pakistan conflict. think it made any change. their influence permeates much into What was the reaction in France to SMITH: There was an opinion poll the editorial position of the paper. these things? taken in France last summer which SMITH: AS an observer of the US MOISY: There was certainly a lot of revealed that only five percent of scene, would you agree with the excitement and interest over the the French public had ever heard of thesis of the book “Ni Marx Ni Pentagon papers. The French, like the SALT talks. Indications are that Jesus” that much of the unrest in any other people, are rather paro¬ the figure would have been much the United States is actually the chial. The Pentagon Papers dealt higher in other countries. How leading edge of a social revolution with Vietnam and to a certain ex¬ would you account for this? that will eventually explode in other tent, Vietnam is still pretty much in MOISY: TO begin with, and strange developed countries? the mind of the French people and as it sounds, France is one of the MOISY: I’ve always challenged the the French press. We had been major Western countries where peo¬ view of the United States’ so-called there before, and it was our war ple read least. The French press, in “revolution,” because to me . . . and before it became yours. size, is very small compared to the I know this is a “minority” view of SMITH: But what about the revela¬ British or even the Swedish press. the situation ... I think that the tion of state secrets, irrespective of Basically, people in France just United States is not in the forefront the subject matter? Was this a mat¬ don’t read newspapers very much. of any so-called social revolution, ter of interest in Franoe? Readership is one of the smallest in but, on the contrary, is now in the MOISY: I think the reaction was developed countries. So what you process of catching up with social about the same as in the United say doesn’t surprise me very much. developments which have happened States. People did not judge the SMITH: When do you think France in Europe 50 or 30 years ago. divulgation of state papers on its may rejoin the efforts aimed at in¬ SMITH: Having observed the Amer¬ legal, juridical or moral merits, but ternational arms control and disar¬ ican scene for a certain number of just according to their view on the mament, in which it used to be very years, how would you describe the Vietnam war. Since most people in active before General de Gaulle trend in the racial situation? France are against the continuation took over? MOISY: On the face of it, the prob¬ of the Vietnam war, almost every¬ MOISY: Maybe when there is a truly lem in 1972 seems to be much less body approved of the publication of international discussion, including than it was, say, in 1965, ’67, or the papers. I think it was the same China, with a prospect of genuine ’68. There are fewer racial riots and thing here. disarmament ... I think there is a things like that. But in my view that SMITH: AS a newspaperman, what possibility that France would rejoin. certainly doesn’t mean that the raci¬ do you think about publication in SMITH: Regarding the US elections al problem has been solved. It’s the press of documents of this kind? and I'm thinking now mainly of the possible that there may be a resur¬ MOISY: That’s a difficult question. primaries—would you say there is gence of racial troubles one day. The Pentagon Papers are of course much interest in these abroad? Recently there has been a much of tremendous historical interest; Also, do you find them very difficult tougher stand by the police; also, but I must confess . . . maybe it’s to report on? the extremist black leaders have because I was more interested in the MOISY: NO, it’s not difficult to re¬ been largely discredited. But I Vietnam story in the early ’60s than port on them, because the interest in wouldn’t rule out the possibility of a most American journalists ... I most countries is only very slight in resurgence. cannot say that I have learned very the earlier phases. It’s only when SMITH: HOW would you describe much through the publication of the the American electoral process nar¬ the trend in cultural affairs during Pentagon Papers. Of course it was rows things down to a race among the time you have been here? very handy to have a kind of sum¬ two or three identifiable candidates MOISY: In Washington, of course, mary of what had been going on that people get interested in it— the Kennedy Center has been a during that period, but it was no about the way they would get inter¬ tremendous asset. Taking the coun¬ revelation to me. ested in a sporting event. In most try as a whole, however, I can’t say SMITH: If there had been similar countries I don’t think they look at I have noticed any particular disclosures of French Government it in political terms, with a full change. official secrets in the French press, appreciation of what it means if X SMITH: One more question. It may what do you think the reaction of is elected instead of Y. It’s a race seem a bit corny, but since you are the French Government would have between two individuals. a French correspondent I had better been? SMITH: Getting back to newspa¬ ask it: what do you think of the MOISY: I think there is no question pers, would you say that in the restaurants in Washington? that the newspaper would have United States advertisers have an MOISY: NO offense intended, but been seized, and further publication undue influence over the editorial let’s face it: the manager of the very would have been made impossible. policies of newspapers and other best one admitted to me that in SMITH: From what you have heard, media? How would you say the France he would be ashamed to run do you think that these revelations situation compares with that in such a restaurant. in the American press have made France? SMITH: Fair enough. Thanks very foreign officials reluctant to convey MOISY: I don’t think they have much. ■

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 Barnet’s analysis is more serious Director of Latin American pgj BOOKSHELF and comprehensive than most revi¬ Studies) and an equal number from sionist arguments. Nevertheless, his other Canadian, Guatemalan, Puer¬ case is weakened by a tendency to to Rican and North American Uni¬ Technology Dictates Policy? explain complex problems with versities has yielded an excellent THE ROOTS OF WAR, by Richard J. broad-brush generalizations. Thus, reference book on contemporary Barnet. Atheneum, $10.00. “the loss of American hegemony Cuba. It is scholarly, non-polemical, appears directly related to the and comprehensive. The contribu¬ RICHARD BARNET’S latest book is a strategies adopted to maintain it.” tors are sociologists, economists, po¬ powerful indictment of American Where and how? If “technology dic¬ litical scientists and educators, all society, its institutions, and its lead¬ tates policy,” as Barnet asserts, why specialized Latin Americanists. Sen¬ ers, which in Mr. Barnet’s opinion haven’t we used tactical nuclear sitive and perceptive essays are or¬ have served us poorly during most weapons and other technology ganized by groups dealing with po¬ of the Cold War. The basis of the which we had available but declined litical, economic, and social ele¬ indictment is that American society to use for political reasons? Is it ments that are still undergoing ex¬ is largely to blame for the almost reasonable to say that “business” perimentation and change as they permanent state of war we have feared full-scale mobilization in follow the dictates of the charismat¬ been involved in around the globe World War II because “they” did ic leader. The factual data, often since 1945, since war is primarily a not want to be left with excess pro¬ presented in charts and tables, is product of domestic economic and ductive capacity if the war turned abundant. Their impact is lessened social institutions rather than “a out to be too small? Such wholesale in some instances by their appear¬ programed response to what other denunciations are not convincing, ance in forms as concentrated as nations do.” The conclusion is that nor is Barnet’s analysis of the inevi¬ logarithmic tables. wars will cease only if society is table convergence of interests of Illustrative statistics show that changed. state and corporate power. from 1959 to 1967, university enroll¬ This brief summary can hardly Still, can anyone who has lived ment in legal studies dropped from do justice to Barnet’s serious and through the Vietnam era deny that over 11 percent to less than 1 percent. wide-ranging analysis, for he at¬ our assumptions, motivations, and During the same period enrollment tempts to explore the motivations modes of operation have frequently more than doubled in the agricul¬ and relationships of our “national been tragically mistaken and misap¬ tural sciences. In the same time- security managers,” the economic plied? Is not the re-orientation of frame, the number of priests de¬ roots of foreign policy, and finally our social and economic institutions clined from 700 to 200, resulting in such domestic political aspects of which may be already underway an average of 35,400 inhabitants foreign policy as the manipulation and which Barnet persuasively calls per cleric. (The next highest ratio in of public opinion and the implica¬ for both healthy and long overdue? Latin America is 11,700, in Hondu¬ tions of policy for ordinary citizens. To be sure, it is not enough to ras). A prime Castro policy is to The author sees America’s top demolish old myths only to erect build a citizenry with moral, not echelon leaders as motivated chiefly new ones in their place, but Barnet’s material incentives; but clearly this by a ceaseless push for economic thesis deserves a hearing when he is to be done without benefit of growth to preserve domestic free¬ says that Americans must under¬ clergy. Public education has im¬ dom and prosperity, and a relentless stand the direct connection between proved and expanded greatly. drive to be the winner. The expan¬ “esoteric foreign policy” and their Chapters are devoted to govern¬ sionism provides an outlet for new personal lives. ment planning and finance, to labor technology, and “staying #1” in¬ A good beginning, suggests Bar- organizations, (“the function of volves a struggle for permanent vic¬ net, is for people to ask the “nasty trade unions and farmer associa¬ tory. The alleged failures of Ameri¬ question” first poised by economist tions is mainly to endorse the [gov¬ can foreign policy, especially Viet¬ Joseph Schumpeter, namely “who ernment’s] plan and to mobilize nam, are largely attributed to the benefits?” There is sufficient sub¬ their membership for its implemen¬ American managerial elite and their stance in Barnet’s analysis to con¬ tation”), class structure, theatre, long-unquestioned attitudes. “As a vince one that honest answers to and literature. Aspects of agricul¬ class, (they) have not had the that question would be upsetting to tural problems are scattered through training or incentive to develop un¬ some of America’s most sacred several chapters. derstanding, compassion, or empa¬ cows. Chapters on Cuba’s relationship thy for people in different circum¬ —WILLIAM LENDERKING to the Soviet Union, and the expor¬ stances from their own,” according tation of Castro-style socialism to to Barnet. As a result, international Latin America repeatedly refer to politics becomes a game, and the Dispassionate Analysis Castro as a Stalinist, and to Che “fascination with technique and the REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN CUBA, Guevara as a Trotskyite . . . with no definition of achievement as the edited by Carmelo Mesa-Lago. Uni¬ mention of Mao or Chou. There is perfection of technique go far in versity of Pittsburgh Press, $14.95. consensus that Cuban socialism will explaining why the rules of individ¬ persevere albeit with strong Russian ual morality are suspended when A HAPPY collaboration of academi¬ inputs; “the key factor is the unpre¬ men act for the state.” cians, a half-dozen at the University dictable and powerful premier.” Much of this is not new, but of Pittsburgh (where Mesa-Lago is —WILLARD F. BARBER

