DOCSLIB.ORG

The Britons in Late Antiquity: Power, Identity And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Britons in Late Antiquity: Power, Identity And THE BRITONS IN LATE ANTIQUITY: POWER, IDENTITY AND ETHNICITY EDWIN R. HUSTWIT Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Bangor University 2014 Summary This study focuses on the creation of both British ethnic or ‘national’ identity and Brittonic regional/dynastic identities in the Roman and early medieval periods. It is divided into two interrelated sections which deal with a broad range of textual and archaeological evidence. Its starting point is an examination of Roman views of the inhabitants of the island of Britain and how ethnographic images were created in order to define the population of Britain as 1 barbarians who required the civilising influence of imperial conquest. The discussion here seeks to elucidate, as far as possible, the extent to which the Britons were incorporated into the provincial framework and subsequently ordered and defined themselves as an imperial people. This first section culminates with discussion of Gildas’s De Excidio Britanniae. It seeks to illuminate how Gildas attempted to create a new identity for his contemporaries which, though to a certain extent based on the foundations of Roman-period Britishness, situated his gens uniquely amongst the peoples of late antique Europe as God’s familia. The second section of the thesis examines the creation of regional and dynastic identities and the emergence of kingship amongst the Britons in the late and immediately post-Roman periods. It is largely concerned to show how interaction with the Roman state played a key role in the creation of early kingships in northern and western Britain. The argument stresses that while there were claims of continuity in group identities in the late antique period, the socio-political units which emerged in the fifth and sixth centuries were new entities. Indeed, it will emphasise that there was no return or re-emergence of a primitive form of kingship influenced by deep-seated notions of Celtic-ness. Rather, this study demonstrates that regional Brittonic groups participated in the broader cultural and socio- political transformations that mark out the late antique period across the western provinces of the failing Roman empire. CONTENTS List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Area of Study 4 2 West British Zone 5 North British Zone 10 The Sources 13 Chapter 1: Issues and Approaches 17 Names, Peoples and Places 21 Romanization 24 Britain and Late Antiquity 36 Frontier Gentes 42 Ethnicity 46 Part I: The Making of Britishness Chapter 2: Defining Britishness 54 Ethnography 54 Julius Caesar 58 Hostile Gens 66 Tacitus 70 Creating Roman Britain 79 Cassius Dio 87 Citizenship 94 Conclusion 98 Chapter 3: Tyrants and Barbarians 101 Britain and the Constantinian Dynasty 101 The Creation of Pictishness 113 Britain and the Theodosian Emperors 120 Ammianus Marcellinus 120 3 Claudian and the Honorian Court 133 Tyranny and Barbarity 143 Conclusion 151 Chapter 4: Gildas and the Creation of New Britishness 153 De Excidio Britanniae 153 Gildas 159 Sources of the DEB 162 Britannia 165 Britanni 178 Gens 182 Populus 186 Cives 190 Conclusion 200 Part II: Regionalism Chapter 5: Identity and the Epigraphic Habit 202 Approaches 202 Roman Britain 207 The Civitates 211 Villas 220 Towns 228 Conclusion 230 Post-Roman Inscriptions 232 The West 233 The North 250 Conclusion 258 4 Chapter 6: Kingship in the West 261 The Eastern Zone 262 The Western Zone 278 The Five Kings 284 Kingdoms 291 Identities in the West 293 Conclusion 305 Chapter 7: The North British Zone 307 Britannia Secunda 312 The Wall and the Bernicii 334 Ethnicity on the Wall 335 The Intramural Zone: Barbarians and Romans 343 The Intramural Zone in the Post-Roman Period 354 Conclusion 365 Thesis Conclusion 367 Bibliography 380 Primary sources 380 5 Secondary Sources 382 List of Abbreviations ASE: Anglo-Saxon England AC : Archaeologia Cambrensis 6 Arnold and Davies, REMW: C. J. Arnold and J. L. Davies, Roman and Early Medieval Wales (Stroud, 2000) BAR Brit. Ser: British Archaeological Reports, British Series BAR Int. Ser: British Archaeological Reports, International Series BBCS: Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies Bede, HE: Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, ed. and trans. B. Colgrave and R. Mynors, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford, 1969) Blockley, FCHLRE: The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus, ed. and trans. R. C. Blockley, ARCA Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs 10 (Cambridge, 2007) CMCS: Cambrian/Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons: T. M. Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons, 350-1064 (Oxford, 2013) CQ: Classical Quarterly Dark, Civitas to Kingdom: K. R. Dark, Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity, 300- 800 (Leicester, 1994) Dark, Britain: K. R. Dark, Britain and the End of the Roman Empire (Stroud, 2000) Davies, Wales: W. Davies, Wales in the Early Middle Ages (Leicester, 1982) Edwards, Corpus II: N. Edwards, A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales, Volume II: South-West Wales (Cardiff, 2007) Edwards, Corpus III: N. Edwards, A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales, Volume III: North Wales (Cardiff, 2013) EHR: English Historical Review EME: Early Medieval Europe Find from the Frontier: Finds from the Frontier: Material Culture in the 4th and 5th Centuries, ed. by R. Collins and L. Allason-Jones, CBA Research Reports 162 (York, 2010) 7 Gildas, DEB: De Excidio Britanniae, ed. and trans. M. Winterbottom, Gildas: The Ruin of Britain and Other Documents, Arthurian Sources Vol. 7 (Chichester, 1978) GNA: Gildas New Approaches, ed. by M. Lapidge and D. N. Dumville (Woodbridge, 1984) HB: Historia Brittonum, ed. and trans. J. Morris, Nennius: British History and The Welsh Annals, Arthurian Sources Vol. 8 (Chichester, 1980) HG: Harleian Genealogies, in Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts, ed. by P. Bartrum (Cardiff, 1966) JLA: Journal of Late Antiquity JRS: Journal of Roman Studies Jones, LRE: A. H. M. Jones, The LAter Roman Empire, 284-602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey (3 vols., Oxford, 1964) MA: Medieval Archaeology NH: Northern History OJA: Oxford Journal of Archaeology Pan. Lat: In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini, ed. and trans. C. E. V. Nixon and and B. S. Rogers with the Latin text of R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford, 1994) P&P: Past and Present PSAS: Proceedings of the Society of Antiquarians of Scotland Redknap and Lewis, Corpus I: M. Redknap and J. M. Lewis, A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales, Volume I: South-East Wales (Cardiff, 2007) Rivet and Smith, PNRB: A. L. F. Rivet and C. Smith, The Place Names of Roman Britain (London, 1981) RIB: R. G. Collingwood and R. P. Wright, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain, Volume I: Inscriptions on Stones (Oxford, 1965); R. S. O. Tomlin, R. P. Wright and M. W. C. Hassall, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain, Volume III: Inscriptions on Stone (Oxford, 2009) SC: Studia Celtica 8 SHR: Scottish Historical Review TCWAAS: Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society TRHS: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society WA: World Archaeology White, Britannia Prima: R. White, Britannia Prima: Britain’s Last Roman Province (Stroud, 2007) WHR: Welsh History Review Note on Translations: Where an authoritative translation of either a Latin or Welsh source exists, I have used that given by the editors, as, for instance, with the Latin panegyrics in praise of later Roman emperors or Gildas’s De Excidio Britanniae. This, of course, extends to the quotes from Greek authors such as Cassius Dio and Herodian, where only the modern English translations are cited. Therefore unless stated otherwise, all translations are those of the modern editors/translators. 