Contents of Volume 2

Introduction 1 I Adiutrix 3

I Italica 14 I Minervia 24

Adiutrix 38

II Augusta 52

II Italica 68

In Italica 72

BIT Flavia 77

IV Macedonica 87

V Alaudae 92

V Macedonica 95

VI Victrix 109

VII Claudia 124 VIII Augusta 137

VIIII Hispana 147 X Gemina 153

XI Claudia 169

XIII Gemina 187

XIV Getnina 199

XV Apollinaris 216 XV Primigenia 228

XX Valeria Victrix 231 XXI Rap ax 247 XXII Primigenia 251 XXX Ulpia Victrix 271

Bibliography 276

2 1 MAR 1991 Introduction to Legionary Lists

The following section lists the attested centurions of twenty four legions. In each list there is an account of each attested centurion which concentrates on the date and the context of the inscription. Multiple centurionate careers are cross-referenced into the relevant chapters of Volume one. At the end of each chronological list there is a chronologically ordered spread-sheet giving name, reference, date, origin, findspot and any further noteworthy information. At the end of the chronologically ordered spread-sheet there is an alphabetically ordered spread-sheet giving the same information. Centurions named on lead seals and graffiti- are only mentioned if the name is confirmed on a stone inscription from another place. I hope in the future to produce a complete list of centurions from sources other than stone.

The legions omitted from the lists are those from the Greek speaking area of the

Empire, plus III Augusta and VII Gemina which have both had lists of their centurions published in recent years. Again, I hope to produce a complete list of legionary centurions in the future.

Conventions of dating

Much of the evidence for dating the inscriptions of centurions comes from the movement of legions and from the changing titles of legions. What follows is a collection of the conventions used for the dating of inscriptions. Most are applicable to tombstone but some are applicable to any dedicatory inscription.

1. The absence of the cognomen of a soldier or a centurion is taken to be Julio-Claudian.

2. The absence of the cognomen of a legion is usually earlier than Claudius.

3. The phrase H(k) S(itus) E() is usually first century, but can be a little later on the Danube and in Africa.

1 4. The burial formula Dis Manibus appears first in the mid first century but is

uncommon until the last decade of the first century and the early second century.

5. The abbreviated form D(h) M(anibus) is rare in the late first century but is

practically ubiquitous on tombstones from the time of Hadrian onwards. 6. Funerary dedications in the nominative case tend to be first century.

7. The expression of the filiation clause by the praenomen of the father alone (without f(ilius)) is usually first century and is virtually unkown after the reign

of Hadrian.

8. Full tria nomina with origo and no specific burial formula is usually first

century.

9. Centurions attested on the tombstones of Italian soldiers are usually pre-

Trajanic. 10. Centurions attested on the tombstones of a soldier with an Imperial gentilicium are usually at least a generation later than that Emperor up to the

reign of Pius. After the reign of Pius the date could be closer to the reign of the

particular Emperor. This also applies to centurions attested on an inscription of

a woman with an Imperial nomen. 11. Centurions with Imperial gentilicia are usually at least two generations later

than that particular Emperor. After the reign of Hadrian the gap can be as little as one generation.

12. The absence of the praenomen of a centurion on a tombstone or altar is

taken to be the period after c160.

13. Large numbers of ligatures are usually taken to be late second century at

earliest.

These dating conventions are used in conjunction to the usual analysis of the context of the particular inscription. I Adiutrix

The legion was raised in 68 from sailors of the Misenum fleet by Nero, after the

revolt of Vindex.1

L. Caesius. c70-c83. L. Caesius was mentioned on a fragmentary inscription from

Mainz. The stone and all of those which follow can only be dated by the presence of

the legion at Mainz from c70-c83.

Claudius Buculus. c70-c83. The centurion was named on a tabella ansata.

L. Domitius Priscus. c70-c83. The centurion was named on a tabella ansata.

L. Flavius Pudens. c70-c83. The centurion was named on a tabella ansata.

D. Iunius Verecundus. c70-c83. The centurion was named on a tabella ansata.

C. Porcius Valens. c70-c83. The centurion was named on a tabella ansata.

Seionius Verus. c70-c83. The centurion was named on a tabella ansata.

Ma. Silius Ianuarius. c70-c83. The centurion was named on a tabella ansata. Probable relatives appear on CIL DI 1008 at Apulum.

L. Valerius Fronto. c70-c83. The inscription is the tombstone of a centurion who died after being honourably discharged from the legion. The same man may be named on

CIL XIII 6723, a dedication to the Capitoline Triad by a group of vicani. The dedication is undated but out of a group of some two hundred names nobody carries the

3 nomen of a second century Emperor which might suggest a first century date for the inscription.

L. Valerius Modestus. c70-c83. The centurion was named on a tabella ansata.

Varius Tenax. c70-c83. The centurion was named on a tabella ansata.

C. Vettius Paullus. c70-c83. The centurion was named on a tabella ansata.

Veturius Verus. c70-c83. The centurion was named on a tabella ansata.

M. Herennius Valens. c70-c83. The centurion was probably with I Adiutrix during the Flavian period, but he is discussed in Chapter three.

Q. Antonius Silo. c70-c96. The centurion is discussed in Chapter two.

Q. Julius Aquila. c100-c130. The centurion is discussed in Chapter three.

L. Albucius Albucianus. c107-c130. The centurion Albucius Albucianus was born in

Misenum despite his fabricated cognomen which is normally taken to suggest an origin from the North-Western Provinces of the Empire. He may be an original recruit of I

Adiuirix but the inscription can hardly be before c107 when I Adiutrix reached Brigetio.

The inscription is problematic - if the man came through as an evocatus of the guard the inscription could be dated much later than c130 which must be the theoretical upper limit if he was an original recruit of I Adiutrix. Yet C. Annius Gallus seems to have been a first century evocatus entering a legion (see Chapter one).

0. Julius Pacideius Firmus. c114-c120. The inscription of Julius Pacideius Firmus is from Baalbek in Syria. The most likely date for the inscription should be the period of

4 the Parthian War of Trajan. I Adiutrix went east for that war with its legate, A. Platorius Nepos.2 The inscription was dedicated to the honlnymous parent of Pacideius Firmus - a man who was hastatus of XIII Gemina. The hastatus provides further support for the late Trajanic date for the inscription as a vexillation of XIII Gemina was in the east at that time.3

Flavius Audax. c114-c120. The tombstone of Flavius Audax from Ancyra in Cappadocia - Galatia is problematical. The absence of the praenomen and the centurion's age at death given in years, months and days are features which are usually mid-to-late second century at earliest. Yet there is no other period known apart from Trajan's Parthian War when I Adiutrix fought in the east (though a vexillation might have gone east in the late second century in Severus's war against Pescennius Niger). Flavius Audax was described as a German. He died at the age of fifty years three months and four days, so a career within the army of a maximum of about thirty-four years might be possible. If he was recruited into I Adiutrix while the legion as at Mainz in c83 he could still have served in the Parthian War of Trajan and died at Ancyra in the course of it. But again he may have had a multiple-centurionate career which would make his German origin irrelevant to the question of date. The Trajanic date is possible as is the late second, early third century date.

M. Tuccius? c106-c150. M. Tuccius is discussed in Chapter three.

N. Marcius Plaetorius Celer. c110-c140. The career of Marcius Plaetorius Celer is discussed in Chapter three.

M. Fuficius Marcellus. c120-c200. Fuficius Marcellus was from Aquileia. His wife was called Ulpia Avita and so had the nomen of Trajan. The nomen of Ulpia Avita would suggest citizenship from Trajan or being descended from a family enfranchised under Trajan. That would suggest a date later than the reign of Trajan for the

5 inscription. It would be just possible for Fuficius Marcellus to be recruited into the ranks of I Adiutrix and to die as a centurion later than the reign of Trajan, though the rapidly diminishing number of Italian recruits reaching the legions in late

Flavianarajanic times would militate against this. It is more likely that the man entered the praetorian guard or was directly commissioned.

C. Masculius Masculus. c120-c200. Masculius Masculus was a centurio frumentarius. Frumentarii are first recorded under Hadrian. The centurion has a

fabricated cognomen which suggests an origin from the North Western provinces of the Empire. As is so often the case, a frumentarius is not found in the province in which

his legion is based.

Flavius Victor. 173. The centurion Flavius Victor was praepositus of cohors I

Belgarum, the garrison of Bigeste near Narona. The inscription is consular dated to

173. The outstationing of a centurion from I Adiutrix in Dalmatia was thought by WiLkes4 to show a stiffening and reorganization of the permanent auxiliary garrison by

replacing the less experienced equestrian commanders with legionary centurions.

M. Aurelius Lucillius. c161-c220. The career of Aurelius Lucillius is discussed in Chapter four.

Ti. Claudius Valerianus. c107-c240. The career of Claudius Valerianus is discussed in Chapter four.

Cn. Curius Lycao. c120-c240. The dedication to Apollo and Daphnae by Curius Lycao is difficult to date. The inscription was from Brigetio so can hardly be earlier

than c107 and is perhaps more likely to be after the end of the reign of Trajan. The

nature of the dedication and the name of the dedicator suggests an eastern connection.

Curius Lycao could have been recruited into I Adiutrix while the legion was in the east

6 for the Parthian War of Trajan, but he may simply have had a multiple-centurionate career. CIL III 4286 mentions the same man.

L. Titius Titianus. c120-c240. The career of Titius Titianus is discussed in Chapter four.

M. Ulpius Titus. c120-c240. The career of Ulpius Titus is discussed in Chapter four.

P. Aelius Verus. c140-c235. The dedication to I.O.M. Dolichenus at Brigetio by Aelius Verus is unlikely to be earlier than c160. The centurion has the gentilicium of

Hadrian which would suggest the inscription cannot be much earlier than the end of the reign of Hadrian with a later date probably being preferable. The earliest dedication to

I.O.M. Dolichenus anywhere in the Empire outside of the Commagene is dated c124- c126,5 while the earliest dedication by a centurion belongs to the period 139-161. 6 The latest likely date for the inscription has been suggested as c235 on the basis that a number of temples of I.O.M. Dolichenus show destruction and have coin lists which end in 235 or in the reign of Severus Alexander. Toth suggested this was linked to the assertion of Herodian that Maximinus Thrax, filled his treasury with riches taken from

(unnamed) sanctuaries. 7 The evidence is not conclusive but there is no doubt that very few inscriptions exists to Dolichenus after c235 and those are all by men of low social status.

C. Gallonius Crispinus. c140-c235. The dating evidence for Gallonius Crispinus who also dedicated an altar to I.O.M. Dolichenus at Brigetio is similar to that of P.Aelius Verus (see above).

Q. Numitorius Felix. c140-c240. Numitorius Felix died at the age of sixty after forty years of service. His wife was called Aelia Sabina which strongly suggests she or her family had been enfranchised by Hadrian.

7 Victor. c160-c240. The centurion Victor was attested on the tombstone of his wife.

There is no dating evidence on the stone apart from the absence of the praenomen of the centurion which should date the inscription to the later second or third centuries.

Apulonius Firmus. c160-c240. There is no dating evidence on the stone other than the absence of the praenomen of the centurion which should date the inscription to the later second or third centuries.

Petronius Fortunatus. c180-c200. The career of Petronius Fortunatus is discussed in

Chapter four. His post in I Adiutrix was the last of his centurionates.

M. Aelius Honoratus. 210. The dedication to I.O.M. and the spirits of the place was for the safety of triple Emperors. The dedication had the consular date of 210.

L. Septimius Marcellinus. 222-235. The career of Septimius Marcellinus is discussed in Chapter five.

Aurelius Celsinianus. c160-c240. The inscription of Aurelius Celsinianus was the tombstone of his two sons. The complete absence of praenomina on the stone should date it to the late second or third centuries, while the presence of an Aurelius as a centurion might easily suggest the third century rather than the late second.

M. Aurelius Emeritus. c160-c240. The dating evidence is simply the presence of an

Aurelius as a centurion which is unlikely to have occurred before 160 and should probably be third century.

M. Aurelius Valens. c160-c240. The same dating evidence applies for Aurelius Valens as Aurelius Emeritus (see above).

8 Possible centurions of I Adiutrix

M. Antonius Marcianus. c120-240. The dedication of Antonius Marcianus is only dateable by the likely presence of I Adiutrix at Brigetio. If he were a centurion in another legion he could be earlier.

T. Flavius Iulianus. c120-c240. The dedication of Flavius Iulianus is dateable by the

same criteria as Antonius Marcianus (see above).

C. Octavius Valens. c120-c240. The dedication of Octavius Valens is dateable by the same criteria as Antonius Marcianus (see above).

Filarius. c120-c240. The dedication to the century of Hilarius is only dateable by the likely presence of I Adiutrix at Brigetio.

Silvinus. c120-c240. The dedication to the century of Silvinus is only dateable by the

likely presence of I Adiutxix at Aquincum.

Homonius Quintianus. c160-c240. The centurion is only dateable by the absence of the praenomen which is unlikely to be omitted before c160.

Notes

1. Tac. Hist. 1,6 2. 1LS 1052 3. See Chapter three 4. Wilkes (1969) 118 5. 1LS 4311 6. RIB 1330 7. Reported in Speidel (1978) 72

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The conventional date for the raising of I Italica was assumed to be cAD68 in time for the proposed Eastern campaign of Nero.' Dobson 2 pointed out that the career of Antonius Naso showed the legion must have been in existence for some time before

AD68. Antonius Naso was a praetorian tribune in 683 and had been tribunus militum of I Italica at an earlier stage in his career. Three posts separated the legionary and praetorian tribunates of Antonius Naso. I Italica fought in the Civil War of 69 and in the aftermath was stationed at Novae in Moesia (later Moesia Inferior).

Blandius Latinus. c56-c130. The career of Blandius Latinus is discussed in Chapter two.

L. Octavius Pulcher. c70-c120. Octavius Pulcher was recorded on the tombstone of a recruit of I Italica from Forum Iulii. A recruit from Narbonensis would be almost certainly first century.

Julius Verecundus. c70-c120. Julius Vercundus was named on the tombstone of a soldier described as a Gal(licus). The deceased soldier was recorded in the nominative case and probably was an early recruit into I Italica.

Carisius Clemens. c70-c240. The inscription of Carisius Clemens is fragmentary and provides no dating evidence.

L.C.A. c70-c240. The fragmentary inscription from Yalta produces no dating evidence at all. Vasellius Marcellus. c84-c120. Vasellius Marcellus was named on the tombstone of a soldier whose name was recorded in the nominative case and whose stone lacks the ubiquitous phrase of post Trajanic tombstones, D(h) M(anibus).

Ti, Claudius Vitalis. c100-c116. The career of Claudius Vitalis is discussed in Chapter three.

C. Julius Crescens. c108-c140. Julius Crescens was the son of a veteran of V

Macedonica who died at Oescus. V Macedonica probably left Oescus soon after

Trajan's Dacian War of 105-6 and a veteran colony was set up at Oescus in the aftermath.4 The father of Julius Crescens was enrolled in the tribe Collina which may

be an indication of eastern origin perhaps recruited during V Macedonica's sojourn in

the east under Nero and Vespasian. The mother of Julius Crescens was called Julia

Tyche which again suggests eastern origin, though certainty is impossible in Moesia which had a number of communities which contained Greeks. The date of the

tombstone of the parents of Julius Crescens probably dates form the period after the

establishment of a veteran colony at Oescus but probably not much after that date.

L. Valerius Proclus. c102-c120. The career of Valerius Proclus is discussed in

Chapter three. His centurionate in I Italica must post-date the Dacian War of 101-102.

M. Tuccius?. c100-c140. The career of M. Tuccius is discussed in Chapter three.

L. Antonius Felix. c100-c140. The career of Antonius Felix is discussed in Chapter three.

C. Maenius Haniochus. c106-c127. The career of Maenius Haniochus is discussed in

Chapter three. Ignotus CIL III 6192. c120-c162. The career of the Ignotus (who may have been

called Petronius) is discussed in Chapter four.

Octavius Secundus. c130-c150. The career of Octavius Secundus is discussed in

Chapter three.

Petronius Fortunatus. c150-c160. The career of Petronius Fortunatus is disucssed in

Chapter four. His centurionate with I Italica was the earliest of his commissioned posts.

P. Aelius Romanus c150-c180. The career of Aelius Romanus is discussed in Chapter four.

L. Messius Primus. c157-165. Messius Primus dedicated an altar to Hercules for the

safety of T. Vitrasius Pollio, the governor of Moesia Inferior (cos. suff. c157), during the early years of the reign of Marcus Aurelius.

Cornelius Firmus. c 1 61-c169. Cornelius Finnus made a dedication for the safety, victory and concord of Marcus Aurelius and L. Verus in the period 161-169.

C. Valerius Firmus. 173. Valerius Firmus dedicated an inscription to Ti. Claudius

Pompeianus on the occasion of the senator's second consulate. It seems likely that some relationship based on patronage existed between the senator and the centurion.

O. Granius Romanus. c100-c240. The dedication to Latona by Granius Romanus gives scarcely any evidence other than the tria nomina of the dedicator-perhaps second to third century. T. Flavius Julius. c120-c240. The dedication to Diana by Flavius Julius gives little dating evidence other than the nomenclature of the dedicator. It would probably take at least two generations to pass before a man with the gentilicia of the Flavians would become a centurion.

Julius Candidus. c 160-c211 The dedication to I.O.M. by Julius Candidus, cohors I

Baetasionim and its prefect has been the subject of considerable discussion. The findspot of the inscription was Old Kilpatrick on the Antonine Wall. The conventional date for the abandonment of the Antonine wall has, after great controversy, settled on the early 160's. There is no evidence from the period c142-c163 which covers the -i-- conventional dates for the occupation of the Antonine Wall which provides a context or an explanation for the presence of Julius Candidus. It is difficult to imagine what a centurion of I Italica might be doing in a fort which is about as geographically distant as possible from Novae. Eric Birley suggested5 a Severan date for the inscription as

Severus almost certainly brought vexillations of Danubian legions to Britain for his campaigns of 208-210. However, the inscription looks like a formal January 3rd dedication to I.O.M. by a unit garrisoning a fort and that fort has produced no other

Severan material. Yet the two men named on the Old Kilpatrick inscription lack praenomina which is usually taken to be a second or third century feature. It is not impossible that Julius Candidus had been a prefect of cohors I Baetasionim who was given a direct commission into I Italica on the analogy of Terentius Rufus. 6 However, no other careers of that type are known after the reign of Hadrian and though that would not rule out a later transfer, it seems to be the case that when a centurion or equestrian officer is about to be transferred they seem always to record the post which the man held before his transfer as well as the post to which the man was going. Julius

Candidus records no post save his centurionate with I Italica. The inscription might have a context in relation to the war in Britain in the reign of Commodus which was fought by Ulpius Marcellus.7 The inscription is deeply problematical. P. Aelius Monimus. c160-c240. The nomenclature of Aelius Monimus suggests his centurionate was later than the reign of Hadrian and probably later than the reign of

Antoninus Pius.

C. Julius Faventianus. c160-c240. Julius Faventianus dedicated an inscription to a river deity at GUnzberg in kaetia without any further explanation. AE suggested he was part of a vexillation of I Italica coming from the Danubian area in the period 196- 197 before the battle of Lugdunum, but it is, perhaps, safer to be sceptical.

Q. Lucilius Piscinus. c160-c240. Lucilius Piscinus dedicated to the Unconquered Sun and the Domus Divinae at Adamklissi at an unknown date. Dedications to the

Domus Divinae have been found from the time of Tiberius onwards, but the earliest dated inscription to Soli Invicto was that undertaken by VI Victrix at Corbridge during the governorship of Sex. Calpurnius Agricola in the early 160s. 8 The dedication of

Lucilius Piscinus was probably later.

Valerius Clemens. c160-c240. Valerius Clemens was praepositus of a vexillation of I Italica and V Macedonica at Kadikoi. He made a dedication to Neptune which presumably means a sea journey was in prospect. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion dates the stone to the late second or third centuries.

M. Aurelius Jason. 205, 208, 213. Aurelius Jason dedicated an altar to a deity in the consulship of an Emperor Antoninus. Given the nomenclature of the dedicator, the

Antoninus was probably Caracalla, so the dates of 205, 208 or 213 could apply. The reign of Elagabalus cannot be ruled out though the stone shows no sign of damnatio.

C. Firminius Lucanus. 211-217 or 218-222. Firminius Lucanus dedicated to Diana in a period when I Italica carried the appellation Antoniniana, whici'suggests 211-217 or

218-222.

- 18 - Notes 1. Ritterling (1925) 2. Dobson (1978) 204 3. See Chapter one 4. Mann (1983) 37, 1LS 1465 5. Birley (1983) 83 6. 2 2424, see Chapter three 7. Dio 72,8 8. RIB 1137

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1 Minervia seems to have been raised in c83 by Domitian for the Chattan campaign. I The most important document relating to the date of the raising of the legion is the tombstone of L. Magius Dubius, a soldier of I Minervia who died at Bonn after thirteen years service while the legion carried the title D(omitiana) which it gained in 89 and lost in 96 after the assassination and damnatio memoriae of Dotnitian. I

Minervia could not have been raised after c83 if Magius Dubius was to serve thirteen years before 96.

Sex. Magrius Saturninus. c83-c89. Magrius Saturninus was probably the earliest attested centurion of I Minervia. The inscription was in the nominative case and used the exceptional burial formula ossa sita. Both of these are first century features. Magrius Satuminus did not share the same praenomen as his father, a feature which is usually indicative of an early date and probably an indicator of high social status. Another indicator of social status may come from the apparent absence of recruits into the legions form the area of Regio IV.2 There is a presumption that centurions from areas of Italy which do not usually produce legionary recruits were directly- commissioned. Magrius Satuminus was enrolled in the tribe Amensis, the tribe of

Histonium, which suggests he was from Histonium. His inscription probably dates to the period before c89 as the legion does not carry the titles Pao F(idelis) D(omitiana) which gained in 89 for its part in the defeat of the revolt of Antonius Saturninus.3

Aufidius Martialis. 96. Aufidius Martialis probably was centurion in 96 as he was attested on the tombstone of the soldier Magius Dubius who served for 13 years and died while I Minervia still carried the title D(omitiana) which it lost late in 96.

Sestius Phoebus. c83-c101. The fragmentary inscription of Sestius Phoebus at

Vindonissa describes I Minervia as I F(lavia) M(inervia) which seems to be an early appellation. The editors of AE suggested c101-c102 presumably on the grounds that a vexillation of I Minervia could have replaced XI Claudia at Vindonissa when XI Claudia departed for Trajan's first Dacian War. It is clear that the period c89-c96 can be ruled out and it is difficult to see why the legion should omit the titles Pao F(idelis) and include the title F(lavia) if the inscription was as late as c101-c102.

L. Paccius Nonianus. c83-c123. The career of Paccius Nonianus is discussed in

Chapter three.

L. Aemilius Paternus. c96-c120. The career of Aemilius Patemus is discussed in Chapter three.

Ti. Claudius Vitalis. c107-c116. The career of Claudius Vitalis is discussed in Chapter three.

Sex. Pilonius Modestus. c88-c118. The career of Pilonius Modestus is discussed in Chapter three. His centurionate in I Minervia was the second last of his career and was almost certainly Trajanic and probably c105-c106.

C. Sulpicius Ursulus. c96-c117. The career of Sulpicius Ursulus is discussed in

Chapter three. His centurionate with I Minervia seems to have been in the period of c105-c106.

L. Terentius Rufus. c96-c117. The career of Terentius Rufus is discussed in Chapter three. His centurionate with I Minervia seems to have been in the period c105-c106. I

Minervia was exceptionally well represented in the multiple centurionate careers of the early second century, while at other periods the legion is not often recorded in multiple- centurionate careers. The implications of this are discussed in Chapter three. Terentius

Rufus and Sulpicius Ursulus were exceptional as they were Spanish equestrian officers who were given direct commissions in or around the Second Dacian War of Trajan.

(Another Spaniard, M. Lucretius Peregrinus, was also transferred from the command of an auxiliary unit into I Minervia in the period after c96 though the exact date is unknown. The concentration of equestrians and of other men transferred from the equestrian militiae cannot be paralleled by any other legion in any other period.

L. Solicius Aurelianus. c96-c130. The career of Solicius Aurelianus is discussed in

Chapter three.

Inulanus Proculus. c112-c138. The inscription of Inulanus Proculus at Bonn must post-date the establishment of the colonia Ulpia Traiana at Xanten soon after 98 as the soldier named from the century of Inulanus Proculus was from the colonia and served

13 years. So the inscription was probably after c112 and as the stone lacks the burial formula D(i5) M(anibus) which seems ubiquitous after the reign of Hadrian, the date range c112-c138 seems likely. The inscription shows the title of the origin of the soldier was not retrospective as the tribe of the soldier was Papiria, the tribe of the colonia. Had the soldier been updating the status of his home town after being recruited before the foundation of the colonia his tribe would presumably have been Pollia.

M. Septimius Magnus. c100-c138. The career of Septimius Magnus is discussed in

Chapter three.

M. Ulpius Martialis. c117-c138. Ulpius Martialis set up a typically polyonymous dedication of the equites singulares augusti in Rome in the time of Hadrian. The appearance of Imperial gentilicia so close to the lifetime of the particular emperor was very rare in a centurion and was a sign of promotion from the ranks of the equites_ singulares. P. Aelius Longinus. c142-c161. The dedication of P. Aelius Longinus was from the camp of the equites singulares in Rome. The date was probably the reign of Antonius Pius but after c142 when Aelius Longinus was mentioned on an inscription of the equites singulares but was not yet a centurion.7

M. Aebutius Victorinus. c100-c150. The career of Aebutius Victorinus is discussed in Chapter four.

M. Lucretius Peregrinus. c96-c200. The career of Lucretius Peregrinus is discussed in Chapter four.

0. Tarquitius Restitutus. c96-c200. Tarquitius Restitutus recorded that he had captured fifty bears in six months and put up a dedication to Diana in thanks. The inscription post-dated 96 because I Minervia carried the titles P(ia) F(idelis) while the rest of the nomenclature of the centurion-tribe, filiation and origo suggests the period before the third century. Italian origin (Tarquitius Restitutus was from Pisaurum) in the second century suggests that centurion must have been a praetorian or have been directly-commissioned.

Petronius Fortunatus. c150-c180. The career of Petronius Fortunatus is discussed in

Chapter four.

T. Flavius Hospitalis. 188. Flavius Hospitalis dedicated an altar to the Capitoline triad and Diana and the Nymphs for the health of Commodus in a consular dated inscription of 188.

T. Flavius Peregrinus. 189. Flavius Peregrinus dedicated to the Capitoline Triad and the Spirits of the place in a consular dated inscription of 189. Vettius Rufinus. c190. The centurion Vettius Rufinus had charge of the stratores of the governor of Germania Inferior when he made a dedication to an unknown deity (probably I.O.M.) in c192.8

M. Aelius Gervinus. c100-c250. Aelius Gervinus could be late second or third century if it could be assumed that an ancestor gained citizenship from Hadrian and forbear subsequently changed the praenomen, but Aelii are not unknown before the reign of Hadrian and the only certain piece of dating evidence on the stone is that I Minervia was P(ja) F(idelis), so after 96.

0. Julius Flavos. c100-c250. There is no dating evidence of the inscription of Julius

Flavos. The period c100-c250 seems reasonable for a centurion with tria nomina making a dedication to Diana.

Ignotus CIL XIII 1832. c100-c250. There is no specific dating evidence for the ex cornicularius Ignotus who died at Lyons after serving seven years as a centurion. The cornicularii of the great prefects did not become centurions till the reign of Trajan while the inscription, with I Minervia written out in full, looks early.

M. Junius Montanus. c130-c250. The fragmentary tombstone of Iunius Montanus was clearly showing a man promoted from the Praetorian Guard who had a multiple centurionate career. He is discussed in Chapter four.

Ti. Claudius Andreas. c150-c250. Nesselhauf9 believed Claudius Andreas (and

Cocceius Crescentinus and Julius Bassianus) belonged to the late second or third centuries. Q. Clodius Marcellinus. c150-c250. The dedication to Hercules Magusanus by Clodius Marcellinus would seem to be late second or third century on analogy with

Claudius Andreas.

M. Cocceius Crescentinus. c150-c250. The inscription of Cocceius Crescentinus was probably late second or third century-see Claudius Andreas above.

T. Domitius Petpetus. c150-c250. On analogy with Claudius Andreas the inscription seems to be late second to third century.