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 19 The Evil Genie’s Second Escape View of a Prophet of facts and figures wrapped up in general appeals for action. The IVAN ILLICH, THE CHURCH, CHANGE NAGASAKI: THE NECESSARY BOMB? by book proposes specific programs for AND DEVELOPMENT, edited by Fred Joseph Laurance Marx. Macmillan, Eychatter. Urban Training Press. development of agriculture based on $6.95. the author’s experience in some 47 I't this provocative and important countries as well as views and facts MR. MARX did one book on the book, Ivan Illich, a Roman Catholic from hundreds of other sources. For atomic bombing of Japan, “Hiro¬ priest born in Europe, comes off as example, the author proposes new shima: Seven Hours to Zero.” In one of the most prophetic voices on systems for the spatial arrangement the Nagasaki book he proposes to the Third World. A multilingual ed¬ of farms around villages and meth¬ tell why he changed his mind about ucator, he founded and now is di¬ ods for dispersing technical service the need for the second bomb. rector of the Center for Intercultural facilities in rural areas based on Briefly, he thinks that without the Studies in Cuernavaca, Mexico. experiences in Israel. Thus the book second bomb there would not have The clash and contact of cultures, is intensely practical. In fact, it been the narrow margin within the and bureaucratic reform in church reads like a compendium of the best Japanese government which gave and state (particularly in South parts of a vast selection of end-of- the Emperor the chance to decide to America) command his attention. tour reports from AID, with the accept the modified Potsdam terms. His comments are at times brilliant, added attraction of copious refer¬ To show this the major part of the prophetic, never comforting for ences to scholarly writings in the book is given to the actions and established institutions, sometimes economic and social development ideas of those with access to the fields. Emperor during the period between clairvoyant in their analysis of so¬ cial problems, sometimes needing It is indeed a pleasure to read the two bombs and to the potential such a valuable book, and to recom¬ for trouble which existed within the more attention as to how the actual reforms might be realized. mend it to others. Every AID Japanese military until the moment official working in a less developed of the Emperor’s broadcast. His sympathy and compassion for the urban workers and campesinos country ought to have a copy of this The focus is an interesting one that make up most of Latin Ameri¬ book at his elbow, and in fact it for, as the author says, “What was ca’s population is deep. For all his would be an excellent choice for going on in Japan at the time. . . is iconoclasm, he voices the great tra¬ anyone serving in LDCs. I have not well known to Americans to¬ dition of social and religious reform. only one small quibble: the $10 day.” But the book doesn’t come —FREDERICK QUINN price for a 247-page book seems off. It is confusingly presented, bad¬ excessive—perhaps we can hope for ly written and even its potted histo¬ a paperback edition. ries are second rate. Aid to LDCs —A. M. BOLSTER Perhaps Washington, not Tokyo, FROM PEASANT TO FARMER—A Revo¬ is the place to research about the lutionary Strategy for Development, The New Breed use of the second bomb. Interesting¬ by Raanan Weitz. Columbia Univer¬ IN SEARCH OF SOUTHEAST ASIA, edited ly, Mr. Marx never touches the re¬ sity Press, $10. by David Joel Steinberg. Praeger Pub¬ visionist theory that the use of the lishers, $12.95. bombs was not to end the war but A N American farmer can produce to scare the Soviets. Neither he nor a hundredweight of grain in 6 to 12 A NEW breed of American scholars the revisionists look at the dilemma minutes, whereas in Asia and Africa is interpreting the Southeast Asian of men in power—as Bertram the time required is 20 to 80 hours. scene. Six of these young Americans Wolfe has said, they intend one Agricultural output in the developed have assembled their views in a thing, do another, and then are un¬ nations as of 1960 averaged $680 compendium that spans the past, derstood by history to have brought per farmer as compared to $52 in present and future of a quarter bil¬ about a third. One may think Harry the less developed countries, and lion peoples and a major slice of the Truman was too hard on Dr. Op- the disparity may rise to 40 to 1 by world’s vital resources and strategic penheimer (“Don’t let that sniveller the end of this century. With these waterways. The six are David Stein¬ in here again”) but that scientific and other shocking statistics, Israeli berg, David Wyatt, John Small, genius just hadn’t recognized what agricultural development expert Alexander Woodside, William Roff the Kansas City haberdasher knew Weitz starts his book out with a and David Chandler. Their work: by instinct—political decisions are convincing case for the need for “In Search of Southeast Asia.” made when they have to be made, more attention to agriculture in Each of the six has contributed not before, and like good legal deci¬ economic growth. The theme is cap¬ his own academic discipline and sions, they are made on the nar¬ tured in these words from the intro¬ area of specialization. Original rowest possible grounds. This may duction: “The role of agriculture source materials in a dozen lan¬ really be more part of the essential has probably been one of the least guages of the region, together with tragedy of human existence than of understood and the most neglected a formidable bibliography, are im¬ political science, but Mr. Marx aspects of the development process pressive. The format employed by doesn’t convey much feel for this in the short history of the develop¬ the new breed could set the tone for problem either from Washington or ment movement in the underde¬ scholarship on an area as vast and Tokyo. veloped countries.” variegated as Southeast Asia. —J. K. HOLLOWAY But this is no simplistic summary —JAMES D. MCHALE

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 Opium Wars and Open Doors standing, inept diplomacy and the dents of the same sort as more and tactless and often unnecessary use of more European powers joined in the THE DRAGON WAKES (China and the military power. The British, who had game of wresting trading concessions, West 1793-1911), by Christopher Hib- no aggressive designs to begin with, extraterritorial rights and treaty ports bert. Harper & Row, $10. became so frustrated, over their inabil¬ from an imperial government weak¬ ity to obtain reasonable conditions for ened by internal strife and incapable their resident merchants that they of defending itself in the face of Euro¬ THIS is a readable account of the came to believe that force was the pean technology and organization. opening of China by the West, written only language that the Manchu bu¬ Mr. Hibbert’s descriptions of the by a well-known British biographer reaucrats understood. The Chinese, Taiping and Boxer rebellions are com¬ and historian. outraged at the intrusions of the bar¬ petent and effective, but the most The first European move to estab¬ barians, employed tactics of evasion, illuminating parts of his book are the lish formal relations with China was blackmail, procrastination, and intran¬ instructions and directives given by made by the British in 1794—a mis¬ sigence under a veneer of bland im¬ the Manchu court to its negotiators sion headed by Lord Macartney for perturbability. Both sides set such and commanders. The reader will be the purpose of solidifying British and store on prestige and “face” that they repeatedly struck by the similarity of European trading rights in and around soon became locked into positions nineteenth century Chinese negotiat¬ the port of Canton. At this period of from which there was no retreat. ing practices to those of their Korean history China was a law unto itself— The “Opium War” of 1839-42 was and Vietnamese counterparts at an ancient civilization of three hun¬ the climax of the first phase of Panmunjon and Paris. dred million souls, ruled by an alien Western-Chinese relations. Both sides One curious aspect of this book is Manchu dynasty superimposed over a recognized the iniquity of the opium the minimal importance attached to mandarin bureaucracy. Except for trade, and the British themselves em¬ Sino-American relations, including the commerce funnelled through two or bargoed all traffic in raw opium and Open Door policy. Russian and Japa¬ three trading ports, contact with the acquiesced in the seizure of stores held nese expansion in North China and West was nonexistent, and the empire by their merchants in Canton. But the Manchuria, including the Sino- had become so isolated from the out¬ imminent bankruptcy of the mer¬ Japanese War of 1894, also gets side world that it conceived of all chants, coupled with the historic com¬ rather skimpy treatment. The book is other nations as tributary to itself. plicity of Chinese merchants and heavily weighted in favor of the early With this background, and given officials, led to demands for compen¬ and middle part of the nineteenth the self-confident insularity of the sation. When the Chinese refused to century, but since this early period has British governing class, it is no wonder pay, the British obtained redress been neglected in most recent histories that the history of the next hundred through a naval squadron and several of the Far East the book is well worth years of diplomatic intercourse was one regiments of redcoats. For the next acquiring. unremitting chronicle of misunder¬ sixty years there were recurrent inci¬ —CHARLES MAECHLING, JR. Checked out at STATE? Your New (T\ Check in at DUPONT y< WASHINGTON, D.C.’s distinctive apt. hotel on Embassy Row. Mercedes-Benz Cy Home to the world's diplomats Daily Rates $14S-$18D/T Overseas or Stateside: (State employees only) For special weekly and monthly rates call in the U.S. only. Easy to arrange—here. Easy to enjoy—there. Ask for Foreign Service Representative. TOLL FREE 800 421-6662 Just stop in to see us about the time you get your overseas In California and Canada Call Collect orders. You can test-drive various Mercedes-Benz models, and Los Angeles (213) 477-4031 decide which one is just right for you. Then select the color, San Francisco (41 5) 989-3860 trim and options you want. And that’s the hard part. The rest we do. Our Overseas Delivery experts will schedule delivery almost anywhere in the world. And handle all the details—documenta¬ I HOTEL Q tion, licensing, insurance, the works. Massachusetts at As a member of the foreign service your diplomatic discount Connecticut Avenues, N.W. will save you money. Come in today and we'll figure out exactly how much you can save. Or mail the coupon below for your free guide to overseas delivery. It has all the facts, plus a handy worksheet to help you to compute savings on the model of your choice, equipped Now Enrolling for Fall Term the way you want it.

