Kingdom, Civitas, and County
APPENDIX 1: IRON AGE LOOMWEIGHTS FROM EASTERN ENGLAND
site parish county No.
175 Lower Shelton Road Marston Mortaine Beds Hepburn 2005 0 Ampthill Road Shefford Beds Luke et al. 2010 0 Beancroft Road Marston Moretaine Beds Shotliff and Crick 1999 0 Berry Farm Stewartby Beds Simmonds and Welsh 2013 0 Biddenham Loop farmstead 1 Biddenham Beds Luke 2008 0 Biddenham Loop farmstead 2 Biddenham Beds Luke 2008 0 Biddenham Loop farmstead 3 Biddenham Beds Luke 2008 0 Biddenham Loop farmstead 5 Biddenham Beds Luke 2008 0 Biddenham Loop farmstead 6 Biddenham Beds Luke 2008 0 Biddenham Loop II Biddenham Beds Luke 2016 0 Biggleswade Flood Alleviation Scheme Biggleswade Beds Pattenhall and Carlyle 2009 0 Biggleswade Sewage Works Biggleswade Beds Abrams 2010 0 Birchfield Road Great Barford Beds Timby et al. 2007b 0 Brewer's Hall Farm North Great Barford Beds Timby et al. 2007b 0 Brewer's Hall Farm West Great Barford Beds Timby et al. 2007b 0 Bridge Farm Sherford Beds C. Simmonds 2012 0 Broadmead Road Stewartby Beds Barker 2010 0 Brogborough Hill Brogborough Beds Simmonds and Welsh 2013 0 Bunyan Centre Bedford Beds Steadman 1999 0 Butterfield Green Luton Beds Luke et al. 2007 0 Cambridge Road Bedford Beds Chapman and Chapman 2017 0 Castle Hill Airfield Bedford Beds Pixley and Preece 2002 0 College Farm Great Barford Beds Abram 2004 0 East of Marston Moretaine Marston Mortaine Beds Hounsell and Oetgen 2003 0 East Stagsden Stagsden Beds Dawson 2000a 1 Fairfield Park Stotfold Beds Webley et al. 2007 7 Gold Lane Biddenham Beds Dawson 2004 0 Haynes Park Haynes Beds Luke and Shotliff 2004 0 High Barns Road Roxton/Great Barford Beds Timby et al. 2007b 0 Hill Field Wilstead Beds Ingham 2010c 0 Home Farm Cranfield Beds Abrams and Gregson 2005 0 Huckle Hill Elstow Beds Ingham 2008c 0 Kempston Box End Kempston Beds Duncan et al. 2004 0 Lower Shelton Lower Shelton Beds Simmonds and Welsh 2013 0 Luton Road Wilstead Beds Luke 2002; Luke and Preece 2011b 0 Marsh Leys Farmstead 2 Kempston Beds Luke 2002; Lake and Preece 2011a 0 Marsh Leys Farmstead 3 Kempston Beds Luke 2002; Lake and Preece 2011a 0 Norse Road Bedford Beds Edgeworth 2001; Philips and Osborn 2006 0 North Brickill Bedford Beds Edmondson 2008 0 Plantation Quarry Site 4 Willington Beds Dawson 1996b 0 Plantation Quarry Site 5 Willington Beds Dawson 1996b 0 RAF Cardington Cardington Beds Lambert 2008 0 Ruxox Maulden Beds Dawson 2004 0 Sewell Lane Houghton Regis Beds Walker 1992 0 Shillington Bury Shillington Beds Dawson 2004 0 Topplers Hill Edworth Beds Luke 2004b 0 Twinwoods Business Park Milton Ernest Beds Ingham 2010b 1 Ursula Taylor School Clapham Beds Dawson 1988 0 Vale Cemetery Luton Beds Pixley and Abrams 2005 0 West of Marston Moretaine Marston Moretaine Beds Simmonds and Welsh 2013 0 West Stagsden Stagsden Beds Dawson 2000a 0 Vale Farm Marston Moretaine Beds Simmonds and Welsh 2013 0 Yarls Wood Clapham Beds Luke 2004a 0
1 site parish county No.
Bancroft Wolverton Bucks Williams and Zeepvat 1994 0 Brooklands Broughton Bucks Atkins et al. 2014 0 Broughton Barn Quarry Broughton Bucks Chapman 2009 0 Broughton Manor Farm Broughton Bucks Atkins et al. 2014 0 Coldharbour Farm Hartwell Bucks Stewart 1990; Parkhouse and Bonner 1997a 0 College Road Area A Aston Clinton Bucks Walker & Maull 2011; Simmonds & Walker 2014 0 College Road Area B Aston Clinton Bucks Walker & Maull 2011; Simmonds & Walker 2014 0 Cranborne Avenue, Westcroft Tattenhoe Bucks Anthony 2003 0 Fenny Lock Milton Keynes Bucks Ford and Taylor 2001 0 Former Nurses Home Stone Bucks Gibson 2001 0 Gayhurst Quarry Newport Pagnell Bucks Chapman 2007 0 Hartigans Milton Keyens Bucks Williams 1993 0 Kingsmead South Tattenhoe Bucks Taylor 2009 1 Magna Farm Wavendon Bucks Chapman and Chapman 2017 0 Newton Leys Newton Longville Bucks Brown 2012 0 Oxley Park West Shenley Church End Bucks Brown et al. 2009 0 Passenham Quarry Calverton Bucks Walker 2011 1 Pennylands Great Linford Bucks Williams 1993 5 Plot 0.01 Hardwick Bucks Thatcher et al. 2014 0 Plots 5.03-5.04 Kingswood Bucks Thatcher et al. 2014 0 Plot 5.05 Kingswood Bucks Thatcher et al. 2014 0 Plot 4.02 Quainton Bucks Thatcher et al. 2014 0 Prebendal Aylesbury Bucks Farley and Jones 2012 1 Reserve Site 5, Downs Barn Milton Keynes Bucks Last 2001a 0 Site ABC Linslade Bucks Moore et al. 2007 1 Slade Oak Lane Chalfont St Peter Bucks Hayden et al. 2015 0 Stoke Hammond Bypass Stoke Hammond Bucks Edgeworth 2006 0 Tattenhoe Park Tattenhoe Bucks Taylor 2010 1 Walnut Farm Newport Pagnell Bucks Morris 2007 0 Wavendon Gate Walton Bucks Williams et al. 1996 2 Westcroft District Centre Tattenhoe Bucks Ford 2000a 0
80 Wisbech Road Littleport Cambs Sparrow 2008 0 A1 Stibbington Junction Stibbington Cambs Sleap 2005 0 Addenbrooke's Access Road, Glebe Farm Trumpington Cambs Armour 2007a; Armour and Collins 2007 3 Alconbury Hill Alconbury Cambs Brown 2013 0 Arbury Camp Cambridge Cambs Evans and Knight 2002; 2008 0 Bears Croft Farm Godmanchester Cambs Patten 2009 0 Bendyshe Farm Bottisham Cambs J. Brown 2014 0 Bluntisham Bluntisham Cambs Burrow and Mudd 2010 1 Broadway Farm Caxton Cambs Wright et al. 2009 present Broadway Fields Yaxley Cambs J. Brown 2008 0 Bushmead Road Eaton Socon Cambs Stansbie 2008 0 Caldecote Caldecote Cambs Kenney and Lyons 2011 0 Castle Street Cambridge Cambs Evans and Harkel 2010 0 Consortium Site, West Fen Road Ely Cambs Mudd and Webster 2011 0 Cromwell Community College Chatteris Cambs Atkins and Percival 2014 0 Dimmock's Cote Quarry Wicken Cambs Gilmore et al. 2010 2 Ely Road Milton Cambs Rees 2009 0 Ermine Business Park Great Stukeley Cambs T. Phillips 2009 30 Fordham Road Soham Cambs Quinn and Peachey 2012 0 Great North Road Alconbury Cambs Ingham 2008b 5 Hadenham V Haddenham Cambs Evans and Hodder 2006 30 Hadenham XI Haddenham Cambs Evans and Hodder 2006 5 Harston Mill Harston Cambs O'Brien 2016 3 Hay Close Balsham Cambs Ashworth and Kaye 2008 0 Highfields Farm, Coates Whittlesey Cambs Rothwell and Turner 2005 0 Huntingdon Road Cambridge Cambs Mason 2008 0
2 site parish county No.
Hurst Lane Reservoir Ely Cambs Evans et al. 2007 present Hutchinson Site Trumpington Cambs Evans 2008 0 Jeavons Lane Caxton Cambs Wright et al. 2009 0 Knapwell Plantation Caxton Cambs Wright et al. 2009 2 Knobbs Farm Somersham Cambs Collins 2009 0 Lancaster Way Ely Cambs Holmes 2008 0 Little Common Farm Caxton or Bourn Cambs Wright et al. 2009 14 Little Paxton Areas B and D Diddington Cambs A.Jones 2011 1 Little Paxton Areas E/F Diddington Cambs A.Jones 2011 present Longstanton West Longstanton Cambs Paul and Hunt 2015 2 Low Park Corner Chippenham Cambs Atkins 2013 0 Lower Cambourne Caxton Cambs Wright et al. 2009 0 Monument 97 Orton Longueville Cambs Mackreth 2001 0 New Road Chatteris Cambs Thatcher 2006 3 Papworth Everard Business Park Papworth Everard Cambs Fisher 2006 0 Poplar Plantation Caxton or Bourn Cambs Wright et al. 2009 0 Prickwillow Road Ely Cambs Atkins and Mudd 2003 0 Rhee Lakeside Noth (Langdale Hale) Earith Cambs Appleby et al. 2007a 0 School Road Woodditton Cambs Woolhouse and Mundin 2006 1 Scotland Farm Dry Drayton Cambs Abrams and Ingham 2008a; Ingham 2008a; 2010a 1 Spong Drove Willimham Cambs Hutton 2009 0 Stonald Field Whittlesey Cambs Murphy 2008 2 Swavesey Swavesey Cambs Dickens and Collins 2011 0 Thrapston Road Spaldwick Cambs Clelland 2010 0 Trench 13 March to Chatteris pipeline Wimblington Cambs R. Jones 2007 0 Wandlebury Wandlebury Cambs French 2004 0 Welcome Trust Genome Centre Hinxton Cambs Kemp and Spoerry 2002 0 West Fen Road (Consortium Site) Ely Cambs Mudd and Webster 2011 0 Windmill Site Longstanton Cambs Dickens and Collins 2011 0
1944 find Burnham-on-Crouch Essex Major 1982, No. 1 0 1954 find (King Edwards Avenue) Burnham-on-Crouch Essex EssHER 2387 0 1972 find Brightlingsea Essex EssHER 2387; Major 1982, No. 15 1 1977 find Burnham-on-Crouch Essex Crouchman 1977; Major 1982, No. 1 present 65 Rayne Road Braintree Essex EssHER 16910 80 Abbotstone Field Stanway Essex Benfield and Pooley 2005 8 ACS Stanstead 1986-91 Essex Havis and Brooks 2004 0 Ardale School Stifford Essex Wilkinson 1988 3 Asheldham Camp Asheldham Essex Bedwin 1991 0 Barringtons Farm Orsett Essex Milton 1987 0 Beacon Green Maldon Essex Bedwin 1992 0 Beauchamps Farm Wickford Essex Major 1982, No. 12 present Belhus Park Aveley Essex Wilkinson 1988 0 Billericay Secondary School Billericay Essex Rudling 1990 1 Birch Spring, Highwood Writtle Essex Godbold 1996 0 Brighlingsea Quarry Brighlingsea Essex EssHER 16910 0 Buildings Farm Great Dunmow Essex Lavendar 1997 0 Causewayed Enclosure Orsett Essex Hedges and Buckley 1978; Major 1982, No. 9 10 Chalet Site Heybridge Essex Newton 2008; 2009 9 Chapel Lane Hadleigh Essex Brown 1987 2 Chigborough Farm Little Totham Essex Wallis and Waughman 1998 1 Chipping Hill Camp, 1933-5 Witham Essex Major 1982, No. 13; Rodwell 1993 0 Chipping Hill Camp, 1988 Witham Essex Rodwell 1993 3 CIS Stanstead 1986-91 Essex Havis and Brooks 2004 1 Colchester Garrison Colchester Essex CAT Report 270 present Crescent Road Heybridge Essex Major 1982, No. 18; Wickenden 1986 1 Curry Hill North Rettenden Essex Dale et al. 2005 3 DCS Stanstead 1986-91 Essex Havis and Brooks 2004 101
3 site parish county No.
Doucecroft Kelvedon Essex Clarke 1988 2 Dry Street, Baildon Fobbing Essex CAT Report 375 0 East of Little Dunmow Road Little Dunmow A120 Essex Timby et al. 2007a 0 East of Parsonage Lane Takeley A120 Essex Timby et al. 2007a 0 EDF Cable Route Little Clacton Essex CAT Report 532 0 Elm Park 1955-80 Ardleigh Essex Brown 1999 present Elm Park 1994-6 Ardleigh Essex Brooks 2001 0 Elsenham Quarry Elsenham Essex Hammond and Preston 2010 0 Former Football Club Rainham Essex Costello 1997 0 Former James and Stone Shipyard Brightlingsea Essex EssHER 2310 0 Fox Hall Farm Shopland Essex Ecclestone 1995 13 Friends School Saffron Walden Essex Ecclestone 1994 1 Gorse Wood/Curry Hill Rettenden Essex Dale et al. 2005 present Gosbecks Park Colchester Essex CAT Report 30 2 Grange Lane Little Dunmow A120 Essex Timby et al. 2007a 3 Great Sunnings Farm Upminster Essex Howell et al. 2011 11 Great Wakering Great Wakering Essex Major 1982, No. 16 0 Greater Beaulieu Park Chelmsford Essex Pocock 2008 3 Gun Hill West Tilbury Essex Drury and Rodwell 1973; Major 1982, No. 4 0 Hall Farm Little Bentley Essex Lavendar and Germany 2004 0 High House West Thurrock Essex Andrews 2009 9 Highwood Farm Great Dunmow A120 Essex Timby et al. 2007a 0 Hill Farm Layer-de-la-Haye Essex EssHER 11563 0 Hill Farm Tolleshunt Darcy Essex EssHER 11528 present Hoe Lane Runwell Essex Dale et al. 2005 2 Howells Farm Heybridge Essex Wallis and Waughman 1998 9 Hunts Hall Upminster Essex Howell et al. 2011 5 Ivy Chimneys Witham Essex Turner 1999 0 Jarmine Road Colchester Essex CAT Report 409 2 King Edwards Avenue Burnham-on-Crouch Essex EssHER 11231 0 Langford Road Heybridge Essex Langton and Holbrook 1997 0 Lawson Villas Kelvedon Essex Ennis and Foreman 2002 0 Lea Valley Chingford Essex Bishop 2003 5 Linford Mucking Essex Barton 1962; Major 1982, No. 6 2 Little Easton Airfield Little Easton Essex Robertson 2007b 498 Little Waltham Little Waltham Essex Drury 1978; Major 1982, No. 5 present Lodge Farm St Osyth Essex Germany 2007a 3 Mark Hall School Harlow Essex A. Robertson 2004 2 Montana Nursery Little Clacton Essex Wade and Havis 2008 0 Moor Hall Farm North Ockendon Essex Howell et al. 2011 8 Mucking Mucking Essex Evans et al. 2016 856 Nazingbury Nazingbury Essex Huggins 1978; Major 1982, p121 present North Shoebury North Shoebury Essex Major 1982, No. 7; Wymer and Browwn 1995 1 Ockendon School South Ockendon Essex Ennis 2008b 1 Olympic Park West Ham Essex Powell 2012 0 Old House, Church Langley Harlow Essex Medlycott 2000 38 Old Vicarage Kelvedon Essex Pocock 2007 0 Orsett Cock Orsett Essex Major 1982, No. 10; Carter 1988 1 Perry Springs, Church Langley Harlow Essex Medlycott 2000 0 Primrose Island, Stifford Clays Stiiford Essex EssHER 5167; Major 1982, No. 19 0 Priors Green Takeley Essex Robertson 2006a; Germany 2015 4 Rectory Road Orsett Essex Wilkinson 1988 0 Red Hill 147 Great Wigborough Essex Sealey 1995 6 SCS Stanstead 1986-91 Essex Havis and Brooks 2004 1 Sheepen 1930-9 Colchester Essex Hawkes and Hull 1947; Major 1982, No. 2 0 Shillingstone Field Great Sampford Essex Garwood 1998 present Shoeburyness Hotel South Shoebury Essex Eddisford 2005 0 Skyline Business Park Great Notley Essex Brooks and Holloway 2006 present
4 site parish county No.