C. Julius Bassianus. c150-c250. On analogy with Claudius Andreas the inscription of

Julius Bassianus seems to be late second to third century.

Julius Flavus. c160-c250. The absence of the praenomen of Julius Flavus may serve to show the inscription was late second to third century.

Aelius Paulus. c166-c250. The tombstone of the wife of the centurion Aelius Paulus may indicate Paulus was in I Minervia when the legion went east for the Parthian War of L. Verus which ended in 166. The wife of Aelius Paulus was from Sidon in Syria

Palaestina. However, Aelius Paulus may have had a multiple-centurionate career which

included service in an eastern legion. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion

would suggest the late second century at earliest.

L. Pupianus Verinus. c160-c230. Pupianus Verinus is discussed in Chapter four.

Sulpicius Calvio. c169-c230. The inscription of Sulpicius Calvio at Novae in Dalmatia

showed that the centurion was acting as temporary commander of cohors I Belgarum. No date is given but the absence of the praenomen of the centurion suggests the later

second century at earliest while J.J. Wilkes l° suggested the inscription belonged to the • period of the Marcomannic Wars when a vexillation of I Minervia fought on the

Danube, though Novae is a long way from the campaigning area.

Sextilius Marcianus. c170-c192. Sextilius Marcianus is discussed in Chapter four.

Simplicinius Victor. c197-c230. The career of Simplicinius Victor is discussed in Chapter five.

M. Septimius ...1 us. c197-c230. The career of Septimius ...Pis is discussed in Chapter five.

Petronius Aquila. 210. The dedication to I.O.M. and the Genius of the vexillation of I

Minervia by Petronius Aquila was consular dated to 210.

Cassius Avitus. 212-217. Cassius Avitus was named in a group of centurions,

possibly from a group which numbered all of the centurions in I Minervia, who put up a loyalty dedication to Caracalla alone.

Dessius Gellius. 212-217. See the dating evidence for Cassius Avitus.

Julius Placidus. 212-217. See the dating evidence for Cassius Avitus.

Lucius Octavius. 212-217. See the dating evidence for Cassius Avitus.

Ti. Claudius Felix. 211-222. The dating evidence for the inscription comes from the

appellation Antoniniana granted to I Minervia in the period 211-217 and 218-222.

L. Flavius Dubitatus. c200-c240. Flavius Dubitatus was the strator of an unknown

governor of Germania Inferior who had already governed Hispania Tarraconensis. The date is unclear but the early third century seems likely with the use of word praeses for

governor.

P. Aelius Marinus. c200-c240. Aelius Marinus was attested on the same inscription as Flavius Dubitatus and the same dating evidence applies.

M. Alpinius Firmanus. c200-c240. Alpinius Firmanus was attested on the same inscription as Flavius Dubitatus and the same dating evidence applies.

P. Julius Memorinus. c200-c240. Julius Memorinus was attested on the same inscription as Flavius Dubitanus and the same dating evidence applies.

Notes

1. Ritterling (1925) 1420 2. Forni (1953) shows no legionary recruits in the Flavian-Trajan period. Forni (1974) again shows no legionary recruits in the Flavian-Trajan period. 3. Ritterling (1925) 1421 4. AE 1946 261 5. ILS 308 SHA Hadr. 3, 5 6. Bruttius Praesens commanded it. IRT 545 calls the war a bellum Marcomannicum, but the war of 92 is meant. 7. CIL, VI 31150 8. AlfOldy (1977) 361 9. Nesselhauf (1936) — 10. Wilkes (1963j 118

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4 .3 e e 1 an a E Cd . . 4 z .. § II Adiutrix P.F.

II Adiutrix was created by Vespasian from men from the Ravenna fleet in 70.1 The legion was used by Petillius Cerealis against Civilis in 70 and went with Petillius

Cerealis to Britain in 71. Its earliest fortress in Britain was Lincoln.

Dosennius Proculus. c76-c78. Dosennius Proculus was attested on the tombstone of a soldier who died at Lincoln after six years of service. The soldier was from Savaria in Pannonia and was presumably recruited in the period after 70. So the period should be between c76-c78 since by the later date II Adiutrix had gone to Chester.

Pontius Proculus. c71-c78. Pontius Proculus was attested on the tombstone of a soldier who died at Lincoln after two years of service. The soldier was from

Lugdunum so was probably recruited after 70, which gives the period c71-c78.

Julius Clemens. c78-c86. Julius Clemens was attested on the tombstone of a soldier who died at Chester after either seven or seventeen years of service. Only the period of occupation at Chester c78-c86 could be used to date the inscription.

Metius Ferox. c78-c86. Metius Ferox was attested on the tombstone of a soldier who died at Chester after thirteen years of service.

Petronius Fidus. c78-c86. Petronius Fidus was attested on the tombstone of a soldier who died at Chester after eleven years of service.

Vibius Clemens. c78-c86. Vibius Clemens was attested on the tombstone of a soldier who died at Chester. Julius Secundus. c71-c86. Julius Secundus was attested on the tombstone of a soldier who died at Bath. The period could only be c71-c86 and the presence of II Adiutrix in

Britain.

0. Antonius Silo. c71-c96. The career of Antonius Silo is discussed in Chapter two.

T. Cominius Severus. c86-c96. Cominius Severus received dona in Domitian's

Dacian War of 86-89. The inscription was put up after the death of Domitian who is referred to as Imp(eratore) Caesare. Cominius Severus died aged 45 after 96 which makes him 38 at maximum when he received dona as a centurion. The chances are he was somewhat younger which opens the possibility of him being directly- commissioned. If he were to take 13-20 years to work through the ranks to become centurion2 then he might not even have had time to reach the centurionate before the

Dacian War of Domitian. Yet he was from Vienne which may not be been producing directly-commissioned centurions as early as the Flavian period. Maxfield suggested Cominius Severus may have been directly commissioned, but did not offer any evidence.3 Ritterling believed the inscription was put up in the reign of Trajan which would increase the likelihood of a direct-commission as the age of the centurion when he received his dona would have been even younger.4

Marcius Turbo. c86-107. II Adiutrix must have left Britain in c86 for Cominius

Severus to have taken part in the Dacian War of Domitian. For the next 30 years II

Aditurix was in the Danubian provinces but its position cannot be fixed. Moesia was divided in c86 presumably because it had more than four legions within it. Three of those legions were; I Italica, V Macedonica and VII Claudia, and the legions which moved into Moesia in c86 were two or even three of the group I Adiutrix, II Adiutrix and III Flavia. II Adiutrix may not have stayed in Moesia for long though AlfOldy5 gave the legion an extensive stay at Singidunum. II Adiutrix is not securely attested until the reign of Hadrian when the legion is clearly at Aquincum. The inscriptions of Marcius Turbo, Publilius Valens, Postumius Valens, M. Saenius Nepotianus and Cominius Paulinus suggest the legion had already been at Aquincum at an earlier period. AlfOldy6 allowed the legion a detachment at Aquincum from 89-92. Mann7 commented that for most of the period c86-c117 the legion was in Pannonia in the region of Mursa and probably at Mursa itself. In Mann's table of legionary s movements- he places the legion at Mursa? from c86-c117. Yet Mann identified a number of inscriptions of II Adiutrix at Aquincum and dated them to the period c86- c117.9 He was surely correct in doing so-there is much more evidence for II Adiutrix at Aquincum in c86-c107 than at Mursa. The period c107-c118 can probably be ruled out because of the likely presence of X Gemina at Aquincum. 1° The centurion Marcius

Turbo seems to be pre-Hadrianic. He was attested on the tombstone of an Italian soldier who died after 13 years of service. The inscription is in the nominative case; the ubiquitous post-Trajanic burial formula D(js) M(anibus) is absent and the first century form H(ic) S(itus) E(st) is present. The filiation clause of the inscription is expressed simply by the praenomen of his father (f(ilius) is omitted) which again is a feature commoner in the first century than the second and is virtually unknown after the reign of Hadrian. The centurion's name is famous, evocative and not uncommon. 11 The centurion Marcius Turbo was probably not Hadrian's praetorian prefect. The inscriptions suggest II Adiutrix occupied Aquincum at some time between c86-c107, but the precise date of the occupation is probably not recoverable on the present state of the evidence. The inscription of the centurion Marcius Turbo caused great problems of logistics and coincidence while that centurion was identified with Hadrian's praetorian prefect. The career of Hadrian also presented problems for the SHA Hadrianus12 stated that (Hadrianus) "tribunus secundae adiutricis legionis creatus. Post haec in inferiorem Moesiam translatus extremis Domitiana temporibus. Following Pfitzner13 it has been suggested that the inversion in inferiorem Moesiam translatus combined with the knowledge that Hadrian's second post as tribune was with V Macedonica at Oescus meant that II Adiutrix was in Moesia Superior at the death of Domitian. DusaniC and

VasiO4 rejected the possibility on the basis of the tombstone of Cominius Severus (see above) who was buried at Sirmium following the Dacian War of Domitian. Dusani6 and Vasiic' did not discuss the point of Syme that Sirmium, usually considered to have been within Pannonia, may have been within Moesia Superior in the late first century. 14 The earlier interpretation of the SHA may still be correct and the tombstone of Cominius Severus may be part of it. Yet why should the author of the SHA know the whereabouts of II Adiunix in a complex period over one hundred years later? There are few indications that the author's military sources were first-rate.

So the earliest occupation of II Adiutrix at Aquincum probably belonged to the period c86-c107 but certainly not to the whole of that period. Ritterling suggested the legion arrived at Aquincum in 104-105, 16 presumably in preparation for Trajan's second Dacian War, but he was influenced by the need to make a connection between

Marcius Turbo, the centurion of CEL 111 14349/2 and Hadrian who was probably the first governor of Pannonia Inferior. But Hadrian seems to have governed Pannonia Inferior after c106 and by that point X Gemina appears to have been the legion at Aquincum. A connection between Marcius Turbo and Hadrian is perhaps more likely at one of the unknown stages of Turbo's career.

Publilius Valens. c86-c107. The same general dating evidence applies for Publilius

Valens as applied for Marcius Turbo. The soldier whose tombstone attested the centurion omitted the filiation clause entirely but the inscription still appears to be first century rather than second.

Postumius Valens. c86-c107. The inscription which attested Postumius Valens follows the same epigraphic formula as that which attested Marcius Turbo and the same dating evidence applies.

M. Saenius Nepotianus. c86-c107. Nepotianus was hastatus of II Adiutrix and was married to a Fl(avia) Festa. The nomenclature of the wife of the centurion might suggest a post-Flavian date for the inscription, though it otherwise carries the features of late first century tombstones.

Cominius Paulinus. c86-c107. The centurion Cominius Paulinus was attested on the tombstone of a soldier who died at Aquincum in the period c86-c107. It may be worth pointing out that a considerable percentage of the recruits for II Adiutrix in the late first century were Italians which may be explainable by the sojourn of the legion in Britain from c71-c86. Britain will have had few citizens in that period and that could have led to a higher level of recruitment from Italy than was normal in Flavian times.

M. Herennius Valens. c70-c113. The career of Herennius Valens is discussed in

Chapter three. It may be significant that Herennius Valens is the only recorded centurion of II Adiutrix who was transferred into and out of the legion during the disturbed period in the Danubian provinces in the reigns of Domitian and Trajan. If it is possible that transfers of centurions show legions in action and the evidence of Chapter three suggests this is so, then an absence of transfers may show a legion in reserve or not active for reasons unknown. It may be unwise to argue a case from negative evidence but for what it is worth there are no records of dona won by any member of II Adiutrix in the various wars of 92-107. The other legions in the Danubian provinces produce five or six (or more) transfers in the same period.

M. Titius Barbius Titianus. c100-c200. The career of Titius Barbius Titianus is discussed in Chapter four. His first post was in II Adiutrix so perhaps an earlier date in the range might be preferred.

Ti. Claudius Ulpianus. c130-c169. The career of Claudius Ulpianus is discussed in

Chapter four. His centurionate in II Adiutrix could have been as late as the Parthian

War of L. Verus. Nimpidianus. c117-c130. The centurion Nimpidianus was attested on the tombstone of a soldier in his century, who served thirteen years before death at Aquincum. That gives the date range c117-c130.

Atteius Dexter. c136-c160. The centurion Atteius Dexter was attested on the tombstone of a soldier in his century. The soldier had the gentilicium of Hadrian and had served 19 years before death. He was from Pelagonia in Macedonia which may be far enough east to have gained citizenship and Imperial nomenclature on enlistment.

The soldier used the burial formula H(k) a(itus) E(g) which is rare after the end of the reign of Hadrian. A date range of c136-c160 seems likely.

C. Cestius Sabinus. c138-c161. The career of Cestius Sabinus is discussed in Chapter four.

Julius Ouirinalis. c145-c150. The centurion Julius Quirinalis was attested on the tombstone of a soldier who died at Cartena in Mauretania Caesariensis. The period was almost certainly the Moorish campaigns of Antoniunus Pius.

L. Artorius Castus. c161-c190. The career of Artorius Castus is discussed in Chapter four.

Martinus. c166-c190. The centurion Martinus was named on the tombstone of a soldier in his century who was from Ancyra in Cappadocia-Galatia. The soldier was probably recruited in the east while II Adiutrix was involved in the Parthian War of L.

Verus. The date range was presumably c166-c190.

Ulpius Etr... c140 -c200. The centurion Ulpius Etr. was attested on the tombstone of a soldier in his century. The only dating evidence on the stone is the nomenclature of the soldier. It is unlikely that a centurion would have carried the nomen Ulpius much before 140, while the format of the inscription is rare by the third century.

T. Vitellius Atillianus. c117-c194. The career of Vitellius Atillianus is discussed in

Chapter four. His centurion ate in II Adiutrix came towards the end of his career.

Ignotus CIL VIII 16553. c140-c200. The career of the Ignotus is discussed in Chapter four.

Aurelius Philip_pus. c180-c250. Aurelius Philippus put up a tombstone to his wife at a date which was presumably after c180. It would be a surprise to find an Aurelius as a centurion much before the reign of Commodus.

Valerius Valerianus. c160-c250. The absence of the praenomen of Valerius Valerianus suggests a late second or third century date. The fabricated cognomen of the centurion suggests an origin from the North Western provinces of the Empire.

Q. Vatinius Adiutor. c160-c250. The heir of Vatinius Adiutor was called Aelius

Diodotus who was described as a clarissimus vir and the nomen Aelius combined with equestrian rank suggests a late second or third century date.

Aemilius Secundus. c71-c250. The centurion Aemilius Secundus was attested on the tombstone of a soldier in his century who died at Duraton in Hispania Tarraconensis.

The historical context of the inscription is unclear.

C. Cuspius Secundus. c117-c250. There is no dating evidence other than the presence of II Adiutrix at Aquincum for the dedication to Mars by Cuspius Secundus. The dedication was made when Cuspius Secundus became a centurion. Julius Alexander. c117-c250. The centurion was mentioned on a dedication to

Silvanus made by a soldier in his century. There is no dating evidence apart from the presence of IT Adiutrix at Aquincum.

T. Julius Fortunatus. c117-c250. There is no dating evidence apart from the presence of 11 Adiutrix at Aquincum for the inscription of Julius Fortunatus.

Ti. Julius Masculus. c117-c250. There is no dating evidence apart from the presence at Aquincum of 11 Adiutrix for the dedication to Silvanus by Julius Masculus.

Sex. Julius Vitalis. c117-c250. There is no dating evidence for the inscription other than the presence of H Adiutrix at Aquincum.

L. Serennius Bassus. c117-c250. There is no dating evidence for the inscription other

than the presence of II Adiutrix at Aquincum. The inscription was made on the centurion's recovery from illness.

Pompulenius Junius. c117-c250. There is no dating evidence for the inscription other

than the presence of II Adiutrix at Aquincum.

Aurelius Victorinus. 198-209. Aurelius Victorinus commanded the sin gulares of the

governor of Pannonia Inferior, C. Julius Castinus. He made a dedication for the safety of dual emperors who must have been Severus and Antoninus as they appointed

Castinus.

Claudius Claudianus. 230. Claudius Claudianus produced a consular dated Imperial

dedication in 230. His fabricated cognomen suggests an origin from the North Western provinces of the Empire. C. Cesonius Kalandinus. c240-c270. The centurio protector Cesonius Kalandinus belonged to the middle years of the third century.

Aurelius Maximus. 284-305. The dedication to I.O.M. and the spiritual powers of

Diocletian must date from the period 284-305.

Possible centurions of II Adiutrix.

T. Flavius Magnus. c117-c138. The career of Flavius Magnus is discussed in Chapter three. The inscription is fragmentary and there is no indication of a centurionate in II

Adiutrix except the findspot of the inscription at Contr, riuincum. If the man was a 1-, centurion in II Adiutrix then he probably belonged to T1.-he reign of Hadrian, that is after El Adiutrix came to Aquincum, but before the practice of expressing the filiation clause by the father's praenomen alone died out.

M. Aurelius Clemens. 180-192. Aurelius Clemens is attested on a family tombstone at

Aquincum in the reign of Commodus. He had previously been a centurion in VI

Ferrata.

M. Ulpius Iulianus. c140-c250. Ulpius Iulianus was described as veteranus ex centurio on an inscription from Intercisi in Pannonia Inferior. For most of the period of the date range of the inscription the only legion in Pannonia Inferior was II Adiutrix.

Notes 1. Ritterling (1925) 1438-40 2. Breeze (1974) 289 3. Maxfield (1981) 190 4. Ritterling (1924) 1445 5. AlfOldy (1959) 141 6. 22. cit. 7. Mann (1983) 14- ,...-44 i Ite 8. 0. cit. Table 33 9. _QR. cit. 119 10. Syme (1971) 91f

-46 - 11. Syme (1971) 54 12. S.H.A. Hadrianus 2, 2 13. Pfitzner (1881) 77.125 quoted in Dusanic and Vasic (1977) 297 14. Dusani6 and Vasic (1977) 297, 302 15. Syme (1971) 206 16. Ritterling (1925) 1445

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The legion may have been formed about 43BC 1 and was in Spain from 30BC to

AD9 when it went to the Rhine. The earliest attested record of the title Augusta is ELS

6948 (before AD9). After AD9 the legion was at Strasbourg until 43 when it took part in the invasion of Britain.

C. Andennius. c27BC-cAD14. The centurion C. Andennius was clearly very early.

Both the centurion and the legion lack a cognomen on the inscription.

L. Cornelius Aquilinus. c27BC-cAD14. The centurion was attested on a family tombstone from Concordia in Reg. 10. The legion lacks a cognomen which suggests the Augustan period. The family use a number of praenomina which may be an indication of high social status. The centurion could be a very early direct commission.

Biennius. c9-c43. The dating for Biennius comes from the findspot of the inscription at Strasbourg. The centurion was attested on the tombstone of a soldier in his century, an Italian without a cognomen, which would also serve to confirm the early date.

Petrroniusl Scaeva. c9-c43. The centurion Scaeva is attested on two inscriptions from

Strasbourg. One inscription calls him Scaeva Pedionius] the other Scaeva. Scaeva is much more likely as a cognomen than a nomen so it may be correct to assume that inversion has taken place. The date range comes from the presence of II Augusta at

Strasbourg.

T. Julius Cieller. c9-c100. The findspot of the inscription, Asseria in Dalmatia, is difficult to explain unless the centurion went there to retire. The centurion was enrolled in the tribe Claudia which combined with the names T. Julius might bring a strong

- 52 -

a.1 _ supposition of some sort of provincial origins (Claudian municipia ', : that combination of names are very common in Noricum.) but an Italian with such nomenclature cannot be ruled out. The date might be anywhere in the first century.

Laena. c9-c43. The centurion Laena was attested on the fragmentary tombstone of a

man in his century who died at Ager Santottum in Aquitania. The date was probably

early as the legion lacks a cognomen.

Marius. c9-c43. The centurion Marius was attested on the tombstone of a soldier in

his century who was commemorated between Vienne and Augst. The period was

probably when the legion was stationed at Strasbourg.

L. Arnius Bassus. c69-c96. The career of Arnius Bassus is discussed in Chapter two.

Ignotus RIB 509. c61-c100. The Ignotus is discussed in Chapter two.

Blandius Latinus. c70-c117. The career of Blandius Latinus is discussed in Chapter

two.

Claudius Cupitus. c80-c100. The inscription was found in the wall of the

Amphitheatre of the fortress at Caerleon. The dating probably belongs at the beginning

of the date range given as the amphitheatre seems to pre-date the rebuilding of the

fortress defences in stone.

Flavius Iulinus. c80-c100. The inscription was found in the wall of the amphitheatre

at Caerleon. The same dating evidence applies as for Claudius Cupitus (see above).

The appearance of a centurion called Flavius within the period of the Flavian Emperors is surprising. Fulvius Macer. c80-c100. The inscription was found in the wall of the amphitheatre at

Caerleon. The same dating evidence applies as for Claudius Cupitus (see above).

Licinius Nerva. c80-c100. The inscription probably came from the amphitheatre at

Caerleon. the same dating evidence applies as for Claudius Cupitus (see above).

Rufinius Primus. c80-c100. The inscription was found in the wall of the amphitheatre at Caerleon. The same dating evidence applies as for Claudius Cupitus (see above).

Sadius Tiro. c80-c100. The inscription came from the wall of the amphitheatre of the fortress at Caerleon. The same dating evidence applies as for Claudius Cupitus (see above). The Rufinus of JRS (1957) p226 is probably the same man.

Livius. c86-c100. The inscription of Livius seems to have come from the fortress stone wall at Caerleon which was dated on Numismatic grounds to the years following c86.2

Paetinus. c86-c100. The inscription of Paetinus was found in the fortress wall at

Caerleon. The same dating applies as for Livius (see above).

Valerius Maximus. c86-c100. One of the two inscriptions of Valerius Maximus was found in the fortress wall at Caerleon. The same dating applies as for Livius (see above).

C, Iulius Caecinianus. c86-c160. The inscription of Julius Caecinianus does not permit any closer dating than the period in which H Augusta were building in stone at

Caerleon. It is probably likely that the inscription of Julius Caecinianus (and the following seven centurions) were early in the dating range as the practite of putting up tabella ansata inscriptions seems uncommon after the mid-second century, and one might expect at least one of the centurions to carry the nomenclature of second to third century emperors if the inscriptions were later than the mid-second century. There is nothing to suggest that these eight inscriptions form a distinct group but the arguement seems valid despite their separateness.

Marcellinus. c86-c160. The dating evidence for the inscription of Marcellinus is the same as that for Julius Caecinianus (see above). pianf-1. c86-c160. The dating evidence for Pian[--] is the same as that for Julius

Caecinianus (see above).

Quintianus. c86-c160. The dating evidence for the inscription of Quintianus is the same as that for Iulius Caecinianus (see above).

Roesius Moderatus. c86-c160. The dating evidence for Roesius Moderatus is the same as that for Julius Caecinianus (see above).

Statorius Maximus. c86-c160. The dating evidence for Statorius Maximus is the same as that for Julius Caecinianus (see above).

Valerius Flavus. c86-c160. The dating evidence for Valerius Flavus is the same as that for Julius Caecinianus (see above).

Vecilius. c86-c160. The dating evidence for Vecilius is the same as that for Julius

Caecinianus (see above).

Vibius Proculus. c86-c160. The dating evidence for Vibius Proculus is the same as that for Iulius Caecinianus. L. Decrius Longinus. c100-c117. The career of Decrius Longinus is discussed in Chapter three. His post in IT Augusta was the first of his posts as centurion following a direct-commission. The career must be over by the late 130's.

C. Caesius Silvester. c107-c120. The career of Caesius Silvester is discussed in Chapter three. His post in II Augusta was the first of his posts as centurion and followed his military decorations as a praetorian in the Dacian Wars of Trajan.

L. Aemilius Paternus. c117-c125. The career of Aemilius Paternus is discussed in

Chapter three. He held his last post before gaining the primipilate in II Augusta.

T. Flavius Rufus. c117-c138. The career of Flavius Rufus is discussed in Chapter three.

Ignotus RIB 991. c120-c140. The Ignotus was probably praepositus of cohors I

Daconim at Bewcastle. That may be the same unit which was attested as cohors I Aelia Dacorum on a diploma of 146,3 in which case the inscription must be Hadrianic as the fort at Bewcastle seems to have been built as one of the outpost series for Hadrian's

Wall. There may be a shred of evidence to suggest the fort was a little earlier than

Hadrian's Wall. Bewcastle is connected by sight to the tower at Gillalees Beacon which is connected by sight to the tower at Pike Hill which pre-dates Hadrian's Wall.

The tower at Gillalees Beacon has an almost identical plan to the tower at Mains Rigg which seems to have connections with the imperfectly understood 'Stanegate' system which pre-dated Hadrian's Wall. This may mean the fort at Bewcastle and the other outpost forts of Hadrian's Wall may pre-date the wall and belong to the 'Stanegate' system. That would push the possible dates of the Ignotus a little earlier than the c122 which has become the conventional starting date for the building of Hadrian's Wall. M. Julius Quadratus. c120-c160. The career of Iulius Quadratus is discussed in

Chapter three.

C. Julius Maritimus. c120-c150. The career of Julius Maritimus is discussed in

Chapter four.

Ti. Claudius Fatalis. c120-c150. The career of Claudius Fatalis is discussed in

Chapter three. He was centurion in II Augusta twice, on the first occasion he was directly-commissioned at nineteen.

M. Liburnius Fronto. c139-c161. The inscription of Liburnius Fronto is dated by the dedication to Antoninus Pius as P(ater) P(atriae). The inscription is the earliest dedication to I.O.M. Dolichenus in Britain. The dating may be rather tighter than the reign of Pius. It would be a surprise if the fort at Benwell on Hadrian's Wall were occupied while the first occupation of the Antonine Wall was going on. The first occup.ation of the Antonine Wall might be assumed between c142 and c157 when

Hadrian's Wall seems to have been abandoned.4

Octavius Honoratus. c138-c161. The career of Octavius Honoratus is discussed in

Chapter four. His post with II Augusta was his earliest post as a centurion following a direct-commission.

M. Cocceius Firmus. c142-c157? The collection of inscriptions of Cocceius Firmus from Auchendavy on the Antonine Wall were discussed by Eric Birley in an important article.5 On the date of the inscriptions, the period of the first occupation of the

Antonine Wall seems to be settling at c142-c157.6 The period of the second occupation of the Antonine Wall is by no means so certain. 7 It could yet be as late as the early

180's. Aelianus. c157-c180. The inscription which attested the centurions Aelianus, Secundinus and Sanctus? was a dedication to Mars Cocidius from milecastle 65 in the

Turf Wall sector of Hadrian's Wall. The Turf Wall sector from milecastle 54 westwards was probably rebuilt in stone after the return of the Romans from Scotland in c157. That may date the inscription of the three centurions of H Augusta.

Sanctus?. c157-c180. The same dating evidence applies for Sanctus? as for Aelianus

(see above).

Secundinus. c157-c180. The same dating evidence applies for Secundinus as for

Aelianus (see above).

Julius Tertullianus. c157-c180. The inscription of Julius Tertullianus was found on a section of Hadrian's Wall which was rebuilt from Turf to Stone in the period after the Romans returned from Scotland following the first period of occupation on the

Antonine Wall.

M. Cornelius Saturninus. c100-c200. The inscription of Cornelius Saturninus from

Rome does not permit any close dating range. The inscription carries the funerary dedication D(j ) M(anibus) which tends to be second century or later in the provinces but can be late first century in Rome. Cornelius Saturninus has a different praenomen from his father which is often an indication of high social status. Indeed, the centurion could have been directly commissioned. The father of the centurion was called Hieronymianus which might suggest eastern origin and further support the notion of a direct-commission or a multiple-centurionate career for the centurion as it would be unlikely for an easterner to be recruited into H Augusta. 0. Aquilius Lucius. c100-c250. The inscription of Aquilius Lucius offers no explanation as to the date or the context of the inscription. The findspot of the inscription was Ancyra in Galatia which is also difficult to explain.

Petronius Fortunatus. c160-c180. The career of Petronius Fortunatus is discussed in

Chapter four. His post with II Augusta was his fifth post as a centurion.

M. Petronius Fortunatus. c170-c190. The career of M. Petronius Fortunatus is discussed in Chap four.

C. Curiatius Saturninus. c161-c212. The dating range of the inscription of Curiatius

Saturninus is the period of plural emperors so 161-169, 177-180, 198-209, 211-212. The dedication to Sulis Minerva and the numen of plural emperors.

