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Healthiness, Through the Material Culture of Late Iron Age and Roman Large Urban-Type Settlements of South-East Britain

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Healthiness, Through the Material Culture of Late Iron Age and Roman Large Urban-Type Settlements of South-East Britain HEALTHINESS, THROUGH THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF LATE IRON AGE AND ROMAN LARGE URBAN-TYPE SETTLEMENTS OF SOUTH-EAST BRITAIN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME 1 ANGELA LOUISE TURNER-WILSON A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bournemouth University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Bournemouth University October 2009 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author, and due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. 2 ABSTRACT It has recently been recognised that concepts of health contain multiple dimensions. One area that has received little attention in archaeology is that of health and well-being, so this research seeks to contribute to this area of study. It does so by investigating healthiness in the late Iron Age and Romano-British periods. The literature review explores current thinking around this topic, and confirms that aspects of good health mattered to people in the past. The research explores small finds that are traditionally associated with personal use (mirrors, combs, glass unguent containers, bronze cosmetic grinders and other additional toilet items) from the main urban-type settlements of south-east Britain. The investigation included collecting data concerning the sites, contexts, dates, materials, types, forms, colours and decoration of these objects, and any associated archaeological remains found with these items. Given the social nature of this work, a contextual approach was central to the design. The research takes an interpretive interdisciplinary position that draws on theoretical models based on the self and other, the body and face, the senses and perception, as well as concepts from material cultural studies, such as agency. Patterns seen in the data-set coupled with theoretical frameworks, and understandings of late Iron Age and Roman life, are brought together, and offer a means of interpreting how and why some of these small finds contributed to practices of maintaining good health. These proposals include healthiness in personhood and domestic and public life, in religion and the control of healthiness. 3 LIST OF CONTENTS Pages List of Figures 10 List of Tables 14 Acknowledgement 18 VOLUME 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 Introduction, Scope of Research and Methodology 1.1 The Focus of the Research Enquiry 19 1.2 Research Aims 19 1.3 Research Objectives 19 1.4 Theoretical Position of this Research 20 1.5 Background to Research Approach 21 1.6 Background to Research Periods, Region and Settlements, and Healthiness 23 1.7 Selection of Periods, Region and Settlements for this Research 28 1.8 Settlements not included in this Research 29 1.9 Research Data-Set 32 1.10 Locations and Contexts for this Research 32 1.11 Research Data Collection and Storage 32 1.12 Approaches to Research Findings 35 1.13 Approaches to Research Interpretations 35 1.14 Legal and Ethical Issues within this Research 35 1.15 Outline of the Thesis 35 PART I LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL DISCOURSE Chapter 2 Health and Healthiness 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 What is Health and Healthiness? 38 2.3 Historical Approaches to Health and Healthiness 40 2.4 Osteological and Bio-Cultural Approaches to Health and Healthiness 41 2.5 Ethnographic Approaches to Health and Healthiness 42 2.6 Theoretical Approaches to Health and Healthiness 42 2.7 Summary of the Archaeological Approaches to Health and Healthiness 43 2.8 Theoretical Background 43 2.9 The Biological and Social Body 44 2.10 The Face and Hair 45 2.11 The Senses 46 2.12 Perception, Self and Other, and Image 47 2.13 Conclusion 48 4 Chapter 3 Late Iron Age and Roman Health and Healthiness 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Health as Disease and Illness – Biological Processes and Pathological Changes 50 3.3 Health as Disease and Illness – Doctors, Healers and Hospitals 51 3.4 Health as Disease and Illness – Therapeutic Practices 51 3.5 Healthiness - Towns, Buildings and Streets 52 3.6 Healthiness – Water, Bathing, Hygiene and Cleanliness 53 3.7 Healthiness – Diet 56 3.8 Healthiness – Dental Issues 56 3.9 Healthiness – Religion 57 3.10 Healthiness – Women and the Family 58 3.11 Conclusion 59 Chapter 4 Late Iron Age and Roman Large Urban-Type Settlements of South-East Britain 4.1 Introduction 60 4.2 Canterbury (Durovernum Cantiacorum) – Background 62 4.3 Canterbury - Late Iron Age Settlements and Cemeteries 63 4.4 Canterbury - Roman Town and Cemeteries 63 4.5 Canterbury - Later Roman Town 65 4.6 Chichester (Noviomagus) – Background 65 4.7 Chichester - Late Iron Age Settlements and