Slough House Farm Great Totham Essex Wallis and Waughman 1998 present Sparkey Cottage, Wickham Bishops Maldon Essex EssHER 17764 10 Squash and Snooker Club Rainham Essex Grassam 2009 0 Stanway Stanway Essex Crummy et al. 2007 0 Stanway 1937 Colchester Essex Major 1982, No. 3 present Stanway Gravel Pit Colchester Essex EssHER 12552 0 Star and Fleece Hotel Kelvedon Essex Fell and Humphry 2001 0 Stifford Clays Stifford Essex Wilkinson 1988 0 Stratford Market Depot West Ham Essex Hiller and Wilkinson 2005 2 Throes Farm, A120 Little Dunmow Essex Timby et al. 2007a 0 Twitty Fee Danbury Essex EssHER 5601; Major 1982, No. 11 0 Stanstead 1999-2001 Stanstead Essex Cooke et al. 2008 3 villa Chignall Essex Clarke 1998 2 villa Rivenhall Essex Rodwell and Rodwell 1993 0 villa Wendens Ambo Essex Hodder 1982,41 0 villa Little Oakley Essex Barford 2002 35 villa (Chinnel Barn 1992) Wendens Ambo Essex EssHER 170 0 Vinces Farm Ardleigh Essex Major 1982, No. 17 5 West Clacton Reservoir Great Bentley Essex CAT Report 401 1 Wick Farm Ardleigh Essex Germany 2009b 1 Woodham Walter Woodham Walter Essex Major 1982, No. 14; Buckley and Hedges 1987 0 Woodside Industrial Park Birchanger Essex Medlycott 1994a 0
A10 Wadesmill By-pass Site 3 Wadesmill Herts Turner 2002b 2 Aldwick Barley Herts Cra'ster 1961 7 Baldock 1968-72 Baldock Herts Stead and Rigby 1986 1 Baldock Bypass Area 4 Baldock Herts M. Phillips 2009 0 Balls Park Hertford Herts HertsHER 18508 1 Blackhorse Road Letchworth Herts Moss-Eccart 1988 0 Braughing 1975-79 Braughing Herts Partridge 1979 0 Crookhams Welwyn Garden City Herts Rook 1968 0 Dellfield Berkhampsted Herts Thompson and Holland 1974-76 6 Ermine Street, 1971-72 Braughing Herts Potter and Trow 1988 4 Folly Lane St Albans Herts Niblett 1999 1 Foxholes Farm Area 1 Hertford Herts Partridge 1989 1 Foxholes Farm Area 4C Hertford Herts Partridge 1989 0 Gorhambury St Albans Herts Neal et al. 1990 2 Grubs Barn Welwyn Garden City Herts Rook 1970 0 Hart Street Road Buntingford Herts Clarke 2015 0 Hollards Farm Codicote Herts Burleigh et al. 1990 0 Leavesden Aerodrome Abbots Langley Herts Brossler et al. 2009 2 Moles Farm Thundridge Herts Kiln 1970 0 Prae Wood St Albans Herts Wheeler and Wheeler 1936 1 Skeleton Green Braughing Herts Partridge 1981 1 Stanborough School Welwyn Garden City Herts Hunn 2009 0 Wheathampstead Wheathampstead Herts Wheeler and Wheeler 1936 0 Wheathampstead Bypass Wheathampstead Herts Saunders and Havercroft 1980-2 0 Wickham Kennels 1982 Braughing Herts Partridge 1980-82 0 0
Ashworth Prison Ashworth Midsex Carew et al. 2006 18 Dawley Dawley Midsex Cotton 1985 present Imperial College Sports Ground Harlington Midsex Powell et al. 2015 3 Lower Mill Farm Stanwell Midsex P. Jones and Poulton 1987 1 0
Bittering Bittering Norf Ashwin and Flitcroft 1999 0 Brandon Road Swaffham Norf Barker et al. 2005 0 Church Road Stalham Norf Newton 2012 0 Cringleford Park and Ride Norwich Norf Watkins 2006a 0
5 site parish county No.
Crow Hall Park Downham Market Norf Percival 2008 present Fincham Fincham Norf Percival 1995 0 Fisons Way Thetford Norf Gregory 1992a 0 Foxley Road Foulsham Norf Wilson et al. 2012 0 Grange Farm Snetterton Norf D. Robertson 2004 0 Green Lane Foulsham Norf Wilson et al. 2012 0 Harford Farm Caistor St Edmund Norf Ashwin and Bates 2000 0 Kilverston Kilverston Norf Garrow et al. 2006 0 Laurel Farm Thopre St Peter Norf Westmacott 2007 0 London Road Thetford Norf Davies 1993 0 Longham Longham Norf Ashwin and Flitcroft 1999 0 Lynford Quarry Stanford Norf Birks and Robertson 2005 0 Norton Subcourse Quarry Norton Subcourse Norf Holmes 2006 1 Redgate Hill Hunstanton Norf Wymer 1986 1 Silfield Wymondham Norf Ashwin 1996 0 Spong Hill North Elmham Norf Rickett 1995 0 Thornham Thornham Norf Gregory and Gurney 1986 0 0
7 The Highlands Exning Suffolk Caruth 2006; Craven and Brudenell 2011 0 15 Sicklesmere Road Bury St Edmunds Suffolk Craven 2010a 0 Barham Barham Suffolk Martin 1993 5 Barnham Barnham Suffolk Martin 1993 0 Bridge House Dairies Mildenhall Suffolk Adam et al. 2013 63 Bullen Lane Bramford Suffolk Minter and Plouviez 2015, 448 present Burgh Burgh Suffolk Martin 1988a 1 Cedars Park Stowmarket Suffolk Nicholson and Woolhouse 2016 8 Centre Parcs Elvedon Suffolk Craven 2010b 0 Chalkstone Way Haverhill Suffolk Heard 2010b 0 Cherry Tree Farm Wortham Suffolk Everett 2008b 0 Clare Primary School Clare Suffolk Cass 2010a 1 Culford School Culford Suffolk Atfield 2007 13 Darmsden Hall Farm Quarry Darmsden Suffolk Craven 2004 0 Days Road Capel St Mary Suffolk Tabor 2010a; 2014 2 Flixton Quarry Flixton Suffolk Boulter 2008 present? Framlingham Framlingham Suffolk Martin 1993 present Great Bealings Great Bealings Suffolk Martin 1993 0 Great Wratting Great Wratting Suffolk Lyons 2012 1 Lady Lane Hadleigh Suffolk Cass 2011a 3 Little Bealings Little Bealings Suffolk Martin 1993 0 Longridge, Creeting Road Stowmarket Suffolk Gardner 2007 0 Martlesham Martlesham Suffolk Martin 1993 0 Mellis Road Wortham Suffolk Sillwood and Morgan 2010 0 New Road Long Melford Suffolk Craven 2012b 1 Norse Avenue Bradfield Combust Suffolk Crawley 2010b 0 RAF Lakenheath Lakenheath Suffolk Craven 2005; 2006; 2012e 10 Site C, Priory Park Nacton Suffolk Stirk 2010 0 West Stow West Stow Suffolk West 1990 0
6
APPENDIX 2: EXCAVATED IRON AGE NON-HILLFORT SETTLEMENTS ACROSS EASTERN ENGLAND WHOSE MORPHOLOGY CAN BE DETERMINED site parish county EIA MIA LIA form shape reference Bedford Western Bypass Site 1 Biddenham Beds X open Luke and Barber 2008; Luke 2016
Biddenham Loop Farmstead 1 Biddenham Beds X open Luke 2008
Biddenham Loop Farmstead 2 Biddenham Beds X open Luke 2008
Biddenham Loop Farmstead 3 Biddenham Beds X open Luke 2008
Britannia Iron Works Bedford Beds X open Kier and Starke 2012
Bunyan Centre Bedford Beds X open Steadman 1999
Castle Mill Airfield Bedford Beds X open Pixley and Preece 2002
College Farm Great Barford Beds X open Abrams 2005
Fairfield Park Stotford Beds X open Webley et al. 2007
Gipsey Lane Broom Beds X open Cooper and Edmonds 2007
Gold Lane Biddenham Beds ?? enclosed regular Dawson 2004
Haynes Park Haynes Beds X open Luke and Shotliff 2004
High Barns Road Roxton Beds X open Timby et al. 2007b
Hill Field Wilstead Beds X open Ingham 2010c
Hill Lane Broom Beds X open Cooper and Edmonds 2007
Hinksley Road Flitwick Beds X open Luke 1999
Home Farm Cranfield Beds X open Abrams and Gregson 2005
Huckle Hill Elstow Beds X open Ingham 2008c
Kings Hill Broom Beds X open Cooper and Edmonds 2007
Luton Road Wilstead Beds X open Luke and Preece 2011b
Moat Field North Broom Beds X open Cooper and Edmonds 2007
Norse Road Bedford Beds X open Edgeworth 2001
North Brickhill AZ1 Bedford Beds X open Edmonson 2008
North Brickhill AZ2 Bedford Beds X open Edmonson 2008
Plantation Quarry Site 5 Willington Beds X open Dawson 1996b
Potton Road Biggleswade Beds X open Wardill 2008
Bedfordshire Archaeological Salford Salford Beds X open Service 1995a; Dawson 2005 Yarls Wood Clapham Beds X open Luke 2004a
Brewers Hall Farm North Great Barford Beds X enclosed irregular Timby et al. 2007b
Broom Broom Beds X enclosed irregular Timby et al. 2007b
Butterfield Green Luton Beds X enclosed irregular Luke et al. 2007
Cambridge Road Bedford Beds X enclosed regular Chapman and Chapman 2017 Fairfield Park Stotfold Beds X enclosed irregular Timby et al. 2007b
Marston Moretaine Marston Moretaine Beds X enclosed irregular Hounsell and Oetgen 2003
Moretayne Farm Marston Moretaine Beds X enclosed irregular Simmonds and Welsh 2013
Norse Road Bedford Beds X enclosed irregular Duncan et al. 2011
Plantation Quarry Site 4 Willington Beds X enclosed regular Dawson 1996b
Puddlehill Puddlehill Beds X enclosed enclosed Matthews 1976
Shillington Bury Shillington Beds X enclosed regular Dawson 2004
Sundon Landfill Haul Road Harlington Beds X enclosed irregular Thorpe et al. 2004
Topplers Hill Edworth Beds X enclosed irregular Luke 2004b
Totternhoe Totternhoe Beds X enclosed enclosed Matthews 1976
Warren Villas Quarry Upper Caldecote Beds X enclosed irregular Dawson and Maull 1996
Willington Willington Beds X enclosed irregular Timby et al. 2007b
175 Lower Shelton Road Marston Moretaine Beds X open Hepburn 2005
Beancroft Road Marston Moretaine Beds X open Shotliff and Crick 1999
Bedford Western Bypass Site 3 Biddenham Beds X open Luke and Barber 2008; Luke 2016
Berry Farm Stewartby Beds X open Simmonds and Welsh 2013
Biddenham Loop Farmstead 1 Biddenham Beds X open Luke 2008
Biddenham Loop Farmstead 2 Biddenham Beds X open Luke 2008
Biddenham Loop Farmstead 3 Biddenham Beds X open Luke 2008
Biddenham Loop II SL 27 Biddenham Beds X open Luke 2016
7 site parish county EIA MIA LIA form shape reference Biddenham Loop II SL 30 Biddenham Beds X open Luke 2016
Biddenham Loop II SL 34 Biddenham Beds X open Luke 2016
Biddenham Loop II SL 35 Biddenham Beds X open Luke 2016
Biddenham Loop II SL 36 Biddenham Beds X open Luke 2016
Birchfield Road Great Barford Beds X open Timby et al. 2007b
Boddington Gardens Flood Biggleswade Beds X open Pattenhall and Carlyle 2009 Alleviation Scheme Bromham Bromham Beds X open Tilson 1973
Castle Mill Airfield Bedford Beds X open Pixley and Preece 2002
Fairfield Park Stotfold Beds X open Webley et al. 2007
Haynes Park Haynes Beds X open Luke and Shotliff 2004
High Barns Road Roxton Beds X open Timby et al. 2007b
Hill Lane Broom Beds X open Cooper and Edmonds 2007
Home Farm Cranfield Beds X open Abrams and Gregson 2005
Luton Road Wilstead Beds X open Luke and Preece 2010
Norse Road Bedford Beds X open Edgeworth 2001
Puddlehill Puddlehill Beds X open Matthews 1976
Salford Salford Beds X open Dawson 2005
Stagsden Bypass East Stagsden Beds X open Dawson 2000a
Stagsden Bypass West Stagsden Beds X open Dawson 2000a
Sundon Landfill Haul Road Harlington Beds X open Thorpe et al. 2004
Twinwoods Business Park Milton Ernest Beds X open Abrams 2010
West of Marston Moretaine Marston Moretaine Beds X open Simmonds and Welsh 2013
Whitsundoles Farm Broughton Beds X open Atkins et al. 2014, 6
Bedford Western Bypass Site 3 Biddenham Beds X enclosed irregular Luke and Barber 2008; Luke 2016
Birchfield Road Great Barford Beds X enclosed irregular Timby et al. 2007b
Brewers Hall Farm West Great Barford Beds X enclosed irregular Timby et al. 2007b
Bridge Farm Enclosure 1 Shefford Beds X enclosed irregular C. Simmonds 2012
Bridge Farm Enclosure 2 Shefford Beds X enclosed irregular C. Simmonds 2012
Bridge Farm Enclosure 3 Shefford Beds X enclosed irregular C. Simmonds 2012
Clipston Farm Leighton Buzzard Beds X enclosed irregular Philps and Mordue 2006
High Barns Road Roxton Beds X enclosed irregular Timby et al. 2007b
Hill Field Wilstead Beds X enclosed irregular Ingham 2010c
Huckle Hill Elstow Beds X enclosed irregular? Ingham 2008c
Marston Moretaine Marston Moretaine Beds X enclosed irregular Hounsell and Oetgen 2003
Newnham Marina Bedford Beds X enclosed irregular Ingham et al. 2016
Norse Road Bedford Beds X enclosed irregular Edgeworth 2001
Plantation Quarry Site 4 Willington Beds X enclosed irregular Dawson 1996
Sewell Lane Houghton Regis Beds X enclosed irregular D. Walker 1992
Ampthill Road Shefford Beds X enclosed regular Luke et al. 2010
Bedford Western Bypass Site 11 Biddenham Beds X enclosed regular Luke and Barber 2008; Luke 2016
Biddenham Loop Farmstead 5 Biddenham Beds X enclosed regular Luke 2008
Biddenham Loop II SL 41 Biddenham Beds X enclosed regular Luke 2016
Bunyan Centre Bedford Beds X enclosed regular Steadman 1999
Houghton Regis ACA2 Houghton Regis Beds X enclosed regular Kier et al. 2012
Houghton Regis ACA8 Houghton Regis Beds X enclosed regular Kier et al. 2012
Houghton Regis ACA9 Houghton Regis Beds X enclosed regular Kier et al. 2012
Houghton Regis ACA13 Houghton Regis Beds X enclosed regular Kier et al. 2012