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Huw Pryce, for his always helpful and stimulating advice. The sheer depth of his knowledge, both of primary and secondary material, never ceases to amaze me. Without a doubt his insights have aided the development of this project greatly. Similar thanks are due to Nancy Edwards, who posed questions of my thesis and provided stimulating analysis of Chapter 5, in particular. However, my gratitude towards Huw and Nancy goes beyond their professional advice. I am extremely grateful for the warm welcomed they extended to me in allowing me to stay at their home and treating me to delicious home-cooked meals. I must also thank Alex Woolf for reading draft chapters and allowing me access to an unpublished paper. Similar thanks are due to David Rollason. My experience at Durham where David was my Masters supervisor proved a challenging and demanding year which provided an excellent insight into the life of a postgraduate researcher. Thanks must also now be extended to my examiners, Fiona Edmonds and Mark Hagger, who have provided insightful criticism on how to improve future work extending from the thesis. This thesis further owes a debt of inspiration to Leslie Alcock and John Morris, whose respective works, Arthur’s Britain and the Age of Arthur, demonstrated to a (much) younger Arthurian enthusiast that the study of ‘Dark Age’ Britain was both fascinating and possible. Thanks are also due to my fellow Bangor postgraduates, who were always ready to distract me with trips to the pub and other delights. Last and by no means least, I owe a huge debt of gratitude to my parents, Alison and Britain, without whose love and support none of this would be possible. This thesis is dedicated to them. Oh, yes, and, of course, the Pooch: who on earth could forget her! 10 Introduction The purpose of this thesis is to examine the creation of British ethnicity and regional Brittonic identities in the late Roman and earliest medieval centuries, that is, between 300 and 600 AD.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE KINGS and QUEENS of BRITAIN, PART I (From Geoffrey of Monmouth’S Historia Regum Britanniae, Tr
    THE KINGS AND QUEENS OF BRITAIN, PART I (from Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae, tr. Lewis Thorpe) See also Bill Cooper’s extended version (incorporating details given by Nennius’s history and old Welsh texts, and adding hypothesised dates for each monarch, as explained here). See also the various parallel versions of the Arthurian section. Aeneas │ Ascanius │ Silvius = Lavinia’s niece │ Corineus (in Cornwall) Brutus = Ignoge, dtr of Pandrasus │ ┌─────────────┴─┬───────────────┐ Gwendolen = Locrinus Kamber (in Wales) Albanactus (in Scotland) │ └Habren, by Estrildis Maddan ┌──┴──┐ Mempricius Malin │ Ebraucus │ 30 dtrs and 20 sons incl. Brutus Greenshield └Leil └Rud Hud Hudibras └Bladud │ Leir ┌────────────────┴┬──────────────┐ Goneril Regan Cordelia = Maglaurus of Albany = Henwinus of Cornwall = Aganippus of the Franks │ │ Marganus Cunedagius │ Rivallo ┌──┴──┐ Gurgustius (anon) │ │ Sisillius Jago │ Kimarcus │ Gorboduc = Judon ┌──┴──┐ Ferrex Porrex Cloten of Cornwall┐ Dunvallo Molmutius = Tonuuenna ┌──┴──┐ Belinus Brennius = dtr of Elsingius of Norway Gurguit Barbtruc┘ = dtr of Segnius of the Allobroges └Guithelin = Marcia Sisillius┘ ┌┴────┐ Kinarius Danius = Tanguesteaia Morvidus┘ ┌──────┬────┴─┬──────┬──────┐ Gorbonianus Archgallo Elidurus Ingenius Peredurus │ ┌──┴──┐ │ │ │ (anon) Marganus Enniaunus │ Idvallo Runo Gerennus Catellus┘ Millus┘ Porrex┘ Cherin┘ ┌─────┴─┬───────┐ Fulgenius Edadus Andragius Eliud┘ Cledaucus┘ Clotenus┘ Gurgintius┘ Merianus┘ Bledudo┘ Cap┘ Oenus┘ Sisillius┘ ┌──┴──┐ Bledgabred Archmail └Redon └Redechius
    [Show full text]
  • The Black Death and Early Modern Witch-Hunts
    Plague and Persecution: The Black Death and Early Modern Witch-Hunts History 480: Major Seminar II Helen Christian Professor Laura Beers April 27, 2011 2 Abstract The century or so from approximately 1550 to 1650 is a period during which witch-hunts reached unprecedented frequency and intensity. The circumstances that fomented the witch- hunts—persistent warfare, religious conflict, and harvest failures—had occurred before, but witch-hunts had never been so ubiquitous or severe. This paper argues that the intensity of the Early Modern witch-hunts can be traced back to the plague of 1348, and argues that the plague was a factor in three ways. First, the plague’s devastation and the particularly unpleasant nature of the disease traumatized the European psyche, meaning that any potential recurrence of plague was a motivation to search for scapegoats. Second, the population depletion set off a chain of events that destabilized Europe. Finally, witch-hunters looked to the example set by the interrogators of suspected “plague-spreaders” and copied many of their interrogation and trial procedures. 3 Table of Contents Introduction 4 Historiography 7 The Plague and “Plague-Spreaders” 9 The Otherwise Calamitous Fourteenth Century 15 The Reformation 18 The Witch-Hunting Craze 22 The Plague in the Early Modern Period 25 Medieval Persecution in the Witch-Hunts 29 Conclusion 35 4 Introduction The Black Death of 1348 had tremendous political, social, economic, and psychological impact on Europe and the trajectory of European history. By various estimates, the plague wiped out between one-third and one-half of the population in only a few years.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Investigations in St John's, Worcester
