The Bronze Coinage of Tasciovanos
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The Battle of Watling Street Took Place in Roman-Occupied Britain in AD 60 Or
THE BATTLE OF WATLING STREET Margaret McGoverne First published in Great Britain in 2017 by Bright Shine Press Brightshinepress.com Copyright © Margaret McGoverne 2017 The right of Margaret McGoverne to be identified as the Author of the Work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. For my boy, remembering our drives along the Icknield Way Contents Map of Roman Britain Principal Characters Place Names in Roman Britain Acknowledgements Background Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Epilogue Extract from The Bondage of The Soil Map of Roman Britain Principal Characters Dedo A young attendant of Queen Boudicca Boudicca Queen of the Iceni tribe, widow of King Prasutagus Brigomall A noble of the Iceni tribe, advisor to the queen Cata A young maiden in Boudicca’s travelling bodyguard Dias An elder of the village of Puddlehill Nemeta Younger daughter of Boudicca and Prasutagus Prasutagus King of the Iceni tribe, lately deceased Vassinus A young serving lad and friend of Dedo Mallo A mule owned by Dedo Place Names in Roman Britain Albion England Cambria Wales Camulodunum Colchester Durocobrivis Dunstable Hibernia Ireland Lactodurum Towcester Londinium London Magiovinium Fenny Stratford Venta Caistor St Edmund, Suffolk Icenorum Verlamion The Catuvellauni capital Verulamium Saint Albans (formerly Verlamion) Viroconium Wroxeter Cornoviorum Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to a number of people, although this list is by no means exhaustive. -
Hawkins Jillian
UNIVERSITY OF WINCHESTER FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES The significance of the place-name element *funta in the early middle ages. JILLIAN PATRICIA HAWKINS Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2011 UNIVERSITY OF WINCHESTER ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The significance of the place-name element *funta in the early middle ages. Jillian Patricia Hawkins The Old English place-name element *funta derives from Late Latin fontāna, “spring”, and is found today in 21 place-names in England. It is one of a small group of such Latin-derived elements, which testify to a strand of linguistic continuity between Roman Britain and early Anglo- Saxon England. *funta has never previously been the subject of this type of detailed study. The continued use of the element indicates that it had a special significance in the interaction, during the fifth and sixth centuries, between speakers of British Latin and speakers of Old English, and this study sets out to assess this significance by examining the composition of each name and the area around each *funta site. Any combined element is always Old English. The distribution of the element is in the central part of the south- east lowland region of England. It does not occur in East Anglia, East Kent, west of Warwickshire or mid-Wiltshire or north of Peterborough. Seven of the places whose names contain the element occur singly, the remaining fourteen appearing to lie in groups. The areas where *funta names occur may also have other pre-English names close by. -
Healthiness, Through the Material Culture of Late Iron Age and Roman Large Urban-Type Settlements of South-East Britain
HEALTHINESS, THROUGH THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF LATE IRON AGE AND ROMAN LARGE URBAN-TYPE SETTLEMENTS OF SOUTH-EAST BRITAIN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME 1 ANGELA LOUISE TURNER-WILSON A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bournemouth University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Bournemouth University October 2009 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author, and due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. 2 ABSTRACT It has recently been recognised that concepts of health contain multiple dimensions. One area that has received little attention in archaeology is that of health and well-being, so this research seeks to contribute to this area of study. It does so by investigating healthiness in the late Iron Age and Romano-British periods. The literature review explores current thinking around this topic, and confirms that aspects of good health mattered to people in the past. The research explores small finds that are traditionally associated with personal use (mirrors, combs, glass unguent containers, bronze cosmetic grinders and other additional toilet items) from the main urban-type settlements of south-east Britain. The investigation included collecting data concerning the sites, contexts, dates, materials, types, forms, colours and decoration of these objects, and any associated archaeological remains found with these items. Given the social nature of this work, a contextual approach was central to the design. The research takes an interpretive interdisciplinary position that draws on theoretical models based on the self and other, the body and face, the senses and perception, as well as concepts from material cultural studies, such as agency. -