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22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 70's AND BEYOND on the other side of the internation¬ Putting aside extremes, the fan of From page 1 1 al tracks, reduce the racial over¬ practical policy options has possi¬ tones, stress cooperation as an alter¬ bilities. We can rearrange our prior¬ beyond; it could become the fatal native to confrontation, and dimin¬ ities between the developed countries flaw of the century. Nuclear deter¬ ish the plausibility of a stereotype and the others —- between NATO rence may work between developed of developed nations conniving at and Portuguese Africa, for example. nations with much to lose. Is it as the degradation of the rest of the We can avoid flaunting our wealth effective when one contestant sees world. in programs such as space and the itself as forever barred from pros¬ Some policies obviously will not SST. We can examine the suspicion¬ perity, beaten in a race for dwindling work. To muddle through, armed generating by-products of our prop¬ resources, burdened by a burgeoning with the truth of our good inten¬ aganda programs. We can seek ways population, and bolstered by the tions, has not prevented the new to keep military expenditures in line conviction of the world majority that doctrine’s birth and will not stop it with combat effectiveness. Wc can the rich are evil? Nuclear weapons now that it is gaining momentum. A attempt a diplomatic style consonant are within reach of many LDCs; hard line — which argues that the with the reality that straightforward¬ in China the genie is already out of rancor of three-quarters of the ness and modesty have survival the bottle. Military power, more¬ world is inconsequential since they value on a crowded planet. over, does not strictly correlate with are poor and weak, and need our These suggestions fly in the face wealth, as is demonstrated currently products more than we need their of vested interests and established in Vietnam and as long ago as the raw materials—ignores the military assumptions. They raise doubts first recorded “barbarian” invasion. projection. Any policy based on the about basics like our national com¬ The tendencies toward a world solidarity of the developed in the mitment to progress. They will be increasingly polarized into rich and face of less developed nations’ hos¬ hard to implement. If they qre to be poor need not lead inevitably to the tility could founder as the competi¬ accepted, national leaders must edu¬ Maoist vision of a united “country¬ tion for raw material increases. A cate the public to understand the side” of less developed nations worldwide sharing according to the need for revised priorities. Other¬ storming the developed “cities” of principle of “each according to his wise, inaction will lead in time to the world in the denouement of the needs” is not only inconceivable our being an island of declining final guerrilla war. Policies are politically, but incongruent with prosperity beleaguered by a hostile available which encourage good will ugly facets of homo sapiens’ nature. sea of poverty. ■ COLQUITT-CARRUTHERS REALTORS Sales—Rentals—Investments Specializing in Residential Properties Northwest Washington and Montgomery County

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 23 FOREIGN POLICY PLANNING cycle, which involves a complicated this process could be developed for series of programs and weapons sys¬ other countries, sub-regions, re¬ From page 14 tems—all of which require the allo¬ gions, functional areas, and even cation of measurable resources. In a global plan. Country analysis and factors in possible types of crises foreign policy, however, certain strategy papers survey the situations and to enable the policy makers to goals are essentially immeasurable, within individual countries, project adopt measures which might ward such as prestige and international trends, and discuss the relationships off the crises or improve the govern¬ equilibrium. between these factors and American ment’s ability to deal with them if Program planning offers the best foreign policy goals and problems. they should occur. One major potential for institutionalizing for¬ A strategy is recommended to deal impediment to contingency planning eign policy planning. In order to with the variables and trends iden¬ is that it is impossible to predict the have centralized planning, however, tified. The potential of country an¬ domestic political context which both Congress and the President alysis and strategy, however, cannot would prevail at the time of a would have to agree to abolish final be realized unless it is linked to a crisis. Such political factors would resource allocation decisions by the centralized process of program plan¬ be the crucial variables in the de¬ separate agencies involved in for¬ ning, since without such a system cision-making process. eign policy. These decisions could decisions on the allocation of The second form of planning— be vested operationally in the White resources are made by the various program planning—is based upon House staff or the Secretary of agencies of the foreign policy com¬ the “planning, programing, and State. munity. budgeting system” originally de¬ Country analysis and strategy— Issue research is the final form of veloped within the Department of the third form of planning—has planning. It is less formalized than Defense. It is essentially an effort to been developed most fully in the country analysis and strategy and depoliticize the policy-making proc¬ Department of State’s Bureau of more directly related to current pol¬ ess, insofar as possible. Program Latin American Affairs. It produces icy problem areas, since the re¬ planning tends to idealize a non¬ a single analysis and strategy paper search is carried on in response to political criterion—efficiency—as for each country in Latin America; the requests of policy makers deal¬ opposed to a political one— these papers represent a research ing with both geographic and non¬ consensus. Its greatest potential has consensus of the foreign policy com¬ geographic issues. This is the form been achieved in the defense budget munity. Some observers hope that of planning in which non- Washington — Northern Virginia Bound? Let us help you with your real estate needs anywhere in the DESTINATION WASHINGTON? United States through our relocation service—RECOA, Inc. We Our PICTURE GALLERY OF FINE HOMES and DESTINA¬ have been in business in Northern Virginia for the past 22 years TION WASHINGTON with compl«t« information on financing, taxos, insurance, schools, «tc., plus the do's and have three offices to serve you. Call or write us for free in¬ and don'ts of buying or ranting, s«nt fraa for th* asking. Our 75 full-tim« associates can provid* real formation regarding schools, maps, and transportation, etc. service to your family. Offices in Alexandria, Arling¬ ton, Fairfax and McLean. IQeafty, ~3nc

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24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 government experts can play the institute a system of adversary an¬ Since the availability of resources most effective role; they can bring alysis at the beginning stages of the affects the assessments concerning their expertise to bear in defining policy-making process. This system the viability of foreign policy goals, the options available and evaluating would strengthen Presidential con¬ planning attempts to fist the costs of the consequences of various courses trol over the entire foreign policy¬ each alternative course of action of action. The essential core of issue making process and would “democ¬ and to calculate the subsidiary re¬ research is analysis rather than syn¬ ratize” it to some extent. sults of each option. The White thesis. It seeks to develop useful A possible secondary aim of for¬ House staff is the major instrument information about various foreign eign policy planning would be to for constructing a priority list of policy issues without presenting ac¬ establish a centralized system of foreign policy objectives, developing tion recommendations, since action program planning to cover the fields a balance sheet of foreign policy, will be taken in a political context of national defense and foreign aid and controlling the negotiatory proc¬ by the policy makers. —both of which require the alloca¬ ess of policy-making. tion of measurable resources. The The formulation of foreign policy T HE American decision-making development of this process could goals and the allocation of resources system poses serious difficulties for be vested operationally in the White among them take place in an arena effective foreign policy planning. In House staff or the Secretary of of conflict, not as an exercise of addition, recent years have wit¬ State. abstract thought. Most foreign poli¬ nessed growing domestic constraints Insofar as policy makers can con¬ cy conflicts are settled by negotiated on foreign policy options. struct a priority list of foreign policy compromises within the bureaucra¬ In view of the foregoing consider¬ goals, it is the end product of politi¬ cy. Assuming that foreign poli¬ ations, the primary aim of foreign cal processes. Both perceptions and cy-making is negotiatory rather than policy planning should be. to basic objectives of foreign policy are analytical in nature, it is essential broaden the scope of the policy con¬ determined within the domestic po¬ that decision makers develop better sensus. Consensus, rather than litical context. Any list of policy modes of understanding domestic efficiency, should be the central cri¬ objectives is always provisional, politics in order to devise more terion of the planning process. One since specific goals, as well as the effective policy bargains and to en¬ suggestion to broaden the scope of emphasis placed on them, change large the scope of the policy consen¬ the policy consensus would be to over time. sus. ■