Cemeteries 66 4.8 Chichester – Roman Town and Cemeteries 66 4.9 Chichester - Later Roman Town 68 4.10 Colchester (Camulodunum) – Background 68 4.11 Colchester - Late Iron Age Settlements and Cemeteries 68 4.12 Colchester - Roman Town and Cemeteries 70 4.13 Colchester - Later Roman Town 71 4.14 London (Londinium) – Background 71 4.15 London - Late Iron Age Settlements and Cemeteries 72 4.16 London - Roman Town and Cemeteries 72 4.17 London - Later Roman Town 82 4.18 Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) – Background 83 4.19 Silchester - Late Iron Age Settlements and Cemeteries 83 4.20 Silchester - Roman Town and Cemeteries 83 4.21 Silchester - Later Roman Town 85 4.22 St Albans (Verulamium) – Background 85 4.23 St Albans - Late Iron Age Settlements and Cemeteries 85 4.24 St Albans - Roman Town and Cemeteries 86 4.25 St Albans - Later Roman Town 88 4.26 Winchester (Venta Belgarum) – Background 88 4.27 Winchester - Late Iron Age Settlements and Cemeteries 89 4.28 Winchester - Roman Town and Cemeteries 89 4.29 Winchester - Later Roman Town 89 4.30 Conclusion 91 Chapter 5 Late Iron Age and Roman Small Finds, Material Cultural Theories 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 What are Small Finds? 93 5.3 Small Finds the Past and Present 93 5 5.4 Approaches to Small Finds through Material Culture Studies 94 5.5 Site Reports and Small Finds 95 5.6 Typological Studies and Small Finds 95 5.7 Material-Based Research and Small Finds 96 5.8 Numerical Analysis and Small Finds 97 5.9 Contextual Analysis and Small Finds 97 5.10 Theory, Small Finds and Agency 98 5.11 Transformed Body and Small Finds 99 5.12 Memory and Small Finds 100 5.13 Conclusion 100 PART II FINDINGS, INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSION Chapter 6 Terminology and Textual Conventions for Findings 6.1 Introduction 102 6.2 Small Finds 102 6.3 Variables 103 6.4 Settlements 103 6.5 Contexts 104 6.6 Associated Non-Toilet Finds 105 6.7 Associated Human Skeletal Remains 105 6.8 Associated Animal Skeletal Remains 105 6.9 Context Dates 106 6.10 Material 106 6.11 Complete Items 107 6.12 Forms 107 6.13 Types 107 6.14 Zoomorphic Types 108 6.15 Coloured and Colourless 108 6.16 Stamped 109 6.17 Decoration 109 6.18 Cases and Covers 109 Chapter 7 Mirrors Findings 7.1 Settlements and Mirrors 110 7.2 Contexts and Mirrors 110 7.3 Context Dates and Mirrors 111 7.4 Associated Small Finds and Mirrors 112 7.5 Associated Non-Toilet Finds and Mirrors 112 7.6 Associated Human Skeletal Remains and Mirrors 113 7.7 Associated Animal Skeletal Remains and Mirrors 114 7.8 Mirror Material 115 7.9 Mirror Forms 117 7.10 Mirror Types 118 7.11 Mirrors Zoomorphic Types 121 7.12 Mirrors Decoration 121 7.13 Mirrors Covers and Cases 123 7.14 Summary of Mirror Findings 126 6 Chapter 8 Combs Findings 8.1 Settlements and Combs 129 8.2 Contexts and Combs 129 8.3 Context Dates and Combs 130 8.4 Associated Small Finds and Combs 131 8.5 Associated Non-Toilet Finds and Combs 131 8.6 Associated Human Skeletal Remains and Combs 132 8.7 Associated Animal Skeletal Remains and Combs 132 8.8 Comb Material 132 8.9 Comb Forms 134 8.10 Comb Types 136 8.11 Combs Zoomorphic Types 139 8.12 Combs Stamped 141 8.13 Combs Decoration 141 8.14 Summary of Comb Findings 147 Chapter 9 Glass Unguent Containers Findings 9.1 Settlements and Glass Unguent Containers 150 9.2 Contexts and Glass Unguent Containers 150 9.3 Context Dates and Glass Unguent Containers 153 9.4 Associated Small Finds and Glass Unguent Containers 153 9.5 Associated Non-Toilet Finds and Glass Unguent Containers 154 9.6 Associated Human Skeletal Remains and Glass Unguent Containers 155 9.7 Associated Animal Skeletal Remains and Glass Unguent Containers 156 9.8 Glass Unguent Containers Material 156 9.9 Glass Unguent Containers Zoomorphic Types 156 9.10 Glass Unguent Containers Coloured and Colourless 158 9.11 Glass Unguent Containers Stamped 161 9.12 Glass Unguent Containers Decoration 161 9.13 Summary of Glass Unguent Containers Findings 169 Chapter 10 Bronze Cosmetic Grinders Findings 10.1 Settlements and Bronze Cosmetic Grinders 172 10.2 Contexts and Bronze Cosmetic Grinders 172 10.3 Context Dates and Bronze Cosmetic Grinders 174 10.4 Associated Small Finds and Bronze Cosmetic Grinders 174 10.5 Associated Non-Toilet Finds and Bronze Cosmetic Grinders 175 10.6 Associated Human Skeletal Remains and Bronze Cosmetic Grinders 175 10.7 Associated Animal Skeletal Remains and Bronze Cosmetic Grinders 176 10.8 Bronze Cosmetic Grinders Material 176 10.9 Bronze Cosmetic Grinders Forms 176 10.10 Bronze Cosmetic Grinders Zoomorphic Types 177 10.11 Bronze Cosmetic Grinders Decoration 177 10.12 Summary of Bronze Cosmetic Grinders Findings 181 Chapter 11 Additional Toilet Items Findings 11.1 Settlements and Additional Toilet Items 183 11.2 Contexts and Additional Toilet Items 187 11.3 Context Dates and Additional Toilet Items 192 11.4 Associated Small Finds and Additional Toilet Items 192 11.5 Associated Non-Toilet
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