Research and Archaeology: a Framework for the Eastern Counties, 1
Research and Archaeology: a Framework for the Eastern Counties, 1. resource assessment edited by J. Glazebrook East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Paper No. 3, 1997 Scole Archaeological Committee EAST ANGLIAN ARCHAEOLOGY OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 3 Published by The Scole Archaeological Committee for East Anglia Castle Museum Norwich NR1 3JU Editor: Jenny Glazebrook Scole Editorial Sub-committee: David Buckley, County Archaeologist, Essex County Council Keith Wade, County Archaeologist, Suffolk County Council Peter Wade-Martins, County Field Archaeologist, Norfolk Museums Service Stanley West Set in Times Roman by Joan Daniells and Jenny Glazebrook using ® Ventura Publisher Printed by Derry and Sons Ltd, Nottingham © The Scole Archaeological Committee ISBN 0 9521848 1 8 For details of other titles in this series, see back cover This report is published with the aid of a grant from English Heritage Cover illustration Recovering finds from topsoil which has been ‘ploughed’ by machine. Photo: Nigel MacBeth, copyright Sutton Hoo Research Trust Contents Contents v Roman, by Chris Going List of Plates v I. Introduction 35 List of Figures vi II. Fortifications and Towns 35 List of Contributors vi III. Roads 37 IV. The Countryside 37 Introduction, by D. G. Buckley V. The Later Roman Period 41 I. Introduction 1 VI. Environment and Economy, by Peter Murphy 42 II. County and Regional Priorities 1 VII. Other topics 43 III. English Heritage Lead 1 Acknowledgements 43 IV. Aims, Approach and Terminology 2 Bibliography 43 V. Procedure 2 VII. Document Review 4 Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Rural, Acknowledgements 4 by Keith Wade Bibliography 4 I. Introduction 47 II. Anglo-Saxon 47 Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, by Louise Austin III. -
Ancient Baldock: the Story of an Iron Age and Roman Town
Ancient Baldock: the story of an Iron Age and Roman town Keith J Fitzpatrick-Matthews and Gilbert R Burleigh NH AS 2007 NH Baldock High Street from the tower of St Mary‟s AS church; the ancient town lay off to the left (east) © North Hertfordshire Museums Service/North Hertfordshire Archaeological Society The right of Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews and Gilbert Burleigh to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Published by North Hertfordshire Museums Service/North Hertfordshire Archaeological Society. Fourth impression. Designed by Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews Printed by The Document Centre, North Hertfordshire District Council, Gernon Road, Letchworth Garden City, Herts SG6 3HL Front cover: an imaginative reconstruction of Roman Baldock around AD 200 by Donna Watters Back cover: a reconstruction of the ash wood and bronze wine-mixing „bucket‟ from the chieftain‟s burial excavated at Clothall Common in 1981 ISBN 978-0-9554116-1-8 Ancient Baldock? The small market town of Baldock has long been a notorious bottleneck for traffic travelling north to south and east to west: the old Great North Road and Icknield Way (later the A1 and A505) crossed in the town centre. Those who stopped in the town will have noticed that as well as the numerous Georgian buildings, there are also surviving late medieval buildings and a magnificent thirteenth-century church. The more informed visitor and most local residents will know that the town was founded by the Knights Templar in the 1140s and that its name was a jocular reference to Baghdad, even then an Arab market city, famous throughout Christendom. -
Durham E-Theses
Durham E-Theses An experiential and comparative analysis of the landscapes of movement and visibility at ve Late Iron Age earthwork complexes in Britain BITHELL, SAMUEL,THOMAS How to cite: BITHELL, SAMUEL,THOMAS (2020) An experiential and comparative analysis of the landscapes of movement and visibility at ve Late Iron Age earthwork complexes in Britain, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13691/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 An experiential and comparative analysis of the landscapes of movement and visibility at five Late Iron Age earthwork complexes in Britain By Samuel Thomas Bithell Abstract: In recent decades, the territorial oppida of Late Iron Age Britain have begun to be assessed more as landscape constructs than individual sites. In addition, studies of other contemporary complexes frequently excluded from the classification of oppida have revealed remarkable similarities with the traditionally defined territorial oppida. -
Verulamium Park Green Spaces Action Plan