    Worcestershire Archaeology Research Report No.4 Archaeological Investigations in ST JOHN’S WORCESTER Jo Wainwright Worcestershire Archaeology Research Report no 4 Archaeological Investigations in St John’s, Worcester (WCM 101591) Jo Wainwright With contributions by Ian Baxter, Hilary Cool, Nick Daffern, C Jane Evans, Kay Hartley, Cathy King, Elizabeth Pearson, Roger Tomlin, Gaynor Western and Dennis Williams Illustrations by Carolyn Hunt and Laura Templeton 2014 Worcestershire Archaeology Research Report no 4 Archaeological Investigations in St John’s, Worcester Published by Worcestershire Archaeology Archive & Archaeology Service, The Hive, Sawmill Walk, The Butts, Worcester. WR1 3PD ISBN 978-0-9929400-4-1 © Worcestershire County Council 2014 Worcestershire ,County Council County Hall, Spetchley Road, Worcester. WR5 2NP This document is presented in a format for digital use. High-resolution versions may be obtained from the publisher. [email protected] Front cover illustration: view across the north-west of the site, towards Worcester Cathedral to previous view Contents Summary ..........................................................1 Background ..........................................................2 Circumstances of the project ..........................................2 Aims and objectives .................................................3 The character of the prehistoric enclosure ................................3 The hinterland of Roman Worcester and identification of survival of Roman landscape
    [Show full text]
  • The Iron Age Tom Moore
    The Iron Age Tom Moore INTRODUCfiON In the twenty years since Alan Saville's (1984) review of the Iron Age in Gloucestershire much has happened in Iron-Age archaeology, both in the region and beyond.1 Saville's paper marked an important point in Iron-Age studies in Gloucestershire and was matched by an increasing level of research both regionally and nationally. The mid 1980s saw a number of discussions of the Iron Age in the county, including those by Cunliffe (1984b) and Darvill (1987), whilst reviews were conducted for Avon (Burrow 1987) and Somerset (Cunliffe 1982). At the same time significant advances and developments in British Iron-Age studies as a whole had a direct impact on how the period was viewed in the region. Richard Hingley's (1984) examination of the Iron-Age landscapes of Oxfordshire suggested a division between more integrated unenclosed communities in the Upper Thames Valley and isolated enclosure communities on the Cotswold uplands, arguing for very different social systems in the two areas. In contrast, Barry Cunliffe' s model ( 1984a; 1991 ), based on his work at Danebury, Hampshire, suggested a hierarchical Iron-Age society centred on hillforts directly influencing how hillforts and social organisation in the Cotswolds have been understood (Darvill1987; Saville 1984). Together these studies have set the agenda for how the 1st millennium BC in the region is regarded and their influence can be felt in more recent syntheses (e.g. Clarke 1993). Since 1984, however, our perception of Iron-Age societies has been radically altered. In particular, the role of hillforts as central places at the top of a hierarchical settlement pattern has been substantially challenged (Hill 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • The Fording and Burton Court from Weston Under Penyard a 6.7-Mile Circular Walk North East Towards Linton and Return Via Pontshill