Tertinius Severianus. c160-c250. The inscription of Tertinius Severianus carries no dating evidence apart from the absence of the praenomen of the centurion, which suggests a late second century or third century date. The stone was the tombstone of the centunons mother.

Vivius Marcianus. c160-c250. The only dating evidence on the stone is the absence of the praenomen of the centurion which suggests a late second or third century date for the inscription.

S. A.. c158-c215. The dating range for the fragmentary inscription of S. A. from Cramond in Scotland is unlikely to be outside c160-c163 which is the conventional date range for the second Antonine period of occupation in Scotland, or c179-c184 which is the unconventional date range for the second Antonine period of occupation in

Scotland, or c209-c215 which would cover the Severan occuption in Scotland. M. Lollius Venatore. c217. The dedication to I.O.M. Dolichenus by Lollius Venatore at Ple:rcebridge probably dates from the period when vexillations are attested at

P iercebridge.8

Audacilius Romanus. c205-c250. The career of Audacilius Romanus is discussed in

Chapter five.

Julius Honoratus. c205-c250. Julius Honoratus was praepositus of cohors

Lingonum at Wallsend. The arrival of cohors 1111Lingonum at Wallsend is not attested by an inscription but it probably took place at the beginning of the Severan organisation of the frontier which seems to occurf c205-c208. However, it could have been as early as the governorship of Ulpius Marcellus in the early 180's.

Julius Marcellinus. c205-270. Iulius Marcellinus was praepositus of cohors I Aelia

Dacorum which is attested at Birdoswald from c205-c208.

Carinius Aurelianus. c255-c259. Carinius Aurelianus made a dedication to I.O.M. and Valerian and Gallienus at Cardewlees.

Possible centurions of II Augusta.

Justus. c100-c250. A dedication to Mithras at Caerleon by a man called Iustus who was probably a centurion.

C. Severius Emeritus. c100-c250. A dedication restoring a religious place by a centurio regionarius who may have been a centurion of II Augusta on the basis that II Augusta was the nearest legion to Bath. Notes 1. Keppie (1984) 205 2. Boon (1987) 29 3. CIL XVI 93 4. Sa1way (1984) 194 5. Birley (1953) 87-104 6. Breeze and Dobson (1976) 117-119 7. Mann (1988) 135 8. RIB 1022 • ▪ •

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e e°' a, E .-:. ?: A . i : la 1 1 N 3 . e 1 t5 t .49 o V i .i 1 .5 cg g. F. 11 s o U 1 is 4 i: & A ..t.- .." & til ,...0 a •S a ..., o . e 1 a a 0- 1 I €.+5 .>9 I V i Z 2 cX .e a. 1 7c 4 Ow Li II Italica

II Italica was originally raised as II Pia in 165. 1 Like all new legions under the principate it was formed from Italian recruits. 2 II Pia and In Concors rapidly became known as the 'Italian' legions. By the early 170's II Pia had become established as II Italica Pia. It reached Noricum in the mid 170's.

C. Cornelius Florentinus. c165-c175. The career of Cornelius Florentinus is discussed in Chapter four. Cornelius Florentinus is the only centurion attested as being in II Na.

L. Pupianus Verinus. c170-c200. The career of Pupianus Verinus is discussed in

Chapter four.

C. Masculinius Masculus. c175-c200. The career of Masculinius Masculus is discussed in Chapter four.

O. Carinius Amabilis. c175-c235. The career of Carinius Amabilis is discussed in

Chapter five.

G. Pontius Pompeianus. c175-c235. The tombstone of the daughter of Pontius

Pompeianus cannot be dated beyond the period of the occupation of II Italica at

Lauriacum.

Flavius Marcianus. 200. The dedication of Flavius Marcianus to I.O.M. for the safety of Severus and Caracalla was put up on the birthday of Septimius Severus, III Idus

Aprilis 200.

Tlertinus. c193-c211. The dedication of [T]ertinus for the Victory of the Emperor dates from the period of the reign of Septimius Severus. It may be within the period c208-211 as it mentions Britain.

- 68 - Saturninus. c253-c257. The dedication to I.O.M. Mars and Victory, by Saturninus

was suggested by Birley to date from the period of the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus. Saturninus was beneficiarius legati of the governor of Numidia and then

was to become centurion of II Italica. Birley suggested the promotion could have

occurred when the senator C Macrinus Decianus was transferred from the

governorship of Numidia to Noricum.3

Florius Baudio. c250-c300. Ritterling believed the centurion Florius Baudio died at

Spoletium in the later third century.4

Notes

1. AE 1956 123, 1LS 1098 2. Mann (1963) 483-489

3. Birley (1988) 214 7 4. Ritterling (1925) . • • -

.—•

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4 (..s (.3 d III Italica

III Italica was originally raised as HI Concors 1 in 165.2 Like all new legions under the principate it was formed from Italian recruits3 and with H Pia rapidly became known as the 'Italian legions'. 4 The legion was not established at Regensburg in

Raetia until c175 at least.5

0. Eniboudius Montanus. c170-c180. Eniboudius Montanus was probably from

Cemenelum in the Alpes Maritimae and was directly comrnisioned by Marcus Aurelius.

He may have been one of the earliest centurions of Ill Italica. Ritterling believed the

Marcus Auelius Antoninus of the inscription to be Marcus Aurelius 161-180, 6 more recently Gilliam7 preferred the Caracallan date suggested by Von Domaszewski and

Mommsen. 8 Gilliam pointed out the exceptional nature of the phrase (centurio) kg(ionis) HI Italica ordinatus §2i g_q(uito) Romano. Only one other example occurs of ordinatus with centurio.9

Flavius Vetulanus. c177-c180. The dedication to I.O.M. Statore by Flavius Vetulanus was to fulfill a vow made on a campaign in Burica. The most likely date was the closing stages of the German War of Marcus Aurelius.10

Aelius Fortis. 181. The inscription names two centurions as praepositi of an auxiliary cohort and a legionary vexillation respectively. It records the building of frontier installations on the Rhaetian limes in 181. The inscription is consular dated.

Iulius Iullinus. 181. The centurion is recorded on the same inscription as Aelius Forte.

See above.

L. Numerius Felix. c170-c197. is discussed in Chapter four. Ulpius Vitalis. c170-c250. There is no clear dating evidence on the fragmentary inscription of Ulpius Vitalis from Apulum. Another inscription of a centurion of III

Italica is known from Apulum (Ulpius Caius, see below) dating from c214 but that seems to be a private dedication to a patron and may not be reliable evidence for supposing part or all of III Italica was in Dacia at that time.

C. Nonius Manlianus. c170-c250. There is no clear dating evidence on the inscription of Nonius Manlianus at Lambaesis. The inscription looks late second century rather than third century in that the deceased daughter's age was given in years, months and days but it is difficult to make a firm decision on this. There is a connection between

III Italica and III Augusta on the third century inscription CIL III 4855 but the inscription of Nonius Manlianus need not have any connection with Managnius Justus.

C. Managnius Iustus. c170-c250. There is no dating evidence for tombstone of

Managnius Iustus other than the existence of III Italica.

C. Servandius Serotinus. c175-c250. The dedication in Hon. D.D. and to Mercury and the Maiaematrici is not closely dateable, other than by the presence of III Italica in

Rhaetia.

M. Ulpius Secundus. c175-c250. The dedication to Apollo Grannus by Ulpius

Secundus is not closely dateable.

Taurinius Montanus. c190-c250. Taurinius Montanus was described as an Ex

(centurio) vet(eranus) which presumably implies a date later than c190.

Ingenuus. c190-cc250. The Ingenuus of III 5818 may be the same centurion as the centurio regionarius of AE1953 129, but that later than dates from the reign of Aurelian and the centurion of HI 5818 could date from any time in the previous 80 or so years. The inscription of the Ingenuus of III 5818 must be later than c190 as it names a veter(anus) signifer of III Italica who must post date c190.

M. Ulpius Caius. c214. The inscription of Ulpius Caius from Apulum in Dacia is the cursus of Marius Perpetuus cos c.202 who was governor of Dacia in 214. The senator is called Praes(es) Iustiss(imus) which may suggest the relationship of patron to client.

Marius Perpetuus seems to have no obvious connection with III Italica (for what its worth his elder brother, L. Marius Maximus cm II 223 was tribunus Laticlavius of III

Italica in the 170's - CIL VI 1450). But the letters of the younger Pliny show a patron - client relationship could occur without patron and client having any obvious

geographical connection.

L. Aurelius Valerianus. c220-c250. The name of the centurion suggests a third

century date for the inscription.

Ingenuus. 270-275. Ingenuus was described as a centurio regionarius, a post with

unspecific duties but which has many parallels eg. 1213 583, 587.

Notes 1. CM III 1980 = ns 2287. 2. Ritterling (192$) 1300-1361, AE 1956 123, ILS 1098. 3. Mann (1963) 483-489. 4. AE 1907 248 shows an optio of In Italica from Comum, clearly an original recruit. 5. Ritterling (1925) 1533-1534. 6. Ritterling (1925) 1538. 7. Gilliam (1986) 9.n.31. 8. Von Domaszewsld (1908) 97.n.5 Mommsen (CIL V p1158). 9. Gilliam (1986) p 8-9. 10. Ritterling (1925) 1536-36.

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-I 6 -I LS U IIII Flavia

IIII Flavia seems to have been reorganized in AD70 from the former IV

Macedonica which had surrendered to Civilis and was subsequently disbanded by Vespasian. 1 The earliest station of IIII Flavia was Burnum in Dalmatia in the period c70-c86. The centurion Antonius Silo may have served in IIII Flavia while the legion was at Burnum, but no centurions of the legion are attested at that fortress.

0. Antonius Silo. c70-c96. The career of Antonius Silo is discussed in Chapter two.

L. Caesius Flaccus. c86-c107. The tombstone of Caesius Flaccus was found at

Viminacium. The most likely date for the inscription should be in the period c86-c107 when it seemed the legion spent some time at Viminacium. 2 The formula MEI F(lavia) a F(elix) was used on the inscription which Ritterling suggested was Trajanic feature.3

After c107 IIII Flavia was probably part of the garrison of Dacia4 which provides a closing date for the inscription. The tombstone of Caesius Flaccus is in the nominative case and lacks the burial formula D(j) M(anibus) which was the usual post-Trajanic practiee, both of those features suggest a first rather than a second century date.

Caesius Flaccus was from Caesarea Augusta in Judaea which would suggest he either had a multiple centurionate career or he was directly-commissioned, as IIII Flavia would not have recruited men from Judaea in normal circumstances. A direct- commission would be the more likely as the inscription seems to be complete and mentions only one centurionate.

L. Valerius Seranus. c86-c107. The tombstone of Valerius Seranus was found at

Viminacium which suggests the period c86-c107 (see above, under Caesius Flaccus).

Valerius Seranus was an Italian with a large number of freedmen and slaves, a suggestion of wealth which might raise the possibility of a direct-commission. The centurion had a different praenomen to his father which may also be an indication of high social status.

M. Herennius Valens. c96-c113. The career of Herennius Valens is discussed in

Chapter three. The centurionate in IIII Flavia was his last.

L. Aconius Statura. c70-c117. The career of Aconius Statura is discussed in Chapter three.

0. Licinius Macrinus. c107-c118. The career of Licinius Macrinus is discussed in Chapter three.

Sex. Pilonius Modestus. c107-c118. The career of Pilonius Modestus is discussed in Chapter three.

M. Calventius Viator. c113-c117. The career of Calventius Viator is discussed in Chapter three.

T. Flavius Pomponianus. c90-c118. The career of Flavius Pomponianus is discussed in Chapter three.

C. Caesius Silvester. c107-c141. The career of Caesius Silvester is discussed in

Chapter three.

C. Oppius Bassus. C120-c137. The career of Oppius Bassus is discussed in Chapter three.

Ti. Claudius Ulpianus. c132-c169. The career of Claudius Ulpianus is discussed in

Chapter three. T. Vitellius Atillianus. c117-c138. The career of Vitellius Atillianus is discussed in Chapter three. His centurionate with IIII Flavia was his earliest.

P. Turranius Severus. c113-c200. The career of Turranius Severus is discussed in Chapter four.

C. Domitius Ianuarius. c130-c180. Dornitius Ianuarius, from a col(onia) Vict(ricensis)

(Camulodunum?), was a 7 frumentarius who died at Drobeta in Dacia. Frumentariii are not known before the reign of Hadrian and need not be in the province of their legion, so a Trajanic date to fit the Trajanic presence of IIII Flavia in Dacia is unlikely. The tombstone of Domitius Ianuarius used the burial formula H(ic) S(itus) E() which lingered longer in the Danubian provinces than anywhere else in the empire, but is unlikely to be any later than the reign of Marcus Aurelius.

, M. Coelius Clemens. c118-c220. Coelius Clemens was an ex evocatus which should If . date his career to the period the reign of Trajan or later as evocati are not known to have been promoted directly to legionary centurionates before that time. The inscription mentions that IIII Flavia was in Moesia Superior, which suggests the second sojourn of the legion in Moesia, so after c118.

Ignotus AE 1976 545. c162-c167. IIII Flavia seems to have spent a few years in

Aquincum in Pannonia Inferior in the early 160's when II Adiutrix went East for the

Parthian War of L. Verus. The Ignotus AE 1976 545 must date from the early 160's as he was created a centurion by the legate Caecilius Rufinus whose governorship dates from the reign of Marcus and Verus. AlfOldy5 believed the period of the war of L.

Verus to have been covered by Ti. Hatorius Saturninus and Ti. Claudius Pompeianus.

Caecilius Rufinus will have to be fitted in. He was procos. Crete and Cyrenaica at some stage of the reign of Marcus Aurelius.6 S. Deli... c162-c167. The centurion S. Deli.., is mentioned on the tombstone of a soldier in his century. The inscription probably dates from the sojourn of III Flavia at

Aquincum in the 160's but could be earlier, perhaps the late first century when the

occupation pattern of the Danubian area was so complex. The date of the inscription

might be indicated from the nomenclature and origin of the deceased soldier. The

inscription is fragmentary, if the AVR of the first line is part of the nomen Aurelius then

the inscription is likely to be later than the reign of Marcus Aurelius. However, if the

CLV in the second line is the abbreviation of the tribe Clu(stumina) then the soldier was

an Italian and the inscription should be no later than the reign of Trajan. The soldier

seems to have been from Agri(ppinensis), presumably Cologne, which fits neither the

recruiting patterf 1111 Flavia nor the tribe Clustumina. But it is much more of an

oddity to find a man from Cologne enrolled in the tribe Clustumina than it is to find a

man from Cologne recruited into IIII Flavia, so the mid-second century date should be

preferred. Indeed, the CLV of line two might be a bungled ligature for CLAV(dia), the tribe of Cologne.

Julius Victorinus. c162-c167. The tombstone of Julius Victorinus presumably

belonged to the period of nil Flavia's occupation of Aquincum in the 160's.

M. Pacilius Rufus. c162-c167. The centurion Pacilius Rufus was named on the

tombstone of a soldier in his century. The date was probably the early 160's with the presence of IIII Flavia at Aquincum.

L. Petronius Sabinus. c170 - c190. The career of Petronius Sabinus is discussed in

Chapter four.

M. Valerius Valerianus. c120-c240. Valerius Valerianus had a fabricated cognomen which suggests an origin from the North-Western provinces of the Empire. The reason and the date of his presence in Brigetio in Pannonia Superior are difficult to assess. His son was an equestrian which might be an indication of a direct commission on the part of the father.

Valerius Maximus. 185-192. The dedication to I.O.M. Dolichenus by Valerius

Maximus at Concordia is dated by the titles of the Emperor Commodus who took the title Felix in 185.

P. Allienus Victor. c90-c240. The centurion Allienus Victor who put up the tombstone of his mother at Rome is not capable of close dating. The inscription has the burial formula D(Ii) M(anibus) S(acrum) which elsewhere might be taken to be a second century feature but in Rome such formulae come in very early. The findspot of the inscription might be taken to indicate the origin of the centurion, but certainty is impossible and Rome produces few recruits for the legions at any period.

L.P. Gaianus. c120-c240. The centurion Gaianus was named on the tombstone of his wife who died at Virninacium. There is no dating evidence on the stone save the burial formula D(j) M(anibus) which should make the inscription later than c120.

M. Ulpius Avitus. c138-c194. The career of Ulpius Avitus is discussed in Chapter four.

Julius Florianus. c160-c240. The centurion Julius Florianus lacks a praenomen which is usually a late second to third century feature. The son of the centurion was described as an equestrian which may suggest the father was directly-commissioned.

C. Julius Florianus. c160-c240. The centurion's inscription carries no dating evidence save the nomen of his wife, who was an Aurelia. So the inscription is unlikely to have been earlier than c160. Iulius Strato. c160-c240. The centurion Julius Strato lacks a praenomen which is an indication of a late second or third century date.

Aurelius Vitalis. c180-c240. An Aurelius who was a centurion can hardly be much earlier than the reign of Commodus unless he had been in the equites singulares.

L. Trebonianus Sossianus. 238-243. The frumentarius Trebonius Sossianus was from Heliopolis which may be an indication of either a multiple-centurionate career or a direct-commission. The dedication is one of the latest recorded instances of men including their voting tribe as part of their name.

Aurelius Marcus. 253-268. The centurion Aurelius Marcus is dated by the references to Gallienus on his dedication to I.O.M. Patemus.

Ignotus AE 1954 135. c250-c270. The career of the Ignotus is discussed in Chapter five.

Notes

1. Ritterling (1925) 1540 2. AlfEddy (1959) 139f. Syme (1971) 207f quotes C. Patsch Wiener S-B CCXVII abh. 1 (1937) 46f as putting IV Flavia at Durostarum in Moesia Inferior at this time. 3. Ritterling (1925) 1543 4. Syme (1971) 93-98. Also, Protase (1967) 337-342 5. AlfOldy (1977) 235 6. IGRR I 968 = Inscr. Cret. IV 301

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; ; 40 g E 8 .6 .e. Ts "2• 2 g » o. IV Macedonica

IV Macedonica seems to have been formed by Caesar in 48BC in Macedonia. The cognomen Macedonica is attested as early as the period of the triumvirs.' The legion was in Spain from c3OBC-AD43 when it came to the Rhine. The legion remained on the Rhine for the rest of its existence-it was disbanded in AD70, being reconstituted as DU Flavia.2

C. Julius Scaena. c1OBC-cAD37. Julius Scaena was a hastatus in IV Macedonica in the period Augustus-Tiberius.3

A. Varius Varro. clOBC-cAD37. Varius Varro was from Aequiculi in Regio IV and died there. The inscription looks very early. It is in the nominative case, with full details of tribe and filiation, while the cognomen of legion is omitted.

T. Vidius. c1OBC-AD37. T. Vidius appears to be very early. He has no cognomen and Le Roux believed he belonged to the period Augustus-Gaius.4

L. Blattius Vetus. cAD14-43. The inscription of Blattius Vetus shows he was an

Italian (enrolled in the tribe Romulia) who was cuilected into the decurionate of Fregose after being a centurion. The inscription is in the nominative case and uses the early form cent(urio).

Saufeius Silo. c14AD-c43. The career of Saufeius Silo is discussed in Chapter one.

Julius Martians. c43-c60. Julius Martians was attested on the tombstone of a soldier from Ausone in Tarraconensis who died at Mainz after seventeen years of service. The soldier was probably recruited while the legion was in Spain which suggest the inscription from Mainz can be no later than c60.

- 87 - Munatius. c43-c60. Munatius was attested on the same inscription as Julius Martialis and the same dating evidence applies.

Q. Aemilius. c43-c70. The dating of the inscription of Q. Aemilius comes from the findspot of the inscription, Mainz, which was garrisoned by IV Macedonica from c43- c70. The centurion was named on the tombstone of a soldier from Baeterrae in

Narbonensis who died after two years of service at the age of eighteen.

Appinius Quadratus. c43-c70. Appinius Quadratus was a veteran ex centurion who died at Scardona in Dalmatia. Though enrolled in the tribe Pollia, the tribe of those born castris, he was from Faventia in Regio

C. Horatius 11 ..us. 45. C. Horatius was the princeps named on the ballistarium found on the site of the Battle of Cremona. It was consular dated to the year 45.

M. Julius Severus. c43-c70. The inscription of Julius Severus came from the source of the Reii in Gallia Narbonensis. Iulius Severus was hastatus primus in IV

Macedonica. The date was presumably after IV Macedonica left Spain.

Florus. c43-c70. The date of the centurion Florus can only be gained by the presence of IV Maddonica at Mainz.

Murra. c43-c70. The date of the centurion Murra can only be gained from the presence of IV Macedonica at Mainz.

Rufinus. c43-c70. The date of the centurion Rufinus can only be gained from the presence of IV Macedonica at Mainz. Possible centurions of IV Macedonica.

Flavius Aper. c43-c70. Flavius Aper was attested on the same stone as the centurions

Florus and Murra so the stone is dated by the presence of IV Macedonica at Mainz.

The fortress at Mainz was shared by XXII Prirnigenia in that period and so Flavius

Aper who was certainly a centurion but of an unknown legion was only probably a centurion of IV Macedonica. The appearance of a centurion with the nomen Flavius before c70 is very rare and odd.

Rufinus. c43-c70. The same dating evidence applies for Rufinus as Flavius Aper (see above).

Valerius Lucius? c70-c100. The centurion Valerius Lucius? was described as centurion IIII Flavia Macedonica which may show he was in both MI Macedonica and the reconstituted legion IIII Flavia.

Notes

1. ES 2340 (Colonist at Firmum in 41BC) 2. Keppie (1984) 206 3. Le Roux (1982) 74 4.cig. cit. 293 •

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The legion was with Caesar in Gaul from 58BC-49BC. It seems to have been the earliest named legion.1

Sabidius. c27BC-cAD14. The career of Sabidius is discussed in Chapter one.

T. Cesdius. cAD14-c69. The centurion Cesdius was named on an inscription from

Tsum in Germania Inferior.

L. Bruttius Iustus. cAD41-cAD68. The tombstone of Bruttius Iustus was found at

Cologne. Ritterling dated the inscription to the period Claudius-Nero.2

Notes

1. Keppie (1984) 206-207 2. Ritterling (1925) 1570 2

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V Macedonica may have been the legion V Urbana raised in 43BC or it was a legion raised by Octavius in 41-40BC. After Actium it was stationed in Macedonia

and was at Oescus in Moesia from AD6 onwards. 1 The cognomen Macedonica was first attested in A])33 342

L. Atilius Verus. c40-c62. The earliest attested centurion of V Macedonica was

probably Atilius Verus, recorded at Oescus before AD62. This was probably a multiple-centurionate career and is discussed in Chapter one. He was the primus pilus

of VII Galbiana killed at the battle of Bedriacum.

L. Lepidius Proculus. c54-c69. The career of Lepidius Proculus is discussed in

Chapter one.

Ignotus RIB 509. The career of the Ignotus is discussed in Chapter two.

Stiminius. c66-c73 or c132-c135. The centurion Stiminius was attested on the

tombstone of a soldier called Sabinus from Amasia in Galatia who died at the age of 25

at Amwas in Judaea. V Macedonica gathered recruits from Asia Minor at all stages of

its occupation at Oescus and Troesmis 3 so it is not possible to say that Sabinus was

recruited while V Macedonica was in the east with Corbulo's forces. Ritterling

believed the centurions Stiminius and Pollio belonged to the period c66-c694 and was followed by Mann5 in the case of Stiminius, but the reign of Hadrian cannot be ruled

out as a vexillation of V Macedonica fought in Judaea at that time.6

Pollio. c66-c73 or c132-c135. The same dating evidence applies for the centurion Pollio as Stiminius (see above). M. Blossius Pudens. c66-c79. Blossius Pudens gained dona in the Judaean War of

Vespasian and died within the reign of Vespasian, just as he was about to become

p_is_pihs.rimt

M. Julius Avitus. c80-c100. The career of Julius Avitus is discussed in Chapter two.

L. Aconius Statura. c90-c120. The career of Aconius Statura is discussed in Chapter

three.

Ti. Claudius Vitalis. c100-c105. The career of Claudius Vitalis is discussed in Chapter

three. His first centurionate was with V Macedonica.

L. Valerius Proclus. c100-c110. The career of Valerius Proclus is discussed in

Chapter three. He was a ranker in V Macedonica.

Resius Albanus. c73-c107. The centurion Resius Albanus attested at Oescus belonged

to the period between the return of V Macedonica from the Judaean War of Vespasian

and the departure of V Macedonica from Oescus which seems to have followed the second Dacian War of Trajan.

Laberius Camerinus. c115-c118. Laberius Camerinus placed a cursus inscription of

Q. Pompeius Falco (cos. suff. 108) in the period c115-c118 when Pompeius Falco wx5

governor of Moesia Inferior, but before he became governor of Britain. The centurion

dedicated the inscription in greek to his patron and friend. Laberius Camerinus may

have been a native of Cilicia, but Greek speakers must have been common in Moesia

Inferior which had many Greek colonies. There is also a possibility that part or all of V

Macedonica took part in the Parthian War of Trajan. L. Solicius Aurelianus. c96-c130. The career of Solicius Aurelianus is discussed in

Chapter three.

M. Calventius Viator. c132-c135. The career of Calventius Viator is discussed in

Chapter three.

M. Ulpius Magnus. c132-c135. The centurion Ulpius Magnus from Savaria was buried at Nablus in Syria Palaestina. The period was presumably that of the Jewish

War of Hadrian. The gentilicium of Trajan should leave no doubt that the centurion must be dated later than the reign of Trajan and V Macedonica has already been attested in Judaea at that time. The period of the Parthian War of L. Verus can probably be ruled out as military operations in that war will have taken place far to the north of Syria

Palaestina. The dating for the death of Ulpius Magnus provides the dates for Flavius

Moderatus and Julius Ingenuus who had charge of putting up the tombstone. The centurion is exceptional in that a comparatively small amount of time had passed for a man with the gentilicium of Trajan to become a centurion.

Flavius Moderatus. c132-c135. See the dating evidence for Ulpius Magnus.

Julius Ingenuus. c132-c135. See the dating evidence for Ulpius Magnus.

Petronius? c107-c169. The career of Petronius? is discussed in Chapter four.

C. Valerius Paternus. c145-c155. The findspot of the inscription of Valerius Paternus at Bonoso in Mauretania Caesariensis suggests the date of the inscription should be the period of Antoninus Pius' campaign in Mauretania.

Ignotus CIL VIII 9632. c145-c155. The tombstone of the Ignotus presumably dates to the period of Antoninus Pius' campaign in Mauretania. 0. Trebellius Maxinus. c73-c169. The career of Trebellius Maximus is discussed in Chapter four.

Ti. Claudius Ulpianus. c150-c 169. The career of Claudius Ulpianus is discussed in Chapter four. His centurionate in V Macedonica was his last.

D. Mussidius Proculus. c107-c169. The only direct dating evidence for Mussidius

Proculus comes from the findspot of the inscription at Troesmis. So the date should be c107-c162 and possibly c166-c169. The date of the eventual departure of V

Macedonica from Moesia Inferior is unclear. It may have been as early as c162 when the legion went east and then on its return went directly to Dacia, but there is no evidence of the legion in Dacia until c170. 7 It seems safer to assume a return to Moesia Inferior after the Parthian War of L. Verus and then a move to Dacia c169.

P. Aelius Ouintianus. c162-c165. Aelius Quintianus made a dedication to Marcus and

Verus and the governor of Moesia Inferior, M. Iallius Bassus. The date was probably

162 - AlfOldy suggested the governorship of Iallius Bassus began in the first half of

1628 and the inscription of Aelius Quintianus must pre-date the departure of V Macedonica to the east which presumably occurred in 162.

C. Iulius Valens. c140-c169. Iulius Valens was from Amasia in Galatia, served thirty years and died aged fifty at Adamldissi in Moesia Inferior. One of his children carried the name Hadriana which suggests a date later than the reign of Hadrian but before the final departure of V Macedonica form Moesia Inferior.

L. Artorius Castus. c162-c180. The career of Artorius Castus is discussed in Chapter four. His centurionate in V Macedonica was his last. Eptidius Modestus. c160-c 240. The dedication to Neptune by Eptidius Modestus i)e,ti oA belonged to the after V Macedonica became part of the garrison of III Daciae as the inscription says so. The centurion had command of vexillations of V Macedonica and I

Italica. The dedication to Neptune was very uncommon for a legionary centurion and

may suggest a sea journey was in prospect. The occasion could have been one of the

Parthian campaigns of Septimius Severus or Caracalla when vexillations of legions

from the Danubian provinces fought in the east.