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 25 HEALTH IN THE DEVELOPING The doctor’s instructions in rapid the Government of Guatemala to WORLD Spanish are translated into Quiche find the resources with which to do From page 16 by a practical nurse, and the anx¬ so? By transferring funds from the Ministry of Education to the Minis¬ Both are illiterate. They have four ious mother is completely baffled. Why does this woman in white ram¬ try of Agriculture? There are al¬ living children, and the youngest, a ready only enough classrooms avail¬ two-year old, suffers from second ble on about something called IN¬ able for about a fourth of the chil¬ degree malnutrition. Juan owns half CAP ARINA when Juanito is obvi¬ ously suffering from mal ojo, the dren of school age in Guatemala. a manzana of land, less than one By raising taxes? A consummation acre, which he inherited from his evil eye? (INCAPARINA is an devoutly to be wished, but again, father. He plants corn almost exclu¬ inexpensive, high-protein dietary hardly a betting proposition since sively, and with a bit of luck, his supplement.) Why does she insist those who would have to pay them land produces about 15 hundred¬ that Juanito be fed an egg a day are the brothers, sisters, aunts, un¬ weights of corn annually. Some of when she knows that the few eggs cles, and cousins of the members of this he must sell to pay off debts or the hens lay must be sold. Cash is Congress. to buy a new machete. The remain¬ needed to buy candles to offer to der is dried, stored, and ultimately the spirit of the child’s recently de¬ Politics has been defined as “who cooked into round cakes, tortillas, ceased grandmother to keep her gets what, when, and why.” One of which are served for breakfast, from returning and making someone the most effective Ministers of lunch, and dinner, drab meals sup¬ else in the family ill. Clearly, the Health I ever knew in Latin Ameri¬ plemented all too infrequently by a child’s ultimate death or recovery ca was not a public health physician small amount of black beans. will depend more on fate than a but a general surgeon, and I suspect When the local curandero or deliberately induced change in his that he owed his considerable suc¬ folk-practitioner of healing fails to diet. cess at improving the health of his relieve little Juanito of his listless¬ True, even Juan’s meager hold¬ people to a mastery of what has also ness and irritability, the child is ings would yield more if he were been called “the art of the pos¬ taken on foot to a health center given access to credit for improved sible.” Those of us interested in some seven or eight miles away. seed, fertilizer, and insecticides and improving health care here or The social nature of malnutrition if someone were available to teach abroad would be well advised to now becomes apparent. him how to use them. But, where is attempt to master it as well. ■

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BOWLING the meantime, extend the facilities Administration in parceling the aid Washington of AFSA open meetings to the De¬ out by country. partment for informal discussion of Honest men can differ with the Letter from a Non-person current and contemplated personnel judgments made, but it simply ■ The description of the role of policies. doesn’t fit the facts to call Admin¬ the Foreign Service wife is indeed ROBERT T. WILLNER istration requests arbitrary or the in¬ glamorous under the pen of Mrs. Washington formation supplied about our aid to Hanson*. In fact, too glamorous to More on Understanding Congress Cambodia inadequate for intelligent be true. In all honesty, how often ■ In his letter which appeared in legislation. I leave it to Foreign does a husband ask his wife how to the March issue of the JOURNAL, Service JOURNAL readers whether improve binational relations? How Mr. Guenther has cited aid request¬ Mr. Guenther’s version looks more easy is it to have contact with the ed for Cambodia as an example like a slight oversimplification or a “leading citizens of the country” un¬ of his contention that “the Con¬ gross distortion. der the system in use in many em¬ gress in the realm of foreign affairs ROBERT DON LEVINE bassies where the “senior officers” is not being provided the informa¬ Phnom Penh and their wives jealously insist upon tion it needs to legislate intelligently.” exclusive access to these leaders? I believe that Mr. Guenther would Disgorging Gut Judgments If we believe Mrs. Hanson, con¬ find, if he should discuss the matter ■ Dave Newsom’s “Know Your En¬ tacts and conversations at cocktail with the many Congressional visitors vironment” in the May issue was an parties are of vital importance. In to Cambodia, that the Ambassador excellent inoculation for the young my view, receptions tend to be and his staff have made it a policy officer against the increasingly com¬ mainly an exercise in collecting and to provide full details of our policies mon failing which is reflected in the recollecting names. Bits of informa¬ and practices to Senators and staff utilization of official positions to tion gathered at those functions are delegations alike. At least four wage “ethical” warfare based on the more in the nature of second-hand Senators, one Congressman and bureaucrat’s individual convictions rumors than new or useful informa¬ five Senate or House staff teams of universal right and wrong. Dave tion to one’s husband. have visited Cambodia in the past could have gone on to point out that My first point is to bring the rosy two years. One group from the such disgorging by public servants picture drawn by Mrs. Hanson more Senate Foreign Relations Committee of gut judgments of good and evil is to its real proportions. made three visits. In addition, the essentially elitist and antidemocratic. I must say, however, that I have General Accounting Office has made Questions of right and wrong should shared with Mrs. Hanson, during three extended visits in that period. properly be decided by the formal my 20 years in the Foreign Service, The Ambassador and his Counselor political system and the individual her enthusiasm for the life led by a for Political/Military Affairs dis¬ civil servant can and should make US diplomat’s wife. In fact, I could cussed extensively with Congression¬ his contribution to such questions add to her list of exhilarating ex¬ al leaders US policy in Cambodia through that system and not through periences, many others which arise from learning the local language, during visits to Washington. a privileged position in the technical apparatus of foreign affairs. traveling extensively within the These discussions in both Wash¬ But Dave might have misled his country, partaking in its cultural life ington and Phnom Penh included yqung readers when he denied the and having personal contacts with the level of US aid we thought desir¬ “advocate” aspect of the bureaucrat¬ the population. able in the light of our on-the-spot ic role. The FSO in a regional bu¬ But I think Mrs. Hanson has experience. Both the Secretary of reau or an Embassy is not a “pro¬ missed the idea expressed by so State and the Ambassador have re¬ fessional” in any contemporary use many discontented F.S. wives. It is ceived letters from members of both of that term. But he is a technician not the life they criticize; it is the parties and both Houses of Con¬ in a skilled trade, that of bureaucrat¬ hypocritical affirmation that the be¬ gress, as well as from committee ic issue management. He is likely to havior of the wife helps her hus¬ staff members, complimenting the be promoted partly if not largely on band’s career administratively. The Embassy on its cooperativeness and the extent to which he can promote promotion will—or will not—come openness in such discussions. within the machinery of government to him whether the wife is a drunk, Mr. Guenther disingenuously de¬ the country, area, and program in¬ never resides at post, does not speak scribes as a slight oversimplification terests associated with the position a word of English, or whether she is his assertion that the Administra¬ to which he is assigned, just as a an ideal F.S. wife like Mrs. Hanson. tion arbitrarily requests $341 mil¬ lawyer combines knowledge and skill It was about time to admit this lion in aid for Cambodia and then to present the best possible case for fact. threatens to veto the bill if it doesn’t his client, and arranges the affairs of A Foreign Service Wife get it. The appropriations bill speci¬ his law firm to further that end. another view fies no amounts by country. But the But, call him technician or call * Foreign Service JOURNAL, March total for FY 1972 was some 23% him professional, the successful op¬ 1972

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 27 P3J EDITORIAL

The Foreign Service of the United States: Time for Another Look

policy direction and control centered on the Secretary of State? Do Ambassadors have effective charge of US I OUR years have passed since we published “Toward a operations in their countries? The term of an administra¬ Modern Diplomacy.” This report to the AFSA Board tion has almost passed, and it is time to reassess the was prepared by a committee of 70 Association members thinking and conclusions of “Toward a Modern Diplo¬ chaired by Ambassador Graham Martin. The task of macy.” these professionals was to analyze the organization of the The relationships among the major powers are chang¬ nation’s foreign affairs and recommend improvements. ing. The relative economic power of the United States in First, the Committee reviewed the Foreign Service Act the world has lessened. We are at long last about of 1946 finding that: the Act designed a “Foreign Service disengaged from war in Southeast Asia. The less de¬ of the United States” to be responsible for the conduct of veloped world has made less progress than we had hoped America’s ever more diverse and expanding international and there is a sudden new focus on the environment and relations; that this Foreign Service was to serve the the stark implications of continued growth in population President and all of his agencies with overseas interests; and industrialization. and that to manage the Foreign Service of the United The United States has stepped back from the massive States the Act provided for a strong, independent Board overseas presence and activism of the “new diplomacy.” of the Foreign Service and an autonomous Director The “era of exaggerated hopes and over-blown undertak¬ General. ings” of the ’50s and ’60s is over. The distinctions Second, the Committee took a hard look at the between domestic and foreign concerns are more and realities of 1968 and found that: the Foreign Service had more blurred, with domestic agencies having a growing been reduced to a narrow instrument perceived as serv¬ interest in international problems. Coordination of for¬ ing the Department of State; that, in fact, several agencies eign relations is increasingly complex and difficult. with overseas interests had established thir own foreign Academic research is shedding greater light on the services; and that subsequent legislation and practice had disturbing, semi-autonomous life force of federal bureau¬ removed the autonomy and authority of the Director cracies, and on the concept of “bureaucratic politics.” General and the Board of the Foreign Service. President Nixon has relied heavily upon the brilliance Finally, the Committee determined that the broad of Dr. Kissinger. The President has tended to utilize an thrust of reform should involve: a return to the concept expanded White House staff rather than the Foreign of a Foreign Service of the United States, to be initiated Service and the Department of State for advice and for by the unification of the Foreign Service personnel of coordination of his foreign policy. And during this period State, USIA and AID into the Foreign Service of the the Foreign Service and AFSA have been absorbed in United States; a re-establishment in the office of the overdue internal reforms, in correcting the historical Secretary of State and his Department of the detailed excess of paternalism in our system and in preparing to direction and control, on behalf of the President, of operate effectively under the President’s Executive Order executive branch activities dealing with foreign affairs; 11636. and an affirmation that the Ambassador, whether career or non-career, was responsible to the President and, as WHAT lessons can we learn from the experience of the President’s man, must assume effective charge of all these four years? How should the Government best US operations in his country. organize itself for the conduct of its foreign relations? What should be the proper role of the Foreign Service? TOWARD a Modern Diplomacy” recommended sys¬ Should we still seek to build a Foreign Service of the tematic reforms, both legislative and administrative, to United States? How can the Foreign Service most effec¬ realize these central objectives, and to improve and tively serve the President? What is AFSA’s proper role in modernize the Foreign Service as a profession and as a striving to achieve whatever goals are suggested by career. It is certainly the most penetrating review yet answers to the above questions? written on this subject (along with the work of the The AFSA Board has appointed a special Committee Jackson Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery on the Policy Process to review the findings of “Toward a and Mac Destler’s new book, “Presidents, Bureaucrats Modern Diplomacy” and to address itself to the above and Foreign Policy.”) Some of the AFSA report’s recom¬ questions. We hope as many members as possible partici¬ mendations, primarily those applying internally to State pate in this effort by sending their views to the commit¬ and those not requiring legislation or much in the way of tee. We will not be the only ones in the field. The “little resources, were incorporated in the Macomber Task Hoover Commission” established in the State/USIA Au¬ Force Reform Program. The Association has supported thorization Bill will be taking a broad look at the foreign this effort. But let us be honest with ourselves. After four affairs process. Structural change in foreign affairs to years have the basic reforms been achieved? Is there a conform to new directions and conditions impends. With single Foreign Service of the United States? Is foreign this initiative, AFSA can help shape the change. ■