    Ross on Wye Walkers are Welcome The Fording and Burton Court from Weston under Penyard A 6.7-mile circular walk north east towards Linton and return via Pontshill Start: from the Village Hall at School Lane in Weston 3. On the road turn left for about 400 m to a T-junction, under Penyard. with Bollitree Farm on your left. Cross the road towards Grid reference : SO 633 231. a steel field gate, and over the stile (WP19/6) and head half right down the field into the valley. Cross a stile Grade: Leisurely, 16 stiles. (WP19/5) at the bottom of the field and turn right keeping to the fence on your right-hand side. Cross the stile 1. Starting from the village hall in Weston under Penyard (W19/4) into another field and continue with the fence walk back down towards the main road, but opposite hedgerow on your right. Cross a stile (WP19/3)¹ into the Primary school go left up a stony track signposted another field and look behind you for a wonderful view to to the church and public footpath. Enter the churchyard The Skirrid and Black Mountains with Ross on Wye below and keep right to emerge onto a concrete path down to you. Keeping to the right again you will soon come to a Church Lane and turn right down to the centre of Weston gateway in a stone wall. The gate is currently missing, village. Carefully cross the busy main road into the road but there is also a stile (WP19/2).
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology in Northumberland Friends
    100 95 75 Archaeology 25 5 in 0 Northumberland 100 95 75 25 5 0 Volume 20 Contents 100 100 Foreword............................................... 1 95 Breaking News.......................................... 1 95 Archaeology in Northumberland Friends . 2 75 What is a QR code?...................................... 2 75 Twizel Bridge: Flodden 1513.com............................ 3 The RAMP Project: Rock Art goes Mobile . 4 25 Heiferlaw, Alnwick: Zero Station............................. 6 25 Northumberland Coast AONB Lime Kiln Survey. 8 5 Ecology and the Heritage Asset: Bats in the Belfry . 11 5 0 Surveying Steel Rigg.....................................12 0 Marygate, Berwick-upon-Tweed: Kilns, Sewerage and Gardening . 14 Debdon, Rothbury: Cairnfield...............................16 Northumberland’s Drove Roads.............................17 Barmoor Castle .........................................18 Excavations at High Rochester: Bremenium Roman Fort . 20 1 Ford Parish: a New Saxon Cemetery ........................22 Duddo Stones ..........................................24 Flodden 1513: Excavations at Flodden Hill . 26 Berwick-upon-Tweed: New Homes for CAAG . 28 Remapping Hadrian’s Wall ................................29 What is an Ecomuseum?..................................30 Frankham Farm, Newbrough: building survey record . 32 Spittal Point: Berwick-upon-Tweed’s Military and Industrial Past . 34 Portable Antiquities in Northumberland 2010 . 36 Berwick-upon-Tweed: Year 1 Historic Area Improvement Scheme. 38 Dues Hill Farm: flint finds..................................39
    [Show full text]
  • A Welsh Classical Dictionary
    A WELSH CLASSICAL DICTIONARY DACHUN, saint of Bodmin. See s.n. Credan. He has been wrongly identified with an Irish saint Dagan in LBS II.281, 285. G.H.Doble seems to have been misled in the same way (The Saints of Cornwall, IV. 156). DAGAN or DANOG, abbot of Llancarfan. He appears as Danoc in one of the ‘Llancarfan Charters’ appended to the Life of St.Cadog (§62 in VSB p.130). Here he is a clerical witness with Sulien (presumably abbot) and king Morgan [ab Athrwys]. He appears as abbot of Llancarfan in five charters in the Book of Llandaf, where he is called Danoc abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 179c), and Dagan(us) abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 158, 175, 186b, 195). In these five charters he is contemporary with bishop Berthwyn and Ithel ap Morgan, king of Glywysing. He succeeded Sulien as abbot and was succeeded by Paul. See Trans.Cym., 1948 pp.291-2, (but ignore the dates), and compare Wendy Davies, LlCh p.55 where Danog and Dagan are distinguished. Wendy Davies dates the BLD charters c.A.D.722 to 740 (ibid., pp.102 - 114). DALLDAF ail CUNIN COF. (Legendary). He is included in the tale of ‘Culhwch and Olwen’ as one of the warriors of Arthur's Court: Dalldaf eil Kimin Cof (WM 460, RM 106). In a triad (TYP no.73) he is called Dalldaf eil Cunyn Cof, one of the ‘Three Peers’ of Arthur's Court. In another triad (TYP no.41) we are told that Fferlas (Grey Fetlock), the horse of Dalldaf eil Cunin Cof, was one of the ‘Three Lovers' Horses’ (or perhaps ‘Beloved Horses’).