Amblasius Secundus. c120-c220. The career of Amblasius Secundus is discussed in

Chapter four.

Antoninus. c100-c250. The career of Antoninus is discussed in Chapter four.

P. Aelius Silvanus. c140-c200. The career of Aelius Silvanus is discussed in Chapter four.

M. Ulpius Titus. c140-c220. The career of Ulpius Titus is discussed in Chapter four.

Iulius Severus. c160-c250. The bi-lingual inscription of lulius Sevenis at Tarsus in

Cilicia does not permit any closer dating than post c160 because of the absence of the praenomen from the inscription.

Cassius Severinus. c169-c250. The inscription of Cassius Severinus at Potaissa is only dateable by the presence of the legion at Potaissa after c169. The centurion did not supply his praenomen which might be taken to confirm the late second to third century date. The inscription was a dedication to I.O.M.

Julius Maximianus. c169 -c250. The same dating evidence applies as for Cassius

Severinus (see above). The inscription was a dedication to the Genius of the century. Mlaenius Domitius. c169-c250. The inscription of M]aenius Domitius is dateable only

by the presence of V Macedonica in Dacia.

Serennius Martinianus. c169-c250. The same dating evidence applies as for Cassius

Severinus (see above). The inscription was a dedication to an unknown deity by the

centurion, a veteran and a bf. cos.

M. Venus Superstes. c177-c179. The date for the inscription of Venus superstes comes from the governorship of III Daciae of C. Arrius Antoninus.9

Julius Proculus. c162-c194. The career of Julius Proculus discussed in Chapter four.

C. Cassius Vitalis. c185-c250. The dating evidence of the dedication to Phoebus

Apollo by Vitalis comes from the titles P(k) C(onstans) which V Macedonica gained in c185.1°

O. Cornelius Silvanus. c185-c250. The dating evidence for the dedication to I.O.M.,

Juno and Minerva comes from the titles P(k) C(onstans) which the legion gained in c185.

C. Julius Antigonus. c185-c250. The dating evidence for the dedication to Isis and

Serapis by Iulius Antigonus comes from the titles P(k) C(onstans) which the legion gained in c185.

T. Rasius Crispus. c185-c250. The dating evidence for the dedication to Hercules by

Rasius Crispus comes from the titles P(k) C(onstans) which the legion gained in c185. Claudius Claudianus. 200-201. The dating evidence for the centurion Claudius Claudianus comes from the reference to the governor of BI Dacidin 200-201.

Julius Tacitus. 200-201. The same dating evidence applies for Julius Tacitus as

Claudius Claudianus (see above).

Ti. Claudius Ambrelianus. c198-c204. The centurion Ti. Claudius Ambrelianus put up a cursus inscription of L. Favius Cilo (cos. suff. 193, cos. II ord. 204) in Rome.

The date of the inscription lay between the accession of Caracalla in 198 and the appointment of Fabius Cilo to the prefecture of Rome and a second consulate in 204.11

Fabius Cilo could have been the patron of the centurion, but he was never formally in command of either V Macedonica or III Daciae, though vexillations of V Macedonica could have been included in Cilo's command of vexillations at Perinthus in 193 or in

Italy in 196.

T. Flavius Saturninus. c212-c217. The centurion Flavius Saturninus restored a temple for the deity of the numerus palmyrenorum. The dedication was made through the governor and procurator, and the centurion had charge.

T. Seranius Primianus. c70-c250. The inscription of T. Seranius Primianus at Rome is not capable of being given a narrow dating range. It must belong to the period after the abbreviated form of D(i) M(anibus) was found at Rome.

Bonosus. 2 c200-c250. The centurion Bonosus who died at Ariminum in Regio VIII looks to have been third century. Indeed, Ritterling thought late third century.12 Possible centurions of V Macedonica.

Ignotus CIL V 536. c43-c120. The Ignotus may have been a centurion (Ritterling thought so13). If so the career looked like a first century career which included posts in command of auxiliary units.

Gaudentius Priscianus. c160-c250. If Gaudentius Priscianus was a centurion of V

Macedonica his period was presumably after c160 as he omitted to give his praenomen.

C. Valerius Lucanus. c185-c235. Valerius Lucanus may have been a centurion of V

Macedonica or VII Gemina. The period is post c185 as V Macedonica carried the titles P(i_a) C(onstans) or even post 197 as VII Gemina may be P(i_a) F(idelis).

C. Tiberius Crelern. c185-c250. The same dating evidence applies for Valerius Lucanus (see above) and Tiberius C[eler].

Notes

1. Keppie (1984) 207 2. ILS 2281 3. Mann (1983) 131, 132, 135 4. Ritterling (1925) 1585 5. Mann (1983) 131 6. ClL III 14155/2 7. ILS 2311 8. AlfOldy (1977) 276 9. pR..cit. 224 10. Ritterling (1925) 1584 11. Birley (1971) 342 12. Ritterling (1925) 1584 13. DR. cit. (see CIL V 536, possibly 7 V Macedonica)

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The legion was probably formed by Octavian and seems to have been at Perusia in 41BC. Its whereabouts over the next ten years are unclear but it was in Spain from c30 BC to AD69.1

M. Oppius. c27BC-cAD9. The career of M. Oppius is discussed in Chapter one.

Sabidius. c2OBC-cAD14. The career of Sabidius is discussed in Chapter one.

0. Licinius & Sex. Licinius. c2OBC-c14AD. The two brothers were centurions of a legion VI - this was probably VI Victrix. The inscription looks very early as the brothers and the legion all lack cognomina.

Primulus?. c14AD-c41. The centurion is named on the tombstone of a miles who lacks a cognomen. The legion also lacks a cognomen and the earliest inscription which gives leg. VI the cognomen Victrix is Claudian.2

P. Sextius. c37-c54. The centurion P. Sextius was named on the tombstone of a miles of his century. Le Roux dated the career to the period Tiberius - Claudius.3

L. Atilius Verus? c62-c68. Atilius Verus is discussed in Chapter one. There is no certain evidence he was a centurion in VI Victrix.

L. Lepidius Proculus. c54-c79. The career of Lepidius Proculus is discussed in

Chapter one.

L. Servaeus Sabinus. c70-c130. The career of Servaeus Sabinus is discussed in Chapter two. L. Arnius Bassus. c70-c96. The career of Arnius Bassus is discussed in Chapter two.

C. Terentius Bassus.. c70-c89 The dating for the two inscriptions of Terentius Bassus

from the stone quarries of Brohl in Germania Superior comes from the presence of the legion in Germany which post-dates 69AD and the absence of the titles P(j2) F(idelis)

which it gained in 89 (with the title D(omitiana)) for its part in the defeat of the revolt of

Saturninus. The absence of the titles from two inscriptions might be taken to give a

stronger indication of the period pre 89.

Victorinus. 89-96. The dating for the inscription comes from the title D(omitiana)

which the legion gained in 89 and then lost in 96 on the assassination of Domitian and

his damnatio memoriae. The centurion had charge of a vexillation.

C. Iulius Cossutus. 96-c101. The dating range for the three inscriptions of Julius

Cossutus comes from the evidence of XIII 7697 which shows the centurion in charge of vexillations of VI Victrix and X Gemina. Both legions carry the titles pcio F(idelis)

which they gained in 89 but lack the title D(omitiana) gained in 89 but lost in 96. The

presence of X Gemina on the inscription produces a strong presumption of the

inscription pre-dating c101 when X Gemina seems to have left Nijmegen for Trajan's

first Dacian War.

L. Paccius Nonianus. 96-c122. The career of Paccius Nonianus is discussed in

Chapter three.

A. Titius Severus. 96-c122. The dating evidence for the dedication to Diana by Titius

Severus comes from the titles P(ia) F(idelis) which post-date 96 and the presence of the legion in Germania Inferior. It seems likely that the legion left for Britian in 122 or

123. The precise date of the legion's arrival in Britain is unclear but the coming of Hadrian and A. Platorius Nepos to Britain in c122 is an indication of the approximate

date the legion crossed to Britain. The earliest inscription of VI Victrix in Britain is

probably RIB 1427 from Halton Chesters which names Platorius Nepos as governor of Britain and belongs to the fort plan for Hadrian's Wall so is probably closer to 124 than

122. The centurion Titius Severus was from Arezzo in Regio VII. The period is

already late for a man who was a ranker to be recruited from Italy and the praenomen of the centurion was different to that of his father which is sometimes an indication of

equestrian status. These two factors may be an indication the centurion was directly-

commissioned. He apparently was setting up a vivarium.

C. Antonius Modestus. c122-c250. The only dating evidence comes from the presence of VI Victrix in Britain. The centurion was probably the praepositus of the auxiliary unit at Slack.

C. Iulius Maximinus. c122-c250. The only dating evidence comes from the presence of VI Victrix in Britain. The inscription was clearly from Wallsend and was found with a third century inscription at Tynemouth Priory. Probably the inscription dates from the third rather than the second century. The centurion was probably praepositus of the auxiliary unit at Wallsend.

C. Iulius Maritimus. c120-c150. The centurion fulius Maritimus is distussed in

Chapter four.

L. Senecianus Martius. c122-c250. The only dating evidence comes from the presence of VI Victrix in Britain. The dedication was to Fortuna and the centurion was probably praepositus of the auxiliary unit at Manchester.

C. Vitellius Atticianus. c122-c250. The dedication to Hercules by Vitellius Atticianus cannot be dated except by the presence of VI Victrix in Britain. The fort at Whitley Castle is little known though it is probably unlikely to be held while the Romans held the Antonine Wall which might rule out the period c142-c163 at least. The centurion was probably praepositus of the unit at Whitley Castle.

M. Appianus Ursulus. c120-c194. The career of Appianus Ursulus is discussed in Chapter four. He may have been a centurion in VII Claudia, but VI Victrix is a much more likely possibility.

T. Vitellius Atillianus. c150-c180. The career of Vitellius AdManus is discussed in

Chapter four. His centurionate with VI Victrix was the ninth of his career.

Petronius Fortunatus. c170-c190. The career of Petronius Fortunatus is discussed in

Chapter four. His centurionate in VI Victrix was the ninth of his career.

Aelius Surinus. c163-c212. The inscription is the tombstone of P. Aelius Pi Bassus of the tribe Sergia, a centurion of XX Valeria Victrix and the centurion Aelius Surinus set up the inscription. Eric Birley4 believed the last line of the inscription contained the information144 Aelius Surinus was praepositus of the unit at Watercrook. The date was suggested by Professor Birley to be " as early as possible in the third century... when there were joint Emperors. 115 but that probably should not rule out the joint reigns of Marcus and Verus or Marcus and Commodus. The use of the term a(uondam) centurion has a strong flavour of the local practice of Aquincum, and that combined with the voting tribe Sergia suggested to Professor Birley that Aelius Bassus and possibly Aelius Surinus were from Aquincum •6 The two men may have been brothers.

P. Aelius ...11us. c163-c250. The dedication to Apollo Maponus by a centurion with the gentilicium of Hadrian can hardly be earlier than about two generations after the beginning of the reign of Hadrian. Audacilius Romanus. c163-c250. The centurion is discussed in Chapter five

M. Aufidius Maximus. c160-c250. The two dedications of Aufidius Maximus at Bath probably date to the period after c160 because one of the inscriptions lacks a praenomen.

T. Flavius Flavinus. c160-c250. The tombstone of Flavius Flavinus from York gives little away in terms of dating evidence. The fabricated cognomena of the centurion suggests an origin from the North-Western provinces of the Empire and might be taken to suggest that at least three generations might have passed between the original citizen of the family and the death of the centurion. That might suggest the mid-second century at earliest.

Flavius Hyginus. c160-c250. The inscription does not permit any closer dating than c160-c250 as the only dating evidence on the stone is the absence of the praenomen.

Flavius Verecundus. c160-c184. The centurion Flavius Verecundus is discussed in

Chapter four.

C. Julius Apollinaris. c160-c235. The dating of the inscription of C. Julius Apollinaris is problematical as the name of the centurion has clearly been added to an existing dedication. The inscription itself was exhaustively discussed by Joliffe 7 who considered it to be early third century in date. The earliest dedication in Britain to I.O.M. Dolichenus is RIB 1330 (139-161) and dedications to the deity are very rare after 235.8 The inscription is unlikely to date from the period when the frontier in

North Britain was on the Antonine Wall which presumably rules out the period c142- c 1 63. C. Julius Cupitianus. c160-c250. The dedication to the Mares and the Temple which was restored by the centurion Iulius Cupitianus was probably not earlier than the mid-

second century. Presumably the restoration of a temple near a fort which was only

founded under Hadrian and remained unoccupied under Antoninus Pius will not have taken place until the abandonment of the Antonine Wall. However, the inscription

could easily be much later than the 160's. The centurion was praepositus of the unit at

Casdesteads.

C. Julius_ Raeticus. c160-c250. The inscription is a dedication to Fortuna and may

have come from the Bathouse at Chesterholm. The inscription is unlikely to be earlier Fta.5 than the mid-second century when the first stone fort built at Chesterholm. The

centurion may have been praepositus of the unit at Chesterholm.

Sammius Victor. c160-c250. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion probably dates the inscription to the period after c160.

Septimius Lupianus. c160-c250. The centurion was an ex evocatus. The inscription recorded the deaths of his wife and son. The centurion lacks a praenomen and the ages of the deceased are given in years, months and days, which points to a late second or third century date for the inscription.

L. Sentius Castus. c160-c250. The dedication of Sentius Castus from the Rudchester

Mithraeum probably dates from the later second century or third century as the excavator found the Mithraeum was built over demolished second century buildings.9

L. Venus Fortunatus. c160-c250. The date of the centurion is unclear, but on the previous line the letters V. C. may mean V(ir) C(larissimus), the late second or third century designation for a senator. Aurelius Casitto. c200-c250. The inscription of a centurion who was an Aurelius and

who lacked a praenomen probably dates from the third century. The inscription seems

to have been the tombstone of the centurion's wife. The centurion may have been praepositus of the unit at Great Chesters.

Paternus. c205-c222. The inscription of Paternus came from the Fort Wall at south

Shields and is of the same stone as that used in the Severan reconstruction.

T. Floridius Natalis. 222-235. The centurion was the praepositus of the numerus and he was centurio region anus at Ribchester in the reign of Severus Alexander.

Mat... Vitalis. c200-c250. The inscription of Vitalis is heavily ligatured and with the absence of a praenomen clearly looks third century. Vitalis describes himself as

Ordinarius, presumably he was a centurion of VI Victrix.

Ignotus RIB 747. c213-c250. The unknown centurion had charge of the restoration of a structure at Greta Bridge at a time when the province of Britannia Superior existed.

The centurion may have been called Plost(umius) Urbanus.

Aelius Antoninus. 238-244. Aelius Antoninus was praepositus of the numerus and centurio regionarius at Ribchester in the reign of Gordian III. The centurion was from

Melitene in Cappadocia so presumably had a multiple-centurionate career as it is very difficult to see how an easterner could be recruited into VI Victrix. Possible centurions of VI Victrix

Ignotus ILS 9197. c41-c54. The career of Ignotus ILS 9197 is discussed in Chapter

one. He was either a centurion or a primus pilus in VI Victrix.

Tabellius Victor. c160-c250. The dedication to Fortuna by a vexillation of the fiaeti

daesati at Great Chesters is unlikely to be any earlier than the retreat from Roman Scotland in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The centurion was in command of the

vexillation and VI Victrix was the closest legion to Great Chesters but legions II

Augusta and XXVV cannot be ruled out. The absence of the praenomen supports the

late second to third century date.

Annius Victor. c160-c250. The dedication to Cocidius by Annius Victor seem to have

been re-cut. The centurion lacks a praenomen but gives no other indication as to date.

He may have been praepositus of the unit at Bewcastle.

Aurelius Saturninus. c205-c270. The particular formula c(uius) c(uram) a(git) seems to be the indication that a centurion was praepositus of an auxiliary unit. 1° The unit named in connection with Aurelius Saturninus was Cohors I Aelia Dacorum which is not recorded at Birdoswald until c205-c208.11

L. Vivius Pius. c205-c208. The close dating range for the inscription comes from the reference to the governor L. Alfenus Senecio. The centurion was praepositus of

Cohors VI Nerviorum, the unit at Brough by Bainbridge.

Ignotus RIB 1733. c160-c250. The centurion was praepositus of the unit at Great

Chesters. Flavius Fuscinus. c300+? The inscription suggests the centurion Flavius Fuscinus (who could have been an auxiliary centurion) may have been killed within the fort at

Ambleside.

Flavius Martinus. 296-305. The centurion was praepositus of the unit at Birdoswald during part of the period of the Tetrarchy in Britain.

Notes

1. Keppie (1984) 207 2. ILS 9197 3. Le Roux (1982) 324 4. Birley (1955) 52 5. iT. C.a. 51 6. 0. cit 48 7. Joliffe (1941) 42 8. Speidel (1978)a 72 9. Birley (1961) 169 10. Davies (1981) 186 11. RIB 1909

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aa, 0 R 0 a-, *0r1 NN N <3. en y Y 'I 11 go in IA ,0 2 as er CZ N 7.; U I; U VII Claudia

The origins of VII Claudia go back to Caesarian times. Its earliest cognomen seems to have been Patema and it was then known as VII Macedonica after its service in the Balkans under Augustus and later. 1 The legion was stationed in Dalmatia from at least AD9 onwards, probably at Tilurium. It was in Dalmatia in AD42 when it was given the titles Claudia Pia Fidelis for its loyalty to Claudius in the revolt of Camillus

Scribonianus. 2 It has been argued that it probably did not stay at Tilurium for very long after 42 since of the nineteen members of VII Claudia who are attested at Tilurium, only two were members of the legion after it received the titles of 42. 3 Mann suggests the legion moved to some other site in Dalmatia before departing for Moesia c56/57 as twelve veterans of VII Claudia are known in Dalmatia who are assumed to have been discharged after 42 (as they use the titles of 42) against eighteen who had been discharged earlier.4 However, it is difficult to see what would prevent men discharged before 42 using the titles of 42. Nesselhauf suggested VII Claudia could have left

Dalmatia as early as 45 on the annexation of Thrace.5

M. Caecilius. c2OBC-cAD6. Caecilius was certainly the earliest attested centurion of

Legion VII. The inscription of Caecilius, from the Thracian Chersonese was discussed by Mitchell6 who thought it likely that the centurion fought in the Thracian war which gave L. Calpumius Piso the °momenta triumphalia in 11BC.

C. Aernilius Geminus. cAD11-cAD12. The inscription was set up by the community at Nisyra to honour the centurion for his bravery and the favour he had shown one M.

Antonius, a member of the community. Mitchell 7 suggested the date of the inscription should be AD11.

S. Titius Geminus. cAD14-cAD20. There is no certain evidence for the date when

Legion VII reached Dalmatia, but it seems likely to have been there from the period of

- 124 - the Pannonian revolt at least. In the reign of Tiberius there is plenty of evidence for the legion in Dalmatia. The boundary stone put up by P. Cornelius Dolabella dates from the period of the latter's governorship, 14-20.

C. Marius. cAD14-cAD42. The centurion C. Marius belongs to the period c14-c42 on the basis of the absence of the titles of 42.

T. Elvius Salinator. cAD9-cAD42. Elvius Salinator was the son of a IIII it from Altinum. He may have been directly commissioned. The inscription belongs to the period when Legion VII was in Dalmatia but before it gained the titles Claudia Pia

Fidelis.

M. Valerius Crispinus. cAD9-cAD42. There is no dating evidence on this stone save the absence of the titles granted to the legion in 42.

Trinius. cAD9-cAD42. There is no dating evidence on this stone save the absence of the titles granted to the legion in 42.

Ignotus X 1711. cAD9-cAD42. The Ignotus of X 1711 is discussed in Chapter one.

Viblullius T. c37-c40. A boundary stone dated to c37-c40 because of the reference to the governor L. Volusius Saturninus and the emperor Gaius.

_Thus Laco. c37-c40. The date for the boundary stone inscription of ...]nus Laco comes from the dates of Gaius Caesar and the governorship of L. Volusius Saturninus, who was replaced in 40 by L. Arruntius S6ibonianus.

Ti. Julius Italicus. c35-c45. Ti. Julius Italicus is discussed in Chapter one. Ma. Coelius. c40-c41. The date of the boundary stone inscription of Ma(nius) Coelius was between the beginning of the governorship of L. Arruntius Scribonianus, which began in 40, and the death of Gaius Caesar in 41.

C. Marius Maternus. c43-c50. The date of the boundary stone inscription of Marius

Maternus comes from the governorship of Piso, c43-c50.

Agrippa. c42-c56. On the inscription of Agrippa Legion VIE carries the titles Claudia

Pia Fidelis which it gained in 42, and the inscription must pre-date the departure of the legion from Dalmatia, dated by Ritterling to c56.8

P Plotius. c42-c56. The same dating evidence applies for P. Plotius as does for Agrippa (see above).

C. Vibius Pudes. c42-c56. The same dating evidence applies for C. Vibius Pudes as does for Agrippa (see above).

Sex. Tulips Silvanus. c42-c70. Julius Silvanus was probably a centurion of VII

Claudia in the period c42-c70. He went on to become Aedile of the colony of Aequum and then IIII vir I.D. of Salona. The inscription is considered in great detail in ZPE

(1971) 79-91 and further in AE 1977 613.

L. Aconius Statura. c90-c117. The centurion L. Aconius Statura is discussed in

Chapter three.

L. Aemilius Paternus. c98-c117. The centurion L. Aemilius Paternus is discussed in Chapter three. Ti. Claudius Vitalis. c100-c116. The centurion Ti. Claudius Vitalis is discussed in

Chapter three.

Sex. Pilonius Modestus. c88-c118. The centurion Sex. Pilonius Modestus is

discussed in Chapter three.

Valerius Iulianus. c113-c118 or c162-c250. The tombstone of the wife of the centurion Valerius Iulianus was found at Apamea in Phrygia. The inscription may date from the reign of Trajan when VII Claudia was in the east during the Parthian war.9

Ritterling preferred the period of the Parthian war of L. Verus or lateri° which may be more likely as the centurion lacked a praenomen.

L. Varius Maximus. c113-c118 or c162-c250. The same dating evidence applies to

Varius Maximus as to Valerius Iulianus except, of course, for the absence of the praenomen of the latter.

Ignotus CIL III 14178. c113-c118 or c103-c250. The Ignotus is discussed in Chapter four.

L. Laelius Fuscus. c90-c120. The centurion L. Laelius Fuscus is discussed in Chapter three.

N. Marcius Plaetorius Celer. c117-c138. The centurion Marcius Plaetorius Celer is discussed in Chapter three.

C. Nummius Constans. c117-c138. The centurion Nummius Constans is discussed in Chapter three. ..lustus. c56-c120. The centurion [Fa]ustus or [I]ustus died at Viminacium at the age of sixty-five. He served twenty-five years as a centurion so was presumably a ranker.

The findspot suggests the inscription should be no earlier than c56 and the likely arrival

of VII Claudia at Viminacium and before c120 when the burial formula D (is)

M (anibus), which is absent from the inscription, becomes generally used in the

Danubian provinces.

M. Aebutius Victorinus. c105-c160. The centurion Aebutius Victorinus is discussed in Chapter four.

C. Cestius Sabinus. c138-c161. The centurion Cestius Sabinus is discussed in Chapter four.

JO.] Octavius Honoratus. c138-c161. The centurion Octavius Honoratus is discussed in Chapter four.

G. Licinius Rufinus. c56-c250. The centurion made an apparently official dedication

to I.O.M. with a vexillation of VII Claudia. The period cannot be defined any more

closely than to that after the arrival of VII Claudia in Moesia (c56) and before c250.11

Julius Quintus. c120-c250. The fragmentary inscription of Julius Quintus may not

have lacked a praen omen. The only dating evidence is the burial formula D(is)

M(anibus) which seems to appear on the Danube on a large scale in the reign of

Hadrian.

C. Numitorius Seneca. c120-c250. The inscription can only be dated by the

appearance of the formula 12(h) M(anibus) so it probably post-dates the time of Trajan. Aufidinius Victor. c160-c200. The inscription of Aufidinius Victor is a dedication to

Hercules by a soldier called Aelius Civilis. The nomen of the soldier suggests the

inscription must be later than Hadrian while the absence of the soldier's praenomen

suggests the middle years of the second century at earliest.

Ignotus V 955. c161-c180. The Ignotus V 955 is discussed in Chapter four.

P. Aelius Romanus. c160-c190. The centurion Aelius Romanus is discussed in

Chapter four.

T. Vitellius Atillianus. c117-c194. The centurion Vitellius Atillianus is discussed in Chapter four.

C. Valerius Macedo. c168-c194. The centurion Valerius Macedo died after twenty-six

years service.

Ti. Claudius Andreas. c150-c230. The centurion Claudius Andreas is discussed in

Chapter four.

Claudius Diogenes. c160-c250. The Hastatus Claudius Diogenes made a dedication to

Mithras in the period c160-c250 on the basis of the absence of the praenomen of the

centurion.

M. Aurelius Lucilius. c180-c220. The centurion Aurelius Lucilius is discussed in

Chapter four.

M. Aurelius Claudianus. c200-c250. The centurion Aurelius Claudianus is discussed in Chapter five. Aurelius Alexander. c200-c250. The nomenclature of Aurelius Alexander and the absence of a praenomen suggest a third century date for the inscription.

Aurelius Felicianus. c200-c250. The absence of a praenomen and the nomenclature of the centurion suggest the third century. The detailing of the hour of death suggests a belief in astrology.

Claudius Alexander. 228. The inscription of Claudius Alexander was consular dated to 228. The centurion was a Hastatus.

Possible centurions of VII Claudia

L. Arbustius Valentinus. c197-c230. The centurion Arbustius Valentinus is discussed in Chapter five.

Notes

1. Keppie (1984) 208 2. Dio 55.23.4 3. Wilkes (1969) 99 4. Mann (1983) 31, on the date of the transfer of VIE Claudia to Moesia. Ritterling (1925) 1619, 1929 5. Nesselhauf (1941) 42. 6. Mitchell (1976) 302 7. Mitchell (1976) 303, 45 8. Ritterling (1925) 1619 9. 1LS 9491. Syme (1971) 98 10. Ritterling (1925) 1622 11. Saxer (1967) 89

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O E 15 .'5 C 0 00 be VIII Augusta

The legion could have been formed by Caesar and been present in Gaul.

Disbanded in 46-45BC it was reformed in 44BC by Octavian and fought through the wars of the second triumvirate. The legion was in the Balkan provinces in the reign of

Augustus and presumably acquired the cognomen Augusta after a victory. The earliest attestation of the title is Augustan.1

Ignotus CIL XII 263. c27BC-AD14. The Ignotus of CIL XII 263 was probably from

Forum Iulii which was the findspot of the inscription. The legion is numbered IIX without cognomen which is probably an indication of an Augustan date.

M. Petronius Classicus. cAD10-c45. Petronius Classicus was from Teate

Marrucinorum in Regio IV. His inscription can be dated from the presence of VIII

Augusta at Poetovio in the period c10-c45.

f Saturininus. c10-c45. The hastatus [Satur]ninus can be dated from the presence of

VILE Augusta at Poetovio in the period c10-c45.

Aemilius Fronto. c69. Ritterling suggested that the miles of the century of Aemilius

Fronto who died at Rome may have died in 69.2 The miles has a distinctly second century looking name (Malerius Secundus-probably without praenomen and certainly without tribe and filiation), but there is no burial formula and the inscription is in the nominative case which does suggest the first century.

Veturius. c69. The same dating evidence applies for Veturius who is attested on the previous inscription.

M. Julius Paternus. c70-c100. Julius Paternus is discussed in Chapter two.

- 137- Sex. Pilonius Modestus. c88-c107. Pilonius Modestus is discussed in Chapter three.

Celerinus. c74-c117. After c70 VIII Augusta was at Argentorate. 3 The centurion

Celerinus was attested on the tombstone of a miles who carried the gentilicium of the

Flavians and was from Milan. The Italian origin rules out a date later than the reign of

Trajan while the names T. Flavius would be a surprise for an Italian legionary much before the end of the first century. The inscription is probably Trajanic, the miles served four years.

C. Magius Senecio. c50-c200. The dedication of Magius Senecio to I.O.M. was found at the camp of the Praetorians in Rome, which might suggest he had been a praetorian himself. He was an Italian, his enrollment in the tribe Publilia makes this certain.