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 to delay the election process. but hearings may have to be held E. 0, ELECTIONS Every move that AFSA has made to lay finally these allegations to Status of the Election—The show to facilitate the holding of a free rest. The delay would unconscion¬ of interest in AFSA has been im¬ election for exclusive representa¬ ably impede the right of the For¬ pressive. We have now collected tive has been challenged by the eign Service to choose a repre¬ over 4,000 cards in the three agen¬ union, sentative for itself. cies, and we hope to have 5,Q00 The AFGE actions fall into two by the end of June. As of June categories—a challenge to the va¬ NEWS FLASH 20th: lidity of AFSA’s showing of inter¬ As we go to press AFSA has State: We have filed over 2700 est and unfair practices charges learned that the Employee Man¬ cards with the Employee Man¬ against both AFSA and the De¬ agement Relations Commission agement Relations Committee partment. AFGE claims that after careful investigation did not (EMRC). By the time the elec¬ AFSA’s showing of interest is in¬ uncover any evidence to warrant tion is held we hope to have a valid because of the manner in dismissal of the AFSA petitions showing of interest of 50 per¬ which 22 signature cards were col¬ for elections in State and USIA cent of the eligible voters. AFGE lected in two posts abroad. AFGE as requested by AFGE. achieved the necessary 5 per¬ further alleges that the AFSA elec¬ A further Word on Standards of cent (411 cards) to have their tion petition is inadmissable be¬ Conduct—Although the validity of name placed on the ballot in cause it was signed by Bill Har- the AFGE allegations remains to the State election. rop, who AFGE claims is a “man¬ agement official,” and because of be demonstrated, it is only pru¬ USIA: Our total is now over 500. the presence on the AFSA Board dent for all of us to review again We petitioned for an election in of two FSOs (Tom Boyatt and those principles which an employ¬ USIS on June 2. AFGE has also ee organization must observe in obtained here the necessary 5 Hank Cohen) who were members of the 1971 FSO Selection Boards. order to become eligible and percent (84 cards) to get on the maintain eligibility for recognition ballot. The unfair practice charges filed by AFGE are based upon al¬ under Executive Order 11636. In AID: We have 921 of the neces¬ legations that the AFSA Keymen this regard AFSA asks its mem¬ sary 945 cards. We hope that in two overseas posts used offi¬ bers again to review the guide¬ as this goes to press AFSA will cial agency channels and other lines on standards of conduct out¬ have gone over the top in AID “coercive” practices in collecting lined in the report of the Execu¬ and petitioned for an election showing of interest cards. With tive Order Committee on pages there as well. AFGE may get regard to the challenge to the va¬ 38-39 of the April 1972 edition of their 5 percent in AID too; in lidity to AFSA’s showing of inter¬ the Foreign Service Journal. Par¬ all they have solicited cards est, AFSA has filed a written re¬ ticular attention is called to the from persons who have already buttal to the AFGE allegations following portion of that report: signed for AFSA. We haven’t with the Employee-Management “. . . All AFSA members, how¬ challenged this questionable Relations Commission and re¬ ever, should seek to avoid com¬ procedure because we want quested that the democratic elec¬ promising relationships with AFGE in the race. We welcome toral process proceed. On the al¬ management which would: (a) the competition and the debate. leged unfair practices charges we establish AFSA as a “favored” We believe that a free and open will meet with AFGE representa¬ organization by virtue of agency election is the only way to elect tives to discuss the complaints policies on hiring, tenure, pro¬ an exclusive representative for and proceed to hearings if neces¬ motion, or other conditions of the Foreign Service. sary. employment; or (b) imply a AFGE Files Challenges—Unfortun¬ We hope that the Commission “company union” tie through ately, it seems increasingly ap¬ which runs the elections will dis¬ acceptance of special assist¬ parent that AFGE is going to try miss these challenges promptly, ance from management (e.g.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 29 use of Department letterhead Following the first meeting, employees. AFSA will appoint a stationery, or other materials or Johnston sent a letter to AFSA representative to serve on the AID services) unless this assistance saying he would make no changes Task Force. However, the AFSA is explicitly offered by manage¬ this year. He then proceeded im¬ Board has made it clear that par¬ ment to all organizations on an mediately to issue a draft airgram ticipation of the Task Force in no impartial basis." on which AFSA was given one way will limit AFSA’s right to chal¬ In addition to these guidelines, weekend to comment. As a result lenge the study’s conclusions if AFSA representatives should avoid of critical comments from AFSA, it becomes the exclusive repre¬ any action or activity which might a number of the proposals in the sentative of AID employees. The be construed by a labor union airgram were dropped but a sec¬ AFSA Board strongly believes that lawyer as having a “coercive” ef¬ ond airgram containing less sig¬ no sweeping changes in evalua¬ fect upon other foreign service nificant changes was sent despite tion and promotion in AID should employees. For example, your let¬ AFSA’s objections. Among the be made until AID employees ters to eligible voters should iden¬ changes AFSA opposed was the themselves have had an oppor¬ tify you as AFSA Keyman rather removal from the merit selection tunity to study and comment on than as “Political Officer” or some boards of the power to make rec¬ these changes to their exclusive other official title or designation. ommendations for action other representative. than promotion, such as training, Overtime Regulations Applied: The AID NEWS conversion, and job assignment. AFSA Chapter in Laos raised with Conversion from Foreign Service AID post management the prob¬ Foreign Service Retirement for Reserve Limited to straight Fore¬ lem of large amounts of uncom¬ AID: AID has informed AFSA that ign Service Reserve will no longer pensated scheduled overtime not efforts to bring AID Foreign Serv¬ be recommended by the promo¬ being paid, in violation of AID ice employees into the Foreign tion panels. Instead, officials of regulations. In response to AFSA/ Service Retirement and Disability the Foreign Service Personnel Di¬ Laos requests, instructions were System are still on the track. The vision will scan the files for con¬ given to the AID finance office proposal has been approved at version candidates. It is not at all that the provisions of the Manual OMB and discussions are under clear who will decide which candi¬ Order should be applied. Clarifica¬ way on the Hill. AFSA has urged dates are ultimately to be given tion of the Duty Officers’ right of participation in the Foreign Serv¬ tenure. AFSA believes conversion overtime were also made, in that ice retirement plan for a number is far too important a matter to Comptroller General decisions of years. AFSA believes there be left to the Personnel Division. have affirmed that only time ac¬ should be no discrimination be¬ Selection Out Procedures Chal¬ tually worked and not time spent tween members of the Foreign lenged: At the June 6 meeting in on-call status can be compen¬ Service, who serve abroad under AFSA also raised a number of sated by overtime pay or compen¬ similar conditions by reason of questions regarding the legality satory time. their working for a particular fore¬ of AID selection out procedures. AFSA Advisory Committee. Orga¬ ign affairs agency. AFSA understands that AID’s due nizational steps are under way to Promotion Changes Steamrolled process deficiencies in selection develop an AID/W AFSA Advisory Through: AFSA Board members out procedures have led to the re¬ Committee. The Committee will met with AID’s Personnel Director versal of every selection out case provide a channel for developing Johnny Johnston June 6 to protest which has been seriously contest¬ and communicating AID employee his cavalier move in changing pro¬ ed by an employee with help of interests and issues to AFSA for motion panel procedures. When counsel. action and develop an organiza¬ AFSA first learned of this intent Employee Management Responsi¬ tional network through which earlier this spring, Board mem¬ bilities Shifted: AFSA welcomes AFSA can quickly transmit the bers met with Johnston to voice the shift of responsibility for em¬ latest information to the AID their objections to these changes, ployee-management relations un¬ membership. This important com¬ which included abolishing some der AID’s reorganization to the munication link will greatly im¬ selection boards entirely and hav¬ Deputy Assistant Administrator for prove the capacity of AID employ¬ ing promotions made by the Per¬ Program and Management Serv¬ ees to express their interests and sonnel Division upon the recom¬ ices. In view of our frustrating ex¬ concerns. A provisional committee mendations of Mission directors perience in dealing with the Per¬ under the direction of Fred Hubig and Bureau heads. While agreeing sonnel Office, we believe that the is currently establishing guide¬ that reform is needed, AFSA ob¬ elevation of employee-manage¬ lines. Loring Waggoner, Ann Doth- jected to the high-handed nature ment relations will improve the erow, Ed Martin, Jerry French, of the move, pointing out that the climate for negotiations. Jim Procopis, Phoebe Everett, Joe timing, coming after the Person¬ Novak, Wilbur Waffle, Arlene nel Evaluation Reports had been Evaluation and Promotion Study: O’Reilly, Gene Chiavaroli and Her¬ written and when an exclusive em¬ AID is undertaking a formal study man Meyers are participating in ployee representative is about to of the performance evaluation and this effort. AID employees should be chosen, was inappropriate. promotion of AID Foreign Service contact Committee members.

