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Romans in Cumbria
View across the Solway from Bowness-on-Solway. Cumbria Photo Hadrian’s Wall Country boasts a spectacular ROMANS IN CUMBRIA coastline, stunning rolling countryside, vibrant cities and towns and a wealth of Roman forts, HADRIAN’S WALL AND THE museums and visitor attractions. COASTAL DEFENCES The sites detailed in this booklet are open to the public and are a great way to explore Hadrian’s Wall and the coastal frontier in Cumbria, and to learn how the arrival of the Romans changed life in this part of the Empire forever. Many sites are accessible by public transport, cycleways and footpaths making it the perfect place for an eco-tourism break. For places to stay, downloadable walks and cycle routes, or to find food fit for an Emperor go to: www.visithadrianswall.co.uk If you have enjoyed your visit to Hadrian’s Wall Country and want further information or would like to contribute towards the upkeep of this spectacular landscape, you can make a donation or become a ‘Friend of Hadrian’s Wall’. Go to www.visithadrianswall.co.uk for more information or text WALL22 £2/£5/£10 to 70070 e.g. WALL22 £5 to make a one-off donation. Published with support from DEFRA and RDPE. Information correct at time Produced by Anna Gray (www.annagray.co.uk) of going to press (2013). Designed by Andrew Lathwell (www.lathwell.com) The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Europe investing in Rural Areas visithadrianswall.co.uk Hadrian’s Wall and the Coastal Defences Hadrian’s Wall is the most important Emperor in AD 117. -
THE MADNESS of the EMPEROR CALIGULA (Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus) by A
THE MADNESS OF THE EMPEROR CALIGULA (Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus) by A. T. SANDISON, B.Sc., M.D. Department of Pathology, the University and Western Infirmaty, Glasgow THROUGHOUT the centuries the name of Caligula has been synonymous with madness and infamy, sadism and perversion. It has been said that Marshal Gilles de Rais, perhaps the most notorious sadist of all time, modelled his behaviour. on that of the evil Caesars described by Suetonius, among whom is numbered Caligula. Of recent years, however, Caligula has acquired his apologists, e.g. Willrich; so also, with more reason, has the Emperor Tiberius, whose reputation has been largely rehabilitated by modern scholarship. Our knowledge of the life of Caligula depends largely on Suetonius, whose work D)e vita Caesarum was not published, until some eighty years after the death of Caligula in A.D. 41. Unfortunately that part ofTacitus's Annals which treated of the reign. of Caligula has been lost. Other ancient sources are Dio Cassius, whose History of Rome was written in the early third century and, to a lesser extent, Josephus, whose Anht itates Judaicac was published in A.D. 93, and Philo Jqdaeus, whose pamphlet Legatio ad- Gaium and In Flaccum may be considered as contemporary writings. It seems probable that all these ancient sour¢es are to some extent prejudiced and highly coloured. Suetonius's Gaius Caligula in De vita Caesarum is full of scabrous and sometimes entertaining stories, on some ofwhich little reliability can be plat-ed. Nevertheless, the outlines of Caligula's life-history are not in doubt, and a usefiul summary is given by Balsdon (i949) in the Oxford-Classical Dictionary. -
Roman Lead Sealings
Roman Lead Sealings VOLUME I MICHAEL CHARLES WILLIAM STILL SUBMITTED FOR TIlE DEGREE OF PILD. SEPTEMBER 1995 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY (L n") '3 1. ABSTRACT This thesis is based on a catalogue of c. 1800 records, covering over 2000 examples of Roman lead sealings, many previously unpublished. The catalogue is provided with indices of inscriptions and of anepigraphic designs, and subsidiary indices of places, military units, private individuals and emperors mentioned on the scalings. The main part of the thesis commences with a history of the use of lead sealings outside of the Roman period, which is followed by a new typology (the first since c.1900) which puts special emphasis on the use of form as a guide to dating. The next group of chapters examine the evidence for use of the different categories of scalings, i.e. Imperial, Official, Taxation, Provincial, Civic, Military and Miscellaneous. This includes evidence from impressions, form, texture of reverse, association with findspot and any literary references which may help. The next chapter compares distances travelled by similar scalings and looks at the widespread distribution of identical scalings of which the origin is unknown. The first statistical chapter covers imperial sealings. These can be assigned to certain periods and can thus be subjected to the type of analysis usually reserved for coins. The second statistical chapter looks at the division of categories of scalings within each province. The scalings in each category within each province are calculated as percentages of the provincial total and are then compared with an adjusted percentage for that category in the whole of the empire. -