Julius Magnus. c119-c127. The discovery of a shield boss belonged to the century of

Julius Magnus in the Tyne has been connected to the vexillations of XXII Primigenia,

VIII Augusta and VII Gemina commanded by T. Pontius Sabinus which were used in

Britain in the reign of Hadrian. The most likely dated for the vexillations is the early part of the reign of Hadrian though the matter is discussed at greater length under T.

Pontius Sabinus in Chapter three.

P. Talpidius Clemens. c50-c100. The dedication to I.O.M. at Hercules Saxetano at

Norroy by Talpidius Clemens does not give any clear indication as to date. The other stone quarry inscriptions at Norroy seem to belong to the period c70-c150 which might suggest Talpidius Clemens belonged to the same general period.

C. Cestius Sabinus. c138-c161. The career of Cestius Sabinus is discussed in Chapter four.

- 138 - P. Nasellius Proclianus. 148. Of the three inscriptions of Nasellius Proclianus at

Bockingen two are consular dated to the year 148. The other inscription presumably

belong to the same general period. The centurion was praepositus of Cohors I Helvetiorum.

Marcellus. c157-c170. The career of Marcellus is discussed in Chapter four.

L. Favonius Seccianus. c140-c250. The dedication to Fortuna at Bellau is not closely dateable, but the findspot of the inscription suggests the period c100-c250.

C. Iulius Maianus. c140-c250. The dedication to Fortuna Conservatrix at Ems is not

closely dateable, but the findspot of the inscription suggests the period c100-c250.

M. Octavius Severus. c140-c250. The dedication to I.O.M. at Welzheim by Octavius Severus does not permit any closer dating than the reign of a single Emperor in the

period c110-c250.

Veranius Saturninus. 157. The newly discovered dedication to Fortuna at

Neckarbrucken was set up under the charge of the centurion Veranius Satuminus who

was probably praepositus of the unit restoring the Bathouse at the fort. The inscription is dated by the consuls of 157.

M. Ulpius Vannius. c160-c250. The inscription which attests Ulpius Vannius at

Obemburg does not contain any certain dating evidence but a centurion with the

gentilicium of Trajan is unlikely to be much earlier than c140 (note the absence of Ulpii

on the centurial stones of Hadrian's Wall).

- 139 - c L. Antonius Valens. c160-c250. The centurion Antonius Valens was attested on a Greek inscription from Neoclaudiopolis in Galatia. The centurion was from Sebastea

which presumably means he was either recruited into an Eastern legion and transferred

after he reached the centurionate or he was directly-commissioned. The date is very

difficult. The son of Antonius Valens was an Aelianus which may suggest a derivation

from gentilicium of Hadrian and a date following the mid second century at earliest.

T. Vitellius Atillianus. c118-c200. The career of Vitellius Atillianus is discussed in Chapter four.

Crescentinus Respectus. c160-250. The centurion Crescentinus Respectus was in command of the unit of Ems which completed a length of wall. There is no clear

information as to the date other than the absence of the praenomen of the centurion

indicating the period after c160.

Julius Valens. c140-c250. The inscription of Julius Valens at Mainz records the wife

and son of the centurion. The wife of the centurion was from Aelia Capitolina and the

son was an eques romanus who died aged two years, eleven months and twelve days.

The reference to Aelia Capitolina, the age at death in years, months and days and the

absence of the praenomen of the centurion suggests a date no earlier than the mid

second century.

Julius Silvanus. c160-c250. There is no dating evidence for the inscription other than

the absence of praenomen of the centurion which should make the inscription mid

second century at earliest.

Julius Victor. c160-c250. The dedication to I.O.M. at Heilbronn by Julius Victor has

no dating evidence other than the absence of the praenomen of the centurion. The date

of the inscription should be later than the mid second century.

- 140 - Vaterculus Proculus. c160-c250. The dating evidence of the inscription is the same as that of Julius Silvanus (above).

Vfall(erius) F...lus... c160-c250. The only dating evidence on the inscription is the absence of the praenomen of the centurion which should date the inscription to the period after c160.

Julius Demetrianus. 187. The dedication of Julius Demetrianus to the Nymphs and to the victory of Commodus was consular dated to 187.

P. Ferrasius Avitus. 191. The dedication to I.O.M. Dolichenus and the Domus

Divinae by Ferrasius Avitus was consular dated to 191. The centurion had been previously aquilifer of I Adiutrix.

M. Aurelius Lucilius. c180-c230. The career of Aurelius Lucilius is discussed in

Chapter four.

Paternus. c160-c250. There is no dating evidence on the inscription save the absence of the praenomen of the centurion.

Aurelius Titianus. c213-c217. The inscription of Aurelius Titianus dates to the period

213-217 on the basis of the reference to the fourth consulate (and last) of Caracalla which was in 213 and the fact that the legion carries the title Antoniniana which it will have kept until 217. The centurion was an vs comicularius.

M. Terentius Aelianus. 222-235. The inscription of Terentius Aelianus is the cursus of the senator Cn. Petronius Probatus who was legatus legionis of XIV Gemina and

VIII Augusta in the reign of Severus Alexander. There may have been a relationship of patron to client between the senator and the centurion, but this is not made clear on inscription. The inscription came from Nola in Regio 1, a region which produces few recruits from the Roman Army by the third century. Nola could either be the home of the senator or the centurion. If it was the home of the centurion the man must either have been directly-commissioned or an ex member of the praetorian guard. Perhaps by the reign of Severus Alexander the directly-commissioned alternative would be more likely.

Ignotus CIL XIII 6644. c160-c250. The Ignotus made a dedication to I.O.M. at

Stockstadt presumably in the second or third centuries.

Possible centurions of VIII Augusta.

Ignotus CIL XII 515. c27BC-cAD14. The centurion seems to have had a multiple- centurionate career which may have been early. One of the legions could have been VIII Augusta.

Notes 1. Keppie (1984) 208 2. Ritterling (1925) 1662 3. 5)242. 1652 4. Denlcmalpflege in Baden-Wurttemberg July/September 1983 p141 5. Fundberichte a us Baden-Wiirttemberg 13, 1988

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V 44 Z o 44 e R 0 ow' g 1 .0 Ti, E 5 i .8 s .6 o el o o Oj Z > » 4 O. VIIII Hispana

The formation of the legion is almost as uncertain as its demise. Caesar's IX legion was disbanded in 46-45BC, it was reformed by Ventidius, but the Imperial legion IX could have been that formed by Octavius in 41-40BC and which served with him to Actium. It was in Pannonia from AD9-AD43 when it was sent to Britain. Its earliest title seems to have been Macedonica and then Hispaniensis before settling to

Hispana in the time of Augustus./

M. Moranus Rufus. c27BC-AD14. The earliest recorded centurion of IX Hispana was probably M. Moranus Rufus, possibly from Aquileia, who appears on the tombstone of his brother at Aquileia. Another brother, a soldier in legion XI was also recorded on the stone. Both legions lack cognomina which suggests an early period of the empire, and the military posts of the brothers written out in extenso again may be an indicator of an early date.

T. Cassius Firmus. cAD14-c100. T. Cassius Firmus who may have been from

Aquileia, is recorded as having been a IIII vir i(ure) d(icundo). The holding of a municipal magistracy as well as a post as centurion suggests the man may have been directly commissioned. The legion carries the title Hispana which suggests the end of the reign of Augustus or later but there is no other indication of date.

Babudius Severus. c50-c71. Babudius Severus was attested on the tombstone of a soldier in his century who died after seven years of service. The dating evidence comes from the legion's presence at Lincoln.

Cassius Martians. c50-c71. Cassius Martians was attested on the tombstone of a soldier in his century. The soldier lacked a cognomen and served for 19 years. The absence of the cognomen may be an indication of an early date in the range c50-c71 but certainty is impossible.

Hospes. c50-c71. Hospes was named on the tombstone of a soldier in his century.

The soldier was called C. Valerius and was enrolled in the tribe Maecia. The tribe Maecia had a very restricted range, it is only found at Pelagonia in Macedonia outside of Italy and in Italy it is the tribe of a group of cities which produce very few recruits for legions (Neapolis, Brundisium, Paestum, Hadria). If C. Valerius was from

Pelagonia it might be suggested he was recruited into IX Hispana while the legion was in Pannonia rather than after the legion took part in the Claudian invasion of Britain. C.

Valerius served 14 years which might suggest his tombstone could be no later than c56.

But certainty is impossible.

Antonius Karus. c69. Antonius Karus was named on the tombstone of a soldier in his century who died at Rome. Ritterling suggested the year could have been 69.2

Blandius Latinus. c65-c130. The career of Marzdius Latirzus is discussed in Chapter two.

L. Servaeus Sabinus. c50-c130. The career of Servaeus Sabinus is discussed in

Chapter two.

Ti. Claudius Vitalis. c100-c116. The career of Claudius Vitalis is discussed in Chapter three. His centurionate in IX Hispana was his second last post and was probably late in the date range.

L. Valerius Proclus. c100-c130. The career of Valerius Proclus is discussed in

Chapter three. His centurionate in IX Hispana was his last post so the end of the date range is indicated.

- 148 - The group of four multiple-centurionate careers listed above may be of significance as to the end of IX Hispana. It has been clear for many years that the legion survived into the reign of Hadrian, though the last precisely dated reference to the legion was in 1083, Eric Birley4 showed that the careers of the senatorial officers L.

Aemilius Karus and L. Novius Crispinus made it clear the legion survived until the middle years of Hadrian. In 1972 Eck 5 suggested the legion may have survived into the reign of Pius on the basis of the consulship of Q. Camurius Numisius Junior which was shown on a diploma to have been in 161. Camurius Numisius Junior was known to have been a tribune in IX Hispana. 6 In discussing the diploma of 161 Roxan7 stated the views of Keppie who suggested that the consul of 161 may have been the son of the man who was tribune of IX Hispana. The centurions of a Hispana do not indicate any later date than the reign of Hadrian for the survival of the legion, but their transfers might indicate the possible position of the legion before its eventual demise. Mann pointed out that the soldier Aelius Asclepiades who was Nat(ione) cil(ix) 8 must be the result of the legion rec,ruiting from the eastern provinces during the reign of Hadrian.

Mann suggested IX Hispana may have gone east for Trajan's Parthian War and stayed in the east to be destroyed in the Jewish revolt of c132-c135. The career of Claudius

Vitalis may show the departure of IX Hispana from Britain. The sixth transfer of

Claudius Vitalis was from XX Valeria to IX Hispana and must have occurred in

Britain, while the seventh transfer, from IX Hispana to VII Claudia may have taken place in the east. Claudius Vitalis seems to have served only eleven years and his second centurionate was in I Minervia in the second Dacian War of Trajan so his last transfer can hardly fail to have been within the Parthian War of Trajan. VII Claudia was in the east during the Parthian War of Trajan.9 Another possible indication of an eastern connection with IX Hispana comes in the career of L. Servaeus Sabinus.

Servaeus Sabinus was transferred from IX Hispana to III Augusta at an unknown date.

Sabinus was the son of a primipilaris from Savatra in Galatia and Dr. Dobson has suggested primipilares from the east do not come through until the Flavian period. The career of Servaeus Sabinus could therefore be Trajanic and if IX Hispana went east for the Parthian War of Trajan it is possible that the transfer into III Augusta occurred at that time as a vexillation of III Augusta fought in the Parthian War. 10 The career of

Claudius Vitalis and Servaeus Sabinus may indicate the departure of IX Hispana for the east. The career of Valerius Proculus is difficult to use in this survey because the man took honesta missio and did not give his stipendia. It seems likely that his third post as a centurion (in XI Claudia) was held in Moesia Inferior in the period after c106. It is not impossible that his final transfer, from XX Valeria to DC Hispana, could have taken place in the reign of Hadrian within Britain.

Notes

1. Keppie (1983) 208 2. Ritterling (1925) 1665 3. RIB 665 4. Birley (1953) 20-30 5. Eck (1972) 459-462 6. CIL XI 5670 7. Roxan (1978) 79 8. Mann (1983) 177 9. Syme (1971) 98. ILS 9491 10. Ritterling (1925) 1499 - • ▪• • •

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The legion was first attested under Augustus.' It was on of the legions of

Hispania Citerior up to cAD62 when it replaced XV Apollinaris at Carnuntum after the latter legion went to the East to assist Corbulo.2

Saufeius Silo. c10-c43. The earliest attested centurion of X Gemina. He is discussed in Chapter one.

M. Audasius Maximus. c43-c62. This centurion, and the following group of seven centurions, were dated by Le Roux to the period Claudius-Nero 3 and were given rather speculative origins by the same author. We might expect that most centurions of the period Claudius-Nero would be Italian.

Castellanus. c43-c62. The same dating evidence applies as for M. Audasius Maximus.

Etrilius. c43-c62. The same dating evidence applies as for M. Audasius Maximus.

Fabius Celtiber. c43-c62. The same dating evidence applies as for M. Audasius

Maximus.

Julius Severus. c43-c62. The same dating evidence applies as for M. Audasius

Maximus.

Licinius Clemens. c43-c62. The same dating evidence applies as for M. Audasius

Maximus.

T. Numisius. c43-c62. The same dating evidence applies as for M. Audasius Maximus. c43-c62. The same dating evidence applies as for M. Audasius Maximus.

Acilius Saturninus. c63-c68. This centurion, and the following group of fifteen centurions, all belong to the period c63-c68 when the legion occupied Carnuntum.

Fifteen of the sixteen centurions were mentioned on the tombstone of a deceased

soldier.

T. Alfius Macrinus. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius

Saturninus.

Campanus. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius Saturninus.

Cinna. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius Satuminus.

Cotta. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius Satuminus.

Fuficius. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius Saturninus.

Iustus. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius Saturninus.

Luccretius. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius Satuminus.

Rutilius. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius Satuminus.

Seranus. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius Satuminus.

Servilius Potens. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius

Satuminus. However, the fragmentary inscription of Servilius Potens was an altar,

- 154- and religious dedications were rare in the Danubian area in the mid first century. The inscription of Servilius Potens could date to the period after c117 when X Gemina was part of the garrison of Pannonia Superior, but there is no other second century evidence of the legion at Carnuntum and the earlier date seems preferable.

Sornius. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius Saturninus.

Spedius. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius Saturninus.

Suedius Clemens. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius

Satuminus.

Tacitus. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius Satuminus.

Valerius Rufus. c63-c68. The same dating evidence applies as for Acilius Satuminus.

ye; v. Iulius Rufus. c43-c96. The inscription is a_ - which is uncommon in first century military inscriptions, but the absence of any cognomen for the legion should probably consign the inscription to the latter end of the Julio-Claudian period.

Censor. c70. Le Roux dated the dedication to Jupiter Ultor by a soldier of the century of Censor to the year 70.4 The legion had returned to Spain in 60 and had departed for the Rhine in 70.

L. Vitellius Matemus. c43-c89. This man was the father of Lucia Vitellia who died at

Aquileia. The legion was mentioned twice on the stone but on neither occasion was it given the titles P(k) F(idelis) (or D(omitiana)) which it gained in 89. The date of the inscription seems to be first century but before 89. Sempronius Stella. c43-c89. This centurion was the husband of Lucia Vitellia. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Vitellius Matemus.

M. Vibius Martialis. c70-c79. This man made a dedication to Hercules Saxano and the Emperor Vespasian and his sons. The period must be c70-c79, after the arrival of the legion on the Rhine and before the death of Vespasian.

Blandas.). c70-c105. The inscription of Blandus does not mention any particular legion at all. Its context shows that it was from the fortress of X Gemina, but that may have been occupied by IX Hispana for a time in the reign of Trajan. 6 The career of Blandius Latinus7 may date from that period and included a centurionate in a Hispana. Bland(us) points to the problem that a single name for a century could come either from the centurion's cognomen or nomen.

Cinna. c70-c105. The Cinna of AE 1979 416 could be the Cinna of AE 1929 191 in which case the date of the inscription should be closer to 70 rather than 105.

Cominius Celsus. c70-c105. This inscription may be dated in the early part of the date range c70-c105 as the legion lacks the Pa0 F(idelis) (and D(omitiana)) which it gained in 89 after the revolt of Satuminus.

Hos(tilius) Marcellus. c70-c105. The same dating evidence applies as for Cominius

Celsus.

C. Offius Marcellus. c70-c105. The same dating evidence applies as for Corninius Celsus. Q. Manlius Priscus. c70-c89. In this inscription the title Gemina was written in full without any further titles which provides a stronger case for the inscription dating between c70-c89.

Sex. Donnius Vindex. 89-96. The dedication of Donnius Vindex belongs to the period

89-96 as the legion carries the titles P(i4) F(idelis) D(omitiana).

C. Nigidius Aponinus. c96-c105. The dedication of Nigidius Aponinus belongs to the period 96-c105 as the legion is referred to by its post 96 titles ((k) F(idelis)) while the inscription must pre-date the legion's departure for Pannonia.

Julius In genuus. c80-c110. Le Roux dated the inscription 8 to the end of the first beginning of the second century on the grounds that the formula D(js) M(anibus) were not current when X Gemina was in Spain. Yet the absence of any cognomen for the legion is usually taken to be a Julio-Claudian feature. (Other late first century inscriptions which omit the cognomina of legions are known eg. CIL III 5336).

T. Cassius Flavinus. c90-c120. Ritterling believed the inscription pre-dated 69 9, but

Le Rouxl° considered the inscription to be early second century on the basis of the dative case and the formula D(j) M(anibus). Presumably the centurion was recruited from Spain and returned to die.

0. Geminius Sabinus. c96-c117. is discussed in Chapter three.

Vibianus. c107-c118. Is seems likely that X Gemina was stationed at Aquincum for some time before it moved to Vindobona early in the reign of Hadrian. 11 The individual features of the inscription of Vibianus; the absence of Da) M(anibus), the nominative case, might suggest the first century rather than the second, but the findspot of the inscription at Aquincum suggests a date after Trajan's second Dacian War but before the move to Vindobeno.

Julius Crescens. c107-c118. The dating comes from the period of occupation of X

Gernina at Aquincum (see above). Elements of doubt might subsist as the centurion has no praenomen and the age of the deceased was given in years and months - both of these features tend to be mid to late second century rather than early.

Paetus. c107-c130. The inscription of Paetus from Mursa must post date 96 as X

Gemina carries the titles P(ia) F(idelis). Mann seems to suggest the soldier in the century of Paetus was recruited while the legion was at Nijmegen. 12 That was presumably because he believed that Mursa was a legionary fortress held for a short time in the reign of Trajan. There is no necessity for this to be the case. In any case the soldier in the century of Paetus was from Iuvavum (Salzbilrg) in Noricum which could easily have provided recruits for X Gemina once the legion reached Pannonia.

Seneca. c118-c130. The inscription of Seneca from Vindobona presumably post dates cl 18 when the legion seems to have reached Vindobona. The form of the inscription with 11(k) s (itus) E(g) and stipendia expressed by aere would suggest late first century rather than early second century so presumably the inscription is as early as possible in the reign of Hadrian.

P. Aelius Marcus. c120-c150. The findspot of the inscription and the form of the name of the centurion (Imperial) gentiliami and a cognomen derived from a nomen suggests strongly the centurion had been a member of the Equites Singulares Augusti during some part of the reign of Hadrian. His dedication of a shrine to I.O.M.

Dolichenus was very early in the history of that cult.13 C. Mettius Verecundus. c100-c200. The editors of CIL V suggested that the inscription was a dedication to Mercury. 14 The,..,1 date was clearly after 96 as X Gemina carried the titles P(ia) F(idelis) but no other pieces of dating evidence were given other than the practice of placing filiation, tribe and origo on an inscription seems to die out in the early third century.

L. Antonius Felix. c100-c140. This centurion is discussed in Chapter three.

M. Aebutius Victorinus. c102-c147. This centurion is discussed in Chapter four though his centurionate in X Gemina is probably Trajanic.

Ti. Claudius Ulpianus. c130-c169. This centurion is discussed in Chapter four.

C. Octavius Honoratus. c138-c170. This centurion is discussed in Chapter four.

Ulpius Victor. c148-c149. The presence of the centurion at Pontus Magnus in

Mauretania Caesariensis points to the legion being involved in the Mauretanian War of

Antoninus Pius. Speidel would date that war to 148-149.15

Q. Annius Clarus. c148-c149 or c100-c240. It is perhaps more doubtful that the inscription of Annius Clarus at Lambaesis should also date from the period of the

Mauretanian War of Antoninus Pius. The inscription is the tombstone of the centurion's wife and may reveal part of the transfer of the centurion.

Ignotus In 14360. c118-c200. The centurion of 111 14360 eventually became a Praefectus Castrorum in X Gemina. The inscription looks second century, but presumably post-dates c118 and the move of X Gemina to Vindobona. Romulius Cattus. c118-c250. Merely a name, presumably in X Gemina, but just possibly in XIII Gemina or whichever legion (XIV Gemina?) occupied Vindobona while X Gemina was at Aquincum.

C. Vibius Celer. c118-c250. The inscription of Vibius Celer, presumably a centurion of X Gemina, probably dates to the period after c118.

M. Cocceius Superianus. c160-c200. The tombstone of Cocceius Superianus probably dates to the middle years of the second century. He died aged thirty years and nine months - an age which suggests that he must have been directly commissioned as a soldier in the praetorian guard would need to serve at least fifteen years before becoming a centurion, and only one centurion who came through the ranks is known to have taken less than fifteen years. I6 The gentilicium of Cocceius Superianus must have been gained from the Emperor Nerva and it may well have taken two generations of citizenship to produce a directly commissioned centurion. The practice of giving ages in years and months tends to be a mid second century feature.

Secundius Restitutus. c160-c235. The absence of a praenomen is generally taken to be a late second century to mid third century feature. In the most recent monograph on

Jupiter Dolichenus M. Speidel followed Toth 17 in suggesting that violent destructions during the reign of Maximinus Thrax caused the end of all the known temples of

Dolichenus on the Rhine and the Danube. There may be problems in that analysis, but a date range of c160-c235 seems likely.

G. Spurius Silvanus. c180-c191. The dedication to I.O.M. Dolichenus by Spurius

Silvanus dates from the period c180-c191 as it includes a dedication to Commodus with the praenomen Marcus, so before 191. Aurelius Gracilis. c198-c209. The inscription of Aurelius Gracilis belonged to the period 198-209 as it included a dedication to Severus and Caracalla as Emperors and

Geta as Caesar. The inscription seems to suggest that the centurion is in command (or at least with) Ai, Ulpia Contariorum millaria. That position is most exceptional.

Despite M. Speidel's 18 claims for CIL V 7007, no centurion is known to have commanded an Ala. The closest parallel for the inscription of Aurelius Gracilis is the

Old Kilpatrick inscription discussed by E. Birley 19 which also recorded a centurion acting with the Prefect of a unit. The inscription has recently been re-published by

Barko4q and Mocsy who read not C(ivium) R(omanorum) but C(iy) P(raest).20

From their illustration Alföldy has conjectured that line nine of the inscription reads;

'praef(ectus) et c(uius) Q(uram) a(g) Aurelius'. 21 R. W. Davies considered the possible explanations for the presence of Aurelius Gracilis and he suggested that the centurion may have been present to help the movement of the unit. We cannot know if this is the case. For what it is worth, no centurions are attested in temporary command of Alae.22

Ulpius Valerianus. c198-c209. The dedication to Fortuna of Ulpius Valerianus is dated from the titles of Severus and Caracalla to the period 198-209.

Silius Hospes. c204-c212. The dating comes from the cursus inscription of the consular Titus Claudius Candidus (cos. ord. II 204) attested on the stone. The centurion was a hastatus and the stator of the consular.

Notes

1. AE 1943 157, CIL H 1176 2. Ritterling (1925) 1680 3. Le Roux (1982) 293 4. Le Roux (1982) 134 5. Tac. Hist.11 58 6. Most accessibly, Birley (1988) 319 7. Cm XII 2601 8. Le Roux (1982) 252 9. Ritterling (1925) 1688

- 161 - 10. Le Roux (1982) 327 11. Syme (1971) 91 12. Mann (1983) 94 13. Speidel (1978) 14. CIL V p1180 15. Speidel (1984) 212-215 16. Breeze and Dobson (1969) 17. Speidel (1978) 18. Speidel (1984) 169 19. Birley (1983) 73-83 20. Barkocki: and Mecsy (1972) 204, no. 210 taf. 119 21. Quoted in Davies (1981) 210-211 22. See above Chapter seven.

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The legion may go back to Caesar's XI Legion formed in 58 but descent cannot be proved through to Octavian's XI Legion which fought at Actium. The legion seems

to have been in the Balkans from 30BC to AD9 and then in Dalmatia from AD9 onwards.1 The earliest known fortress of Legion XI was Bumum after Legion XX left

for the Rhine in AD9.2

C. Fadius C.F. c27BC-cAD14. C. Fadius is the earliest attested centurion of Legion XI, probably from the time of Augustus. The centurion lacks a cognomen.

L. Sa(lvius). c37-c40. The centurion L. Sa. put up an inscription settling a boundary

dispute under the governor L. Volusius Satuminus and the emperor Gaius, so in the period c37-c40.

M. Sueto. c37-c40. The centurion was attested on the same stone as the foregoing L. S a.

L. Antonius L. F. c42-c70. This centurion and the following twelve centurions were

attested at Burnum and on each of the inscriptions the legion carries the appellations

Claudia Pia Fidelis, which it gained after its resistance to the rebellion of L. Arruntius

Scribonianus in 42.3 It is a curiosity that there seem to be no centurions attested at

Burnum before AD42 though the legion had been present at Bumum since AD9. The

inscriptions are presumably no later than 70 as the legion left Dalmatia for Germany to

be used in the suppression of the rebellion of Civilis. 4 lulius Priscus may have been

the praetorian prefect of Vitellius and is discussed in Chapter one.

Aquilus Fronto. c42-c70. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Antonius. Ceacilius Sabinus. c42-c70. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Antonius.

Cat. Verecundus. c42-c70. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Antonius.

Claudius Geier. c42-c70. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Antonius.

Fabricius Verus. c42-c70. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Antonius.

Geminius Flavius. c42-c70. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Antonius.

Julius Priscus. c42-c70. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Antonius.

Julius Secundus. c42-c70. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Antonius.

Pulpidius Silvester. c42-c70. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Antonius.

Titius Silvanus. c42-c70. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Antonius.

Valerius Postumus. c42-c70. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Antonius.

Valerianus.. c42-c70. The same dating evidence applies as for L. Antonius.

0. Sertorius Festus. c42-c70. Dr. Maxfield suggested that the titles of the legion being written out in full were an indication that the stone was unlikely to post-date AD42 by much.5 Sertorius Festus was commemorated by a sculptural representation which was fully discussed by Dr. Maxfield. 6 The centurion was probably from Verona as he was enrolled in the tribe (Poblilia) of that place, so he presumably returned to Verona to die unless he were killed at Cremona in 69. Q. Aebutius Liberalis. c63-c67. Aebutius Liberalis and Resius Maximus were primi ordines of XI Claudia who renewed boundary inscriptions in the governorship of A.

Ducenius Geminus, so in the period 63-67. The absence of the legionary titles on III

9973 = III 150452 need not suggest the inscriptions pre-date 42.7

A. Resius Maximus. c63-c67. See above.

Marcellus. The career of Marcellus is discussed in Chapter one.

Arellius Flammus. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Attienus. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Attienus Maximus. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Attius Valens. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Betuvius Silo. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

L. alaudiusr Tertius. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Castra Mattiacorum in

Germania Superior so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Coelius. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

- 171 - Crispus. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Domitius 1...1todi. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Gellius Agricola. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Gusor. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

M. Julius Paternus. c70-c100. The centurion is discussed in Chapter two.

Julius Clemens. c70-c100. The centurion is discussed in Chapter two.

Marcius Modestus. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

C. Memmius Martialis. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Mainz so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Mettius Firmus. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

P. Orcius. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100. Postumus. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Primus. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Saenius Maximus. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Serranus. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Valerianus. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Velius Fuscus. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

1...lolni. c70-c100. The centurion was attested at Vindonissa so belongs to the period c70-c100.

Q. Antonius Silo. c80-c96. The centurion Antonius Silo is discussed in Chapter two.

Novius Celer. c80-c100. The miles who mentioned Novius Celer on his tombstone gave the burial formula Dis Manibus. Only two of the legionary tombstones of the first century from the German provinces give that particular formula. One is of XIV

Gemina8 and so must pre-date c92. The other is the inscription of the miles from the century of Novius Celer. This points to a date late in the first century. L. Aconius Statura. c80-c117. The centurion Aconius Statura is discussed in Chapter three.