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 STAFF CORPS NEWS FIFTH ANNUAL AWARDS LUNCHEON FSSO Designations for Foreign Mary Olmsted, Anthony C. imagination, combined with ver¬ Service Secretaries: The Staff E. Quainton and David E. Long satility and sound judgment, and Corps Advisory Committee (SCAC) received the Herter, Rivkin and to his ‘thinking the unthinkable’ has followed up on the Depart¬ Harriman Awards given annually about the threat to Iran and Is¬ ment’s recent designation of by the Association at a luncheon raeli perceptions of the conflict Foreign Service Secretaries as on the eighth floor of the Depart¬ with the Arabs. ... He has taken FSSOs. Among the questions the ment on June 29. on himself the kind of reasoned ‘gadfly’ role which many of the SCAC has asked the Department These awards, to senior, mid¬ Task Force reports hoped would are: will FSSO secretaries be al¬ dle-grade and junior officers, are eventually become a standard lowed now to convert to other funded through the generosity part of the formulation of US cones and personnel designa¬ of Mrs. Christian A. Herter and her foreign policy.” tions; will the FSS-3 promotion son, Mr. Christian A. Herter, Jr., Dr. Henry A. Kissinger was ceiling on secretary positions be the family and friends of the late the featured speaker at the raised to FSSO-1 or to FSRU-1; Ambassador William R. Rivkin, luncheon. The awards, which what additional diplomatic or at¬ and Ambassador W. Averell Har¬ are for $1,000, tax-free, were tache titles and privileges can riman. Foreign Service secretaries expect presented by David H. McKillop, Ms. Olmsted was nominated president, AFSA. Among those from this change in status? The for her work with the Women’s SCAC has identified several spe¬ present at the luncheon were Action Organization which result¬ the donors, Under Secretary cific instances in which a secre¬ ed in the removal of discrimina¬ tary FSSO is junior in an Embassy John N. Irwin, AID Director John tion against women in the De¬ A. Hannah, and Under Seccetary only to the Ambassador, DCM and partment of State. The nomina¬ U. Alexis Johnson. William C. Har- the chiefs of the Political and Eco¬ tion read, in part, . . expert rop, AFSA’s Chairman of the nomic Sections. guidance of the women’s move¬ Board, welcomed the capac¬ ment toward working within the ity crowd and David H. McKil¬ system to bring about needed lop, President, AFSA, introduced BOARD ACTIONS TAKEN reforms. Her intellectual cour¬ the speaker. age is not only evident in the On June 19, the Board of Direc¬ Among the previous award reforms she was able to win tors of the AFSA unanimously winners listed on the program from a conservative system but passed the following two resolu¬ was the late John Paul Vann, in the fact that she is the first tions: winner of the Herter Award in senior woman FSO who volun¬ 1969. Mr. Vann who was killed RESOLVED: that Ambassador Loy tarily put her name, her rank in Vietnam in early June was Henderson having been a member and her career on the line nominated at that time as “a of the American Foreign Service to help remove discrimination controversial figure, a man who Association since 1922 when he against women.” insisted on maintaining his inde¬ joined the Foreign Service he is The nomination for Tony pendence and integrity at all now elected a Life Member of Quainton, member of the Journal costs ... His judgments have AFSA. In passing this resolution Editorial Board, was based on his been repeatedly proven right by the Board also wishes to take note work during the India-Pakistan time and he has demonstrated that this is not only the 50th an¬ crisis. It read . . he is always charismatic gifts as a leader.” niversary of his joining the Service able to question whether the but also that he is celebrating his accepted policy genuinely ful¬ flAFSW NEWS 80th birthday on June 24 and takes fills US needs and make inno¬ this occasion to extend best vative proposals for constructive For scholarships and assistance wishes and appreciation for his change. He has the knack of tak¬ in education of Foreign Service outstanding contributions to the ing the initiative and putting children, the American Associa¬ Foreign Service and the Associa¬ forth a new and sometimes dis¬ tion of Foreign Service Women pro¬ tion. senting view when that view is duced $19,255.43 in 1972. AAFSW critical to a policy decision being members intend to raise more RESOLVED: that Ambassador Rob¬ made. He has the ability to ar¬ (money—not children) in 1972. ert D. Murphy having been a gue his case skillfully and aggres¬ How do they do it? By holding member of the American Foreign sively but without offense. . . . their annual Book Sale in October. Service Association for over 50 In other words, Mr. Quainton has Journal readers can help by do¬ years he is now elected a Life demonstrated that a middle nating used books—NOW! Posters, Member of AFSA. In passing this ranking officer can have major paintings, stamps, and magazines resolution the Board takes this impact upon policy.” of lasting value are also being occasion to extend its apprecia¬ David E. Long received the processed by AAFSW volunteers. tion for his outstanding contribu¬ Harriman Award on a nomina¬ For home pick-ups, telephone: tions to the Foreign Service and tion which called attention to (D.C.) 966-5584; (VA.) 768-4711; the Association. his “strength of intelligence and (MD.) 229-3255.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 31 oming, South Dakota, Washing¬ rent with respect to your state MEMBERS INTERESTS ton (state) and New Jersey. Are residence. If you entered D.C., there any more? Maryland or Virginia in any of the COMMITTEE (2) Avoid as much as possible residence blanks on the form engaging in activities in Maryland, merely because you lived there Transfer Allowances Virginia or D.C. which tend to es¬ temporarily after entering the AFSA's full overseas transfer tablish legal domicile in those service, it would be worthwhile to allowance is still intact as the jurisdictions. Voting and register¬ take another look at your true final appropriations process for ing to vote is clearly a key activity legal domicile and make the ap¬ the foreign affairs agencies is in this regard. Buying a house in propriate corrections. completed. Regulations are being the Washington area and then written in anticipation of success¬ renting it during an overseas as¬ Home Leave Deductions. We thank ful final action. If you are plan¬ signment appears to be all right all AFSA members who have taken ning to transfer anytime after July as long as a clear legal domicile the trouble to inform us about 1, 1972, therefore, make sure that in another state can be estab¬ their home leave tax deduction you preserve receipts and other lished. claims. So far, only one corre¬ evidence of all miscellaneous un¬ (3) Extremely important, is the spondent has indicated that his reimbursed expenses related to information on residence con¬ claim was disallowed. Since his the transfer, especially the follow¬ tained in your personnel file on claim is for less han $1,000, he has ing: the cost of cutting and refit¬ Form JF-20 concerning "Resi¬ decided to appeal through the ting rugs and draperies moved dence and Dependency.” As you “Small Tax Claims Court” which from one post to another; the cost are aware from CA-4800 of May 11, is a relatively new institution of re-wiring or replacing electrical 1972, management has agreed to equivalent to the Small Claims appliances in a move from a 110- transmit information contained in Court. With the Stratton case as volt area to a 220-volt area or vice the JF-20 to state and local juris¬ precedent, this may be a relative¬ versa; utility fees or deposits not dictions upon request. AFSA has ly inexpensive method of achiev¬ offset by end-of-tour refunds; in¬ studied this question in depth, ing the result we seek ... a uni¬ stallation of essential electrical and has reached the conclusion fixtures, wiring and switches not versal application of the Ninth that most of our members will be offset by end-of-tour resale; re¬ Circuit Court's decision to allow helped by this practice rather quired modifications for automo¬ home leave deductions. In the in¬ than hurt. If you have lived in the biles or additional licensing fees terim, we would appreciate receiv¬ Washington area, or are expect¬ incident to relocation. ing continued word from AFSA ing to move there from overseas, members on the results of their More On State Taxes. The problem there is no more credible way to claims, positive and negative. of tax liabilities to the jurisdic¬ support a claim to local domicile tions of Maryland, Virginia and the somewhere else than an official High Option for Foreign Service District of Columbia for those em¬ communication from your agency Insurance: AFSA’s Members’ In¬ ployees who consider themselves showing a clear residential tie to terests Committee has written the legally domiciled elsewhere in the another state. American Foreign Service Protec¬ US continues to generate a great AFSA after several meetings tion Association with a proposal deal of correspondence. with management is not satisfied, that a High Option be added to AFSA members who find them¬ however, with the current method the AFSPA’s insurance coverage selves residing in one of these of transmitting this information providing broader benefits for three jurisdictions solely because to Washington area jurisdictions, those Foreign Service employees they are assigned to Washington and is working with management willing to pay the additional cost. for a tour of duty between over¬ to arrange improvements. For The Members’ Interests Commit¬ seas assignments, and who do not starters, management has agreed tee suggested that specific areas to an AFSA and Open Forum Panel wish to become legally domiciled for improvement could include the in these jurisdictions, should take request to send employees copies of all transmittals on residence extension of dental benefits, re¬ the following precautions: moval of the 50-visit per year limi¬ (1) Minformationaintain as sent many to stateties asand lo¬ cal governments. Employees can tation for psychiatric care and possible to another state which is thereby correct clerical errors. We group therapy sessions and pro¬ considered your state of legal are also concerned about the se¬ vide for a higher maximum limi¬ domicile. Voting, property, driver’s tation for serious illness. license, relatives, bank accounts, lection of information from the church and club membership, and JF-20, and oppose the transmittal Protective Association Presi¬ alumni associations are just a of such ambiguous data as “legal dent, David Newsom, replied that partial listing of such ties. For residence at time of appointment” the AFSPA would be happy to dis¬ those whose legal domicile is still in favor of “home leave residence” cuss these proposals with AFSA’s ambiguous, a retired AFSA mem¬ and “residence for separation Members’ Interest Committee for ber informs us that the following purposes.” In any event, you changes to be proposed for Janu¬ states have no personal income should check your form JF-20 to ary, 1974, the next scheduled in¬ taxes: Texas, Florida, Nevada, Wy- make sure it is accurate and cur¬ surance coverage change.