    [Show full text]
  • The Last Horizons of Roman Gaul: Communication, Community, and Power at the End of Antiquity
    The Last Horizons of Roman Gaul: Communication, Community, and Power at the End of Antiquity The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Wilkinson, Ryan Hayes. 2015. The Last Horizons of Roman Gaul: Communication, Community, and Power at the End of Antiquity. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467211 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Last Horizons of Roman Gaul: Communication, Community, and Power at the End of Antiquity A dissertation presented by Ryan Hayes Wilkinson to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2015 © 2015 Ryan Hayes Wilkinson All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Michael McCormick Ryan Hayes Wilkinson The Last Horizons of Roman Gaul: Communication, Community, and Power at the End of Antiquity Abstract In the fifth and sixth centuries CE, the Roman Empire fragmented, along with its network of political, cultural, and socio-economic connections. How did that network’s collapse reshape the social and mental horizons of communities in one part of the Roman world, now eastern France? Did new political frontiers between barbarian kingdoms redirect those communities’ external connections, and if so, how? To address these questions, this dissertation focuses on the cities of two Gallo-Roman tribal groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Roman Empire
    EDITIONLAUSANNE Limited to one tbousand registered sets N0.4'7 THE DECLINEAND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE VOL. I1 THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BY EDWARD GIBBON EDITED BY J. B. BURY, M.A. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY THE RT. HON. W. E. H. LECKY VOL. I1 NEW YORK FRED DE FAU & COMPANY PUBLISHERS COPYRIGHT,I+, FRED DE FAU & COMPANY. CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME PACE... LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS......... xu1 CHAPTER X The Emperors Decks. Gallus. Amilianus. Valerian. and Galliersur - The General Irruption of the Barbarians - The Thirty Tyrads A.D. 248-268 The Nature of the Subject .......i The Emperor Philip .........a 249 Services.Revolt. Victory. and Reign of the Emperor Decius . a 250 He marchesagainst the Goths ......3 Origin of the Goths from Scandinavia .....4 Religion of the Goths ........5 Institutions and Death of Odin .......6 Agreeable. but uncertainHypothesis concerning Odin . 6 Emigration of the Goths fromScandinavia into Prussia . 7 -from Prussia to theUkraine ...... 8 The Gothic Nation increases in its March .... 9 Distinction of the Germans and Sarmatians ....10 Description ofUkraine the ......10 The Goths invade the Roman Provinces .....11 250 Various Events of the Gothic War ... ..12 251 Decius revives the ofice of Censor in the Person of Valerian . 14 The Design Impracticable. and without Effect ....15 Defeat and Death of Decius and his Son .....16 251 Election of Gallus .........IS 252 Retreat of the Goths ....... 18 gallus purchases Peace by the Payment of an annual Tnbut; 18 Popular Discontent .........19 253 Victory and Revolt of Ahilianus ......20 Gallus abandoned and slain .......20 Valerian revenges the Death of Gallus .....21 Is acknowledged Emperor ........21 'i Character of Valerian ....