Houghton Regis ACA20 Houghton Regis Beds X enclosed regular Kier et al. 2012
Huckle Hill Elstow Beds X enclosed regular Ingham 2008c
Shillington Bury Shillington Beds X enclosed regular Dawson 2004
A421 Improvement Marstone Moretaine Beds X open Barker et al. 2006
Beancroft Road Marston Moretaine Beds X open Shotliff and Crick 1999
Biddenham Loop Farmstead 6 Biddenham Beds X open Luke 2008
Biggleswade Sewage Works Biggleswade Beds X open Abrams 2010
8 site parish county EIA MIA LIA form shape reference Broadmead Road Steartby Beds X open Barker 2010
Brogborough Hill Brogborough Beds X open Simmonds and Welsh 2013
Lower Shelton Lower Shelton Beds X open Simmonds and Welsh 2013
Haynes Park Haynes Beds X open Luke and Shotliff 2004
Home Farm Cranfield Beds X open Abrams and Gregson 2005
Luton Road Wilstead Beds X open Luke and Preece 2010
RAF Cardington Beds X open Lambert 2008
Ruxox Maulden Beds X open Dawson 2004
Stagsden Bypass East Stagsden Beds X open Dawson 2000a
Stagsden Bypass West Stagsden Beds X open Dawson 2000a
Ursula Taylor School Clapham Beds X open Dawson 1988
Stagsden Stagsden Beds X open Dawson 2000a
Vale Farm Marston Moretaine Beds X open Simmonds and Welsh 2013
Bancroft Wolverton Bucks X open Williams and Zeepvat 1994
Brooklands Milton Keynes Bucks X open Dodd 2008; Atkins et al. 2014
Chilton Grove South Chilton Bucks X open Ford et al. 2004
Coldharbour Farm Hartwell Bucks X open Parkhouse and Bonner 1997a
Fenny Lock Milton Keynes Bucks X open Ford and Taylor 2001
Hartigans Milton Keynes Bucks X open Williams 1993
Lower Icknield Way Drayton Beauchamp Bucks X open Masefield 2008
Site ABC Linslade Bucks X open Moore et al. 2007
Woodlands Roundabout Weston Turville Bucks X open Masefield 2008
Chitmoor Hill Ravenstone Bucks X enclosed irregular Mynard 1970
Doe Hill Farm Little Kimble Bucks X enclosed irregular Carlyle 2012
Fleet Marston Fleet Marston Bucks X enclosed irregular Lythe 2009
Furzton Furzton Bucks X enclosed irregular Williams 1993, 19
Gayhurst Quarry Newport Pagnell Bucks X enclosed irregular Chapman 2007
Hartigans Milton Keynes Bucks X enclosed irregular Williams 1993
Passenham Quarry Calverton Bucks X enclosed irregular Walker 2011
Pennylands Great Linford Bucks X enclosed irregular Williams 1993
Salden Chase Area 3 Bletchley Bucks X enclosed irregular Evans 2013
Slade Oak Lane Chalfont St Peter Bucks X enclosed irregular Hayden et al. 2015
Gayhurst Quarry Newport Pagnell Bucks X enclosed regular Chapman 2007
Oxley Park West Shenley Church End Bucks X enclosed regular L. Brown et al. 2009
Bancroft Wolverton Bucks X open Williams and Zeepvat 1994
Brooklands Milton Keynes Bucks X open Atkins et al. 2014
Broughton Manor Farm Broughton Bucks X open Atkins et al. 2014
Coldharbour Farm Hartwell Bucks X open Stewart 1990
Fenny Lock Milton Keynes Bucks X open Ford and Taylor 2001
Former Nurses Home Stone Bucks X open Gibson 2001
Kingsmead South Tattenhoe Bucks X open A.Taylor 2009
London Road Buckingham Bucks X open Jones and Walker 2010
Long Crendon Watermain Long Crendon Bucks X open Carstairs 1984
Lower Icknield Way Drayton Beauchamp Bucks X open Masefield 2008
Magna Park Wavendon Bucks open Chapman and Chapman 2017 X Newton Leys Newton Longville Bucks X open J. Brown 2012
Oxley Park West Shenley Church End Bucks X open L. Brown et al. 2009
Pennylands Great Linford Bucks X open Williams 1993
Plot 0.01 Hardwick Bucks X open Thatcher et al. 2014
Site ABC Linslade Bucks X open Moore et al. 2007
Stoke Hammond Bypass Stoke Hammond Bucks X open Edgeworth 2006
Stontonbury Milton Keynes Bucks X open Smith and Bell 2007
Tattenhoe Park Tattenhoe Bucks X open Mason 2007a; Taylor 2010
Wavendon Gate Walton Bucks X open Williams et al. 1996
9 site parish county EIA MIA LIA form shape reference Westcroft District Centre Tattenhoe Bucks X open Ford 2000a
Walker and Maull 2011; Simmonds College Road Area A Aston Clinton Bucks X enclosed irregular and Walker 2014 Passenham Quarry Calverton Bucks X enclosed irregular Walker 2011
Reserve Site 5, Downs Barn Milton Keynes Bucks X enclosed irregular Last 2001b
Salden Chase Area 4 Bletchley Bucks X enclosed irregular Evans 2013
Site ABC Linslade Bucks X enclosed irregular Moore et al. 2007
Brooklands Milton Keynes Bucks X enclosed regular Atkins et al. 2014
Broughton Manor Farm Broughton Bucks X enclosed regular Atkins et al. 2014
Chichley Hill Newport Pagnell Bucks X enclosed regular Farley and Knight 1986 Home Farm Lathbury Bucks X enclosed regular Edmondson 2000
Mill Close Caldicotte Bucks X enclosed regular Zeepvat et al. 1994
Magna Park Wavendon Bucks X enclosed regular Chapman and Chapman 2017
Wavendon Gate Walton Bucks X enclosed regular Williams et al. 1996
Bancroft Wolverton Bucks X open Williams and Zeepvat 1994
Brierton Brierton Bucks X open Allen 1986
Broughton Barn Quarry Broughton Bucks X open Chapman 2009
Broughton Manor Farm Broughton Bucks X open Atkins et al. 2014
Coldharbour Farm Hartwell Bucks X open Parkhouse and Bonner 1997
Walker and Maull 2011; Simmonds College Road Area B Aston Clinton Bucks X open and Walker 2014 Cranborne Avenue, Westcroft Tattenhoe Bucks X open Anthony 2003
London Road Buckingham Bucks X open C. Jones and Walker 2010
Middleton School Milton Keynes Bucks X open Zeepvat and Cuthbert 2016 Plot 4.02 Quainton Bucks X open Thatcher et al. 2014
Plot 5.05 Kingswood Bucks X open Thatcher et al. 2014
Plots 5.03-5.04 Kingswood Bucks X open Thatcher et al. 2014
Tattenhoe Park Tattenhoe Bucks X open Mason 2007; Taylor 2010
Tring Hill Drayton Beauchamp Bucks X open Masefield 2008
Haversham cum Waltnut Farm Bucks X open Morris 2007 Little Linford
Armour 2007a; Armour and Collins Addenbrooke's Access Road Trumpington Cambs X open 2007 Cromwell Community College Chatteris Cambs X open Atkins and Percival 2014
Dimmock's Cote Quarry Wicken Cambs X open Gilmour et al. 2010
Endurance Track, Moorley Farm Woodditton Cambs X open Stone 2009
Edix Hill Barrington Cambs X open Malim 1997
Eynesbury Eynesbury Cambs X open Ellis 2004
Fordham Road Soham Cambs X open Quinn and Peachey 2012
Fordham Bypass Fordham Cambs X open Brudenell 2012, tab. 4.3
Glebe Farm Trumpington Cambs X open Evans et al. 2006; Collins 2011
Harston Mill Harston Cambs X open O'Brien 2016
Hay Close Balsham Cambs X open Kaye 2006
Highfields Farm, Coates Whittlesey Cambs X open Rothwell and Turner 2005
Knobbs Farm Somersham Cambs X open Collins 2009
Longsands Community College St Neots Cambs X open Atkins 2011
Low Park Corner Chippenham Cambs X open Atkins 2013
New Road Chatteris Cambs X open Thatcher 2006
Prickwillow Road Ely Cambs X open Atkins and Mudd 2003
Rheelakeside South Earith Cambs X open Brudenell and Evans 2007
Scotland Road/Union Lane Chesterton Cambs X open Mackay 2011
Stonea Grange March Cambs X open Jackson and Potter 1996
Trumpington Park and Ride Trumpington Cambs X open Brudenell 2012, tab. 4.3
Vicar's Farm Cambridge Cambs X open Lucas 2001
10 site parish county EIA MIA LIA form shape reference Caldecote Caldecote Cambs X enclosed banjo Kenney and Lyons 2011
Knapwell Knapwell Cambs X enclosed banjo Kenney and Lyons 2011
Longstanton Longstanton Cambs X enclosed banjo Kenney and Lyons 2011
Tadlow Tadlow Cambs X enclosed banjo Kenney and Lyons 2011
Bears Croft Farm Godmanchester Cambs X enclosed irregular Patten 2009
Bob's Wood Hinchingbrooke Cambs X enclosed irregular Hinman 2003b
Broadway Farm Caxton Cambs X enclosed irregular Wright et al. 2009
Colne Fen Earith Cambs X enclosed irregular Evans 2013
Consortium Site, West Fen Road Ely Cambs X enclosed irregular Mudd and Webster 2011
Edix Hill Barrington Cambs X enclosed? irregular? Malim 1997
Haddenham V Haddenham Cambs X enclosed irregular Evans and Hodder 2006
Haddenham IX Haddenham Cambs X enclosed irregular Evans and Hodder 2006
HMP Littlehey, West Perry Great Staughton Cambs X enclosed irregular Brown 2011
Hurst Lane Reservoir Ely Cambs X enclosed irregular Evans et al. 2007
Knapwell Plantation Caxton Cambs X enclosed irregular Wright et al. 2009
Lancaster Way Ely Cambs X enclosed irregular Holmes 2008
Little Paxton Quarry (Area B) Diddington Cambs X enclosed irregular Jones 2011
Lower Camborne Caxton Cambs X enclosed irregular Wright et al. 2009
Papworth Everard Hospital Carpark Papworth Everard Cambs X enclosed irregular Wolframm-Murray & Chapman 2015
Poplar Plantation Caxton Cambs X enclosed irregular Wright et al. 2009
Prickwillow Road Ely Cambs X enclosed irregular Atkins and Mudd 2003
Scotland Farm (A428 Site 7) Dry Drayton Cambs X enclosed irregular Abrams and Ingham 2008
Somersfield Papworth Everard Cambs X enclosed irregular Patten 2012 Thrapston Road Spaldwick Cambs X enclosed irregular Clelland 2010
Trinty Levels Ely Cambs X enclosed irregular Evans et al. 2007
Wardy Hill Coveney Cambs X enclosed irregular Evans 1992; 2003a
Addenbrooke's 1967 Trumpington Cambs X enclosed regular Timberlake 2010
Bushmead Road Eaton Socon Cambs X enclosed regular Stansbie 2008
Colne Fen Earith Cambs X enclosed regular Evans and Hodder 2006
Haddenham VI Haddenham Cambs X enclosed regular Evans and Hodder 2006
Longstanton West Longstanton Cambs X enclosed regular Paul and Hunt 2015
Orton Longueville Orton Longueville Cambs X enclosed regular Macreath 2001
Rheelakeside North (Langdale) Earith Cambs X enclosed regular Appleby et al. 2007a
Rheelakeside South Encl. A Ph. 2 Earith Cambs X enclosed regular Brudenell and Evans 2007
Rheelakeside South Encl. B Earith Cambs X enclosed regular Brudenell and Evans 2007
Rheelakeside South Encl. C Earith Cambs X enclosed regular Brudenell and Evans 2007
Stonald Field Whittlesey Cambs X enclosed regular Murphy 2008
Thrapston Road Spaldwick Cambs X enclosed regular Clelland 2010
Willingham 18 Willingham Cambs X enclosed regular Evans and Hodder 2006
Wolley Hill Wind Farm Ellington Cambs X enclosed regular Burke and Yates 2010
A1 Stibbington Junction Stibbington Cambs X open Sleap 2005
Addenbrooke's Access Road Trumpington Cambs X open Armour & Collins 2007
Bendyshe Farm Bottisham Cambs X open J. Brown 2014
Bourn Airfield Bourn Cambs X open Abrams and Ingham 2008
Bradley Fen/Kings Dyke Whittlesey Cambs X open Brudenell 2012, tab. 4.3
Caldecote Caldecote Cambs X open Kenney and Lyons 2011
Consortium Site, West Fen Road Ely Cambs X open Mudd and Webster 2011
Dimmock's Cote Quarry Wicken Cambs X open Gilmour et al. 2010
Ermine Business Park Great Stukeley Cambs X open T. Phillips 2009
Foxton Foxton Cambs X open Price et al. 1997
Glebe Farm Trumpington Cambs X open Collins 2011
Haddenham V Haddenham Cambs X open Evans and Hodder 2006
Harston Mill Harston Cambs X open O'Brien 2016
Hinxton Road Duxford Cambs X open Lyons 2011a
Knapwell Plantation Caxton or Bourn Cambs X open Wright et al. 2009
11 site parish county EIA MIA LIA form shape reference Knobbs Farm Somersham Cambs X open Collins 2009
Little Common Farm Caxton or Bourn Cambs X open Wright et al. 2009
Little Paxton Quarry (Area E/F) Diddington Cambs X open Jones 2011
Low Park Corner Chippenham Cambs X open Atkins 2013
Lower Camborne Caxton or Bourn Cambs X open Wright et al. 2009
Milton Landfill Cambridge Cambs X open Collins 2012
Moorfield Road Duxford Cambs X open Woolhouse 2014
New Wimpole Orwell Cambs X open Price et al. 1997
Pepperton Hill Duxford Cambs X open Price et al. 1997
Prickwillow Road Ely Cambs X open Atkins and Mudd 2003
Rheelakeside South Earith Cambs X open Brundell and Evans 2007
Somersfield Papworth Everard Cambs X open Patten 2012
Alconbury Hill Alconbury Cambs X enclosed irregular J. Brown 2013
Bears Croft Farm Godmanchester Cambs X enclosed irregular Patten 2009
Downing College Sports Field Cambridge Cambs X enclosed irregular Armour 2001
Edix Hill Barrington Cambs X enclosed? irregular? Malim 1997