Sex. Pilonius Modestus. c88-c118. The centurion Pilonius Modestus is discussed in

Chapter three.

Vindex. c100-c107. The dating of the inscription is to the period c100-c107. The presence of the legion at Carnuntum is difficult to fit into any other period. The authorities are agreed that the legion must have left Vindonissa in c100.9 Szilagyl° notes tiles of XI Claudia at both Brigetio and Aquincum which presumably also have to be fitted into the time the legion spent in Pannonia. Conventional wisdom places XI

Claudia at Durosturum after the second Dacian war, but it could have entered Moesia

Inferior earlier. There is no firm evidence of the legion at Durostpium till the governorship of Q. Pompeius Falco c115-c118. 11 The legion may have been at Oescus first. An inscription at Oescus12 shows a miles of XI Claudia from Pelagonia who served fourteen years and died at Oescus. This can hardly be before c114 as XI

Claudia shows no recruits from Pelagonia while the legion was at Vindonissa. 13 The accepted date for the departure of XI Claudia from Pannonia to Moesia Inferior, c107, could be a little late.

T. Flavius Rufus. c100-c120. The centurion Flavius Rufus is discussed in Chapter three.

Ti. Claudius Telesinus. c90-c130. The centurion Claudius Telesinus is discussed in

Chapter three.

C. Maenius Haniochus. c107-c127. The centurion Maenius Haniochus is discussed in Chapter three. L. Valerius Proclus. c107-c120. The centurion Valerius Proclus is discussed in Chapter three.

M. Sabidius Maximus. c125-c150. The centurion Sabidius Maximus is discussed in Chapter four.

Flavius Maximus. 155. The date of the centurion is gained from a consular date.

C. Julius Africanus. c157-c158. The date of Julius Africanus comes from the dedication to Diana and Apollo for the safety of the consular Vitrasius Pollio, governor of Moesia Inferior in c157-c158.

Ignotus VIII 3005. c117-c161. The centurion, who may have been Tuccius, is

discussed in Chapter four.

Annius Saturninus. c161-c169. The dedication of Annius Saturninus was to the

unconquered deity (Sol ?) and to the Emperor L. Verus which must date to the period

161-169.

Ignotus CIL V 955. c161-c169. The centurion is discussed in Chapter four.

Ignotus CIL XI 1059. c96-c200. The centurion is discussed in Chapter four.

Ignotus CIL VIII 2249. c42-c194. The centurion is discussed in Chapter five.

M. Celer? c107-c250. The greek inscription from Istifan in Pontus and B ithynia

presumably dates from the period of XI Claudia's presence in Moesia Inferior, though

no further dating evidence is available on the stone. D. Domitius Ouintianus. c107-c250. The Greek inscription from Claudiopolis in

Pontus and Bythinia presumably dates from the period of XI Claudia's presence in

Moesia Inferior. The inscription is a dedication in honour of the son of the centurion.

Julius Saturninus. c107-c250. The Greek inscription from Histria in Moesia Inferior again cannot be dated any more narrowly than the period of the presence of XI Claudia in Moesia Inferior.

Q. Pisennius Severus. c107-c250. The inscription of Pisennius Severus recorded the restoration of a temple. Ritterling believed the dedication was second century. 14 There would appear to be nothing to rule out the early third century as well.

Valentinus. c115-c250. The centurion Valentinus is mentioned on the tombstone of his wife. The stone is fragmentary and is is not possible to date it any more closely than the period of the legion's presence at Durosnarum.

1-Val?lens. c115-c250. The highly fragmentary inscription attesting the centurion [Val?]ens may belong to a miles of his century, but we cannot be certain and so the inscription cannot be dated any more closely than c115-c250.

M. Domitius Capetolinus. c140-c250. Domitius Capetolinus was from Capetoliade.

The date of the inscription is based on the nomen of his wife. She was an Aelia which suggests a family enfranchised by Hadrian, so the inscription is unlikely to be before c 1 40.

L. Cocceius Marcus. c160-c250. The date range c160-c250 is constructed from the point that most Cocceii carried the praenomen Warcus) as those names formed the gentilicium of the Emperor Nerva. It seems to be usual for a period of some two generations to pass before men with the Imperial gentilicia gain the centurionate and

- 176 - perhaps another generation may be added for the family of Cocceius Marcus to change the praenomen. However, it is not uncommon for centurions who had served in the equites singulares Augusti to carry cognomina which resemble a normal praenomen.15

Such an origin for Cocceius Marcus would probably make him Hadrianic at least. In the absence of any other evidence it seems preferable to stick to the wider date range.

Cornelius Faustus. c160-c250. The dedication to Mithras of Cornelius Faustus looks later than mid second century. The inscription is covered in ligatures and the centurion lacks a praenomen.

Julius. c160-c250. There is little to be done as to giving the inscription a precise date beyond noting the absence of a praenomen which can be taken to be a late second to third century feature on an inscription of this type.

Julius Favor. c160-c250. The dedication by Julius Favor to Apollo was probably also late second to third century on the basis of the absence of the praenomen of the centurion. The centurion may have been a priest of Apollo.

Julius Iulianus. c180-c250. The dating evidence for the inscription of Julius Iulianus comes from the nomenclature of his wife and daughter. She was called Aelia Aurelia, a combination of names that would probably be unlikely before c160. The inscription was probably then at least a generation later than c160.

Aurelius Mica. c200-c250. The dating evidence for the inscription of Aurelius Mica comes from the absence of the centurion's praenomen and the fact that the centurion was an Aurelius. The inscription contained many ligatures.

Valerius Aulucentius. c250-c300. The centurion died aged forty years and five months in a period which the authorities suggest was the second half of the third century.17 Valerius Longinianus. c250-c300. The same evidence applies to this inscription as to the foregoing inscription.

Julius. c250-c300. The same evidence applies to this inscription as to the foregoing inscriptions.

Notes

1. Keppie (1984) 209 2. Wilkes (1969) 93 3. Dio, LX, 14, 5 4. Tac. Hist. IV, 68 5. Maxfield (1981) 188 6. Maxfield op. cit. 141, 186, 188 7. Wi1kes.cjt.451 8. CIL XIII 6304 9. Syme (1971) 91 10. Szilagy (1953) 201f 11. AE 1936 14 12. AE 1935 78 13. Mann (1984) 104 14. Ritterling (1925) 1704 15. e.g. CIL H 4147-M. Aurelius Lucillius. It has to be said that most of the centurions that came from the equites sin gulares Augusti had simple cognomina of the usual type, e.g. M. Ulpius Martialis CM VI 31158. 16. Ritterling QR. cit. 1704 17 Ibid

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a9 g 1 x .. 06 .0 (i) 3 0 3 3 e -o 25 t 25 25 .S = c c c r 1 to to 00 00 U > > XIII Gemina

XIII Gemina may go back to Caesar's XIII legion,' but direct descent through

to Octavian's creation of 41-40BC is impossible to prove. The XIII legion of Octavian served at Puteoli and was in the Balkans after Actium. The disaster of AD9 brought the

legion to the Rhine. The earliest attestation of the title Gernina was Augustan.2

C. Allius L.f.. c27BC-AD14. C. Allius was almost certainly an Augustan member of

the legion. J.C. Mann has suggested the inscription of C. Allius at Penisia could be evidence of veteran settlement at Perusia. 3 His suggestion rests on the fact that C.

Allius belonged to the tribe Lemonia which was not the tribe of Perusia, or indeed anywhere else in the Regio VII, so the centurion did not return home to retire.

C. Allius Oriens. cAD10-c43. The tombstone of the much-decorated C. Allius Oriens

(no relation of C. Allius L.f.) at Vindonissa belonged to the period cAD10-43 when the legion occupied the fortress at Vindonissa. Dr. Maxfield has noted that the three crowns of Allius Oriens were probably indicative of the late-republican practice of awarding crowns individually.4 That suggestion may be used to support an early date for the career of the centurion in the period cAD10-c43.

Ti. Julius Italicus. c37-c60. The career of Julius Italicus is discussed in Chapter one.

M. Vettius Valens. c43-c59. The career of Vettius Valens is discussed in Chapter one.

His centurionate with XIII Gernina was his final post before becoming a primus pilus.

L. Antonius Naso. c54-66. The career of Antonius Naso is discussed in Chapter one.

[Domlitius Martialis. c45-c86. The dedication of [Dom]itius Manialis to Diana at

Poetovio probably belonged to the period c45-c86 when XIII Gemina was stationed at Poetovio. The absence of the praenomen need not suggest a late second or third century date as the inscription is fragmentary. Religious dedications of the mid-first century are very rare in the Danubian provinces.

Annius Rufus. c92-105. The career of Annius Rufus is discussed in Chapter three.

M. Claudius Lucullus. c92-c105. The career of Claudius Lucullus is discussed in Chapter two.

C. Statius Verus. c92-c105. Ritterling considered that Statius Verus was a Flavian centurion.5 It might be more accurate to open the possibility of any date up to c105 when XIII Gemina left Pannonia first for the Dacian War and then for Dacia.

T. Vettius Rufus. c92-c105. The same dating evidence applies as for the previous inscription.

M. Aemilius Paternus. c107-c120. The career of Aemilius Paternus is discussed in

Chapter three.

T. Pontius Sabinus. c116-c120. The career of Pontius Sabinus is discussed in

Chapter three.

C. Julius Pacideius Firmus. c116-c120. The centurion Julius Pacideius Firmus was hastatus of XIII Gemina when a dedication, (probably a tombstone) was put up to him at Heliopolis in Syria by a centurion of I Adiutrix. The most likely period when I

Adiutrix and XIII Gemina were in the east together was probably the Parthian War of

Trajan. A vexillation of XIII Gemina was recorded as serving in the Parthian in the career inscription of the consular C. Julius Quadratus Bassus (suff. 105), 6 and the whole of I Adiutrix seems to have been in the east under its legate A. Platorius Nepos (suff. 119). The hastatus of XIII Gemina could have been a close colleague of T. Pontius Sabinus (see above).

Ignotus CIL III 14178. c92-c130. The career of the Ignotus is discussed in Chapter three.

M. Aebutius Victorinus. c102-c151. The career of Aebutius Victorinus is discussed in

Chapter four.

Ignotus CIL XIII 6952. c103-c148. The career of the Iznotus is discussed in Chapter three.

M. Sabidius Maximus. c130-c150. The career of Sabidius Maximus is discussed in

Chapter three. His centurionate in XHI Gemina was his last post and probably dates to the reign of Antonius Pius.

C. Julius Certus. 138-161. The dedication to I.O.M. by C. Iulius Cetus, primus hastatus posterior was found in the area of the equites singulares augusti in Rome. The man is attested on another inscription of the equites singulares and belongs to the reign of Antoninus Pius.7

M. Domestius Restitutus. 154. The dedication to Iovi Victor Depulsor by Domestius

Restitutus was made on the 24th August 154.

Claudius Ma. 160. The inscription of a soldier in the century of Claudius Ma. was put up in 160.

M. Julius Ouadratus. c107-c160. The career of Julius Quadratus is discussed in Chapter three. L. Dindius Respectus. c70-c170. Dindius Respectus dedicated the tombstone of his

mother with his brother, a centurio speculatorum at Celeia in Noricum. The inscription

does not permit close dating but a number of points can be made. The mother of the centurion was called Gavia Viruna which suggests she was born in Noricum. If Gavia

Viruna was born and died in Noricum it seems likely that Dindius Respectus was also born in Noricum. So the career of Dindius Respectus belongs to the period when Noricum was providing recruits for the Roman legions. The earliest legionary recruits from Noricum belong to the period c45-c69. 8 Those men entered XIII Gemina which was then stationed at Poetovio in Pannonia. Only one recruit from Noricum is known to have entered XIII Gemina once the legion entered Dacia.9 Once Noricum became the base of II Italica in the 170's it seems likely that the great majority of potential recruits from Noricum will have entered II Italica. So it seems likely that Dindius Respectus belongs to the period c45-c170 with the suggestion that given the man was a centurion he would have needed the passage of some years to move through the ranks and that

the earlier part of the date range, when XIII Gemina was in Pannonia should be preferred.

C. Cassius Proculeianus. c107-c250. The centurion Cassius Proculeianus was from

Epiphania, probably Hama on the middle Orontes in Syria. The letters MOES between the filiation clause and the cognomen of the inscription are unlikely to be a mistaken version of the tribe Maec(ia) which was confined to Italy except for Paphlagonia in

Macedonia. The letters MOES are unlikely to be an abbreviation for the province of Moesia which has not produced an example of the placename Epiphania. The letters defy easy explanation. If the centurion was from Hama in Syria as seems probable

then he may have been directly-commissioned or be showing part of a multiple- centurionate career. Or, he could be both directly-commissioned and be showing part of a multiple-centurionate career. It is possible that the man could have been recruited into the vexillation of XIII Gemina which fought in the east in Parthian War of Trajan.

- 190 - It would have been most unlikely for a soldier from Hama to be recruited into XIII

Gemina in the normal conditions of peace in the second century.

Ti. Claudius Valerianus. c107-c250. The career of Claudius Valerianus is discussed in

Chapter four.

C. Domitius Valen c107-c250. Domitius Valens made a dedication to I.O.M. Heliopolitanus at Sarmizegetuza at an unknown date. Eric Birley has suggested that there are no certain dedications to I.O.M. Heliopolitanus before the third century, 1° but the altar of Licinius Macrinus from Micia (see Chapter three) was probably Trajanic and the dedication of Domitius Valens could be as early.

C. Iavolenus Modestus. c107-250. The dedication to Mercury by Iavolenus Modestus is not dateable save within the limits of the Roman occupation of Dacia and the comparative scarcity of inscriptions in the mid-third century.

C. Julius Iulianus. c107-c250. The same dating evidence as that suggested for

Domitius Valens and Iavolenus Modestus applies to Julius Iulianus.

L. Licinius Messalinus. c107-c250. The dedication of Licinius Messalinus to I.O.M.

Heliopolitanus is not dateable save within the limits of the Roman occupation of Dacia and the relative scarcity of mid-third century inscriptions.

C. Julius Celer. c118-c240. The career of Iulius Celer is discussed in Chapter four.

Sextilius Marcellus. c157-c180. The career of Sextilius Marcellus is discussed in Chapter four. L. Aemilius Severus. c140-c250. The tombstone of Aemilius Severus was put up by his wife at Adamiclissi. There is no dating evidence on the stone save the nomen of the centurion's wife. She was called Ael(ia) Marcellina. The natural presumption in the case of a woman from the provinces who carries the name Ael(ia) is that her family gained citizenship from Hadrian. The diminutive cognomen of Ael(ia) Marcellina may suggest second generation citizenship rather than first generation but certainty on that point is impossible and it would be safer to place the inscription no earlier than c140.

Ignotus CIL HI 14477. c140-c250. The inscription 111 14477 links an Ignotus who was hastatus of XIII Gemina to an exercitator equitum called M. Ulpius Restitutus. It would be unlikely for a man with the gentilicium of Trajan to become a centurion before the end of the reign of Trajan, and that should serve to provide a date range for the

Ignotus as well.

M. Ulpius Restitutus. c140-c250. The foregoing discussion of the Ignotus CIL III 14477 covers the date and significance of Ulpius Restitutus.

Ignotus CIL XIII 1859. c42-c240. The career of the Ignotus is discussed in Chapter five.

Cu. Campanus. c40-c238. The career of Cu. Campanus is discussed in Chapter four.

Julius Primus. c160-c250. There is no dating evidence on the dedication to I.O.M. by Julius Primus save the absence of the centurion's praenomen which is a late second to third century feature.

Burius Nocinus. c160-c250. The absence of the praenomen on the tombstone of

Burius Nocinus who died aged 30 at Novaria (his home?) suggests the late second or third centuries. Ritterling believed the inscription was third century. 11 The comparative youth of the centurion at death must prompt the possibility of a direct- commission as service in an established legion by an Italian in the third century could probably be ruled out, while promotion from the ranks of the praetorian guard would involve at least 15-16 years service.12

M. Aurelius Lucius. c180-c240. The nomenclature of Aurelius Lucius suggests a late second or third century date.

Aurelius Domitianus. c180-c240. The nomenclature of Aurelius Domitianus suggests a late second or third century date.

Ti. Claudius Vibianus. c185-c240. The dedication to Silvanus by Claudius Vibianus, a frumentarius, at Augustopolis is Asia belongs to the period after 185 when XIII

Gemina gained the titles R(ia) f(idelis) from Commodus.

Antonius Valentinus. c200-270. The centurion Antonius Valentinus was killed by robbers in the Julian Alps in the third century, probably after a vexillation of XIII

Gemina established itself at Aquileia.

Ulpius Bachius. 198-209. The inscription of Ulpius Bachius was a dedication for the safety of Severus and Antonius as joint emperors, within the period 198-209.

Siscius Valerius. 212-217. The centurion Siscius Valerius put up a dedication to his patron, an equestrian procurator with the nomen Ulpius in In Daciae in 211-212.

Julius Bassus Sulpicianus. 222-235. The career of Julius Bassus Sulpicianus is discussed in Chapter five. C. Julius Lysias. 222-235. The inscription of Julius Lysias gave XIII Getnina the title

Severiana (Alexandriana) so belonged to the period 222-235.

Possible centurions of XIII Gemina.

Victorinus. c107-c250. The Victorinus who dedicated at Altar to I.O.M. at Apulum was a member of XIII Gemina and could have been a centurion.

Notes

1. Keppie (1983) 210 2. Qg. gl. 3. Mann (1983) 5 4. Maxfield (1981) 209 5. Ritterling (1925) 1726 6. CIL 111 14398 = IGLS VI 2775 Halfmann (1979) 119-120 7. CIL VI 31159 8. Mann (1983) 118 9. op. cli. recruits from Noricum when legion was in Dacia 10. Birley (1978) 1521 11. Ritterling (1925) 1726 12. Dobson and Breeze (1969) 101

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The legion may go back to Caesar's XIV legion disbanded in 46-45BC,1 or it may be a fresh creation of Octavian with whom it served till Actium. It served on the

Danube till AD9 then going to the Rhine where it was present till the invasion of Britain in AD43. The legion stayed in Britain until AD67 when it set out to go east for the putative campaign of Nero. In the complex circumstances of AD68-69 it returned to

Britain only to leave Britain finally in AD70.2

C. Acilius Marcianus. cAD9-c61. The inscription of Acilius Marcianus from Velitrene in Regio I is very difficult to date. The legion lacks the titles M(artia) V(ictrix) which it gained in AD 61 and the centurion is described as cent(urio) prin(ceps). Both of those features would suggest a date from the first half of the first century. The centurion lacks filiation and tribe and an Aur(elius) is mentioned on the inscription. These features would normally suggest a mid to late second century date at earliest. But the absence of filiation and tribe is not a crucial piece of evidence on a non-official inscription while the name Aurelius can be found before the mid second century. On balance it seems more likely that the earlier date should prevail.

L. Acirius. cAD9-c43. L. Acirius is attested on the tombstone of a miles of his century. The miles was an Italian and his name was stated in the nominative case. The inscription looks early-perhaps during the first period of XIV Gemina's occupation at

Mainz.

Ignotus CIL XIII 7556. cAD9-c43 The Ignotus was princeps (in cohors II?) in XIV

Gemina in what appears to be an very early period. Ritterling thought the inscription was Augustan.2 Q. Helvius Bucco. cAD9-c43. XIV Gemina spent two lengthy periods at Mainz in the first century. It was at Mainz from AD 9 to AD 43 and then from 70 to 92. The inscription of Helvius Bucco probably belongs to the earlier period of occupation. The

miles in the century of Helvius Bucco was an Italian, his inscription is in the nominative case and the legion lacks the titles M(artia) V(ictrix) it gained in 61. All of these indications suggest the period AD 9 to AD 43.

M. Musius. cAD9-c43. M. Musius was the brother of an aquilifer of XIV Gemina

who died at Mainz after fifteen 5tipendia. Neither brother appears to have had a

cognomen which suggests very strongly the period of XIV Gemina's presence at Mainz

before AD43. The brothers were from Veleia in Regio VIE

C. cAD9-c43. The inscription of C. Vop[...] probably pre-dates the departure of XIV Gemina from Mainz in AD 43. The legion lacks the titles M(artia)

V(ictrix) and the inscription records two soldiers of XIV Gemina in the nominative case

which tends to be an early feature. The two soldiers lack cognomina which virtually precludes the period after AD 70.

I-Cla(udius) Repenitinus. c69. Ritterling thought the most likely date for the dedication from Cemenelum in the Alpes Maritimae was 693 presumably when XIV Gemina was

passing through the area into Italy.

L. Amius Bassus. 69-c96. The career of Amius Bassus is discussed in Chapter 2.

C. Apr...1. cAD9-c43 or c70-c92. The inscription is so fragmentary as not to allow

any more closer dating than the two first century sojourns of XIV Gemina at Mainz

Julius. cAD9-c43 or c70-c92. The same dating evidence applies as for C. Ap[...] C. Orf...]. cAD9-c43 or c70-c92. The same dating evidence applies as for C. Ap[...].

L. Pu[...1. cAD9-c43 or c70-c92. The same dating evidence applies as for C. Ap[...].

C. Appius Capito. c70-c92. The dedication to I.O.M. et Hercules Saxsetanus from the

Norroy stone quarries cannot be dated any more closely than c70-c92 by the presence of XIV Gemina in Germania Superior.

L. Cornelius Arator. c70-c92. The dedication to Fortuna by Cornelius Arator cannot be dated except by the presence of the legion XIV Gemina in Germania Superior. The period will have been c70-c92.

Cornelius Capito. c70-c92 The centurion must post-date 61 because the legion carries the titles M(artia) V(ictrix). So the inscription must belong to the second period of occupation of XIV Gemina at Mainz. The same dating evidence applies to the next group of centurions who appear on fragmentary inscriptions or tabella ansata.

0. Fanestrius Blandus. c70-c92 The same dating evidence applies as for Cornelius

Capito.

P. Helvius Tertius. c70-c92 The same dating evidence applies as for Cornelius Capito.

Julius Sedatus. c70-c92. The centurion Iulius Sedatus is discussed in Chapter two

P. Murrasius. c70-c92. The same dating evidence applies as for Cornelius Capito.

C. Sentius. c70-c92. The same dating evidence applies as for Cornelius Capito. C. Velsius Secundus. c70-c92. The same dating evidence applies as for Cornelius

Capito.

M. Julius Paternus. c80-c100. Julius Paternus is discussed in Chapter two.

Valerius Bassus. c84-c92. The precision of the dating of the inscription of Valerius

Bassus comes from the miles who attested the centurion. The miles was from Cologne and served 14 years before he died. J.C. Mann has suggested that Cologne did not begin providing recruits for the legions until the Flavian period. 4 The funerary dedication Dis Manibus written out in full would also suggest a date at the end of the first century but before c92 when XIV Gemina left Mainz for the Danubian provinces.

0. Geminius Sabinus. c90-c100. Geminius Sabinus is discussed in Chapter three.

M. Claudius Lucullus. c92-c107. Claudius Lucullus is discussed in Chapter two.

Q. Terentius Verna. c92-c114. Terentius Verna could was attested on a tabella ansata from Vindobona in Pannonia. The inscription probably pre-dates the arrival of XIV

Gemina at Carnuntum in c114, but a later date cannot be ruled out.

T. Flavius Rufus. c100-c120. Flavius Rufus is discussed in Chapter three.

Ignotus CIL XIII 6952. c107-c117. The Ignotus is discussed in Chapter three. The transfer from XXX Ulpia Victrix to XIV Gemina presumably occurred while both legions were in Pannonia Superior, so before c117.

T. Flavius Pomponianus. c114-c130. Flavius Pomponianus is discussed in Chapter three. N. Marcius Plaetorius Celer. c117-c140. Marcius Plaetorius Celer is discussed in

Chapter three. The transfer to XIV Gemina certainly occurred after the Parthian War of Trajan in which the centurion won dona with XVI Flavia.

Cornelius Flavus. c92-c250. The date of the inscription of Cornelius Flavus is unclear. The inscription presumably post-dates the arrival of XIV Gemina in then undivided Pannonia in c92. The legion is not then really securely traceable until it reaches Carnuntum after the departure of XV Apollinaris. XIV Gemina could have spent some time at Aquincum (the findspot of the inscription of Cornelius Flavus) in the period c92-c107, but there is probably an occupation of II Adiutrix to be fitted in at Aquincum in the same period though some connection between XIV Gemina and

Aquincum in the late first to early second century period seems possible.

P. Fannius Maxsimus. c92-c250 The inscription post-dates the arrival of XIV Gernina in Pannonia in c92 but otherwise provides no secure evidence of dating. Perhaps a late first to early seond century date could be preferred the grounds that the findspot at

Altenberg might suggest the confused period of the presence of XIV Gemina in Pannonia before the legion finally reaches Carnuntum.

Rut(ilius?) Expectatus. c106-c114. XIV Gemina may have occupied Vindobona before the legion occupied Carnuntum. The most likely period was probably the period after the departure of XIII Gemina for Dacia in c106, but before the departure of XV

Apollinaris from Carnuntum (perhaps c114.) So the inscription probably dates from the period c106-c114 but centurions of XIV Gemina at Vindobona after c114 cannot be ruled out.

Volumnius Pudens. c106-c114. The dating evidence for Volurrmius Pudens is the same as that for Rutilius Expectatus. Martialis. c92-c250. The inscription of Martialis'ai from Poetovio could have been as early as c92-c107 when we are not certain of the whereabouts of XIV Gemina within

Pannonia. However, the inscription could easily date to the period after c107 as dedications to Diana were far from uncommon in the Danubian provinces and could be made by men some distance from their bases.

Ti. Claudius Fatalis. c120-c150. Claudius Fatalis is discussed in Chapter three.

M. Aebutius Victorinus. c102-c150. The centurion Aebutius Victorinus is discussed in Chapter four.

C. Censorius Serenus. c107-200. The inscription of Censorius Serenus must post-

date c106 and the occupation of Dacia. The centurion was from Solva in Noricum

which is given the psuedo-tribe Flavia on the inscription. Solva was enrolled in the

tribe Quirina and the use of psuedo-tribe may indicate some passage of time between

the establishment of Solva as a self-governing community and the death of Censorius

Serenus. The inscription with its filiation clause and the use of a tribe looks second century.

Julius Primus. c145-c155. The inscription of Julius Primus at Fedjara in Mauretania

Caesariensis suggests the period of the war of Antoninus Pius in Mauretania. It is of

interest that the centurion lacked a praenomen a feature usually found on inscriptions of

the late second to early third century, but it is very difficult to suggest a late second to

early third century context for a centurion of XIV Gemina in Mauretania. The

dedication was to I.O.M. Victoria and Noreiae (prsumably the patron deity of Noricum)

and was by vexillation of an Ala Augusta. Both Mauretania and Noricum are known to

have had Ala Augustae but the dedication might suggest the Norican Ala was the one in

question. The presence of a vexillation of an Ala from Noricum under the command of a legionary centurion from Pannonia Superior would again suggest that the inscription pre-dates c175 and the arrival of a legion in Noricum.

C. Iccius Cassius. c114-c250. The dedication to I.O.M. Tavianus by C. Iccius

Cassius cannot be dated with any certainty.

L. Pompeius Caenius. c114-c250. Pompeius Caeneus was princeps of XIV Gemina at an unknown date between c114 and c250. Professor Eric Birley suggested that5 there are no dedications to I.O.M. Heliopolitanus in the western empire before the third century. That is difficult to uphold in the light of the dedication to I.O.M.

Heliopolitanus by a centurion of IV Flavia in Dacia (presumably in the period c107- c118).6

C. Valerius Clemens. c114-c250. Valerius Clemens may have had a multiple centurionate career and is discussed in Chapter four. It is not possible to date the

Carnuntum inscription of Valerius Clemens any more closely than c114-c250.

Ilionius Varro. c114-c117 or c161-c167 or c194-c197. The fragmentary inscription of the hastatus Varro presumably dates from one of the periods in which XIV Geznina sent vexillations to the East. The Parthian Wars of Trajan, L. Verus and Severus are all possibilities though there is only certain attestation of XIV Gemina in the last of those conflicts.

T. Flavius Verecundus .c160-c200. If the three inscriptions of Flavius Verecundus all refer to the same man then the dedication to Mithras should be mid-late second century.