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 LEGISLATIVE REPORT New Board Member STATE NEWS Magnuson Bill: AFSA has learned FSO Promotion Trends: Reform that the Magnuson Bill has been Committee Chairman Tom Tracy divided into separate bills and re¬ spoke on present and projected ported out of Senator Inouye's trends regarding promotion and Sub-Committee on Foreign Com¬ selection out. Citing statistics he merce and Tourism to the full indicated that there would be lit¬ Senate Commerce Committee without a Sub-Committee report. / \ tle change in the structure of the Titles I and II of the original Mag¬ Foreign Service until about 1977 W. A. (Whit) Whitten, newest nuson Bill calling for transfer of when retirement because of age member of the Board of Direc¬ Commercial functions from the will begin to affect the senior tors, has been with AID since Department of State to the De¬ grades. Mr. Tracy pointed out that, 1963. Before joining AID, Whit was of the 4,000 officer level positions partment of Commerce will now be Associate Director of the South¬ on the State Department books considered by the full Commerce ern Baptist Seminary Extension Committee. When the Commerce Department for seven years. While only 3100 were held by FSOs. He Committee will act is not present¬ serving there, he did a year’s resi¬ suggested a change in the cone ly known. dence for his doctorate in adult system to create a fifth cone for State/USIA Authorization Bill Re¬ education at Indiana University interfunctional positions. ported Out: The Senate/House and later completed his work for Junior Threshold: State manage¬ it with research he did in Liberia Conference Committee has re¬ ment has asked AFSA to com¬ ported out on June 15th the State/ with AID, where he was assigned to an up-country outpost working ment on a number of procedural USIA Authorization Bill deleting changes in the Junior Officer the grievance procedures, the in rural education. Whit was then assigned as Deputy Education Of¬ Threshold Process. The AFSA merit promotion amendment to ficer in Tanzania, assisting Tan¬ Board after reviewing the Junior the Foreign Service Act, and the zanians in achieving their goals Officer Threshold, holding two provision moving career minister in education for self-reliance. He large open meetings on the sub¬ retirement to age 60 which had was transferred to Kabul as Dep¬ passed the Senate. The Senate ject, plus talking and correspond¬ uty Education Officer in 1970 and ing with dozens of junior officers Foreign Relations Committee sub¬ assisted in the development of a and JFSOC, has concluded that sequently reported out to the Sen¬ new primary school curriculum ate floor the grievance legislation patching up the procedures of the for Afghanistan. Of special inter¬ Junior Threshold is not enough. which will soon be voted on again est to AFSA, Whit helped organize by the full Senate. The State/ The Board has approved a paper the first AFSA chapter in Afghan¬ to be issued shortly as a Red Bor¬ USIA Authorization Bill as ap¬ istan and, at the time of his de¬ proved by the Conference Com¬ der which urges management to parture, was serving as chapter abolish the present junior thres¬ mittee meets the Administration's head. He is now working on es¬ requests for financial support, hold process which is not accom¬ tablishing a keyman network for plishing the goal set out by Task provides for a Deputy Secretary AID and says, “As one of the two Force II to grant tenure to those of State and Under Secretary for AID members I want to make sure junior officers who are best quali¬ Economic Affairs, and raises lim¬ that AFSA represents and can re¬ fied. The threshold process to its of Employee Claims to $10,000. spond effectively on the em¬ date has been a failure; its only AFSA lobbied for both these pro¬ ployee-management interests and visions and is pleased that they problems of AID people.” “success” has been to recone jun¬ were adopted. The conference bill Whit, his wife, Lucile, and 11- ior officers at the point of least contains a proposal of Senators year-old son, Warren, are living in resistance, their promotion to Fulbright and Aiken establishing Reston. Class-5. The paper proposes that a Hoover type commission study the present procedural safeguards on the Foreign Policy Making and review procedures be main¬ Process. tained, but that the threshold be ance legislation and provisions to reconstituted to serve as a board Grievance Legislation: AFSA has guarantee the merit promotion of review to do only one important requested to testify before the system with a number of Senators job—grant tenure to Foreign Serv¬ House Foreign Affairs Committee and Congressmen. The Associa¬ ice junior officers. The grant of on June 27 on grievance legisla¬ tion will continue to push for en¬ tenure to a junior officer would be tion for the Foreign Affairs Agen¬ actment of an impartial grievance done on the basis of demonstrated cies. AFSA was deeply disappoint¬ procedure for the Foreign Affairs abilities in the core skills, and a ed when the Senate-approved Agency which guarantees due judgment that the officer was cap¬ grievance legislation was not ap¬ process and for an amendment to able of performing in the mid¬ proved by the Senate/House Con¬ the Foreign Service Act which pro¬ career. AFSA is seeking comments ference Committee. AFSA has dis¬ tects the merit promotion system on its proposal from its junior cussed the Senate-approved griev- from possible political abuses. officer members world wide.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 33 2. Scholarship grants for study with Secretaries Rogers and Peter¬ in accredited preparatory son, Ambassador Hall, Senator BOARD schools in the United States; Inouye and Assistant to the Presi¬ 3. Educational assistance to dent for International Economic ACTIONS children requiring special Affairs, Peter M. Flanigan. The education or counseling AFSA Reform Bulletin was widely TAKEN services. distributed within the Administra¬ tion and Congress. The above activities are open to children of American Foreign The OMB Study of government Service personnel or to children commercial activities is proceed¬ of American Foreign Service em¬ ing. The report is expected to be ployees who were members of the critical of government export pro¬ Association at the time of their re¬ motion activities both in the US tirement or death, or to children and abroad. However, the recom¬ Overseas Chapters Formed: Over¬ of Associate members of the As¬ mendations of the OMB study are seas AFSA Chapters have been re¬ sociation, or to categories of chil¬ still not known. cently formed at Tokyo, Caracas, dren of American Foreign Service CSC Developments: The Civil Lima, and Tunis. The AFSA Board employees who are specified by Service Commission (CSC) is un¬ of Directors is encouraging AFSA donors of named scholarships. dertaking extensive reviews of the overseas members to form AFSA Federal sick leave program and Chapters to improve communi¬ the adverse action system. The cations between AFSA/Washing- flFSfl ACTIVITIES CSC has also indicated that it ton and the AFSA members in sees no quick change in the Fed¬ the field, but, more importantly, Allowances Discrimination eral work week below 40 hours. to be prepared to discuss local is¬ Protested The Commission stated that until sues with Embassy management AFSA and WAO have requested there is a general reduction in the once AFSA has won exclusive rec¬ management to end the discrim¬ work week among non-Federal ognition in the Foreign Affairs ination in housing and shipment employers no change in the Fed¬ Agencies. AFSA Fleadquarters can of effects allowances between sin¬ eral work week can be expected. provide examples of By-laws for gle persons and married couples CSC is also undertaking a Gov¬ chapters. without children. Aside from some ernment-wide study on job classi¬ Secretary-Treasurer Elected: Da¬ minor differences in utility costs fication. This study is the second vid Loving has been elected as and the shipping of extra clothing, half of the Oliver Committee Rec¬ Secretary-Treasurer of the AFSA the needs are the same. Under ommendations and will affect sal¬ Board, replacing Sam Thornburg, present rules couples receive up ary and job guidelines for Federal who recently resigned from the to 50% more in housing allow¬ employment. Board upon assuming a manage¬ ances abroad, even though the Kindergarten Allowances Still ment official position. representational responsibilities may be identical. AFSA and WAO Pending: AFSA’s Members’ Inter¬ Scholarship Guidelines. The AFSA are urging that the allowances be ests Committee has been urging Board at its meeting on June 12, revised to eliminate discrimina¬ Management to provide a kinder¬ 1972, adopted the following reso¬ tion against single employees. garten allowance for Foreign Serv¬ lution on the activities of the AFSA and WAO have received a ice personnel stationed overseas. American Foreign Service Asso¬ temporizing reply from manage¬ Latest reports indicate that the ciation Scholarship Fund. ment indicating that the problem Department’s request for legisla¬ WHEREAS, the American Fore¬ is under study. We will continue tion to provide for such a kinder¬ ign Service Association seeks tax to press to end this unjustified garten allowance is still “pend¬ exemption for its Scholarship discrimination. ing” in the Office of Management Fund,and and Budget. Consequently, there Improving the Commercial Func¬ appears to be no possibiltiy of WHEREAS, the Exemption Ap¬ tion: AFSA held an open meeting any kindergarten payments being plication (IRS Form 1023) requires on June 15 on improving the com¬ made during the 1972-73 academic a statement of activities spon¬ mercial function. The meeting year. The Members’ Interests Com¬ sored by the Scholarship Fund; provoked a number of differences mittee will continue to push for a NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RE¬ of opinion on Task Force report. kindergarten allowance which pro¬ SOLVED that the activities ap¬ However, the AFSA Board be¬ vides the same free schooling for proved for sponsorship by the lieves that the Task Forces’ Report kindergarten aged children abroad American Foreign Service Asso¬ correctly directs itself to the con¬ as would be received were their ciation Scholarship Fund are: tinuation of the attitudinal change families stationed in the United 1. Sincholarship the Service grants towards for commer¬un¬ States. Such allowances are re¬ dergraduate study in US col¬ cial work. Members of the Task ceived by uniformed military fami¬ leges and universities; Force are seeking appointments lies overseas.