Ely Road Milton Cambs X enxclosed irregular Rees 2009
Godmanchester 1990 Godmanchester Cambs X enclosed irregular Wait 1991
Hutchinson Site, Addenbrooke's Trumpington Cambs X enclosed irregular Evans 2008
Lancaster Way Ely Cambs X enclosed irregular Holmes 2008
Little Common Farm Caxton Cambs X enclosed irregular Wright et al. 2009
Little Paxton Quarry (Area E/F) Diddington Cambs X enclosed irregular Jones 2011
Lower Camborne Caxton Cambs X enclosed irregular Wright et al. 2009
Madingley Madingley Cambs X enclosed irregular Tipper 1994
Milton Milton Cambs X enclosed? irregular? Reynolds 1994
Papworth Everard Hospital Car Wolframm-Murray & Chapman Papworth Everard Cambs X enclosed irregular Park 2015 Prickwillow Road Ely Cambs X enclosed irregular Atkins and Mudd 2003
St Neots, Land East of St Neots Cambs X enclosed irregular Hinman 2004
Thrapston Road Spaldwick Cambs X enclosed irregular Clelland 2010
Wardy Hill Coveney Cambs X enclosed irregular Evans 1992; 2003a
Bears Croft Farm Godmanchester Cambs X enclosed regular Patten 2009
Brampton Brampton Cambs X enclosed regular White 1969
Castle Hill Cambridge Cambs X enclosed regular Alexander and Pullinger 1999
Haddon Haddon Cambs X enclosed regular Hinman 2003a
Low Park Corner Chippenham Cambs X enclosed regular Atkins 2013
Monument 97 Orton Longueville Cambs X enclosed regular Mackreth 2001
New Wimpole Orwell Cambs X enclosed regular Price et al. 1997
Scotland Farm Dry Drayton Cambs X enclosed regular Ingham 2010
Tort Hill Sawtry Cambs X enclosed regular Welsh 1994
Wellcome Trust Genome Ext. Hinxton Cambs X enclosed regular Kemp and Spoerry 2002
Bannold Lodge Chittering Cambs X open Whittaker 1997
Broadway Fields Yaxley Cambs X open J. Brown 2008
Foxton Foxton Cambs X open Price et al. 1997
Knobbs Farm Somersham Cambs X open Collins 2009
Marsh Leys Farmstead 2 Kempston Cambs X open Luke and Preece 2011a
Marsh Leys Farmstead 3 Kempston Cambs X open Luke and Preece 2011a
Mill Stream Swaffham Bulbeck Cambs X open Robinson 1992
Monument 97 Orton Longueville Cambs X open Mackreth 2001
New Wimpole Orwell Cambs X open Price et al. 1997
Papworth Everard Business Park Papworth Everard Cambs X open Fisher 2006
School Road Woodditton Cambs X open Woolhouse and Mundin 2006
Swavesey Swavesey Cambs X open Dickens and Collins 2011
Vicar's Farm Cambridge Cambs X open Lucas 2001
12 site parish county EIA MIA LIA form shape reference Benfield and Pooley 2005; Abbotstone Field Stanway Essex X open Brudenell 2012, tab. 4.3 Baker Street (A13) Orsett Essex X open Wilkinson 1988, 19-24
Bulls Lodge Quarry Boreham Essex X open Gilman 2015, 366 Chichester Hall Rawreth Essex X open Drury 1977
Colchester Garison Colchester Essex X open Brudenell 2012, tab. 4.3
Fox Hall Farm Southchurch Essex X open Ecclestone 1995
Great Holts Boreham Essex X open Germany 2003
Great Sunnings Farm Upminster Essex X open Howell et al. 2011
Gun Hill West Tilbury Essex X open Drury and Rodwell 1973
High House Thurrock Essex X open Andrews 2009; Ritchie 2013
Hunts Hill Farm Upminster Essex X open Howell et al. 2011
Ivy Chimneys Witham Essex X open Turner 1999
Linford Mucking Essex X open Barton 1962
Little Oakley Little Oakley Essex X open Barford 2002
Landfill Site Maldon Essex X open Wallis 1991 Maltings Lane Witham Essex X open Robertson 2004b
Manor Farm North Ockendon Essex X open Howell et al. 2011
Moor Hall Farm Rainham Essex X open Howell et al. 2011
Mucking Mucking Essex X open Evans et al. 2016
North Shoebury North Shoebury Essex X open Wymer and Brown 1995
Orsett Causewayed Enclosure Orsett Essex X open Hedges and Buckley 1978
Passingford Bridge Stapleford Tawney Essex X open Biddulph and Brady 2015
Rainbow Wood Thurrock Essex X open Potter 1974
Rectory Road (A13) Orsett Essex X open Wilkinson 1988, 11-13
Rook Hall Goldhanger Essex X open Brudenell 2012, tab. 4.3
Slough House Farm Great Totham Essex X open Wallis and Waughman 1998, 5-58
Stansted Airport, BLS/LTCP Havis and Brooks 2004; Cooke et Stansted Essex X open (west) al. 2008 Havis and Brooks 2004; Cooke et Stansted Airport, CIS/SCS Stansted Essex X open al. 2008 Havis and Brooks 2004; Cooke et Stansted Airport, DFS Stansted Essex X open al. 2008 Havis and Brooks 2004; Cooke et Stansted Airport, LBS Stansted Essex X open al. 2008 Stansted Airport, M11 Stansted Essex X open Cooke et al. 2008
Stansted Airport, MTCP Stansted Essex X open Cooke et al. 2008
Stansted Airport, SCS Stansted Essex X open Havis and Brooks 1994
Stansted Airport, South Gate Stansted Essex X open House 2013a Hotel Stratford Market Depot West Ham Essex X open Hiller and Wilkinson 2005
Woodham Walter Woodham Walter Essex X open Buckley and Hedges 1987
Grange Lane (A120) Little Dunmow Essex X enclosed oval Timby et al. 2007a
Wallis and Waughman 1998, 109- Howell Farm Great Totham Essex X enclosed oval 21 Ivy Chimneys Witham Essex X enclosed oval Turner 1999
Little Waltham Little Waltham Essex X enclosed oval Drury 1978
enclosed Lodge Farm St Osyth Essex X oval Germany 2007a; b roundhouse
Ardale School (A13) Stifford Essex X enclosed regular Wilkinson 1988, 11-17
enclosed Ardleigh Ardleigh Essex X regular Brown 1999 roundhouse Belhus Park (M25) Aveley Essex X enclosed regular Wilkinson 1988, 62-5
Chignall villa Chignall Essex X enclosed regular Clarke 1998
CIS Stansted Airport Essex X enclosed regular Havis and Brooks 2004
Colchester Garison Colchester Essex X enclosed regular TEAS 2013, 200
Great Sunnings Farm Upminster Essex X enclosed regular Howell et al. 2011
Gun Hill West Tilbury Essex X enclosed regular Drury and Rodwell 1973
Langford Hall Langford Essex X enclosed regular Roy and Heppell 2014
13 site parish county EIA MIA LIA form shape reference Mucking Mucking Essex X enclosed regular Priddy and Buckley 1987, 57
North Shoebury North Shoebury Essex X enclosed regular Wymer and Brown 1995
Olympic Park West Ham Essex X enclosed regular Powell 2010
Orsett Causewayed Enclosure Orsett Essex X enclosed regular Hedges and Buckley 1978
Portingbury Rings Hatfield Broad Oak Essex X? enclosed regular Wilkinson 1978
Slough House Farm Great Totham Essex X enclosed regular Wallis and Waughman 1998, 5-58
Havis and Brooks 2004; Cooke et Stansted Airport, CIS/CPS/SCS Stansted Essex X enclosed regular al. 2008 TL92-114 Colchester Essex X enclosed regular Priddy and Buckley 1987, 63
Woodham Walter Woodham Walter Essex X enclosed regular Buckely and Hedges 1987
Ypres Road Colchester Essex X enclosed regular Gascoyne and Radford 2012
Ardale School (A13) Stifford Essex X open Wilkinson 1988, 11-17
Bradwell Quarry Bradwell Essex X open Germany 2009a; 2011
Bulls Lodge Quarry Boreham Essex X open Archer and Clarke 2005 Chelmsford Park and Ride Sandon Essex X open Brooks and Holloway 2007b
Chignall villa Chignall Essex X open Clarke 1998
Doucecroft Kelvedon Essex X open Clarke 1988b
E. of Little Dunmow Road (A120) Little Dunmow Essex X open Timby et al. 2007a
East of Parsonage Lane (A120) Takeley Essex X open Timby et al. 2007a
Elsenham Quarry Elsenham Essex X open Hammond and Preston 2010
High House Thurrock Essex X open Andrews 2009; Ritchie 2013
Highwood (A120) Great Dunmow Essex X open Timby et al. 2007a
Howell Farm Great Totham Essex X open Wallis & Waughman 1998, 109-21
Little Waltham Little Waltham Essex X open Drury 1978
Marks Warren Romford Essex X open Lyons 2011b
Moor Hall Farm Rainham Essex X open Howell et al. 2011
North Shoebury North Shoebury Essex X open Wymer and Brown 1995
Olympic Park West Ham Essex X open Powell 2012
Orsett Cock Orsett Essex X open Carter 1998
Park School Rayleigh Essex X open Ennis 2008
Slough House Farm Great Totham Essex X open Wallis and Waughman 1998, 5-58
Stansted Airport, LTCP Site (E) Stansted Essex X open Cooke et al. 2008
Stansted Airport, LTCP Site (W) Stansted Essex X open Cooke et al. 2008
Stansted Airport, LBS Stansted Essex X open Cooke et al. 2008
Stansted Airport, LTCP Stansted Essex X open Cooke et al. 2008
Stansted Airport, M11 Stansted Essex X open Cooke et al. 2008
Stansted Airport, NP Stansted Essex X open Cooke et al. 2008
Stansted Airport, SG Stansted Essex X open Cooke et al. 2008
Wendens Ambo Wendens Ambo Essex X open Hodder 1982
Wick Farm Ardleigh Essex X open Germany 2009b
Ivy Chimneys Witham Essex X enclosed irregular Turner 1999
Nazeingbury Nazeing Essex X enclosed irregular Huggins 1978
Slough House Farm Great Totham Essex X enclosed irregular Wallis and Waughman 1998, 5-58
Stansted Airport, BLS/LTCP Havis and Brooks 2004; Cooke et Stansted Essex X enclosed irregular (west) al. 2008 Stansted Airport, BLS/LTCP Havis and Brooks 2004; Cooke et Stansted Essex X enclosed irregular (east) al. 2008 Stansted Airport, M11 Stansted Essex X enclosed irregular Cooke et al. 2008
Stansted Airport, LTCP (west) Stansted Essex X enclosed irregular Cooke et al. 2008
Ardale School (A13) Stifford Essex X enclosed regular Wilkinson 1988, 11-17
Ardleigh Ardleigh Essex X enclosed regular Brown 1999
Wallis and Waughman 1998, 59- Chigborough Farm Little Totham Essex X enclosed regular 108 Chignall villa Chignall Essex X enclosed regular Clarke 1998
Crab Meadow Dedham Essex X enclosed regular Blake 1960
Great Sunnings Farm Upminster Essex X enclosed regular Howell et al. 2011
14 site parish county EIA MIA LIA form shape reference High House Thurrock Essex X enclosed regular Andrews 2009; Ritchie 2013
Hunts Hill Farm Upminster Essex X enclosed regular Howell et al. 2011
Maltings Lane Witham Essex X enclosed regular Robertson 2004b
Moor Hall Farm Rainham Essex X enclosed regular Howell et al. 2011
Mucking Mucking Essex X enclosed regular Priddy and Buckley 1987, 57
North Shoebury North Shoebury Essex X enclosed regular Wymer and Brown 1995
Orsett Cock Orsett Essex X enclosed regular Carter 1998
Skyline Business Park Great Notley Essex X enclosed regular Brooks and Holloway 2006 Havis and Brooks 2004; Cooke et Stansted Airport, ACS Stansted Essex X enclosed regular al. 2008 Stansted Airport, MTCP Stansted Essex X enclosed regular Cooke et al. 2008
Stifford Clays (A13) Stifford Essex X enclosed regular Wilkinson 1988, 24-59
Twitty Fee Danbury Essex X enclosed regular Priddy and Buckley 1987, 63
Woodham Walter Woodham Walter Essex X enclosed regular Buckley and Hedges 1987
E. of Little Dunmow Road Little Dunmow Essex X open Timby et al. 2007a (A120) Elsenham Quarry Elsenham Essex X open Hammond and Preston 2010
Haverhill Business Park Sturmer Essex X open Gill 2002; Gardner 2004b
Highwood (A120) Great Dunmow Essex X open Timby et al. 2007a
Howell Farm Great Totham Essex X open Wallis & Waughman 1998, 109-21
Moor Hall Farm Rainham Essex X open Howell et al. 2011
Stansted Airport, LTCP (east) Stansted Essex X open Cooke et al. 2008
Wick Farm Ardleigh Essex X open Germany 2009b
Baldock Bypass Areas 2 and 4 Baldock Herts X open M. Phillips 2009
Blackhorse Road Letchworth Herts X open Moss-Eccardt 1988
Buncefield Lane Hemel Hempstead Herts X open McDonald 1997-2003b
Buncefield Depot Buncefield Herts X open Stansbie et al. 2012
Foxholes Farm Hertford Herts X open Partridge 1989
Hitchen Grade Separation Plant Hitchen Herts X open Barlow and Newton 2013
M1 J8 Hemel Hempstead Herts X open Stansbie et al. 2012
Moles Farm Thundridge Herts X open Kiln 1970
Oakwood Berkhampstead Herts X open Last 2001a
Rucklers Lane Bedmond Herts X open Last 2001a
Wadesmill Bypass Wadesmill Herts X open? Turner 2002 a and b
Blackhorse Road Letchworth Herts X enclosed irregular Moss-Eccardt 1988
Leavesden Aerodrome Abbots Langley Herts X enclosed regular Brossler et al. 2009
Western Neighbourhood Bishops Stortford Herts X enclosed irregular Albion Archaeology 2014
Hart Street Road Buntingford Herts X enclosed regular Clarke 2015 The Grove Watford Herts X enclosed regular Isobel Richardson pers. comm.