Contents of Volume 2
Contents of Volume 2 Introduction 1 I Adiutrix 3 I Italica 14 I Minervia 24 Adiutrix 38 II Augusta 52 II Italica 68 In Italica 72 BIT Flavia 77 IV Macedonica 87 V Alaudae 92 V Macedonica 95 VI Victrix 109 VII Claudia 124 VIII Augusta 137 VIIII Hispana 147 X Gemina 153 XI Claudia 169 XIII Gemina 187 XIV Getnina 199 XV Apollinaris 216 XV Primigenia 228 XX Valeria Victrix 231 XXI Rap ax 247 XXII Primigenia 251 XXX Ulpia Victrix 271 Bibliography 276 2 1 MAR 1991 Introduction to Legionary Lists The following section lists the attested centurions of twenty four legions. In each list there is an account of each attested centurion which concentrates on the date and the context of the inscription. Multiple centurionate careers are cross-referenced into the relevant chapters of Volume one. At the end of each chronological list there is a chronologically ordered spread-sheet giving name, reference, date, origin, findspot and any further noteworthy information. At the end of the chronologically ordered spread-sheet there is an alphabetically ordered spread-sheet giving the same information. Centurions named on lead seals and graffiti- are only mentioned if the name is confirmed on a stone inscription from another place. I hope in the future to produce a complete list of centurions from sources other than stone. The legions omitted from the lists are those from the Greek speaking area of the Empire, plus III Augusta and VII Gemina which have both had lists of their centurions published in recent years. Again, I hope to produce a complete list of legionary centurions in the future. -
Roman Forts and Fortresses Introductions to Heritage Assets Summary
Roman Forts and Fortresses Introductions to Heritage Assets Summary Historic England’s Introductions to Heritage Assets (IHAs) are accessible, authoritative, illustrated summaries of what we know about specific types of archaeological site, building, landscape or marine asset. Typically they deal with subjects which have previously lacked such a published summary, either because the literature is dauntingly voluminous, or alternatively where little has been written. Most often it is the latter, and many IHAs bring understanding of site or building types which are neglected or little understood. This IHA provides an introduction to Roman forts and fortresses (permanent or semi- permanent bases of Roman troops). These installations were a very important feature of the Roman period in Britain, as the British provinces were some of the most heavily militarised in the Roman Empire. Descriptions of the asset type and its development as well as its associations and a brief chronology are included. A list of in-depth sources on the topic is suggested for further reading. This document has been prepared by Pete Wilson and edited by Joe Flatman, Pete Herring and Dave Went. It is one of a series of 41 documents. This edition published by Historic England October 2018. All images © Historic England unless otherwise stated. Please refer to this document as: Historic England 2018 Roman Forts and Fortresses: Introductions to Heritage Assets. Swindon. Historic England. HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/selection-criteria/scheduling-selection/ihas-archaeology/ Front cover: Whitley Castle auxiliary fort, Northumberland (near Alston in Cumbria), from the east in 2007. Introduction Roman forts and fortresses (as opposed to camps) were the permanent or semi- permanent bases of Roman troops. -
The Journal of Roman Studies Volume Xxxiii 1943 Parts I and Ii
THE JOURNAL OF ROMAN STUDIES VOLUME XXXIII 1943 PARTS I AND II CONTENTS M. P. Charlesworth, Pietas and Victoria: the Emperor and the Citizen W. W. Buckland, Gaius i, 166 ' Tutela parentis manumissoris ' Charles Green, Glevum and the Second Legion, ii Norman H. Baynes, The Decline of the Roman Power in Western Europe. Some Modern Explanations. R. P. Wright, The Whitley Castle Altar to Apollo J. M. R. Cormack, High Priests and Macedoniarchs from Beroea I. A. Richmond, Recent Discoveries in Roman Britain from the Air and in the Field Fritz Schulz, Roman Registers of Birth and Birth Certificates, ii Gervase Mathew, The Character of the Gallienic Renaissance Roman Britain in 1942 REVIEWS AND DISCUSSIONS G. Tseretheli, A Bilingual Inscription from Armazi near Mcfyeta in Georgia (by Marcus N. Tod) P. W. Duff, Personality in