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July, 1972 La Jolla, California May 13. Fie had served in Iran, Ecuador, Costa AFRICAN ART EXHIBIT Foreign Serificelfll Rica, El Salvador, Cuba, Peru, BIRTHS Belgium, Tahiti and Chile, during To celebrate the first anniver¬ Brown. A daughter, Tara Estelle, his 37 years with the State Depart¬ sary of its reopening, the Museum was born to FSO and Mrs. Richard ment. Fie is survived by his wife, of African Art will present a major C. Brown in Washington on March Agnes of 849 Coast Boulevard, new exhibition “African Art in 17. Apt. E-9, La Jolla, Ca. 92037, and Washington Collections” begin¬ Cecil. A daughter, Kathryn Marie, two sisters. ning May 25 and running through was born to FSO and Mrs. Charles de Wolf. Hazel Kearney de Wolf, December. 0. Cecil in Beirut May 12. wife of GS-ret. Francis Colt de Over 100 collectors of African Clear. A daughter, Rebecca Doro¬ Wolf Sr., died May 17 in Washing¬ art are represented in the collec¬ thy, was born to FSO and Mrs. ton. Besides her husband, Mrs. tion which contains 350 works of Taylor (Jesse) Clear in Washing¬ de Wolf is survived by two sons, traditional African sculpture and ton March 29. Francis Jr., 2333 Ashmead PL, textiles. Richardson. A son, David Cebron, N.W. Washington 20009, and Brad¬ Among the lenders to the col¬ was born to FSR and Mrs. Blaine ford. lection are Ambassador John Mc¬ C. Richardson in Bangkok May 2. Kesson, AID’S Richard Wolford Grady. Lucretia del Valle Grady, and family, and USIA Cultural At¬ MARRIAGES widow of Ambassador Henry tache and Mrs. Bernard Coleman. Graham-Fortin. Leslie Graham, Grady, died in San Mateo, Cali¬ The Museum is located at 316-318 daughter of Mr. and Mrs. David fornia May 23. Ambassador Grady A Street, N.E. Graham, AID, was married to had served in Greece, Iran and James Fortin on June 5. The bride India. Mrs. Grady had long been and groom are pictured with the active in politics and the women’s bride’s parents at the reception rights movement. She is survived in the Foreign Service Club. by three sons: Reginald, of Hills¬ borough, Ca.; Henry Jr., of San Francisco and John of Los An¬ geles, and a daughter of Malaga, fl FITTING MEMORIAL Spain. Hummel. J. L. Hummel, FSO-ret., Friends of the late Anne Dim- died April 24. His former address ond Reilly, wife of Thomas E. Reilly, AID, have contributed was Route 3, Cypress Point, Box B33,986 to a memorial fund. Her 294, Leesburg, Georgia 31763. We family has requested that this have no information regarding Jonas-Arneson. Anne M. Jonas and fund be used for the purchase of surviving relatives. R. Gordon Arneson, FSO-retired, books on art and culture with were married on June 10 in Fair¬ Smyser. David W. Smyser, FSR- some emphasis upon the arts and fax, Virginia. Mr. and Mrs. Arne¬ ret., died in Washington May 18. culture of Asia. These books will son will be at home at 11633 He is survived by his wife, of 7702 be a gift to the High School of the North Shore Dr., Reston, Va. Leesburg Drive, Bethesda, Md. International School Bangkok, DEATHS 20034. where Mrs. Reilly served as librar¬ ian from 1966 to 1971. Anderson. Barbara Fleath Ander¬ son, wife of FSR-ret. Edick Ander¬ Taylor. Janet Donald Taylor, wife A special name plate will be at¬ tached to the cover of each book son, died at her home in Reston, of FSR Daniel Taylor, died May Va. on May 2. She had lived in 19 in Washington. Mr. and Mrs. and the books will be placed on shelves identified by a memorial Berlin, Essen, Frankfurt and Stutt¬ Taylor had been assigned to Paris plaque. In addition, a suitable gart, Addis Ababa, and Canberra and Anchorage, Alaska. Mrs. Tay¬ painting will be purchased to where Mr. Anderson had served as lor is survived by her husband of hang in the library and this also a USIS officer. Mrs. Anderson 1723 Rupert St., McLean, Va. will be identified with an appro¬ leaves her husband, 1626 Wain- 22101, three sons, Bruce of the home address, Bradford, and Ron¬ priate memorial plaque. wright Drive, Reston, 22070, a In accepting the gift on behalf daughter, Fleather, and two sons, ald, her mother, a brother, two sisters, and two grandchildren. of the students, staff and Board Beri and Mark. of Directors of International Benedict. Warren Benedict, FSR- Turner. Allan R. Turner, FSO, died School Bangkok, Dr. Stuart S. ret., died in Falls Church May 21. suddenly at his post in London Phillips expressed appreciation Fie had served as a linguist with June 4. He is survived by his wife, for their thoughtful and appropri¬ FSI since 1958. A cousin, Milford of 2102 South Kings, Springfield, ate memorial to a former member M. Cheney, 4892 Northgate Drive, Mo. 65804, two sons and two of the staff who was respected, Manlius, N.Y. 13104, survives, daughters. Memorial contributions admired and beloved by the stu¬ de Lambert. Richard M. de Lam¬ may be made to the AFSA Schol¬ dents, the parents and her col¬ bert, FSO-ret., died at his home in arship Fund. leagues.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. July, 1072 35 CLUB NEWS PARK NEWS NOTES

In addition to the other striking State Advisory Committee Formed features of the newly renovated The AFSA Board has estab¬ Foreign Service Park, between E lished a State Advisory Committee Street and Virginia Avenue at 21st, to counsel the Board on State De¬ it now boasts two resident indi¬ partment Foreign Service Person¬ gents. Little is known about them, nel and set administrative policy other than that they observe the matters. territorial imperative, one occupy¬ ing the southeast corner grating, DARs Released: The Depart¬ the other one of the stone benches. ment has announced the release There also seems to be a class of all Development Appraisal Re¬ system operating—one is a bum ports to the rated Foreign Service without portmanteau, the other personnel. The DARs are being de¬ with. classified and employees will be As for a progress report on the allowed to make copies from their Park, the grass waxed green and their personnel files. Another due lush, the forsythia went about its process step. On June 5, Mrs. William B. Ma- business of blooming, most of the comber was hostess at the Foreign flowering trees survived Washing¬ Service Club at a luncheon for the AFSA has held recent Open ton’s unusual winter and we cher¬ Meetings on the Magnuson Bill, Auxiliary of the Boys Clubs of Amer¬ ish the mental picture of a cover- ica. Many members of the AAFSW compensatory promotions in a girl tourist being photographed by are active in this group. The guests merit promotion system, on tax her escort in front of the flowering had toured the State Department be¬ problems faced by Foreign Serv¬ fore the luncheon and went on to crab. The convenient path which ice employees, and AID. tour foreign embassies. Mrs. Macomb- runs diagonally across is known Professional meetings have er and Mrs. Max Bond are shown at as Promotion Path and woe betide been held recently with the Sen¬ the Club. the chances of those who walk on ate Foreign Relations Committee’s Chief of Staff, Carl Marcy, Ambas¬ sador Charles Yost, and Senator STRUCTURE OF FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER CORPS Inouye who is Chairman of the (By Senior, Middle and Junior Officer Groups) Senate Subcommittee on Foreign Commerce and Tourism. July 1 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971

CA-2 687 733 758 781 832 866 831 808 758 766 the grass instead. 3-5 1902 1894 1911 1862 1801 1879 1884 1853 1794 1849 Contributions toward the upkeep 6-8 1121 1081 1064 988 908 821 774 614 528 467 of the Park and toward adding names to the Memorial Plaque are Total 3710 3708 3733 3631 3541 3566 3489 3275 3080 3028 welcomed.

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