Refius Celerinus. c160-c250. The absence of the praenomina of Refius Celerinus and his son suggest the inscription belongs to the period c160-c250. Ignotus CIL VIII 3007. c30-c250. The probable centurion of VIII 3007 is discussed in Chapter five.

Ignotus CIL XI 1059. c96-c200. The Ignotus is discussed in Chapter four.

M. Ulpius Titus. c140-c220. The centurion Ulpius Titus is discussed in Chapter four.

Flavius Britt°. c160-c250. The tombstone of Flavius Britto was put up in Rome by his wife and freedwoman in a period presumably later than the mid-second century as the centurion lacked a praenomen.

Flavius Silvanus. c160-c250. The dedication of Flavius Silvanus to Minerva at Brigetio presumably dates from the period c160-c250 as the centurion lacks a praenomen. His presence at Brigetio is not explained.

Flavius Marcianus. c160-c235. The centurion Flavius Marcianus is discussed in Chapter four.

Atilius Primus. c160-c235. The dedicaii°61 Atilius Primus to I.O.M. Dolichenus at

Carnuntum probably dates between the period c160 (as the centurion lacks a praenomen) and c235 after which the temple I.O.M. Dolichenus at Carnuntum seems to have been destroyed.7

C. Atius Casius. 184. The inscription of Atius Casius is consular dated to 184.

Cusinius Rufus. 188. The inscription to the Genius of the century of Cusinius Rufus was consular dated to 188. Aurelius Annianus. c180-250. Aurelius Annianus was the son of a centurion who died at 40 years 8 months and 15 days. To be the son of a man who died so young and still to be a centurion Aurelius Annianus must have been directly-commissioned. Two generations of Aurelii must presumably date the inscription to c180 at earliest with the third century being probably more likely.

Aurelius Secundus. c180-c220. The father of the foregoing centurion. The statement of his life in years, months and days has astrological significance.

Aurelius Lucillius. c180-c230. The centurion Aurelus Lucillius is discussed in

Chapter four.

Lutatius. c180-c250. The Greek dedication to the Genius of the century of Lutatius was by Aurelius [T]hiudotus who described himself as Asian. The inscription was probably late second century at earliest because of the attestation of an Aurelius, while the presence of an easterner in XIV Gemina could point to recruitment into one of the vexillations of XIV Gemina which went east in the reign of Severus.

P. I.. .Thus Septimius Mucapor. 222-235. The dedication of Mucapor to Nemesis dates from the period 222-235 as the legion carries the titles Seve[riana Alexandriana].

L. Septimius Marcellinus. c222-c235. The career of Septitnius Marcellinus is

discussed in Chapter five.

T. Flavius Domitius Valerianus. 231. Flavius Dornitius Valerianus is only the second epigraphicaly attested example of a centurion who was created centurion by the vote of

his fellow soldiers. 8 His dedication is one of the latest of a centurion to give details of filiation and tribe. C. Valerius Maximus. C197-c250. The career of Valerius Maximus is discussed in Chapter five.

Possible centurions of XIV Gemina

M. Alpinius Agrippa. c70-c250. Alpinius Agrippa was hastatus posterior of either XV

Apollinaris or XIV Gemina. Ritterling thought XIV Gemina.9

Albanius Longinus. c70-c250. The dedication to the Genius of the century of Albanius

Longinianus could have been made before or after c114.

Axius Vetuleianus. c100-c250. The dedication to the Genius of the century of Axius Vetulieanus was ligatured which might suggest a later than was likely with XV

Apollinaris.

Claudius Acer. c70-c150. Late first or early 2nd century, either XV Apollinaris or XIV

Gemina.

Cornelius Sulla. c62-c250. There is no dating evidence on the stone, the centurion could be with XV Apollinaris, XIV Gernina or even X Gemina (c62-c69 - this last most unlikely.).

Fortunatianus. c70-c250. The dedication was to the Genius of the century. The centurion could have been in XV Apollinaris or XIV Gemina.

Octavius EPostlumus. c70-c250. The dedication to the Genius of the century of Octavius Postumus cannot be dated any more closely than c70-c250. The centurion could have been in XV Apollinaris. Sempronius Niger. c70-c250 The centurion is more likely to have been with XV

Apollinaris than with XIV Gemina.

Notes

1. Keppie (1984) 210 2. Ritterling (1925) 1744. 3 - U. Cit. 1745. 4. Mann (1983) 28. 5. Birley (1981) 1576 6. CIL III 1353 7. Speidel (1978) 72 8. The first was Petronius Fortunatus CIL VIII 217 add. 9. Ritterling (1925) 1744

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The legion was probably raised by Octavian in 41-40BC and may have gained its cognomen at Actium. 1 It was in Pannonia after AD9 and seems to have settled at Carnuntum by c45.

Salvius Marcellus. c45-c62. It is not easy to distinguish the centurions in XV

Apollinaris in the period c45-c62 from those in the period following c71 when the legion returned from the east. J.C. Mann considered the miles from Aequiculi of the century of Salvius Marcellus who died at Carnuntum was Claudio-Neronian rather than

Flavian.2

C. Aconius. c45-c62. The absence of the cognomen may not be certain dating evidence for the centurion being early. The inscription is fragmentary but probably first century, though the presence of the legion at Carnuntum would make the inscription post c45.

C. Cassius Aelianus. c45-c96. There is no dating evidence for the centurion on the inscription apart from an absence of any funerary dedication. The centurion's children were from Aquileia which may suggest he was from that city himself. The man could be directly commissioned as his children were presumably born before he entered the army. The provision of a tribe for a daughter was very rare.

Deccius Maximus. c45-c96. There is no dating evidence on the stone save for an absence of any funerary dedication. The tombstone of the miles in the century of

Deccius Maxinus looks first century while the findspot of Carnuntum suggests the period after c45.

Iu... c45-c96. The dating evidence is the same as that for Deccius Maximus. Iunius. c45-c96. The dating evidence is the same as the above.

C. Petronius. c45-c96. The dating evidence is the same as the above.

A.V. c45-c96. The dating evidence is the same as the above.

M. Pompeius Asper. c61-c96. Pompeius Asper is discussed in Chapter two.

T. Calidius Seven's. c71-c96. There is no certain dating evidence on the stone. From

the context of the inscription and the absence of any funerary dedication the most likely

period should be the later 1st century.

Cassianus. c2-c96. The centurion Cassianus is mentioned on the tombstone of a miles

from the east who died after at least 11 years of service. The easterner was probably

recruited when XV Apollinaris was in the east with Corbulo and then Vespasian in the

period c62-c71. The stipendia of the easterner suggests the period c72-c96 for the

centurion.

Messius Secundus. c83-c92. The centurion Messius Secundus was mentioned on the tombstone of a miles of XV Apollinaris from Antioch in Pisidia. The miles was

probably recruited when the legion was in the east from c62-c7 1. The miles served for

21 years which gives the period c83-c92.

Reburrus. c82-c95. The centurion Reburrus was mentioned on the tombstone of a

man from Hierapolis in Syria who was probably recruited while XV Apollinaris was in

the east from c62-c71. No period of service was given for the miles but he died at 45, suggesting service of at least 20 years. That would indicate the period c82-c96 for the stone and the centurion. C. Sacidius Barbarus. c81-c96. The centurion C. Sacidius Barbarus was the earliest dedicator to Mithras in the western Empire. If Von Domaszewsld was correct 3 the erasure at the foot of the dedication contained a consular date of Dornitian. Consular dates on altars were not common, but the Von Domaszewsld point was repeated by Eric

Birley4 and may well be correct.

C. Calidius Firmus. c71-c114. The centurion Calidius Firmus cannot be dated any more closely than c71-c114.

Cassius Flavus. c71-c114. The miles in the century of Cassius Flavus was from Cologne which led Ritterling5 to suggest the man was originally recruited into one of the German legions and was transferred into XV Apollinaris after Cremona. We cannot be certain of this (the recruitment pattern - three other recruits of XV Apollinaris from

Cologne are known - is exceptional), but the date range c71-c114 will cover the inscription.

Ti. Claudius Pontius. c71-c114. The inscription of Claudius Pontius looks like the centurion's tombstone. If he died at 25 as the stone suggests then he was almost certainly directly-commissioned. A directly-commissioned centurion with the gentilicium of Tiberius or Claudius should be late 1st century at earliest.

Fenius Balbus. c71-c114. The centurion Fenius Balbus was attested on the tombstone of a miles from Cologne. If Ritterling was correct, and the recruits of XV Apollinaris is from Cologne were transferred into the legion after Cremona, 6 then the inscription must date to the early 70's as the miles served only 5 years, but certainly is impossible and the broader dating range c71-c114 seems preferable.

Rubrius Manialis. c71-c114. The dedication of Rubrius Martialis to I.O.M. cannot be dated any more closely than c71-c114.

- 218 - Metilius Iustus. c74-c114. The centurion Metilius Iustus was attested on the tombstone of miles called T. Flavius Is[ido]rus from Astypalaia in the Cyclades. Recruits to legions from natives of Greek Islands were very rare. The recruit may have joined the legion while it was in the east from c62-c71, but with the gentilicium of the Flavians the recruitment date should be after 69. The miles served for five years which may suggest the date range 74-76 but recruitment from the Cyclades to Judaea was very exceptional, perhaps as exceptional as recruitment to Carnuntum from the Cyclades.

The date range c74-c114 cannot be ruled out.

Julius Celerinus. c76-c114. The centurion Julius Celerinus was attested on the tombstone of a miles from ologne who died at the age of 26. It is unlikely that the man had more than eight years of service which ruled out the possibility of recruitment before XV Apollinaris went east in c62. If the transfer suggested by Ritterling is correct the inscription would date from the reign of Vespasian, 7 but the range c76-c114 seems preferable.

M. Julius Avitus. c86-c114. The career of Julius Avitus is discussed in Chapter two.

T. Cassius Secundus. c86 -c114. The dating of the inscription comes from the dona awarded by an unnamed Emperor (presumably Domitian). The award was probably made in either the war of 86 or the war of 92, but the inscription itself was presumably set up after 96 because of the omission of the Emperor's name.

Bagiennus. c90-c114. The centurion Bagiennus is attested on a tombstone of a miles who died after 19 years of service. If the miles was recruited after c71 that would give a date for the centurion in the range c90-c114 and that might be more likely given that the miles was from Savaria which only seems to be producing recruits on any scale under the Flavians.8 Ecetius Primus. c88-c114. The centurion Ecetius Primus was attested on the tombstone of a miles from Virunum who died after 17 years of service. J.C. Mann9 suggested that recruits from the Danubian provinces were not appearing in the legions on any scale until the Flavian period. On that basis the most likely date for the centurion would be c88-c114.

M. Herennius Valens. c90-c114. Herennius Valens is discussed in Chapter three.

Annius Cassius. c98-c114. The centurion Annius Cassius was attested on the tombstone of a miles who died at Carnuntum after serving 22 years. The miles was T.

Flavius T Pol(lia) Secundus Castris. The gentilicium of the Flavians and the origio

Castris must suggest recruitment under the Flavians. The inscription uses the burial formula D(j ) M(anibus) which probably makes the date Trajaic. The tombstone is the only inscription of XV Apollinaris at Carnuntum which uses the burial formula D(is)

M(anibus).

Annius Rufus. c98-c114. Annius Rufus is discussed in Chapter three.

T. Sergius Longus. c117-c138. The inscription of Sergius Longus showing his centurionate with XV Apollinaris is Hadrianic. The centurion is discussed in Chapter four.

M. Aebutius Victorinus. c114-c160. The centurion is discussed in Chapter four. His centurion ate in XV Apollinaris was the last of his career.

T. Vitellius Atillianus. c120-c180. The centurion is discussed in Chapter four. M. Apicius Tiro. c96-c200. The period c96-c200 seems reasonable for a primipilaris who had held a post with XXII Primigenia P&) F(idelis) and who still included tribe and filiation on the inscription.

Ignotus crL Ill 14178. c92-c130. The centurion is discussed in Chapter three.

P. Tun-anius Severus. c114-c200. The centurion is discussed in Chapter four.

Ti. Claudius Demetrius. c114-c200. Ritterling l° believed the inscription was post

Trajanic. The inscription was the fuliment of a vow made when the centurion was a — miles.

L. Veturius Agrippa Aristianus. c114-c200. The Greek inscription of Veturius

Agrippa Aristianus is only dated by the presence of XV Apollinaris in Asia Minor.

C. Valerius Clemens. c160-c240. The dating evidence comes from the findspot of the inscription at Lystra in Galatia. So it was set up after XV Apollinaris went east for

Trajan's Parthian War. The upper dating range of the inscription is more difficult to assess. Since a number of praenomina are missing on the inscription it could easily be last second or early third century.

Flavius Marcianus. c160-c220. The centurion is discussed in Chapter four.

L. Caecilius Optatus. c161-169. The centurion is discussed in Chapter four.

Petronius Fortunatus. c170-c200. The centurion Petronius Fortunatus is discussed in

Chapter four. The centurionate with XV Apollinaris was the eleventh of thirteen. T. Aurelius Varus. c174-c177. The date of the centurion depends on the date of the consular C. Arrius Antoninus as governor of Cappadocia. Arrius Antoninus was consul in c.173,11 the inscription probably belongs to the period c173-c177 as the dedication was to Marcus Aurelius alone. The centurion was a praepositus of an unknown unit.

Aurelius Labrase. 185. The centurion was in command of a vexillation of XV Apollinaris on an inscription of 185.

L. Octavius Victor. c180-c240. The tombstone of Octavius Victor provides no evidence of date except the absence of the praenomen of the centurion who had charge of the stone. Perhaps the period c160-c240.

lulius Crescens. c180-c240. The dating evidence is the same as the previous centurion.

Cn. Marcius Rustius Rufinus. c180-c190. The centurion is discussed in Chapter four.

Possible centurions of XV Apollinaris.

Sex. Ligustinius c14-c100. The man may not have been a centurion, clearly first century.

M. Alpinius Agrippa. c71-c200. The man was hastatus posterior in either XV

Apollinaris or XIV Gemina. Ritterling12 thought XIV Gernina.

Claudius Acer. c98-c200. Late first or second century, either XV Apollinaris or XIV Gemina. C. Julius Macer. c107-c150. Julius Macer was certainly a centurion but possibly not of XV Apollinaris. He had charge of the tombstone of a veteran of XV Apollinaris.

Sempronius Niger. c71-c150. Probably a centurion of XV Apollinaris.

Notes

1. Keppie (1984) 210 2. Mann (1983) 117 3. Quoted in Birley (1988) 410 f. Eradiert ist vielleicht emn Consulat Domitians 4. loc. cit. 5. Ritterling (1925) 1752 6. loc. cit. 7. loc. 8. Mann (1983) 119 9. 2g. cit. 32 10. Ritterling (1925) 1757 11. AlfOldy (1977) 221 12. Ritterling (1925) 1744

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XV Primigenia was probably raised by Gaius in advance of his invasion of Britain which may have been intended for 40. Legion XV would release legion XX from Neuss while its sister legion, XXII Primigenia, would release XIV Gemina from Mainz.1

Ti. Julius Italicus. c40-c50. Julius Italicus may have been one of the earliest centurions of XV Prirnigenia. The career is more fully discussed in Chapter one.

C. Mettius Seneca. c43-c70. Mettius Seneca dedicated an altar to Hercules Saxano at the Brohl stone quarries.

M. Statilius. c43-c70. M. Statilius dedicated an altar to Saxano at the Brohl stone quarries. The centurion may never have had a cognomen, which would be a clear indication of Julio-Claudian date if there were no other evidence.

Legion XV Prirnigenia was disbanded in 70 after its collaboration with Civilis.

Note 1. Keppie (1984) 196-197 Ts S.

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c 'E g E .2 0) o 5 Z :4 cl) •C XX Valeria Victrix

The origins of the legion are uncertain. It may have been formed by Octavian as early as 41-40BC or it could have been formed after Actium. It was probably in Spain c3OBC-c2OBC and thereafter in the Balkans until AD9. It was on the Rhine till AD43 when it took part in the invasion of Britain.1

Frebranus Baculus. c27BC-9AD. The inscription of the hastatus prior Frebtranus

Baculus was found at Bumum in Dalmatia which suggests the period before XX arrived on the Rhine in the aftermath of the Varian disaster.

M. Favonius Facilis. c49-c60. The dating evidence for the tombstone of Favonius

Facilis at Colchester comes from the establishment of a fortress for XX at Colchester in c49 and the overthrow of the colonia at Colchester by Boudicca in 60. There is nothing on the tombstone which seems to contradict such a date.

Livius Satuminus. c55-c70. Livius Satuminus was attested on the tombstone of a soldier in his century who died at Gloucester, presumably in the period of the occupation of )0C at Gloucester.

Ignotus RIB 509. c70-c100. The Ignotus is discussed in Chapter two.

Ignotus CIL XI 1602. c79-c96. The Ignotus gained dona in a war from one of the sons of Vespasian - possibly with XX Valeria in Britain under Agricola. The inscription is fragmentary and the dona could have been gained at another stage of the career.

T. Domitius Vindex. c61-c200. The dedication of Domitius Vindex at Roermond in

Germania Inferior is difficult to date other than to make it clear the inscription post dates c61 when the legion gained the titles Valeria Victrix. The context of the dedication to Mars Halamardi is unclear.

Ignotus RIB 203. c61-c194? The career of the Ignotus is discussed in Chapter five.

Abucinus. c96-c110. The date range is by no means certain but it is likely that the centurion was one of a large group which built the stone fortress wall at Chester. The fortress was clearly being rebuilt in Stone during the reign of Trajan or possibly even earlier .2

Attius Celer. c96-c110. See above.

Ferronius. c96-c110. See above. RIB 1769 may show the same centurion called

Ferronius Vegetius at work on Hadrian's Wall.

T. Flavius Cicatricula. c96-c110. See above. To have a centurion with the gentilicium of the Flavian emperors so early is uncommon.

Q. Maximius. c96-c110. See above.

Ocratius Maximus. c96-c110. See above.

Q. Terentius N.. c96-c110. See above.

Cornelius Severus. c86-c117. Cornelius Severus is attested on the tombstone of a soldier in his century who died after 15 years of service. The soldier did not use the

ubiquitous post-Trajanic burial formula Wis.) M(anibus) so the inscription probably

dates from the period of the presence of XX Valeria at Chester but before the death of Trajan. Octavianus. c86-c117. The centurion Octavianus is attested on the tombstone of a soldier in his century. The soldier was from Cremona in N. Italy which suggests the period before the end of the reign of Trajan while the inscription carries the burial formula Dis Manibus written out in full which again is likely to date to the period before the end of the reign of Trajan.

Julius Candidus. c86-c130. The centurion was named on a phalera from Chester and may also be attested on inscriptions on Hadrian's Wall.

Titianus. c86-c250. A centurion attested on a leaden tag at Chester and may also be attested on a building inscription from Ribchester (RIB 593).

T. Flavius Pro(culus?). c96-c117. The centurion Flavius Pro(culus?) is attested on the tombstone of a soldier in his century. The soldier expressed the filiation clause by simply giving his father's praenomen without mentioning the f(ilius). Thiswas a practise which seem to have died out after the reign of Trajan and the omission of the burial formula D(Ls) M(anibus) places the inscription in the early second century. It would probably be unlikely for the inscription to pre-date c96 as the centurion carries the gentilicium of the Flavians.

Blandius Latinus. c90-c117. The career of Blandius Latinus is discussed in Chapter two.

Ti. Claudius Vitalis. c107-c117. The career of Claudius Vitalis is discussed in Chapter three. He held two posts as a centurion with XX Valeria Victrix.

L. Valerius Proclus. c107-c120. The career of Valerius Proclus is discussed in Chapter three. M. Tuccius?. c107-c130. The career of M. Tuccius? is discussed in Chapter three.

Q. Albius Felix. c117-c138. Albius Felix was given dona by Hadrian in an unknown war presumably while he was a centurion in XX Valeria. Dr Maxfield has suggested that Albius Felix may have gained his dona in Judaea in the period c132-c135.3

Maxfield used the careers of Ligustinius Disertus and Censorius Comelianus as examples of other men who could have gone to Judaea from Britain when the governor

Sex. Julius Severus (cos. suff. 127) left to take charge of the Judaean revolt in c132.

However, both Ligustinius Disertus and Censorius Cornelianus were actually transferred to units in the east from their unit in Britian while the career of Albius Felix would seem to show a part at least of XX Valeria going east, which may seem surprising. However, the move is not impossible, Julius Severus showed a tendency to summon troups whose qualities he knew, for instance, he summoned vexillations from the three legions of Moesia Inferior to Judaea and he had governed Moesia

Inferior immediately before he governed Britain. The award of dona to Albius Felix, hasta pura corona aurea, seems to have been on a large scale which may suggest a senior centurionate, but we cannot be sure. Albius Felix was given dona by Trajan in the Parthian War but we cannot tell if he was given that award as comicularius praefecti praetorio (his post immediately prior to his centurionate) or simply as a praetorian.

This may be of significance in that if the dona of the Parthian War was gained as a praetorian miles, this would not leave him enough time to go through the necessary stages of his career to become a centurion and gain dona in the attested troubles in

Britain early in the reign of Hadrian. But if he were cornicularius praefecti praetorio when he gained his Trajanic dona then there would be nothing to prevent him being in

Britain at the same time as T. Pontius Sabinus' expeditio Britannica (see Chapter three,

T. Pontius Sabinus.). All that can be said with certainty is that the centurionate was held during the reign of Hadrian. Lucilius Ingenuus. c86-c117. There is not much dating evidence on the fragmentary inscription of the optio ad spem ordinis who was killed in a shipwreck and who was in the century of Lucilius Ingenuus. The formula H(ig) (the H(k) is actually omitted, presumably because he was not lying there) S(itus) E() was used on the tombstone which is usually first century

Rufius Sabinus. c86-c200. The inscription of Rufius Sabinus came from the legionary tile works at Holt. There is no dating evidence other than the tile works.

Cesonius. c86-c200. The centurion Cesonius was attested at the Holt tile works. He can only be dated to the period of existence of the tile works.

Caledonius Secundus. c122-c130. The centurial stones from Hadrian's Wall do not usually give the legion to which they belonged. For some reason wall-mile 44-45 produces a number of centurions who announce they were in XX Valeria.

Flavius Noricus. c122-c130. The building inscription of Flavius Noricus was found in sector 45a-45b.

Julius Florentinus. c122-c130. The building inscription of Julius Florentinus was found at Turret 44b.

C. Ligustinius Disertus. c117-c138. The career of Ligustinius Disertus is discussed in

Chapter three.

M. Septimius Magnus. c100-c140. The career of Septimius Magnus is discussed in

Chapter three. C. Julius Maritimus. c122-c140. The career of Julius Maritimus is discussed in

Chapter four.

Liburnius Pronto. c122-c161. The career of Libumius Fronto is discussed in Chapter four.

Terentius Magnus. c122-c138. The inscription of Terentius Magnus was a building inscription found some three miles from Hadrian's Wall, it is natural to suppose it came from the wall area. Libumius Fronto (see above) was attested on the same inscription and he is known from an altar at Benwell to be active in the reign of Antoninus Pius (in a different legion) which further underlines the Hadrianic date.

Postumius Galerius. c100-c160. Postumius Galerius was attested on the tombstone of a soldier in his century. The tombstone carries the burial formula D(i.․) M(anibus) which seems to appear in Britain in the closing years of the first century, while the form of the inscription seems increasingly rare in Britain after the middle of the second century.

Hortensius Proculus. c124-c208. The inscription of Hortensius Proculus from Halton

Chesters on Hadrian's Wall probably dates from the building period of Hadrian's Wall, but could have come from one of the various periods of refurbishment on the wall.

Flavius Betto. c142-c163. The date range given for Flavius Betto is the conventional range given for the two occupations of the Antonine Wall. It is arguable that an inscription in which the centurion omits the praenomen could easily be late second century rather than mid second century. The centurion was praepositus of cohors VI

Nervionim. C. Arrius Domitianus. c140-c180. The inscriptions of Arrius Domitianus from Newstead are not dateable other than by the Antonine occupation of Newstead. The late first century can be ruled out as all three inscriptions are altars which would make them a unique group in Britain at that period. Arrius Domitianus may have had command of the legionary vexillation at Newstead in the first Antonine period of occupation there.

L. Maximius Gaetulicus. c142-c180. The centurion Maximius Gaetulicus was possibly praepositus of the unit at Great Chesters in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The inscription from Newstead may pre- or post-date the Great Chesters inscription. The centurion is now revealed as a primi_pilaris who enlisted in 127 and reached the prirnipilate in 184.3

Praesens. 154. The centurion Praesens was princeps of XX Valeria and put up a dedication to I.O.M. Tanarus in 154 on a consular dated inscription.

Ulpius? Sc?. c142-c157. The inscription of Ulpius? Sc? is lost (the centurion's name was rendered in manuscript as VERSCARM). The man was clearly a praepositus of cohors II Tungrorum. II Tungrorum was a milliary cohort and was attested as such on an inscription from Birrens. 5 In Chapter seven it is suggested that centurions do not normally serve as praepositi in milliary cohorts. It is further suggested that units normally supposed to be rnilliary cohorts were not always milliary and that the use of the title milliaria or its symbol should be the guide as to whether a cohort was milliary on not, rather than the title of the unit's commanding officer. It might be assumed that cohors II Tungrorum was not milliary when the inscription was made.

P. Aelius Bassus. c163-c212. The centurion P. Aelius Bassus was from Mursa in Pannonia and used the characteristically Pannonian expression 2(uon)d(am) centurio.

His was either a direct commission or a multiple-centurionate career as by the mid second century it would have been highly unlikely for XX Valeria to have recruited men from Pannonia. The inscription is unlikely to pre-date the retreat from Scotland at the end of the second Antonine occupation and it belongs in a period when there were plural emperors - c163-169, 198-212.

P. Aelius Romanus. c150-c180. The career of Aelius Romanus is discussed in Chapter four.

Cornelius C.?. c160-c250. Cornelius was an ex praetorian who died at Bedaium in

Noricum. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion suggests a late second to third century date for the inscription.

Sextius Marcianus. c160-c250. The absence of the praenomen of Sextius Marcianus on the inscription should date the stone to the late second or third century.

Varius Ouintius Gaianus. c160-200. Quintius Gaianus was a tcrecenarius who served for over fifty years and who died at the age of 80 years, two months and fifteen days.

The measurement of time in years, months and days seems to have been a mid to late second century feature.

Tullius Capito. c163-250. Tullius Capito was attested on a building inscription at

Corbridge which seems to have belonged to the refurbishment of the site after the retreat from Scotland in c163.

Aelius Vibius. c163-169, 177-180. The date range for the career of Aelius Vibius comes from the reference to plural emperors contained on the stone and the particular form of ligature on the word Antenocitico which was paralleled by another mid-second

century inscription from the same place.5 Julius Peculiaris. c163-c208. The inscription of Julius Peculiaris was from the stone quarries at Gelt in Cumberland. If we assume the quarries at Gelt were for the construction of Hadrian's Wall, we might suppose the centurion was working in the period following the retreat from Scotland. The Stone Wall in that sector probably dates from the reign of Marcus Aurelius, but the quarries could have been used in the refurbishment of the wall area which seems to have taken place under Septimius

Severus.

L. Numerius Felix. c170-c197. The career of Numerius Felix is discussed in Chapter four.

M. Tillius Rufus. c180-c209. The career of Tillius Rufus is discussed in Chapter five.

T. Flavius Virilis. c200-c235. The career of Flavius Virilis is discussed in Chapter five. He held two centurionates in XX Valeria these being the second and fourth post in a career which ended under Severus Alexander.

C. Julius Lepidus. c185-c240. The career of C. Julius Lepidus is discussed in Chapter five.

M. Porcius Easuctanus. c222-c235. Porcius Easuctanus made a dedication for the safety of Severus Alexander at Lambaesis, which gives the date of the inscription but does not provide a context for the inscription unless Porcius Easuctanus had just been made a centurion. Possible centurions of XX Valeria Victrix.

Iulius Sedatus. c70-c120. The centurion was named on the Graffito on a Dr. 27 cup / from Chester. He may have been in II Adiutrix.

Notes 1. Keppie (1984) 211 2. RIB 464 3. AE 1985 735 4. RIB 2110 5. RIB 1328

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The legion XXI was first attested with the cognomen Rapax under Augustus.1 Legion XXI may date back to Actium or before. Its earliest traces are on the Rhine in the reign of Augustus.