Roman Private Law, i (by David Daube) H. J. Haskell, This was Cicero : Modern Politics in a Roman Toga (by Hugh Last) E. M. Dohan, Italic Tomb-Groups in the University Museum, Philadelphia (by Paul Jacobsthal) REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF PUBLICATIONS REVIEWS Emanuele Ciaceri, Le origini di Roma: la Donald Atkinson, Report on Excavations at Monarchia e la prima fase dell' Eta repubbli- Wroxeter {the Roman city of Viroconium) in cana (dal Sec. VIII alia meta del Sec. V A.C.) the County of Salop C. E. Smith, Tiberius and the Roman Empire E. Lobel, C. H. Roberts, and E. P. Wegener, John Day, An Economic History of Athens under The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Part xviii Roman Domination Transactions and Proceedings of the American K. Lehmann-Hartleben and E. -
The Madness of Isolation in Suetonius' “Caligula” and “Nero”
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Lewis Honors College Capstone Collection Lewis Honors College 2020 ‘De Monstris’: The Madness of Isolation in Suetonius’ “Caligula” and “Nero” Maya Menon University of Kentucky, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/honprog Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Menon, Maya, "‘De Monstris’: The Madness of Isolation in Suetonius’ “Caligula” and “Nero”" (2020). Lewis Honors College Capstone Collection. 50. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/honprog/50 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Lewis Honors College at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Lewis Honors College Capstone Collection by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ‘De Monstris’: The Madness of Isolation in Suetonius’ “Caligula” and “Nero” Maya Menon MCL 495-001: Capstone Dr. Matthew Wells December 2, 2020 Menon 2 The emperors Gaius Caesar ‘Caligula’ (r. 37-41 CE) and Nero (r. 54-68 CE) are regarded as some of Rome’s most infamous and notorious rulers due to their erratic, destructive, and complex behaviors. In his biographical work The Lives of the Caesars, the literary artist Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (c. 69-122 CE) provides a concise, informative, and illustrative depiction of the reigns of these two emperors. Suetonius’ particular literary technique and style used in the narration for both Nero and Caligula contributes to an enduring legacy of madness and depravity that has been influential in our understanding of these two rulers well into the modern age. -
Aristocratic Identities in the Roman Senate from the Social War to the Flavian Dynasty
Aristocratic Identities in the Roman Senate From the Social War to the Flavian Dynasty By Jessica J. Stephens A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Greek and Roman History) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Professor David Potter, chair Professor Bruce W. Frier Professor Richard Janko Professor Nicola Terrenato [Type text] [Type text] © Jessica J. Stephens 2016 Dedication To those of us who do not hesitate to take the long and winding road, who are stars in someone else’s sky, and who walk the hillside in the sweet summer sun. ii [Type text] [Type text] Acknowledgements I owe my deep gratitude to many people whose intellectual, emotional, and financial support made my journey possible. Without Dr. T., Eric, Jay, and Maryanne, my academic career would have never begun and I will forever be grateful for the opportunities they gave me. At Michigan, guidance in negotiating the administrative side of the PhD given by Kathleen and Michelle has been invaluable, and I have treasured the conversations I have had with them and Terre, Diana, and Molly about gardening and travelling. The network of gardeners at Project Grow has provided me with hundreds of hours of joy and a respite from the stress of the academy. I owe many thanks to my fellow graduate students, not only for attending the brown bags and Three Field Talks I gave that helped shape this project, but also for their astute feedback, wonderful camaraderie, and constant support over our many years together. Due particular recognition for reading chapters, lengthy discussions, office friendships, and hours of good company are the following: Michael McOsker, Karen Acton, Beth Platte, Trevor Kilgore, Patrick Parker, Anna Whittington, Gene Cassedy, Ryan Hughes, Ananda Burra, Tim Hart, Matt Naglak, Garrett Ryan, and Ellen Cole Lee. -
Roman Roads of Britain
Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath. -
3904 Hw Man Plan Aw Pt1-5 Online:1