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)
    Impact of Empire 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd i 5-4-2007 8:35:52 Impact of Empire Editorial Board of the series Impact of Empire (= Management Team of the Network Impact of Empire) Lukas de Blois, Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt, Elio Lo Cascio, Michael Peachin John Rich, and Christian Witschel Executive Secretariat of the Series and the Network Lukas de Blois, Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn and John Rich Radboud University of Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] Academic Board of the International Network Impact of Empire geza alföldy – stéphane benoist – anthony birley christer bruun – john drinkwater – werner eck – peter funke andrea giardina – johannes hahn – fik meijer – onno van nijf marie-thérèse raepsaet-charlier – john richardson bert van der spek – richard talbert – willem zwalve VOLUME 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd ii 5-4-2007 8:35:52 The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476) Capri, March 29 – April 2, 2005 Edited by Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio With the Aid of Olivier Hekster & Gerda de Kleijn LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Lead Sealings
    Roman Lead Sealings VOLUME I MICHAEL CHARLES WILLIAM STILL SUBMITTED FOR TIlE DEGREE OF PILD. SEPTEMBER 1995 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY (L n") '3 1. ABSTRACT This thesis is based on a catalogue of c. 1800 records, covering over 2000 examples of Roman lead sealings, many previously unpublished. The catalogue is provided with indices of inscriptions and of anepigraphic designs, and subsidiary indices of places, military units, private individuals and emperors mentioned on the scalings. The main part of the thesis commences with a history of the use of lead sealings outside of the Roman period, which is followed by a new typology (the first since c.1900) which puts special emphasis on the use of form as a guide to dating. The next group of chapters examine the evidence for use of the different categories of scalings, i.e. Imperial, Official, Taxation, Provincial, Civic, Military and Miscellaneous. This includes evidence from impressions, form, texture of reverse, association with findspot and any literary references which may help. The next chapter compares distances travelled by similar scalings and looks at the widespread distribution of identical scalings of which the origin is unknown. The first statistical chapter covers imperial sealings. These can be assigned to certain periods and can thus be subjected to the type of analysis usually reserved for coins. The second statistical chapter looks at the division of categories of scalings within each province. The scalings in each category within each province are calculated as percentages of the provincial total and are then compared with an adjusted percentage for that category in the whole of the empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents of Volume 2
    Contents of Volume 2 Introduction 1 I Adiutrix 3 I Italica 14 I Minervia 24 Adiutrix 38 II Augusta 52 II Italica 68 In Italica 72 BIT Flavia 77 IV Macedonica 87 V Alaudae 92 V Macedonica 95 VI Victrix 109 VII Claudia 124 VIII Augusta 137 VIIII Hispana 147 X Gemina 153 XI Claudia 169 XIII Gemina 187 XIV Getnina 199 XV Apollinaris 216 XV Primigenia 228 XX Valeria Victrix 231 XXI Rap ax 247 XXII Primigenia 251 XXX Ulpia Victrix 271 Bibliography 276 2 1 MAR 1991 Introduction to Legionary Lists The following section lists the attested centurions of twenty four legions. In each list there is an account of each attested centurion which concentrates on the date and the context of the inscription. Multiple centurionate careers are cross-referenced into the relevant chapters of Volume one. At the end of each chronological list there is a chronologically ordered spread-sheet giving name, reference, date, origin, findspot and any further noteworthy information. At the end of the chronologically ordered spread-sheet there is an alphabetically ordered spread-sheet giving the same information. Centurions named on lead seals and graffiti- are only mentioned if the name is confirmed on a stone inscription from another place. I hope in the future to produce a complete list of centurions from sources other than stone. The legions omitted from the lists are those from the Greek speaking area of the Empire, plus III Augusta and VII Gemina which have both had lists of their centurions published in recent years. Again, I hope to produce a complete list of legionary centurions in the future.
    [Show full text]