M1 Area M St Albans Herts X? enclosed regular Stansbie et al. 2012
Aldwick Barley Herts X open Cra'ster 1961
Baldock Bypass Area 4 Baldock Herts X open M. Phillips 2009
Buntingford Buntingford Herts X open Clarke 2013
Foxholes Farm Area 4 Hertford Herts X open Partridge 1989
Hitchen Grade Separation Plant Hitchen Herts X open Barlow and Newton 2013
Broomhall Farm Watton-at-Stone Herts X enclosed irregular Lockyear 2015b
Crookhams Welwyn Garden City Herts X enclosed ? Rook 1968
Leavesden Aerodrome Abbots Langley Herts X enclosed irregular Brossler et al. 2009
Swangley's Farm Knebworth Herts X enclosed irregular James 2014
Foxholes Farm Hertford Herts X enclosed regular Partridge 1989
Gorhambury St Albans Herts X enclosed regular Neal et al. 1990
Hart Street Road Buntingford Herts X enclosed regular Clarke 2015
15 site parish county EIA MIA LIA form shape reference Hollards Farm Codicote Herts X enclosed regular Burleigh et al. 1990; Hunn 1996
Lobs Hole Stevenage Herts X enclosed regular Hunn 2005
Old Parkbury Farm Colney Street Herts X enclosed regular Niblett 2001b
Peal Lane Northchurch Herts X enclosed regular Last 2001a
Redbourn III Redbourn Herts X enclosed regular Hunn 1996
Sandridge III Sandridge Herts X enclosed regular Hunn 1996, 65
Stanborough School Welwyn Garden City Herts X enclosed regular Hunn 2009
Baldock Bypass Area 2 Baldock Herts X open M. Phillips 2009
Leverstock Green Hemel Hempstead Herts X open Luke et al. 2001
Turners Hall Farm Wheathampstead Herts X open McDonald 1999
Wadesmill Bypass Wadesmill Herts X open? Turner 2002 a and b
Dawley Dawley Msex X open Cotton 1985
Imperial College Sports Ground Harmondsworth Msex X open Powell et al. 2015
RMS site Harmondsworth Msex X open Powell et al. 2015
Perry Oaks (T5, Heathrow) Harmondsworth Msex X enclosed irregular Framework Archaeology 2006
Ashworth Prison Ashford Msex X open Carew et al. 2006
Caesar's Camp (Heathrow) Harmondsworth Msex X open Grimes and Close-Brooks 1993
Dawley Dawley Msex X open Cotton 1985
Heathrow Runway 1 Harmondsworth Msex X open Canham 1978b
Hengrove Farm Ashford Msex X open Carew et al. 2006, fig 68
Imperial College Sports Ground Harmondsworth Msex X open Powell et al. 2015
Lower Mill Farm Stanwell Msex X open Jones and Poulton 1987
Perry Oaks (T5, Heathrow) Harmondsworth Msex X open Framework Archaeology 2006
Stockley Park Harmondsworth Msex X open Powell et al. 2015, 84
Ashworth Prison Ashford Msex X open Carew et al. 2006
Perry Oaks (T5, Heathrow) Harmondsworth Msex X open Framework Archaeology 2006
Aylsham Bypass Aylsham Norfolk X open Brudenell 2012, tab 4.3
Bittering Quarry Longham-Bittering Norfolk X open Ashwin and Fitcroft 1999
Brandon Road Swaffham Norfolk X open Barker et al. 2005
Cauldron Hill Feltwell Norfolk X open Davies 2009, 90
Cringleford Park and Ride Cringleford Norfolk X open Watkins 2006a
Cromer Road Antingham Norfolk X open Wilson et al. 2012
Foxley Road Foulsham Norfolk X open Wilson et al. 2012
Honeypots Gravel Pit Shropham Norfolk X open Barlow 2009
Itteringham Itteringham Norfolk X open Hickling 2010
Little Melton Little Melton Norfolk X open Brudenell 2012, tab 4.3
Longdell Hills Easton Norfolk X open Boyle 2004
Massingham Road Rougham Norfolk X open Wilson et al. 2012
Micklemoor Hill West Harling Norfolk X open Clarke and Fell 1953
Pheasants Walk Earsham Norfolk X open Brudenell 2012, tab 4.3
Redgate Hill Hunstanton Norfolk X open Wymer 1986
Snareshill Brettenham Norfolk X open Davies 2009, 90
Valley Belt Trowse Norfolk X open Ashwin and Bates 2000
Weasenham All Weasenham Clumps Norfolk X open Wilson et al. 2012 Saints
Bittering Quarry Longham-Bittering Norfolk X open Ashwin and Fitcroft 1999
Browick Road Wymondham Norfolk X open Ames 2005a
Church Road Stalham Norfolk X open Newton 2013
Cringleford Park and Ride Cringleford Norfolk X open Watkins 2006
Fincham Fincham Norfolk X open Percival 1995
Former Officer's Mess Watton Norfolk X open Trimble 2011
16 site parish county EIA MIA LIA form shape reference Fosters End Drove East Winch Norfolk X open Lally et al. 2008; McCall 2009
Grange Farm Snetterton Norfolk X open D. Robertson 2004
Green Lane Foulsham Norfolk X open Wilson et al. 2012
Harford Farm Caistor St Edmund Norfolk X open Ashwin and Bates 2000
Honeypots Gravel Pit Shropham Norfolk X open Birks and Robertson 2005
Kilverstone Kilverstone Norfolk X open Garrow et al. 2006
Laurel Farm Thorpe St Andrew Norfolk X open Westmacott 2007
London Road Thetford Norfolk X open Davies 1993
Longham Longham-Bittering Norfolk X open Ashwin and Fitcroft 1999
Lynford Quarry Stanford Norfolk X open Birks and Robertson 2005
Norton Subcourse Quarry Norton Subcourse Norfolk X open Holmes 2006
Park Farm, Silfield Wymondham Norfolk X open Ashwin 1996
Rocklands Road Shropham Norfolk X open Carlyle 2011
Spong Hill North Elmham Norfolk X open Rickett 1995
Valley Belt Trowse Norfolk X open Ashwin and Bates 2000
Weasenham All Weasenham Clumps Norfolk X open Wilson et al. 2012 Saints
Alby Alby Norfolk X? enclosed regular Gregory and Gurney 1986, fig. 26
Bintree Bintree Norfolk X? enclosed regular Gregory and Gurney 1986, fig. 26
Bodham Bodham Norfolk X? enclosed regular Gregory and Gurney 1986, fig. 26
Great Massingham Great Massingham Norfolk X? enclosed regular Gregory and Gurney 1986, fig. 26
Heacham Heacham Norfolk X? enclosed regular Gregory and Gurney 1986, fig. 26
Spong Hill North Elmham Norfolk X enclosed regular Rickett 1995
Thornham Thornham Norfolk X enclosed regular Gregory and Gurney 1986
Upper Chalkpit Sedgeford Norfolk X enclosed regular Faulkner et al. 2014
Warham Burrows Warham Norfolk X enclosed regular Gregory and Gurney 1986
Wighton Wighton Norfolk X enclosed regular Gregory and Gurney 1986
Bittering Quarry Longham-Bittering Norfolk X open Ashwin and Fitcroft 1999
Browick Road Wymondham Norfolk X open Ames 2005
Crow Hall Park Downham Market Norfolk X open Percival 2008
Fincham Fincham Norfolk X open Percival 1995
Grange Farm Snetterton Norfolk X open D. Robertson 2004
Honeypots Gravel Pit Shropham Norfolk X open Birks and Robertson 2005
Kilverstone Kilverstone Norfolk X open Garrow et al. 2006
Longham Longham-Bittering Norfolk X open Ashwin and Fitcroft 1999
Lynford Quarry Stanford Norfolk X open Birks and Robertson 2005
Upper Chalkpit Sedgeford Norfolk X open Faulkner et al. 2014
15, Sicklesmere Road Bury St Edmunds Suffolk X open Craven 2010a
30 Acre Field, RAF Mildenhall Mildenhall Suffolk X open Martin et al. 2004
Barham Church Barham Suffolk X open Martin 1993
Martin et al. 2006; Brudenell 2012, Barham Quarry Barham Suffolk X open tab. 4.3 [Gravel Hill] Beck Row Mildenhall Suffolk X open Craven 2012a
Chalkstone Way Haverhill Suffolk X open Heard 2010b; Brown et al. 2011
Cherry Tree Farm Wortham Suffolk X open Everett 2008b
Elveden Bypass Evleden Suffolk X open Brundell and Plouviez 2014, 274
Flixton Park Quarry Flixton Suffolk X open Martin et al. 1999
Flixton Park Quarry Flixton Suffolk X open Boulter 2008 FLN056/57/62 Galloper Wind Farm Leiston Suffolk X open Minter and Plouviez 2015, 460
Great Bealings Great Bealings Suffolk X open Martin 1993
Great Wratting Great Wratting Suffolk X open Lyons 2012
Hartismere High School I Eye Suffolk X open Caruth and Goffin 2012
Hartismere High School II Eye Suffolk X open Martin et al. 2007
Fornham St Martin et al. 1997; Newton and Ingham Quarry Suffolk X open Geneieve Mustchin 2015
17 site parish county EIA MIA LIA form shape reference Lady Lane Hadleigh Suffolk X open Cass 2011a
Little Bealings Little Bealings Suffolk X open Martin 1993
Mellis Road Wortham Suffolk X open Sillward and Morgan 2010
Norse Avenue Bradfield Combust Suffolk X open Crawley 2010b
Marston Pit Cavenham Suffolk X open Brudenell and Plouviez 2014, 270
Martlesham Martlesham Suffolk X open Martin 1993
Morland Road Ipswich Suffolk X open Brudenell and Hogan 2014
Moulton Moulton Suffolk X open Brudenell 2012, tab. 4.3
Shrubland Park Quarry Codenham Suffolk X open Martin et al. 2000
Little Bradley BRL026 Little Bradley Suffolk X open Lyons 2012
Whitehouse Road Ipswich Suffolk X open Brudenell 2012, tab. 4.3
Days Road Capel St Mary Suffolk X enclosed oval Tabor 2010a; 2014
County Farm Chilton Suffolk X enclosed regular Martin et al. 1998, incl fig 55
Foxhall Foxhall Suffolk X enclosed regular Martin 1999a, fig. 3.8
Mill Land Business Park Creeting St Peter Suffolk X enclosed regular Minter and Plouviez 2015
Bridge House Dairies Mildenhall Suffolk X open Adam et al. 2013
Heard 2010b; Brown et al. 2011; Chalkstone Way Haverhill Suffolk X open Heard 2016 Clare Primary School Clare Suffolk X open Cass 2010a
Elveden Bypass Evleden Suffolk X open Brundell and Plouviez 2014, 274
Flixton Park Quarry FLN056/57 Flixton Suffolk X open Boulter 2008
Great Bealings Great Bealings Suffolk X open Martin 1993
Fornham St Martin et al. 2009; Newton and Ingham Quarry Suffolk X open Genevieve Mustchin 2015 Morland Road Ipswich Suffolk X open Brudenell and Hogan 2014
New Access Control Lakenheath Suffolk X open Craven 2005
Pannington Hall Quarry Wherstead Suffolk X open A. Brown et al. 2011
Peyton Hall Hadleigh Suffolk X open Platt 2014
Recreation Way Mildenhall Suffolk X open Havard and Holt 2012
Shrubland Park Quarry Codenham Suffolk X open Martin et al. 2000
Staunch Meadow Brandon Suffolk X open Tester et al. 2014
West Stow West Sow Suffolk X open West 1990
Westerfield Road Ipswich Suffolk X open Brown et al. 2011
Barham Quarry Barham Suffolk X enclosed regular Gardner and Sutherland 2001
Barnham Barnham Suffolk X enclosed regular Martin 1993
Bucklesham Bucklesham Suffolk X enclosed regular Martin et al. 1992
Burgh Burgh Suffolk X enclosed regular Martin 1988a
Cedars Park Stowmarket Suffolk X enclosed regular Nicholson and Woolhouse 2016
Darmsden Hall Farm Quarry Barking Suffolk X enclosed regular Martin et al. 1995; Craven 2004
Great Wratting Great Wratting Suffolk X enclosed regular Lyons 2012
Pannington Hall Quarry Wherstead Suffolk X enclosed regular Brown et al. 2011
Blofield Hall Trimley St Mary Suffolk X enclosed? Martin et al. 2000
Stour House, Gregory Street Sudbury Suffolk X enclosed Martin et al. 1990
Bridge House Dairies Mildenhall Suffolk X open Adam et al. 2013
Centre Parcs Elveden Suffolk X open Craven 2010b
Fitness Centre Lakenheath Suffolk X open Craven 2006
Flixton Park Quarry Flixton Suffolk X open Boulter 2008
Park Farm Thorington Suffolk X open Newman 1992
RAF Lakenheath Eriswell Suffolk X open Craven 2005; 2006; 2010c
Shrubland Park Quarry Codenham Suffolk X open Martin et al. 2000
Sutton Hoo Visitor Centre Broomeswell Suffolk X open Martin et al. 1998
Thomas Wolsey Special School Ipswich Suffolk X open Sommers 2012b
West Stow West Sow Suffolk X open West 1990
18
APPENDIX 3: SITE SUMMARIES - MIDDLE IRON AGE HILLFORTS ALONG THE CHILTERNS AND IN SOUTH-EASTERN CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Chiltern hillforts Boddington Camp, in Halton, Buckinghamshire, on the chalk escarpment above Aylesbury; oval-shaped, c.220-500 m, univallate hillfort (c.7 ha); excavations produced Middle Iron Age pottery from beneath its bank; may have replaced an underlying earlier less substantial enclosure (Pollard and Hamilton 1994, 16).1 Cholesbury Camp, in Cholesbury-cum-St Leonards, Buckinghamshire: set back from the edge of the chalk escarpment; oval-shaped, c.230-310 m, hillfort (c.7 ha) with a continuous inner circuit and discontinuous outer circuit of defences; constructed in the Middle Iron Age with a rampart of ‘glacis’ type dump construction (Kimble1933; Bryant 1995, 22).2 Southend Hill in Cheddington, Buckinghamshire: located on a hill below the chalk escarpment north of Tring; circular multivallate hillfort, now destroyed by ploughing, but originally c.5 ha; has produced Early or Middle Iron Age, and Late Iron Age, pottery;3 may have replaced the nearby, short-lived, 2.4 ha Early Iron Age Ivinghoe Beacon (Cotton and Frere 1968). Maiden Bower, in Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire: located c.1km north east of Totternhoe on a plateau below the chalk escarpment (the Dunstable Downs); univallate hillfort nearly circular in plan, c.225 m across (4.9 ha); an initial Early Iron Age timber-revetted box rampart was replaced by one of ‘glacis-type dump construction; geophysical survey, fieldwalking, and excavation has revealed extensive occupation; may have replaced an earlier underlying less substantial enclosure (Bryant 1995, 22; Pollard and Hamilton 1994).4 Ravensburgh: large sub-rectangular shaped hillfort, constructed in the Middle Iron Age with a rampart of ‘glacis’-type dump construction; limited excavations within the interior revealed ‘irregular and approximate lines’ of large postholes interpreted as stockades used in the management of cattle (Dyer 1976). May have replaced the nearby 3.8 ha Early Iron Age promontory fort at Sharpenhoe Clappers (Dix 1983). Wilbury Hill in Ickleford, Hertfordshire: located on the chalk escarpment, overlooking the Hitchin gap, c.1km west of Letchworth; incomplete univallate hillfort, roughly circular in shape, c.220m across (c.3.8 ha), with a rampart of ‘glacis’-type dump construction, replacing an underlying enclosure of Late Bronze Age date; limited excavations within the interior revealed occupation including pits and domestic debris comprising pottery, daub, animal bones, and burnt stones (Applebaum 1949; Moss-Eccardt 1964; Bryant 1995, 22); may have replaced an underlying earlier less substantial enclosure (Pollard and Hamilton 1994, 16).5 Arbury Banks, in Ashwell, Hertfordshire: located on the chalk escarpment; univallate hillfort, ovoid in shape, 245 by 290 m; construction is undated by its form is very similar to other Middle Iron Age hillforts at Cholesbury, Maiden Bower, and Wilbury Hill (Bryant 1995, 24); aerial photography shows extensive occupation with pits, enclosures and roundhouses (Dawson 2000b, 118).6
South East Cambridgeshire hillforts Borough Hill, in Sawston, on a slight chalk promontory in the Granta valley that cuts through the chalk escarpment; badly plough-damaged multivallate enclosure, ovoid in shape, c.200 by 320 m (c.6 ha); constructed in the fifth or fourth centuries BC; small scale excavations in the interior revealed occupation features (pits, gullies etc), and a geophysical survey revealed a high density of pit-like features (Taylor et al. 1993; Mortimer 2001; Paul et al. 2016, 3-6). Trenching across the defences suggest that the site began as a univallate hillfort before it was enlarged through the digging of an outer ditch whose bank sealed the
1 BucksHER 0164500000; http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1011304 2 http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1015585 3 http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1017517 4 http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1015593 5 http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1016410 6 http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1008981
19
earlier ditch; an inner ditch was then constructed turning it into a bivallate enclosure (John Samuels Archaeological Consultants 2003). Wandlebury, on the chalk hills south west of Cambridge: constructed in the Middle Iron Age (fifth or fourth century BC); circular plan, with diameter of 330 m (8.5 ha), that is virtually identical to Arbury, ditch c.11.5 m wide and 1.8-2.7 m deep; geophysical survey and excavations within the interior revealed extensive occupation in the form of pits, post holes, and gullies. Pottery includes vessels of the ‘Chinnor- Wandlebury’ style common across the South East Midlands (French 2004; Webley 2005). War Ditches, in Cherry Hinton, on the chalk hills south west of Cambridge: constructed in the Middle Iron Age (late fifth/early fourth century BC); circular, with a diameter of c.150m (1.7ha); destroyed soon after construction, but reoccupied in the mid first century BC; limited excavations in the interior revealed occupation; the pottery includes vessels of the ‘Chinnor-Wandlebury’ style (McKenny Hughes 1904; Lethbridge 1948; White 1963; French 2004; Evans 2008, 18; Pickstone and Mortimer 2012). Arbury, north of Cambridge: constructed in the Middle Iron Age (fourth century BC); univallate and circular with diameter of 280m (6.1ha) that is virtually identical to Wandlebury; pottery similar to that from Wandlebury; limited excavations (900m2) in the interior revealed no occupation (Anon 1992; Evans and Knight 2002; 2008; Webley 2005, 45). Marion Close, Huntingdon Road, in Cambridge: a Middle to Late Iron Age, ditch 6m across, 2.25 m deep (i.e. same scale as Arbury and Wandlebury) may represent another hillfort in this line, although the plan of the site is not known (Evans and Knight 2002, 48-9). Belsar’s Hill, Willingham, overlooking the fen-edge: a circular earthwork enclosure c.250m diameter (4.1ha) is undated (Hall 1996, 138-42) but very similar in form to Borough Fen in Werrington (near Peterborough, Northamptonshire, an almost circular enclosure, c.230 m diameter, constructed fifth or fourth century BC (Anon 1992; Malim and McKenna1993; French 2004).