Verulamium Park Greenspace Action Plan 2017 - 2022 St Albans City and District Council District Council Offices St Peter’s Street St Albans Herts AL1 3JE Tel: 01727 866100 Website: www.stalbans.gov.uk Further copies of this management plan are available from: Parks and Green Spaces Community Services St Albans City and District Council District Council Offices St Peter’s Street St Albans Herts AL1 3JE Tel: 01727 819366 Email: [email protected] Verulamium Park Management Plan – 2017- 2022 (final jan19) 1 AMENDMENT SECTION UPDATED DETAILS OFFICER DATE 15/1/19 Year 4 Updated the action plan DF Verulamium Park Management Plan – 2017- 2022 (final jan19) 2 CONTENTS 1. SITE SUMMARY 4 2. SITE DESCRIPTION 6 2.1 LocationMap 6 2.2 Site Description Map 2 2.3 Constraints Map 3 2.4 Introduction 9 2.5 Geography & Landscape 9 2.6 History, Archaeology & Conservation 11 2.7 Habitats &Wildlife 21 2.8 Access, Facilities & Infrastructure 24 2.9 Community, Management & Events 34 3. ANALYSIS & EVALUATION 37 3.1 AWelcoming Place 37 3.2 Healthy, Safe & Secure 38 3.3 Clean & Well Maintained 39 3.4 Sustainability 40 3.5 Conservation & Heritage 40 3.6 Community Involvement 44 3.7 Marketing 45 4. AIMS & OBJECTIVES 48 A Welcoming Place 48 B Healthy, Safe & Secure 48 C Clean & Well Maintained 48 D Sustainability 48 E Conservation & Heritage 49 F Community Involvement 49 G Marketing 50 5. ACTIONPLANSANDMAPS 51 6. SPECIFICATIONS 65 6.1 Signage and Interpretation 65 6.2 Furniture and Fittings 65 6.3 GatesandFencing 67 6.4 Habitat and Vegetation Management 67 7. -
Iron Age Loomweights from Eastern England
Kingdom, Civitas, and County APPENDIX 1: IRON AGE LOOMWEIGHTS FROM EASTERN ENGLAND site parish county No. 175 Lower Shelton Road Marston Mortaine Beds Hepburn 2005 0 Ampthill Road Shefford Beds Luke et al. 2010 0 Beancroft Road Marston Moretaine Beds Shotliff and Crick 1999 0 Berry Farm Stewartby Beds Simmonds and Welsh 2013 0 Biddenham Loop farmstead 1 Biddenham Beds Luke 2008 0 Biddenham Loop farmstead 2 Biddenham Beds Luke 2008 0 Biddenham Loop farmstead 3 Biddenham Beds Luke 2008 0 Biddenham Loop farmstead 5 Biddenham Beds Luke 2008 0 Biddenham Loop farmstead 6 Biddenham Beds Luke 2008 0 Biddenham Loop II Biddenham Beds Luke 2016 0 Biggleswade Flood Alleviation Scheme Biggleswade Beds Pattenhall and Carlyle 2009 0 Biggleswade Sewage Works Biggleswade Beds Abrams 2010 0 Birchfield Road Great Barford Beds Timby et al. 2007b 0 Brewer's Hall Farm North Great Barford Beds Timby et al. 2007b 0 Brewer's Hall Farm West Great Barford Beds Timby et al. 2007b 0 Bridge Farm Sherford Beds C. Simmonds 2012 0 Broadmead Road Stewartby Beds Barker 2010 0 Brogborough Hill Brogborough Beds Simmonds and Welsh 2013 0 Bunyan Centre Bedford Beds Steadman 1999 0 Butterfield Green Luton Beds Luke et al. 2007 0 Cambridge Road Bedford Beds Chapman and Chapman 2017 0 Castle Hill Airfield Bedford Beds Pixley and Preece 2002 0 College Farm Great Barford Beds Abram 2004 0 East of Marston Moretaine Marston Mortaine Beds Hounsell and Oetgen 2003 0 East Stagsden Stagsden Beds Dawson 2000a 1 Fairfield Park Stotfold Beds Webley et al. 2007 7 Gold Lane Biddenham Beds Dawson 2004 0 Haynes Park Haynes Beds Luke and Shotliff 2004 0 High Barns Road Roxton/Great Barford Beds Timby et al. -
The Settlement Above the Marsh
The Settlement Above the Marsh The history of St Albans began before the Romans arrived. Axes found locally dating from the Palaeolithic (110,000 BC) and Mesolithic (10,000 BC) periods show this area was populated by seasonal hunters, moving around in search of food. In the Neolithic period around 4,000 BC, farming began. This produced a more reliable food supply and allowed people to settle in one place. In Hertfordshire, farmers used puddingstone, one of the rarest rocks in the world, to grind their wheat into flour. Around 2,500 BC people learned how to mix copper with other metals to produce bronze, which they used to make blades and other tools. By 700 BC they were able to make even stronger iron tools. During the Iron Age the local population grew and the first villages appeared. A centre known as Verlamion, meaning, ‘the settlement above the marsh’, developed at a crossing point of the river Ver. The local Catuvellauni tribe worked the land while their leaders traded grain, cattle and slaves with other tribes in Britain and across the Roman Empire. + You can visit a prehistoric ditch known as Devil’s Dyke just to the east of Wheathampstead. This ditch formed part of an Iron Age settlement belonging to the Catuvellauni. A Growing Roman Town The Romans arrived in Britain in AD 43. While some tribes fought against Roman rule, the local Catuvellauni tribe seem to have welcomed the Romans. Verlamion, now the local capital, became known by its Roman name, Verulamium. In AD 60 or 61, Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni tribe of East Anglia led a revolt, burning down Camulodonum (Colchester), Londinium and Verulamium before being defeated. -