O. Manilius Cordus. c14-c41. Manilius Cordus was probably the earliest attested centurion of XXI Rapax. The career is discussed in Chapter one.

Valerius Priscus. The man of the century of Valerius Priscus who had charge of setting

up a epitaph to his brother at Haidra in Numidia seems to lack a cognomen which would suggest a Julio-Claudian date for the inscription. That date might be supported by the absence of a cognomen for legion XXI.

Prov(incialis). c43-c70. Prov(incialis) was named by a man in his century who died at

Vindonissa. XXI Rapax seems to have replaced X111 Gernina at Vindonissa in c43-c45 and remained there until 70. That gives the date range for the centurion.

Vindex. c43-c70. The same dating evidence applies for Vindex as applied for

Prov(incialis). See above.

L. Licinius Festus. c70-c92. Licinius Festus was attested on a dedication to Hercules

from the Brohl stone quarries. The stone quarries at Brohl were in Germania Superior,

but the findspot need not suggest the inscription dates from a period when XXI Rapax

was in Germania Superior. There are three inscriptions of X Gemina at Brohl in a

period when the legion was at Nijmegen in Germania Inferior? The basic assumption

of the centurion working to provide stores for building purposes would suggest the mid

to late first century period rather than the period Augustus-Tiberius. Saxe? thought the most likely date for the inscription was the reign of Vespasian, but the period up to c92 and the legion's departure for Pannonia could be possible.

L. Pompeius Secundus. c70-c92. The same dating evidence for Licinius Festus applies to Pompeius Secundus. The cognomen of the legion was omitted at the end of the inscription, but it was mentioned earlier and the omission need not suggest a Julio- Claudian date.

Sosius Severus. c43-c92. The inscription of Sosius Severus is fragmentary and would appear to date from the period of the move of the legion to Germania Superilin c43.

L. Faltonius Ftrmus. c83-c92. The inscription of Faltonius Firmus at Mainz suggests the period from c83-c92 before the legion went to Pannonia and destruction.

Possible centurions of XXI Rapax.

L. Petronius Nepos. c70-c83. The inscription of Petronius Nepos from Bonna may date from the period c70-c83 when XXI Rapax was replaced at Bonna by I Minervia.

Notes 1. Keppie (1984) 211-212 2. CIL XIII 7699, 7717, 7718 3. Saxer (1967) 76-77

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XXII Primigenia was probably raised by Gaius l or Claudius.

Bargonius. c45-c69. The earliest attested centurion of the legion was probably

Bargonius, recorded by a soldier within his century who died after three years service.

Ritterling2 thought it likely that the soldier, Q. Valerius Virilius from Milan, was an original recruit to the legion which would date Bargonius to the very early part of the reign of Claudius.

T. Iavennius Proculus. c45-c69. The centurion T. Iavennius Proculus from Faventia in Regio VIII died at Mainz at the age of forty-five. The tombstone of Iavennius

Proculus does not carry the titles P(La) F(idelis) (fl(omitiana) to 96) which XXII Primigenia gained in 89 for its part in the suppression of the revolt of Satuminus. The alterations in the titles of XXII Primigenia are useful for the dating of the inscriptions of the legion at Mainz. XXII Primigenia was present in Mainz during the reigns of

Claudius and Nero, and again after c92. So first century inscriptions without the titles

P(ia) F(idelis) at Mainz can be consigned to the reigns of Claudius and Nero. Iavennius Proculus probably dates from that period. Iavennius Proculus had a different praenomen from his father which can be an indication of high social status. He may have ben directly commissioned.

0. Statius Proxumus. c50-c60. The centurion Q. Statius Proxumus was recorded by a soldier of his century who died at Mainz after eleven years service. Statius Proxumus had become a praetorian tribune by AD65 3 when he became involved in the conspiracy of Piso. The soldier in the century of Statius Proxumus was from Aquae Sextiae in

Narbonensis and was probably not an original recruit into XXII Primigenia as original recruits into legions seem to have been Italians.4 So with eleven years of service the soldier must have died after c50 and before c62 as Saturninus Proxumus needs to have spent a year as primus pilus and time as a praetorian tribune before 65.

Petronius. c69. Ritterling suggested the inscription by a soldier of the century of

Petronius of VI 7548 who died at Rome probably belonged to the period c69-c70.5

Calpurnius Repentius, Donatius Valens, Nonius Receptus, Romilius Marcellus. 69. The four centurions Calpurnius Repentius, Donatius Valens, Nonius Receptus and

Rotnilius Marcellus were the men who tried to protect the images of Galba at the oath taking ceremony of 1st January 69. They were later executed for their pains.6

Q. Vettius Rufus. c40-c89. Ritterline suggested that the dedication to Diana by Q.

Vettius Rufus belonged either to the period of Gaius (presumably because the legion lacked any title on the inscription) or to the time of the Flavians (presumably because the findspot of the inscription was Cologne in Germania Inferior and XXII Primigenia was within the province of Germania Inferior from c71 to c92).

L. Veratius Aufidius Rufus. c50-c89. L. Veratius Aufidius Rufus seems to date to the period before XXII Primigenia gained the titles of 89, but after the period when the burial formula D(h) M(anibus) began to be used. Veratius Aufidius Rufus, princeps of

XXII Primigenia, was from Beneventum in Regio IL Forni could find no legionary recruit from Beneventum, or indeed from the whole of Regio II, in the period from

Claudius to Trajan. The appearance of Veratius Aufidius Rufus from an area which does not produce legionary recruits suggests that he was directly commissioned. He was also polyonymous which again can be an indication of high social status.

C. Appius Adiutor. c50-c89. The inscription dates from the period when D(iI)

M(anibus) is used as a burial formula in Italy and before XXII Primigenia gained the titles R(ia) f(idelis) D(omitiana) in 89. L. Vafrius Tiro. 86. The inscription of L. Vafrius Tiro was consular dated to the year

86.

A_prius Li. c70-c89. The inscription of Aprius Li at Brohl probably belonged to the period before 89 as the legion lacks any of the titles it gained in 89. Ritterling suggested the two fragmentary inscriptions XIII 7704 and XIII 7727 were set up at Brohl in the period c102-c107.8

Pl(o)tius Veiento. c70-c89. The fragmentary inscription XIII 7099 may record a centurion called Plotius Veiento in the earliest period of the occupation of XXII Primigenia at Mainz. Ritterling9 suggested the inscription pre-dated the time of Trajan presumably on the grounds that the name of the legion was given in full and the burial formula of the inscription was HCi_c) a(itus) E(st).

Q. Antonius Silo. c92-c96. Q. Antonius Silo is discussed in Chapter two.

,..ovius Peregrinus. c96-c130. The centurion ...ovius Peregrinus from Augusta

Taurinonim in the Transpadana served twenty years before his death at the age of thirty-nine. The inscription must post-date the year 96 as the legion had the titles P(ia)

F(idelis) though the Italian origin of the centurion and his legionary career strongly suggest he was recruited before the reign of Hadrian. The centurion could easily have been recruited before 96.

T. Terentius Titullus. c96-c130. The centurion T. Terentius Titullus died at Rome in the period after 96 at the age of fifty-three years and twenty-eight days. The burial formula Dis Manibus was written out in full which suggests the period Trajan-Hadrian or later. Terentius Titullus named six freedmen and a freedwoman on his tombstone. Perhaps such an array of liberti might suggest high social status and a direct commission. Terentius Titullus served thirty-one years.

0. Licinius Macrinus. c114-c118. The inscription of Q. Licinius Macrinus is discussed in Chapter three, but it is necessary to point out that the Sinope inscription of Licinius Macrinus is the only evidence which shows XXII Primigenia in the east in a period not far removed from the dedication he made at Micia in Dacia while he was a centurion in IIII Flavia. Since HIE Flavia was only in Dacia in the period c106-c118 the most likely date for the Sinope inscription would be the Parthian war of Trajan. The evidence of AE 1962 311, a man who was praefectus castromm of XXII Prirnigenia

(amongst other posts) and gained dona in the Parthian war of Trajan is not certain evidence of the presence of the legion in the east at that time, as a number of scholars have suggested.1°

T. Pontius Sabinus. c116-c118. The career of Pontius Sabinus is discussed in

Chapter three.

C. Sulpicius Maturus. c96-c150. The inscription of Sulpicius Maturus clearly post- dated c96 because XXII Primigenia has the titles 13(k) F(idelis) which it gained in 96. The dedication is unlikely to be after the middle of the second century when the inscriptions at Brohl seem to come to an end.

...nus. c96-c150. The same dating evidence applies as for Sulpicius Maturus.

M. Aebutius Victorinus. c102-c160. The career of M. Aebutius Victorinus is

discussed in Chapter four.

P. Enistalius Paternus. c96-c120. P. Enistalius Paternus from Cemenelum belonged

to the period after 96. Fornill suggested the career was Trajanic presumably on the basis of his Italian origin. Breeze12 suggested the career belonged to the early to mid second century while Mann 13 agreed with Forni. Clearly the balance of opinion suggests the period of the early second century, though he may have been recruited before that time.

Ignotus CIL XIII 6952. c123-c155. The Ignotus of CIL XIII 6952 is discussed in

Chapter three.

Tullius Saturninus. 137. The inscription of Tullius Saturninus was consular dated to

137.

T. Manius Magnus. c130-c150. T. Manius Magnus, of the tribe PoIlia, from Sinope in Pontus-Bythinia made a dedication to Fortuna while he had charge of the Numerus

Brittones Triputienses at Schlossau. The eastern origin of Manius Magnus shows that he could not have been a usual recruit of XXII Pritnigenia. He could have had a multiple-centurionate career or he could have been directly commissioned. However, he may have been recruited into XXII Primigenia while the legion was in the east in the reign of Trajan. The important inscription of Licinius Macrinus which showed the presence of XXII Primigenia in the east came from Sinope. If Manius Magnus was recruited during the Parthian war of Trajan then assuming about fifteen years service in the ranks the inscription could date to the period c130-c150. A direct commission could produce a date as late as the third century.

M. Ulpius Malchus. c140-c200. M. Ulpius Magnus has a cognomen which suggests an eastern origin. Another Ulpius Magnus is known at Palmyra in the early second century. The Palmyrene was an equestrian and may have been the father of the centurion or, perhaps, his son. A direct commission may be suspected for the centurion. A centurion with the gentilicium of Trajan is unlikely to pre-date the reign of

- 255 - Antoninus Pius though with an easterner the names could have been granted on recruitment.

Antonius Aemilianus. 139-161. Antonius Aemilianus made a dedication to the Matres in Hon orem Domus Divinae of Antoninus Pius in the period 139-161 (Pius was described as P(ater) P(atriae)).

Antonius Natalis. c145-c150. Antonius Natalis had charge of a vexillation of Cohors I Sequorum et Rauricorum and dedicated to I.O.M. on the completion of tower 37b on the Upper German Limes.

Attius Atrectus. c96-c240. The inscription offers no more dating evidence than the titles POI) F(idelis) gained by XXII Primigenia in 96.

C. Mellonius Severus. c96-c240. The inscription offers no more dating evidence than the titles P(k) F(idelis) gained by XXII Primigenia in 96.

Q. Pompeius Valens. c96-c240. The inscription offers no more dating evidence than the titles P(k) F(idelis) gained by XXII Primigenia in 96.

O. Tarronius Iulianus. c96-c240. The inscription offers no more dating evidence than the titles P(k) F(idelis) gained by XXII Primigenia in 96.

Lib. Primus. c96-c240. The date of the inscription comes from the titles P( jA) F(idelis) which the legion gained in 96. The centurion is named by a soldier of his century

Baebius Isidorus. c140-c220. The date of the inscription of Baebius Isidorus who put up a tombstone to his equestrian friend T. Flavius Salvianus must belong to the period after the establishment of the fourth equestrian militiae as Flavius Salvianus had held militiae quartae. Devijver14 suggested the inscription was third century, but the date could be as early as the reign of Pius.

Primius Montanus. c145-c240. The findspot of the tabella ansata of Primius Montanus was Osterbrucken on the outer Limes which suggests the inscription should be no earlier than the reign of Antoninus Pius.

O. BI----lius c145-c200. The fragmentary inscription XIII 6642 seems to show a centurion of XXII Primigenia in command of an auxilliary unit at Stockstadt perhaps after the 140's.

P. Aelius S(ilv)anus. c140-c200. P. Aelius S(ilv)anus is discussed in Chapter four.

Sergius Longus. c140-c175. Sergius Longus is discussed in Chapter four.

C. Julius Galba. 163-169. C. Julius Galba, a hastatus of XXII Primigenia, dedicated a temple to the fortune of the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus at Mustis in

Africa Proconsularis. The date of the inscription is 163-169 as both emperors carry the title Armeniacus which was acquired in 163. Julius Galba was enrolled in the tribe

Cornelia which was the tribe of Mustis so he was almost certainly from Mustis. Galba must either have had a multiple-centurionate career or have been directly commissioned

(or both) as XXII Primigenia would not have recruited soldiers from Africa

Proconsularis in the mid second century (or indeed at any other time). The scale of the donation suggests the centurion and his family were of high social status which suggests the possibility of equestrian rank and a direct commission.

T. Aurelius Firminus. c178. T. Aurelius Finninus was praepositus of the Numerus of

Brittones at Stockstadt where he made four dedications to various deities in and around the year 178.

- 257 - M. Petronius Fortunatus. c170-c190. M. Petronius Fortunatus was the directly- commissioned son of the centurion Petronius Fortunatus who died at Cillium in the early third century. M. Petronius Fortunatus is discussed more fully in Chapter four.

C. Valerius Titus. c177-c180. The dedication of C. Valerius Titus can be dated to the period c177-c180 as it occurred during the governorship of Germania Superior of P.

Cornelius Anullinus (cos. suff. c175).15

L. Numerius Felix. c170-c197. Numerius Felix is discussed in Chapter four.

P. Tenacius Vindex. c180-c235. P. Tenacius Vindex was presumably from either

Apulum, where his freedman was an Augustalis, or from Sarmizegetusa, the colony in which the inscription of Tenacius Vindex is found. Tenacius Vindex was enrolled in the tribe Papiria, which was the tribe of both Apulum and Sarmizegetusa. Mann suggested that Apulum became a colony under Commodus. 16 The date range 6f the inscription was probably c180-c235 as it becomes rare to find a man's tribe given on inscriptions after the early third century.

Nammius Rufus. 182. The inscription of Nammius Rufus is consular dated to 182.

Sextilius Marcianus. c150-c192. The centurion is discussed in Chapter four.

M. Julius Martius. 189. The centurion M. Julius Martius is discussed in Chapter four.

Sextilius P. 192. The inscription of Sextilius P. is consular dated to 192. Aelius Demetrius. c160-c240. The centurion dedicated to the Bivi Trivi Ouadrivi at

Hocheim. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion would suggest a late second century date at earliest.

Aelius Martinus. c160-c240. The centurion Aelius Martinus put up a tombstone to his son, an eques romanus who died at the age of eight. The equestrian rank of the son may suggest that Aelius Martinus had the social status from which direct commissions follow, but the careers of the two centurions called Petronius Fortunatus show a likely equestrian son need not have an equestrian father. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion may suggest a late second to third century date as does the practice of giving equestrian status to a child.

Aelius Maximus. c160-c240. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion suggests a late second or third century date.

Caecilius Septimius. c160-c240. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion suggests a late second or third century date.

Claudius Iustinus. c160-c240. The centurion Claudius Iustinus was praepositus of an auxibory unit. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion suggests a late second or third century date.

Cornelius Marcellus. c160-c240. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion suggests a late second or third century date.

Flavius Paternus. c160-c240. The centurion had command of a vexillation of XXII Primigenia. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion suggests a late second or third century date. Flavius V1---flianus. c160-c240. The centurion was praepositus of Coh. II

Treverorum. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion suggests a late second or third century date.

Primanius Primulus. c160-c240. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion suggests a late second or third century date.

Publicius Apronianus. c160-c240. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion suggests a late second or third century date. The centurion was a hastatus.

L. Gellius Celerinus. 204. Gellius Celerinus from Nemausus in Narbonensis dedicated an altar to Diana for the safety of Severus and Antoninus.

Ammianus Urs(us) 204. The centurion, together with the following seven men, were the centurions and primi ordines of XXII Primigenia who made a dedication for the safety of Severus and Antoninus in 204. Fragments of this inscription survive- probably the names of the primi ordines.

Valerius Catul(lus) 204. See above.

(Cavisius Pr(imus) 204. See above.

(Matarnus 204. See above.

Valerius Alexander 204. See above.

(F)lorentinus 204. See above.

Volusius Verus 204. See above. Julius Hispanus. 204. See above.

Julius Valentinus. 217. The centurion Julius Valentinus made a dedication to I.O.M.

Dolichenus at Piercebridge in Lower Britain. The inscription was consular dated to

217.

(G)racilis. c217. The centurion (G)racilis was probably attached to the same vexillation as Julius Valentinus at Piercebridge and he died there around the year 217.

Domitius Asclepiades. 211-217 or 218-222. Domitius Asclepiades made a dedication to I.O.M. Dolichenus at Mainz in the period when VCII Primigenia carried the title of Antoniniana so 211-217 or 218-222. The worship of the storm-god DoEche may be connected to the eastern origin of Asclepiades (he was from Arethusa in Syria) but he could have become a worshipper of the cult at Mainz where there are earlier dedications to I.O.M. Dolichenus. The eastern origin of Domitius Asclepiades suggests he was either directly commissioned and/or he had a multiple-centurionate career, as XXII

Primigenia did not normally recruit from Syria. However, his presence in the legion could be the result of recruitment into one of the vexillations of XXII Primigenia which fought in the east early in the reign of Severus.

Q. Voconius Vitulus. c217-c235. Voconius Vitulus made a dedication to Mars

Leucetius for the safety of an emperor he referred to as D.M. Aug. Pius. CIL suggested that was most likely to be Elagabalus or Severus Alexander.

Julius Bassus Sulpicianus. c222-c235. Julius Bassus Sulpicianus is discussed in Chapter five. T. Flavius Romanus. 232. Flavius Romanus made a dedication to Fortuna on the restoration of the Bathouse at Walldifrn in 232. The centurion was praepositus of the unit.

Sennianus. c200-c250. The tombstone of the wife of the centurion Sennianus was described as late by Ritterling. The third century can be assumed.

Notes 1. Keppie (1984) 13 2. Ritterling (1925) 1800 3. Tac. Ann. XV 50 4. Mann (1963) 488. The original recruitment pattern for XXII Primigenia is not clear, but it probably reflects the pattern outlined in Mann (1963). 5. Ritterling (1925) 1818 6. Tac. Hist. I. 56 7. Ritterling (1925) 1818 8. pg. p .. 1804 9. 2242. 1818 10. Dobson (1978) 243 explains that the dona could have been gained before the primipilate. 11. Forni (1953) 235 12. Breeze (1974) 264 13. Mann (1983) 105 14. Devijver (1976) 376 15. Alflildy (1977) 229 16. Mann (1983) 40

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XXX Ulpia Victrix was probably raised in c102-c105 before the outbreak of the second

Dacian War. 1 XXX Ulpia Victrix was presumably the thirtieth legion then in existence.

M. Annius Martians. c102-c117. The career of Annius Martialis is discussed in Chapter three.

M. Aufidius Exoratus. c102-c117. The career of Aufidius Exoratus is discussed in Chapter three.

C. Julius Aquila. c102-c117. The career of Julius Aquila is discussed in Chapter three.

C. Caesius Silvester. c102-c117. The career of Caesius Silvester is discussed in

Chapter three.

Ignotus MCA 1956 609. c102-c250. The career of the Ignotus is discussed in Chapter five.

T. Flavius Victorinus. c120-c197. The dedication to the Matres and Patres Hiannae from Cologne is not closely dateable. It is only dateable by the likely presence of XXX

Ulpia Victrix in Germania Inferior and the absence of the titles P(ia) F(idelis) which the legion gained in 197 after the revolt of Clodius Albinus.2 The centurion also dedicated an altar to Mercury at Cologne (CIL XD1 8233).

C. Julius Proculus. c150-c197. The career of Julius Proculus is discussed in Chapter four. M. Verecundius Simplex. 164. Verecundius Simplex was attested in a consular dated inscription in command of the stratores and pedites singulares of the governor of

Germania Inferior. Speidel 3 believes that examples of a centurion commanding both the stratores and the pedites singulares of a governor are only known from this inscription and from AE 1935 100, the dedication of a centurion of I Minervia, also in Germania Inferior. It is perhaps unlikely to be a feature solely of the administration of Germania Inferior. The dedication of Verecundius Simplex was to I.O.M. Ceterisque

Diis and the Genius Loci.

Petronius Fortunatus. c160-c200. The career of Petronius Fortunatus is discussed in

Chapter four. His centurionate in XXX Ulpia Victrix was his eighth of thirteen.

Julius Martius. 189. The career of Julius Martius is discussed in Chapter four.

Aurelius Tertinus. c160-c240. The absence of the praenomen of the centurion and the appearance of the nomen of the centurion suggests that the inscription is unlikely to be before c160 and should really be third century.

M. Aurelius Iustus. c200-c230. The career of Aurelius Iustus is discussed in Chapter five.

Ulpius Charistus. c200-c250. The tombstone of the libertus of the centurion Ulpius

Charistus was found at Zela in Cappadocia. Ritterline dated the inscription to the third century. The context of the inscription is not clear.

Priscus. 211. The dedication to I.O.M. Dolichenus, Caracalla, Geta and Julia Domna was clearly set up in 211 before the assassination of Gem. L. Septimius Marcellinus. c222-c235. The career of Septimius Marcellinus is discussed in Chapter five.

Ignotus CIL V 7009. c200-c260. The Ignotus of CIL V 7009 was a centurion of

XXX Ulpia Victrix who died at Taurinum in Regio 11. Ritterling thought the inscription was third century.5

T. Flavius Constans. c253-c300. The centurion Flavius Constans was a centurio protector which is considered to be a mid-third century post.

T. Flavius Super. c253-c300. The centurion Flavius Super was the brother of the centurio protector Flavius Constans and the same dating evidence applies.

Notes 1. Ritterling (1925) 2. Ritterling o_p. cit. 1825 3. Speidel (1978) 73 4. Ritterling op. cit. 1827 5. loc. cit.

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3 7 14 01 c0 .0 01 1111 o, 0 0 0 . .2 .2 t I o 0° '' 5 N N 1 0 ; 8 :..0 ;. 0 . . 5 5 o o 0 E e -5 ' 5 ' 5 ' 5 :4 = 4 1 I:¢ u Mm 1 M' ' 3 1 O o ft.: J)) 5 '>) .e-.1. ▪ o. $ Te It a: U E-; E-; E-: E-: 6 (.3 .1 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations

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Books and Articles

AlfOldy, G. (1959) Die Truppenverteilung der Danaulegionen am Ende des I Jahrhunderts. Acta Archaelogica Academiae Scienfarum Hungaricae, XI (1959) pp113-141 k AlfOldy, G. (1968) Die Hilfstrupperrder ROmischen Provinz Germania Inferior. Epigraphische Studien 6, 1968 AlfOldy, G. (1974) Noricum. London, 1974 AlfOldy, G. (1975) Die ROmischen Inschriften von Tarraco. Berlin 1975 AlfOldy, G. (1977) Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen. Bonn 1977 Applebaum, S. (1976) Prolegomena to the study of the Second Jewish Revolt (132-135). B.A.R. Supplementary Series 7 Oxford, 1976 Bali!, A. (1961) 'Inscripcion funeraria de un centurion.' Cuadernos de Arqueologia e Historia de la Ciudad. Barcelona II, 1961, pp107-109. Garb czi 1 flk,:y (7) Breeze, D.J. (1974) 'The organisation of the career structure of the Immunes and Principales of the Roman Army.' Bonner Jiahrbiicher 174 (1974) pp245-292.

- 277 - Breeze, D.J. and (1975) Hadrian's Wall. London, 1975 Dobson, B.

Birley, A.R. (1981) The Fasti of Roman Britain. Oxford, 1981

Birley, E. (1953) Roman Britain and the Roman Army. Kendal, 1953

Birley, E. (1955) 'A Roman Inscription from Watercrook' Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland /4 i)-tilfri.r; 4,– and Archaeological Society. (1955) pp46-53. Birley, E. (1961) Research on Hadrian's Wall. Kendal, 1961

Birley, E. (1965) 'Promotions and Transfers in the Roman Army II, The Centurionate.' Carnuntum Jahrbuch 1963/64 pp21-33. Birley, E. (1966) 'Alaeopol Cohortes Milliariae.' Corolla Memoriae Erich Swoboda dedicati),.' Cologne, 1966 pp54-67.

Birley, E. (1979) 'Inscriptions indicating impending or recent movements.' Chiron 9, (1979) pp73-83.

Birley, E. (1983) 'A Roman Altar from Old Kilpatrick and Interim Commanders of Auxiliary Units.' Latomus 42 1983, pp73-83. Birley, E. (1988) The Roman Army Papers.1929-1986. Amsterdam 1988 Boon, G. (1987) The Legionary Fortress at Caerleon. Cardiff 1987.

Cheesman, G.L. (1914) The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army. Oxford. 1914

Cheesman, G.L. (1914a) 'An Inscription of the Equites Singulares Imperatoris from Gerasa.' JRS 4, 1914 pp13-16.

Davies, R.W. (1981) 'Some military commands from Roman Britain' ES 12 (1981) pp183-215.

Dean, L.R. (1916) A study of the cognomina of soldiers of the Roman legions. Diss. Princeton.

Devijver, H. (1976-77) Prosopographia militiarum equestrium quae fureunt ab Augusto ad Gallienum. Vol. I-II/Louvain.

Dobson, B. and (1969) The Rome Cohorts and the Legionary Breeze. D.J. Centurionate.' ES 8 (1969) pp100-124 —1 Dobson, B. (1972) 'Legionary Centurion or Equestrian Officer? A comparison of pay and prospects.' Ancient Society 111 (1972) ) 193-207 ) Dobson, B. (1974) 'The significance of the Centurion and Primipilaris in the Roman Army and Administration.'ANRW II, 1 pp392-434.

- 278 - Dobson, B (1978) Die Primipilares. Cologne and Bonn. 1978 Domaszewski, A.Von (1895) Die Religion des ROmischen Heeres. Berlin 1895

Domaszewski, A.Von (1967) Die Rangordnung des Riimischen Heeres ed. II and Dobson, B. Cologne and Graz, 1967

DusaniC, S. (1978) 'A military diploma of AD 65.' Germania 56 (1978) and Vasi6, M.R. pp461-475.

Eck. W. (1972) 'Zum ende der Legio ix Hispana.' Chiron 2, (1972) pp459-462

Fink, R. (1971) Roman Military Records on Papyrus, 1971 no. 501 Forni, G. (1953) ll reclutamento delle legioni da Augusto a Diocleziano Milan-Rome.

Forni. G. (1974) Estrazione etnica e sociale del soldati delle legioni nei primi ire secoli dell Impero ANRW II 1(1974) pp339-391.

French, D.H. and (1987) Four Latin inscriptions from Satala' Anatolian Summerly, J.R. Studies 37, (1987) pp17-22

Frere, S. (1980) 'Hyginus and the First Cohort.' Britannia 11, (1980) pp51-60.

Gilliam, F. (1986) Roman Army Papers. Amsterdam 1986. c1 Halfmann (1979) Die Senatoren au . dem Ostlichen Teil des Imperium Romanum bis zum Ende des 2 Jh. n. Chr. Gottingen 1979.

Hanson, W.S. and (1983) Rome's North Western Frontier: The Antonine Wall Maxwell, G.S. Edinburgh 1983

Hartley, B.R. (1972) 'The Roman Occupation of Scotland: The evidence of the Samian Ware.' Britannia 3, (1972) pp 1-55.

Hofmann, H. (1905) Riimische Militargrabstein der Donaulander Sonderschriften des Osterreichischen Archaologischen Bd. V 1905

Holder, P.A (1980) The Awdlia from Augustus to Trajan. BAR 70 Oxford.

Jarrett, M.G. and (1970) 'The Roman Frontier in Britain from Agricola to Mann, J.C. Gallienus.' Bonner Jahrbucher 170 (1970) pp185- 205.

Jarrett, M.G. (1976) 'An Unnecessary War' Britannia VIII (1976) pp145- 151.

Joliffe, N. (1941) 'Dea Brigantia.' Archaeological Journal XCVIII (1941) 193-241

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