20
APPENDIX 4: SITE SUMMARIES - LATE IRON OPPIDA
NORTH-WESTERN THAMES BASIN At Baldock, where the Icknield Way crosses the Ivel valley, occupation began in the first half of the first century, making it the earliest of these settlement complexes, as shown by the presence of Dressel 1A amphorae, Gallo-Belgic imports, and two particularly rich burials at ‘The Tene’ (late second/early first century BC: the earliest of the ‘Welwyn-type’ chieftain burials) and Clothall Common (mid first century BC) (Stead and Rigby 1986; Bryant and Niblett 1997, 276-8; Bryant 2007, 67-9; Burleigh and Fitzpatrick-Matthews 2010). Little, however, is known about the nature of the settlement itself other than that it was clearly high status and does not appear to have been defended by dykes. The excavations at Upper Walls Common and Walls Field revealed a series of boundary ditches laid out in the mid first century BC, although it is not clear whether these were agricultural fields or settlement-related property boundaries. By c.20 BC, however, there is clear evidence for a roadway and smaller plots (Stead and Rigby 1986). Excavations along the line of the A505 Baldock Bypass have revealed further early first century BC and later burials (Phillips 2009).
The occupation at Braughing appears to have had its origins at Gatesbury - a sub-rectangular (130 x 210m) enclosure of c.3 ha - which was occupied from c.120-70BC, with finds including Dressel 1A amphorae (Bryant 2007, 63-4). In the late first century BC scattered settlement spread west across the Rib valley and up onto Wickham Hill, and when occupation was at its peak from c.25BC to c.AD10 it covered c.1.7 km2 (c.170 ha), although there is no evidence that it was defended by dykes. The excavations at Skeleton Green north of Puckeridge revealed a site with urban characteristics, with a series of rectangular timber buildings laid out in a coordinated way, while the presence of cess pits (Partridge 1981, 45) also suggests this was not a farming community. Large amounts of pottery imported from Gaul and Italy are indicative of a high status community with Romanized tastes and habits, and little of this material found its way onto other settlements in the area (Bryant and Niblett 1997, 276). Various finds of coin moulds also point to a high or even royal status (Partridge 1981, 352), perhaps initially of Tasciovanus whose earliest, uninscribed, coins concentrate around Braughing, and then Dias, Andoco and Rues whose coin distribution clusters around Braughing (Niblett 2001a, 51; Bryant 2007, 65). The amount of imported pottery declines rapidly after c.AD10 when Braughing was probably eclipsed by Verulamion in the west and Camulodunum to the east.
A fourth settlement complex lay between the Lea and Mimram valleys at Welwyn (Bryant and Niblett 1997, 275-6; Bryant 2007, 74-5). Over twenty Late Iron Age settlements and five burials/cemeteries have been recorded in an area of c. 20 km2 that includes a possible linear earthwork and evidence for pottery production. A series of rich burials – for which Welwyn is the type site – with Mediterranean imports, including Dressel 1A amphorae, point to this being a high status settlement from the mid first century BC.
Another area with a concentration of settlement lay in the Bulbourne valley in the area of Ashridge and Cow Roast near Berkhampstead (Bryant and Niblett 1997, 271-3; Bryant 2007, 75-7). There are four Aylesford-type cremation cemeteries, a substantial linear earthwork, and a number of iron working sites, and although there are no high status burials or imports, the large number of coins from Cow Roast suggests it may have been a high status focus for settlement in the area.
The site at Wheathampstead – although traditionally seen as the predecessor of Verulamium (see below) – is in fact closer to Welwyn. The site consists of a complex of earthworks and cropmark enclosures associated with one or possibly two linear dykes (one dating to the first century BC) (Bryant and Niblett 1997, 274-5; Bryant 2007, 72-4). Although excavations have revealed occupation in the first century BC and early first century AD, Bryant and Niblett’s (1997, 275) observation that there are ‘no indicators of high-status or elite occupation such as imports, coinage or burials’ overlooks the linear dyke that must indicate a site of some status, unless the dike is in fact a sunken ceremonial way as Bryant (2007, 73) has recently suggested.
Although the best known of the high status Late Iron Age sites in Hertfordshire, St Albans (Roman Verulamium, although Verlamion in the Iron Age), started later than at Baldock, Braughing, and Welwyn. The
21 traditional model of a fortified site at Wheathampstead (see above) being abandoned in the late first century BC in favour of the enclosure at Prae Wood overlooking the Ver valley, that in turn was succeeded by the Roman city of Verulamium, has now been rejected as there is no evidence for a high status settlement at Wheathampstead, and Prae Wood is now known to have been part of a far larger complex covering c.7 km2 (Hunn 1992; Haselgrove and Millet 1997; Bryant 2007; Niblett and Thompson 2005). It lacks the Dressel 1A amphorae, early Gallo-Belgic imports, and rich ‘Welwyn-type’ chieftain burials seen at Baldock and Braughing, and occupation appears to have begun in the late first century BC (Niblett 2001, 37, 43): until that date, the Verulamium area may have been something of a marginal, backwater, area away from the centres of power elsewhere, and possibly on the boundary between various territories (Haselgrove and Millet 1997; Niblett and Thompson 2005, 21). Evidence for manufacturing includes pottery, textiles, and coin production. Although it also lacks another feature of the complexes at Baldock and Braughing – rich ‘Welwyn-type’ chieftain burials – there are a series of high status burial grounds dating to the first half of the first century AD (the Folly Lane, King Harry Lane, St Stephen’s Hill, and Verulam Hills Field cemeteries, and various other burials scattered throughout the complex). That this was an important centre by c.10BC, however, is shown the Central Enclosure under Verulamium and the Ceremonial Enclosure at Folly Lane (which can be paralleled at Gosbecks/Lexden in Camulodunum, and Fison’s Way in Thetford), by the inscription VER on the coins of Tasciovanus, evidence for manufacturing (pottery, cloth, and precious metals probably for coins), high status burial, and a series of defensive dykes. The complex may have developed at a key crossing point in the Ver valley, on an important routeway that linked the iron producing centre in the Bulbourne valley to the west, and the important settlements at Welwyn, Braughing, and Camulodunum in the east (Bryant and Niblett 1997, 271- 3; Niblett and Thompson 2005, 38).
NORTH-EASTERN THAMES BASIN The postulated ‘minor oppidum’ at Braintree was identified on the basis of a 1.1 km long earthwork at Mount House, that appeared to have been slighted by the construction of Stane Street (the Roman road heading west from Colchester to Braughing). The oval-shaped area enclosed by this earthwork and associated landscape features that appeared to mark its former line, amounts to c.50-65 ha (Drury 1977, 104-6). Limited excavations within this putative enclosure, however, have revealed little evidence for occupation (Eddy 1983), and although a section through part of the bank revealed it to be post medieval in date this was an area that was subject to landscaping in the grounds of a substantial house (Bedwin 1984-5). Subsequent work c.500 m to the west has revealed evidence for Late Iron Age occupation including roundhouses possibly within a ditched enclosure beneath the later Roman small town (Bedwin 1984-5, 36; Havis 1993, 61; Hickling 2002). In contrast, extensive trenching immediately to the east, at George Yard/Sandpit Road, 97-99 High Street, and Letch’s Yard – revealed very little evidence for Late Iron Age occupation (Havis 1993; Pearson 2002; Ennis 2014). Belgic cremations have been found c.800m to the south west of Mount House (Bedwin 1984-5, fig .1). Known occupation under the Roman town is spread across an area at least 150 x 150 m (c.2.2 ha) making this a sizeable settlement, but at Grenville Road and College Road the small Late Iron Age pottery assemblage contained no imported Gallo-Belgic wares (Garwood and Lavendar 2000). Overall, there appears to be a substantial Late Iron Age settlement at Braintree, but not one of particularly high status.
At Burgh, in the Lark Valley, a bivallate sub-rectangular enclosure measuring c.240 by 280 m (c.7 ha), has produced a range of high status finds including early first century AD Gallo-Belgic imports of the same type as found at Camulodumum, Baldock, Braughing (Skeleton Green and Gatesbury), and Verulamium (Prae Wood and King Harry Lane), suggesting a wealthy community with trading contacts extending to Gaul perhaps via Camulodunum (Martin 1988a, 27-30). This is the northern most example of a site that could be regarded as a Trinovantian oppida with material imported from the Roman world such as Dressel 1 amphora (Martin 1988a, 37).
The evidence from Camulodunum (modern Colchester) is relativelt well known and has been extensively discussed elsewhere (Niblett 1985; Hawkes and Crummy 1995; Crummy et al. 2007; Gascoyne and Radford 2013).
22
Kelvedon has a long history of archaeological work, with a number of antiquarian discoveries and investigations by local amateur archaeologists suggesting the location of the Roman town of Canonium recorded in the Antonine Itinerary (VCH 1963, 149). The first systematic excavations were carried out in various locations within the Roman town in 1968 and 1970-2 (Rodwell 1988) and 1977 (Eddy 1982; 1995), with later work to the north at Doucecroft in 1985-6 (Clarke 1988b) and the Star and Fleece Hotel in 1998 (Fell and Humphry 2001), and to the west at the rear of Lawson Villas in 1996-8 (Ennis and Foreman 2002). Work up to and including that in 1998 is summarised in the Historic Town Assessment Report (Essex County Council 1999). Cumulatively, these individual excavations give us small but scattered windows into what was clearly an extensive site. Although there is a small amount of Early-Middle Iron Age pottery across the area, only Doucecroft has revealed firm evidence for Middle Iron Age occupation in the form of a roundhouse and stretch of field- boundary ditch: the scale of trenching in this area means it is unlikely that there was a ditched settlement enclosure, suggesting that this was an open settlement. This site lies close to a natural crossing point of the river Blackwater, later followed by the Roman road from London to Colchester, and Late Iron Age occupation spreads south from here over an area of c.18 ha (c.600m by 300m) along the edge of a gravel and brickearth terrace above the floodplain in a bend of the river Blackwater. The trenching at Doucecroft, Star and Fleece Hotel, and Lawson Villas all produced evidence for Late Iron Age occupation, including series of ditches and possible palisade trenches associated with occasional pits and at Doucecroft a single roundhouse. More intensive occupation was found beneath the Roman town which included a number of rectangular buildings (Eddy 1982; Rodwell 1988). This extensive area of occupation at Kelvedon appears to be bounded by a sinuous non- defensive ditch that marks the division between the settlement on the terrace and agricultural land to the east that stretches down onto the floodplain of the Blackwater. There are various indications that the settlement at Kelvedon was of unusual and high status. It is noticeable that the linear features all have a rectilinear layout and a broadly north-east to south-west orientation, suggesting some degree of coordination in their layout. Several of the buildings are rectangular, and the presence of numerous fragments of Dressel 1 amphora suggests a community of some wealth and status. On the opposite side of the Blackwater valley a warrior burial dates to the period c.75-25 BC (Sealey 2007). There is also the possibility of a ritual centre as unpublished excavations in 1971 revealed a circular Roman-British (second century AD) structure associated with a range of artefacts indicative of it being a temple (see Hassall et al. 1972, 333, and Rodwell 1988, 55-6 for a brief note and plan), and nearby (Trench G in Area F) an area of ash and charcoal contained an Iron Age potin coin and a ceramic pedestal base of Late Iron Age grog-tempered fabric, to which was applied in high relief the legs and feet of a bird interpreted as possibly a cockerel (Rodwell 1988, 12, 129). Overall, Kelvedon was clearly one of the most extensive Late Iron Age sites in Essex, one of the highest status, and one of the more Romanised even before the Conquest which is reflected in its rectilinear layout, rectangular buildings, and imported pottery. In these characteristics, along with the presence of high status burial, there are some parallels with a number of sites in modern Hertfordshire such as Baldock and Braughing.
The earthworks at Norsey Wood in Billericay, sometimes claimed to be a potential ‘minor oppidum’ are in fact those of a medieval deer park (Eddy 1983, 51).
Two major Iron Age sites in Witham reflect the importance of this point in the Essex landscape where the road from London to Colchester (via Chelmsford and Kelvedon) crosses the river Brain, close to its confluence with the river Blackwater. On the northern side of the Brain lies the bivallate Chipping Hill Camp that was certainly occupied in the Middle Iron Age (Rodwell 1993, 8-28). To the south of the river, 1.6 km south west of Chipping Hill Camp, lies an extensive Iron Age site at Ivy Chimneys with a long and complex excavation history summarised by Turner (1999). An area of Early Iron Age occupation, represented by a single roundhouse, appears to have been unenclosed, and this settlement was overlain by a curvilinear Middle Iron Age enclosure at least 60-80 m across (possibly oval shaped and c.0.6 ha) which may have been on a comparable scale to sites such as Slough House Farm (0.6 ha) and Little Waltham (c.0.8 ha). In the Late Iron Age this enclosure ditch appears to have been re-dug, although once again the full extent of the settlement is unknown. This site appears to have lain within a more substantial enclosure the defences of which were excavated at
23
Witham Lodge, c.150m to the south west the Ivy Chimneys enclosure. With an inner ditch c.2.8 m deep and c.5 m wide, an outer ditch c.2.5 m deep and c.4.6 m wide, and a bank c.3.5 m wide, this would have been a major landscape feature. Although excavation only traced these features for 150 m, an examination of the pattern of nineteenth century field boundaries along with the mapping of a small number of other earthworks (a short stretch of bank, and two ponds) led Rodwell (1993, fig. 29) to identify a 56 ha enclosure, of which the Witham Lodge ditches formed the south west corner. The date of the excavated bank and ditches is unknown, although they are cut by the London to Colchester Roman road that presumably dates to very soon after the Conquest. The size of the Witham Lodge enclosure as reconstructed by Rodwell would make it too large for an Early/Middle Iron Age ‘hillfort’ most of which in Essex are c.2.8-5.5 ha: even Wallbury Camp (c.12.5 ha) and Uphall Camp (c.24 ha) are far smaller than Rodwell’s postulated enclosure. Overall, this is an enigmatic but clearly important site.