Frontiers of the Roman Empire inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2005 Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site Hadrian’s Wall Management Plan 2008-2014 Banks East Turret, Hadrian’s Wall © Roger Clegg Management Plan 2008-2014 Preface Andy Burnham, Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport iv Foreword Prof Peter Stone, Chair, Hadrian’s Wall Management Plan Committee v Acknowledgements vi How to use the Plan vi Part 1: Introduction 1.1 The World Heritage Site 2 1.2 The need for a Management Plan 2 1.3 The WHS Management Plan Committee 3 1.4 The Interest Groups 4 1.5 Preparation of the 2008–2014 Management Plan 4 1.6 The role of the Plan 4 1.7 The status of the Plan 4 1.8 Hadrian’s Wall Heritage Ltd (HWHL) 5 1.9 The vision for Hadrian’s Wall 5 Part 2: Hadrian’s Wall WHS and its landscape setting 2.1 The Roman frontiers 7 2.2 The boundaries of Hadrian’s Wall WHS 7 2.3 The Buffer Zone 8 2.4 Hadrian’s Wall and its associated archaeological remains 8 2.5 Geology and topography 10 2.6 The landscape 10 2.7 The survival and condition of the resource 12 2.8 Finds and collections 15 Part 3: Interests in the WHS 3.1 Introduction 18 3.2 International interests 18 3.3 National government interests 19 3.4 Other national organisations 20 3.5 Regional organisations and local government 20 3.6 Cultural and academic interests 21 3.7 Economic and recreational interests 22 3.8 Local communities 23 3.9 Ownership pattern and management roles 23 Part 4: Values and significance of Hadrian’s Wall WHS 4.1 Assessing values 26 4.2 The OUV of Hadrian’s -
Bithynia Eyaleti Valileri (Prosopografik Bir Inceleme)
T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (ESKİÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI ROMA PRINCIPATUS DÖNEMİ (M.Ö. 27-M.S. 284) BITHYNIA EYALETİ VALİLERİ (PROSOPOGRAFİK BİR İNCELEME) Doktora Tezi Kamil DOĞANCI Ankara-2007 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (ESKİÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI ROMA PRINCIPATUS DÖNEMİ (M.Ö. 27-M.S. 284) BITHYNIA EYALETİ VALİLERİ (PROSOPOGRAFİK BİR İNCELEME) Doktora Tezi Kamil DOĞANCI Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Ömer ÇAPAR Ankara-2007 İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER……………………………………………………………...……….I ÖNSÖZ…………………………………………………..……………………........VI GİRİŞ………………………………………...………………………………..……..1 1. BÖLÜM KAYNAKLARIN TANITIMI……………………………...……..………..……..18 1.1. Edebi Kaynaklar………………………..…………………………...…..18 1.2. Nümizmatik Kaynaklar…………………………………………………37 1.3. Epigrafik Kaynaklar………..…………………………………..……….40 2. BÖLÜM ROMA PROVINCIA SİSTEMİ VE EYALETLERDEKİ ROMALI YÖNETİCİLER........................................................................................................43 2.1. Roma Provincia (Eyalet) Sistemi……………….………..……………..43 2.1.1.Provincia Terimi…………..…………….….………………….........43 2.1.2. Cumhuriyet Döneminde Roma Provincia Sisteminin Gelişimi.……48 2.1.3. Augustus Döneminde Provincia Sisteminin Reorganizasyonu……..50 2.1.4. Augustus Dönemi Sonrasında Provincia Sistemindeki Değişiklikler…………………………………………………………54 2.2. Eyaletlerdeki Romalı Yöneticiler……….……….………………..……58 2.2.1. Eyalet Valileri………………………………………………………58 2.2.2. Vali Yardımcıları……………………………………………..…….64 3. BÖLÜM ROMA DÖNEMİNDE BITHYNIA EYALETİNİN İDARİ YAPISI…………...69 -
The Two Republics Or Rome and the United States of America
/ ? THE TWO REPUBLICS ROM AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY ALONZO T. JONES No past event has any intrinsic importance. The knowledge of it is valu- able only as it leads us to form just calculations with respect to the future. — MACAULAY. REVIEW AND HERALD PUBLISHING CO., BATTLE CREEK, MICH.; CHICAGO, ILL.; TORONTO, ONT.; ATI.ANTA, GA. 1891. COPYRIGHTED 1891, BY A. T. JONES. To THE COMMON PEOPLE, who heard our common Master gladly, and whose silent, practical experience "throughout the history of the Church, has always been truer and has led the Church in a safer path than have the public decrees of those who claim to be authoritative leaders of theological thought," this book is respectfully dedicated by THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. OME, in its different phases, occupies the largest place R of any national name in history. Rome, considered with reference to government, is interesting and important. Considered with reference to religion, it is yet more in- teresting and more important. But when considered with reference to the interrelationship of government and re- ligion, it is most interesting and most important. It is Rome in this last phase that is the principal subject of study in this book. As in this particular Rome occupies one extreme and the United States of America the other, the latter is con- sidered also, though the plan and limit of the book has made it necessary to give less space to this than the subject deserves. The principle of Rome in all its phases is that religion and government are inseparable.