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APPENDIX 5: ROMANO-BRITISH TOWNS, SMALL TOWNS, AND LOCAL CENTRES
main period of occupation of mainperiod
Jones and Mattingly 1990 andMattingly Jones
Burnham and Wacher Wacher and Burnham
central place functions place central
defended defended
1990; Wacher 1995 Wacher 1990;
other
manufacturing
Millett1990
Smith 1987 Smith
a
character
rea (ha) rea
county
references
site
area area
(ha)
NORTH-EASTERN THAMES BASIN larger local Billericay Essex C1 - iron (smithing); pottery 27 yes Ennis 2010; Medlycott et al. 2010; center mid C3 Medlycott and Atkinson 2012, 81-2 larger local Bishops Stortford Herts C1-late iron (smithing) 16 yes Elcock 1970; Wright 1982; center (see Appendix 6) C4 Humphrey 1997; Doel 1999; Crank et al. 2001; Martin-Bacon 2010a; b; Noakes and Cavanagh 2010; Niblett 2011b larger local Braintree Essex C4 -mid bone; iron (smithing) ?market 12 yes yes yes yes Drury 1976a; Havis 1993; center C4 place Wickenden 1996; Newton 2010b; Medlycott and Atkinson 2012 small town Chelmsford Essex C1 - C4 6 bronze; horn; Fe (smithing); mansio, 25 yes yes yes yes Drury 1988; Wickenden 1992; pottery; textiles (cloth temple 1996; Medlycott and Atkinson 2012 dying?) larger local Chigwell Essex C1 - late bath house 12 yes yes Wickenden 1996, 93; Clark 1998 center C4 smaller local Coggeshall Essex early C2 iron (unspecified) 6 Clarke 1988a; Isserlin 1995b center - late C4 colony and Colchester Essex C1- late 43 baking and brewing; bone circus, 50 yes yes yes yes Gascoyne and Radford 2013 ?civitas C4 and horn; bronze; iron theatre, capital (smithing); glass, pottery; temple tile smaller local Great Dunmow Essex early C2 bronze; iron (smithing); 8 yes yes yes Wickenden 1988; 1996; O'Brien center - late C4 textiles 2005; A. Robertson 2005 small town Harlow (see Essex C1 - late bronze; iron; ?pottery temple 40 yes yes yes Conlon 1973; Wickenden 1996; Rippon in press) C4 ECC 1999 aspirant Heybridge Essex C1 - bone; bronze; gold and temple 20 yes yes Wickenden 1996; Medlycott and small town, early C2 silver; iron; pottery; textiles Atkinson 2012; Atkinson and then larger Preston 1998; 2001; 2015a; b local center larger local Kelvedon Essex C1 - late 6 bone; iron; pottery ?mansio, 10 yes yes yes Eddy 1982; Clarke 1988b; Rodwell center C3 temple 1988; Wickenden 1996; Fell and Humphry 2001; Ennis and Foreman 2002 smaller local Leaden Roding Essex C1 - late metal working (unspecified) 6 yes Sharp et al. 2008; Medlycott and center C4 Atkinson 2012 smaller local Little Waltham Essex C1 - C4 iron (smithing) 6 yes Drury 1978 center smaller local Radwinter Essex C1 - C2 iron (smithing) 6 EssHER 1541-2; 19095; Saunders center? and Winter 2008; House 2013b smaller local Romford Essex Late C1- 6 Higgs 2010; Pozorski 2013 center C4 larger local Wickford Essex C1 - late 1 iron (smelting); ?pewter; 19 yes yes Wickenden 1985; 1996, 87 center? C4 pottery? smaller local Capel St Mary Suff ? 10 yes Plouviez 1995 center larger local Long Melford Suff C1 - bronze; iron (smithing) 30 yes yes Plouviez 1995, 79; Caruth 1997; J. center mid C3 Craven 2007; Brooks 2008; 2011; Craven 2008b; 2012b; 2012c; Muldowney and Goffin 2008; Muldowney 2010a; Brooks 2013 smaller local Stratford St Mary Suff ? Antonine Itinerary center? larger local Wixoe Suff C1 - late yes ?bronze; iron, lead ? mansio 18 yes yes yes Plouviez 1995; Atkins 2012 center C4
25
main period of occupation of mainperiod
Jones
Burnham and Wacher Wacher and Burnham
central place functions place central
defended defended
1990; Wacher 1995 Wacher 1990;
other
manufacturing
Millett1990
and Mattingly 1990 andMattingly
Smith 1987 Smith
a
character
rea (ha) rea
county
references
site
area area
(ha)
NORTH-WESTERN THAMES BASIN small town Baldock Herts C1 - late Bronze; iron (smithing) 2 temples 80 yes yes yes yes Burleigh and Fitzpatrick-Mathews C4 201; Niblett 2011a; c; Fitzpatrick- Matthews 2014; Fitzpatrick- Matthews and Burleigh 2010 small town Braughing Herts C1 - Bone; bronze; iron bath house; 25 yes yes yes yes Partridge 1975; 1981; Potter and mid C4 (smithing); pottery ?mansio; Trow 1988; Niblett 2011a ?macellum larger local Cheshunt Herts C1 - C4 24 yes Niblett 2011a center smaller local Cow Roast, in Herts C1 - C3 bone; iron smelting and yes Niblett 2011a center Northchurch smithing municipium Verulamium Herts C1-late 81 bronze; iron forum- 90 yes yes yes yes Niblett 2001a; 2011a; Niblett and and civitas C4 basilica, Thompson 2005 capital market hall, theatre, temple smaller local Ware Herts C2-late bone; bronze; iron smelting 10 yes yes Kiln and Partridge 1994; Cooper- center C4 and smithing; ?leather; Reade 1992; Walker 1995a; b; c; pottery 1996; Humphrey 1999; O’Brien 2004-5; Petchey and Collier 2004-5; Niblett 2011a; Zeepvat 2014 smaller local Welwyn Herts C1 - C4 iron (smithing) 8 yes yes Rook 1973; 1983-6, 107-10; center Grassam 2008; Niblett 2011a; McDonald and Pearson 2012 small town Dunstable Beds C1 - C4 bronze 26 yes yes yes Hagan 1972; Mathews 1981; Boyer 2000; Mudd 2004; Gardner 2004a; Hammond 2004; Hounsell and Abrams 2004 smaller local Brentford Msex late C1- 5 yes Canham 1978a, 147-50; Smith center late C4 1987, 240 larger local Brockley Hill Msex C1 - C4 pottery 20 yes yes yes Branigan 1987, 97-8; Bowsher center? 1995; McKinley 1998; Saxby 2008 smaller local Enfield Msex C1 - C4 6 yes yes Gentry et al. 1977; Dinn and center Reynolds 1980; Branigan 1987, 97; Dearne 2008 provincial London Msex Mid C1- 133 [well described elsewhere] yes yes yes yes Clark et al. 2008 capital late C4 smaller local Old Ford Msex C1 - C4 iron 2 yes Smith 1987, 143; Lythe 2006; G. center? Brown 2008 smaller local Staines Msex C1- C4 iron 5 yes yes yes Crouch 1976; Crouch and Shanks center 1984; Branigan 1987, 97; Hayman 1999; Wessex Archaeology 2000; Ayres and Hayman 2001
EAST ANGLIA smaller local Billingford Norf C1 - late bronze; iron smithing; 8 - yes Gurney 1995a; Wallis 2011 center C4 pottery 35 small town Brampton Norf C1 - late 6 bronze; leather, iron bath house 20 yes yes yes yes Green 1977; Knowles 1977; Gurney C4 (smithing and ?smelting), 1995a, 56; Davies and Gregory 1991, fig. 2; Burnham and Wacher 1990, 203-8; Davies 2009, 174-6 extra-mural Brancaster Norf late C2- 18 Hinchcliffe and Sparey Green 1985; vicus ?C4 Watkins 2011; Adcock and Brunning 2014 larger local Brettenham Norf C1 - late 20 yes Gurney 1995a center C4 extra-mural Caister-on-Sea Norf C3-4 pottery 10 Darling and Gurney 1993; Hall vicus 2005
26
main period of occupation of mainperiod
Jones and Mattingly 1990 andMattingly Jones
Burnham and Wacher Wacher and Burnham
central
defended defended
1990; Wacher 1995 Wacher 1990;
other
manufacturing
Millett1990
Smith 1987 Smith
a
character
rea (ha) rea
place functions place
county
references
site
area area
(ha)
civitas capital Caistor St Edmund Norf C1 - late 14 bronze; pottery forum- yes yes yes yes Bowden 2013 C4 basilica, baths, temples larger local Crownthorpe, Norf C1 - late brooch production temple ? Gurney 1995a center Wincklewood C4 smaller local Denver Norf C1 - C4 salt ? yes Gurney 1995a center? smaller local Ditchingham Norf C1 - ? Gurney 1995a center? late C4 smaller local Toftrees, Dunton Norf ? ? Gurney 1995a center? smaller local Fincham Norf ? ? Gurney 1995a center? larger local Hockwold-cum- Norf C2 - late metalworking temple; 13 Gurney 1986; 1995a center Wilton C4 church smaller local Kempstone Norf C1- mid iron 12 yes Gurney 1995a; Davies 2009, 185 center C4 smaller local Long Stratton Norf late ? yes Smith 1987, 150; Gurney 1995a center? C1/early C2 - C4 smaller local Narford Norf ? ? Gurney 1995a center? smaller local Needham Norf C1- C4 16 Gurney 1995a; Percival 1999b center? small town Scole Norf C1 - late bone; leather; iron (smithing temple 20 yes yes yes Rogerson 1977; Gurney 1995; C4 and smelting), malting; Plouviez 1995; Ashwin and Tester tanning; wood 2014 larger local Woodcock Hall, Norf C1-C4 iron ?bath house 24 yes Bates 1995; 2000; Gurney 1995a; center Saham Toney Davies 1996, 80; Ratcliff 2008 larger local Great Walsingham/ Norf C3-C4 Bronze; iron; pottery ?bath house; 30- Gregory 1986b; Gurney 1995a; center Wighton ?temple 56 NorHER 42850 small town Coddenham Suff C1 -late ?bronze; iron; pottery 20- yes yes yes Wilson 1974b, 439; Plouviez 1995 C3 50 larger local Felixstowe Suff C2 - C4 ?horn-working; ?metal- 18 Plouviez 1995 center/?extra- working mural vicus larger local Hacheston Suff C1 - iron; pottery 24 yes yes Plouviez 1995; Blagg et al. 2004 center mid C4 small town Icklingham Suff C2 - late pottery 40 Plouviez 1995 C4 smaller local Ipswich Suff C1- late iron (smithing); pottery 3+ Boulter 2005 center? C4 larger local Pakenham (also Suff C1-late bronze; iron; pottery 19 yes yes yes Plouviez 1995 center known as Ixworth) C4 roadside Stoke Ash Suff unclear 7 yes Millett 1995, tab. 4.1; Plouviez settlement? 1995 larger local Wenhaston Suff late 15 Plouviez 1995; Everett 2007; center C1/early Sommers 2007; 2011; Stirk 2009a; C2 - b; Stirk and Benfield 2009 mid C4
SOUTH EAST MIDLANDS smaller local Kempston Church Beds C1- late bone; iron (smithing); ?temple 17 yes yes yes Dawson 2004; Luke 2016 center End C4 repairing of samian vessels smaller local Sandy Beds C1- late bone/antler; bronze; iron ?temple 10 yes yes yes D. Johnston 1975; Dawson 1996a center C4 smithing; textile production larger local Fenny Stratford Bucks C1-late 8 iron smithing 20 yes yes yes Neal 1987 center (also known as C4 Dropshot)
27
main period of occupation of mainperiod
Jones and Mattingly 1990 andMattingly Jones
Burnham and Wacher Wacher and Burnham
central place central
defended defended
1990; Wacher 1995 Wacher 1990;
other
manufacturing
Millett1990
Smith 1987 Smith
a
character
rea (ha) rea
county
references
site
area area
functions
(ha)
smaller local Fleet Marston Bucks C1 - C4 9 yes yes Parkhouse 1997; Lythe 2009 center smaller local Olney Bucks ? ? Radford and Zeepvat 2009, 57 center? smaller local Thornborough Bucks C1 - C4 temple 10 Green 1965; Radford and Zeepvat center 2009, 57 small town Cambridge Cambs C1- late 10 bone pin manufacturing; ?mansio; 32 yes yes yes yes Alexander 1975; Browne 1979, 39- C4 iron; pottery ritual 43; Alexander and Pullinger 1999; complex Taylor 2000a; Alexander et al. 2004 small town Godmanchester Cambs C1 - late 11 bone-casket manufacturing; basilican 30 yes yes yes yes Green 1975; Burnham and Wacher C4 bronze; iron; pottery building, 1990, 122-9; Green 2000; A. Jones mansio, bath 2003 house, temples smaller local Horseheath Cambs ? 10 yes Smith 1987, 167 center smaller local Sawtry Cambs C2-4 pottery ? yes Welsh 1994; Ellis et al. 1998 center? small town Water Newton Cambs C1 - late 18 bronze; gold; iron ?mansio; 90 yes yes yes yes Burnham and Wacher 1990, 81-91 C4 (smelting); leather; mosaic temple school; pottery smaller local Wimpole Cambs late C2 - 10 yes yes Horton 1994 center late C4 small town Great Chesterford Essex C1- late 14 bone; iron (smithing); textile ?market 32 yes yes yes yes Wickenden 1996; Medlycott 2011a C4 production place, temple
North-Eastern Thames Basin
Billericay (Essex): Rudling (1990) and Medlycott et al. (2010) have published the early excavations that have taken place (and see Ennis 2010 and 2014 for small-scale later work). Occupation is spread over an area of c.27 ha, and Medlycott and Atkinson (2012, 81-2) have argued that its low density and ‘lack of internal organisation’ suggests that it should be regarded as a ‘village’ rather than a town. While the evidence for crop processing (several corn driers) could be suggestive of an agricultural settlement, such structures are also found in towns (e.g. Colchester: Gascoyne and Radford 2013, 131, 134, 141; Great Dunmow: Sparrow 2009). There is also evidence for industry (a pottery kiln and iron smithing), at least one building with a hypocaust, ditched property boundaries, and a gravelled side roads. Extensive cemeteries are found around the fringes of the settlement which suggest a degree of spatial control on activity within the settlement as a whole (as opposed to it comprising an agglomeration of individual farmsteads). Occupation began in the Late Iron Age and reached its maximum extent in the late first to mid third century, whereafter it contracted. Bearing in mind the very limited scale of excavation, its size (the same as Chelmsford), Billericay would certainly appear to be at least a larger local centre (in which part of its economy was non-agricultural) rather than a ‘village’. Its size is suggestive of a small town although at present not enough is known about its character to give it that attribution.
28
Bishops Stortford (Herts [but Essex side of the Stour]7): see Appendix 6.
Braintree (Essex): a long history of excavation, only some of which has been published (Drury 1976b; Milton 1986; Havis 1993; Burnham and Wacher 1990, 289-92; Hickling 2002; Pearson 2002; Newton 2010; see Medlycott (2007) and Medlycott and Atkinson (2012, 78) for summaries of the unpublished work), has revealed dense occupation across c.12 ha and a network of gravelled streets at this key road junction on Stane Street. There was at least one very substantial building that may have served a public function. Plots were around 16 m wide, with buildings positioned with their longitudinal axes parallel with the roads, and perhaps 100-110 m deep and so were large enough to have included land for pigs, horticulture etc (in contrast to the short, narrow plots seen in Chelmsford: Drury 1976b, 124). An area devoid of occupation at the junction of the Chelmsford-Sudbury and Colchester-Braughing roads may have been a market place. Craft activity included extensive iron-smithing, as well as bone- and antler- working. An extensive cemetery lay to the west of the occupied area. Occupation spanned the first to mid fourth centuries, although there is some signs of contraction from the late third century. Overall, there is clear evidence that Braintree was an extensive and densely occupied settlement at a major road junction and with a possible market place and major public building, but its limited extent suggests that it was a larger local centre rather than a small town.
Capel St Mary (Suffolk): Plouviez (1995, 69) notes a concentration of Romano-British material at Capel St Mary that indicates a substantial settlement whose character is unclear, but which lay on the Colchester to Caistor St Edmund road. Mapping finds recorded in the HER reveals a scatter of finds across c.10 ha, with excavated occupation deposits including a wall-footing, pits, and a small group of cremation burials over a c.700 m stretch of road north of Lattinford Bridge (CSM003, 004, 005, 006, 007, 011; EBG004; Smith 1987, 147). The artefacts include tile, and iron slag. There is sufficient evidence here to suggest a smaller local centre.
Chadwell St Mary (Essex): recognised as a possible small town by Rodwell (1975, fig. 1), Romano-British occupation has been recorded for many years and when the individual excavations and findspots are mapped it reveals a spread of first to fourth century finds scattered across c.18 ha, including a building with a tessellated pavement8 and a pottery kiln; two cremation cemeteries lay to the north (Decking Gravel Pit) and south (Christiani and Neilson’s Gravel Pit) of the main area of occupation (Manning 1962; Hull 1963a, 62-3). There is no known Roman road, and it is not clear whether occupation was continuous across this area. The Romano-British occupation does not extend to the north east of Chadwell village (Newton 2016). Overall at present there is insufficient evidence to regard this site as a local centre or small town.
Chelmsford (Caesaromagus) (Essex): the c.25 ha small town at Chelmsford developed from the late first century alongside the London to Colchester road just to the south of where it crossed the river Chelmer, and along the road east towards Heybridge. Wacher (1995, 207-8) argued, largely on the basis of the place-name, that Chelmsford was the civitas capital of the Trinovantes, although the consensus now is that this was at Colchester (see below). There was very dense occupation with short (c.50 m deep), narrow plots, and buildings arranged with their long axis perpendicular to the streets. There were roadside shops, craft production, a network of gravelled streets, and a mansio that was constructed in the mid- second century (Drury 1988; Wallis 1988; Wickenden 1996, 91-2; O’Brien and Roberts 2007; Robertson and Compton 2008; Allen 2009; Germany 2009c; Medlycott and Atkinson 2012, 74-8; Smith and Thompson 2013). The settlement core (c.7 ha) was defended by an earthen bank and ditch in c.AD 160- 175, and in the fourth century a Romano-Celtic temple was constructed in the extra-mural area (Wickenden 1992). A group of five rectangular ovens appear to have been used for the commercial
7 A curiosity of the Essex-Hertfordshire county boundary is that the parish of Bishop’s Stortford – whose centre lay to the west of the Stort in Hertfordshire – extends across to the eastern (Essex) side of the river. The core of the Romano-British roadside settlement lay on the eastern (i.e. Essex) bank of the river but within the Bishop’s Stortford/Hertfordshire boundary. 8 A recent evaluation in the area where the tesselated pavement was said to have been found did not locate any Roman material, although the site had seen a lot of disturbance (Sparrow 2011c).
29 production of bread (Wickenden 1996, 92), and craft activity included bronze, bone-, horn-, leather-, and iron-working (smithing), and textile production (Drury 1988, 136-7; Wickenden 1992, 133-4). Pottery production is evidenced by late first century wasters and two early fourth century kilns (Smith 1987, 93).The piecemeal abandonment of plots suggests a gradual decline over the course of the fourth century, with some areas still occupied in the late fourth century. Overall, there is clear evidence that Chelmsford was an extensive and densely occupied small town at a major road junction with official (the mansio) and other central-place functions (the temple).
Chigwell (‘Little London’) (Essex): the c.12 ha site at ‘Little London’ in Chigwell lay on the London to Great Dunmow road, and is one of six sites a similar distance from London (the others being Billericay in the eastern part of the Northern Thames Basin, and Enfield, Brockley Hill, and Staines to the west). The various finds and small scale excavations have been brought together by Clark (1998), and include road-side occupation, a corn drier, a bath house, and a masonry building with a tessellated pavement. An extensive cremation cemetery lay to the south. The scale of this settlement and its evidence for service provision (a bath house) suggests that it should be classed as a larger local centre that was occupied from the first through to the late fourth century. It has been suggested that the Antonine Itinerary’s Durolitum was at Chigwell, although one would have expected it to have lain on the main London to Chelmsford and Colchester road (see Romford below).
Coggeshall (Essex): there was extensive occupation alongside Stane Street (the Colchester to Braintree road) covering c.6 ha.9 Finds of tessera and roof tile suggest at least one substantial building which has been interpreted as a villa but could equally be a bath house (as at Chigwell) or mansio (as at Chelmsford) (Clarke 1988; Isserlin 1995). Occupation appears to have started in the mid second century – somewhat later than many of the other small towns and local centres – and continued into the mid/late fourth century. Craft activity included iron working. There were cemeteries to the south and west.10 The putative 9.6 ha double ditched enclosure can, however, be dismissed on two grounds: firstly, Isserlin (1995b) has observed that the southern-most ‘enclosure’ ditch is probably the fossa of Stane Street immediately to the south and that the eastern ‘enclosure’ ditches probably mark the sides of a minor trackway; and secondly the Coggeshall ditches are not defensive in their scale.11 Coggeshall also lies just 4 km from the small town at Kelvedon (see below), and overall, it would appear to be no more than a smaller local centre.
Colchester (Colonia Caludia Victricensis) (Essex): the archaeology of Colchester is well known (Crummy 1997; Gascoyne and Radford 2013; Fulford 2015) and only requires a brief summary here. The Roman legionary fortress occupied from AD43-9 was replaced by a colony destroyed during the Boudican revolt. Although colonies legally lay outside the system of civilian civitates used to administer provinces, the continued occupation of the pre-Roman centre at Gosbecks suggest that Roman Colchester comprised a polyfocal settlement complex which served as both a colony and a civitas centre, rather than the latter being at Chelmsford (Black 1995, 25-6; Gascoyne and Radford 2013, 77, 100; Fulford 2015, 59; cf. Wacher 1995; Wickenden 1996, 91). The masonry walls appear to date to the period AD 65-80 (Crummy 1997, 89; Gascoyne and Radford 2013, 108) and the defended area of c.43 ha included a grid of streets fronted by dense occupation including shops. The industrial activity includes baking and brewing, bone-, horn-, bronze-, and iron-working (smithing), and glass, pottery, and tile manufacturing. Commercial activity is evidenced by a balance, steelyard and weights (Crummy 1983, 99-101). There were extensive suburbs that included large numbers of pottery kilns and a cluster of four temples at Sheepen, and the theatre/temple complex at Gosbecks (Esmond Cleary 1987, 51; Gascoyne and Radford 2013, 145-7).
9 EssHER 8716: bone spatula or hairpin; 8738: coin; 18265: coins, brooches and a bronze statue; 48083: pottery and tile. The excavations at The Vineyard on West Street establishes the western limit of the settlement area (Germany 2011b) 10 EssHER 847: cremation burials on western side of Coggeshall; EssHER 19514: mausoleum (‘an arched vault of brick, in which was a glass burning lamp, covered with a 14'' square Roman tile, a 'thumbed' urn containing ashes and bits of bone, and two Samian saucers’) 11 just c.1.0 – 2.4 m wide and c.0.6-0.9 m wide, which can be compared to Chelmsford’s c.4.5 m wide and 2.0 m deep ditch (Drury 1988, 62; Ennis and Foreman 2002), and Kelvedon’s 5.0 m wide and 2.0 m deep ditch (Eddy 1982, 11)
30
Great Dunmow (Essex): although lying at a key road junction on Stane Street, Great Dunmow has never looked convincing as a substantial small town. Once thought to have covered an area of c.10-12 ha (Wickenden 1988, fig. 1), excavations since (Robertson 2005) have led Medlycott and Atkinson (2012, 78) to suggest that the area of occupation was ‘neither as dense nor extensive as previously thought’. This rather more limited extent of the settlement has been confirmed by work since (Wickenden 1988; O’Brien 2005Robertson 2008; Phelps 2009; Sparrow 2009; 2011; Brooks and Holloway 2010b; Atkinson 2015) and it now appears that the settlement covered c.8 ha with gravelled roads, cemeteries to the south, west and north, and a shrine within the settlement itself. An oven appears to have been for drying grain (Sparrow 2009), while there is also evidence for bronze-working, iron-smithing, and textile production (Wickenden 1988, 53; Sparrow 2009; Brooks and Holloway 2010b). Plots appear to have been c.100-110 m long and so were large enough to have included land for pigs, horticulture etc (Drury 1976b, 124). The settlement’s southern boundary may have been marked by a non-defensive 1.5 m wide and 1.3 m deep ditch (Sparrow 2011b; d). The main period of occupation was from the second to the late fourth centuries (a relatively late start also seen at Coggeshall). Overall, although not particularly extensive, Great Dunmow probably did have central place functions – supporting a non-agricultural population by providing services – and can be regarded as a smaller local centre.
Great Wakering (Essex): large amounts of material, including imported pottery such as amphora, hypocaust tiles, burials, and an iron anvil and hammer, was recovered from quarrying during the nineteenth and early twentieth century from the areas adjacent to a putative Roman road (Collingwood and Taylor 1924, 230; Pollitt 1953, 73; Hull 1963a, 194-5; Rippon 1991, 55). The nearby field-name ‘North Croft als [alias] Caster’ is intruiging! (ERO D/DU 628/1; Rippon 2011, 13).
Harlow (Essex; see Rippon in press for a full account): the substantial settlement at Harlow grew up next to Stanegrove Hill where the very large number of Iron Age coins point to a location of considerable importance (Bartlett 1988). The site also lies just south of where the road from London to Bishop’s Stortford crosses the river Stort. Scattered unpublished excavations have revealed occupation spread over c.40 ha associated with gravelled streets and several substantial masonry buildings (two with plastered walls and tessellated pavements). Occupation extended from the first to the fourth centuries, and craft activity included bronze- and iron-working (perhaps including the production of votive items at the Holbrook’s site). The presence of pottery wasters suggests the presence of a kiln nearby (Conlon 1973, 37) and steelyard weights are indicative of commercial activity (Smith 1987, 95). There were at least two cemeteries at the edges of the settlement (Conlon 1973; France and Gobel 1985; Burnham and Wacher 1990, 183-8; Essex County Council 1999; Medlycott and Atkinson 2012, 79-80). At Harlowbury, to the east, another extensive area of occupation was clearly of high status as a fragment of fine quality limestone column, perhaps 4m high, has been found through fieldwalking. Medlycott and Atkinson (2012, 80) question ‘whether the settlement [at Harlow] was urban in nature, or perhaps something more akin to the settlement excavated at Elms Farm, Heybridge’ which they in turn interpret as a ‘local centre, perhaps a market’. Harlow was, however, a very extensive settlement with some dense areas of occupation (e.g. Holbrook’s), several substantial buildings within the main settlement area and another nearby at Harlowbury, and so is regarded here as a small town.
Heybridge (Essex). This substantial c.20 ha settlement lies at the head of the Blackwater estuary (Atkinson and Preston 2015). During the Late Iron Age there was a high status settlement that included a shrine and whose occupants had access to imported pottery. The site was extensively remodelled in the mid-first century (perhaps in the decades before the Roman Conquest) through the laying out of gravelled roads and during the life of the post-Conquest settlement there was zonation of space including a substantial temple complex, a gravelled area that may have been a market place, and residential areas comprising strip-like plots fronting onto the roads. There is evidence for a particularly wide range of metal working (silver, gold, copper-alloy and iron) as well as bone working, textile, and pottery production (the latter evidenced by late second to fourth century kilns and wasters: Atkinson and Preston 2015, 51, 77). There were extensive cemeteries around the edges of the site. From the mid-second
31 century, however, the site shrank and changed its function to having more of an agricultural focus. Overall, Romano-British Heybridge appears to have started on the developmental trajectory of a small town, with central-place functions, but soon went into decline and can be regarded as a larger local centre in its later life.
Kelvedon (Canonium) Essex): the c.10 ha settlement of Canonium lay on the main London to Colchester road, mid-way between Chelmsford and Colchester (Eddy 1982; Rodwell 1988). It had gravelled roads, a temple (Rodwell 1988, 136), and c.6 ha was defended by a bank and ditch in the late second century (Eddy 1982, 11). There was at least one substantial masonry structure with a tessellated pavement and underfloor heating, and bearing in mind Canonium’s inclusion in the Antonine Itinerary it may have had a mansio (Smith 1987, 88). Industrial activity included pottery production (three mid first century kilns: Smith 1987, 93) and iron- and bone-working, and there were several extensive cemeteries around the edges of the settlement. Occupation appears to have declined rapidly from the late third century. Although traditionally regarded as a small town, its small size and proximity to Colchester suggests that it may have been no more than a larger local centre that was defended because it included a building with an official function.
Leaden Roding (Essex): geophysical survey and fieldwalking at Leaden Roding has revealed a revealed a c.6 ha area of occupation beside the London to Great Dunmow road (Sharp et al. 2008). Tessera and hypocaust tile suggest a least one high status building, six lead weights are indicative of commercial activity, and ‘metal slag’ (Sharp et al. 2008, 134) points to craft production. The pottery and coins are dated to the first to the late fourth centuries. The roadside location and service provision at Leaden Roding suggest a smaller local centre.
Little Waltham (Essex): although sometimes regarded as a small town (e.g. Going 1996, fig. 1), the c.6 ha scatter of Romano-British material at Little Waltham is indicative of no more than a smaller local centre albeit at an important road junction and river crossing (Drury 1978, fig. 32). The occupation appears to have focussed on the first to third centuries, but continued in places into the fourth century. Craft activity is representing by iron smithing, while commercial activity is suggested by two steelyard weights (PAS ESS- 074766; ESS-EEBD63)
Long Melford (Suffolk): since Smedley (1961) and Plouviez (1995, fig. 76 and tab. 7.1) first mapped the extent of Romano-British occupation as covering c.24 ha, a large number of small-scale evaluations and a test-pitting programme suggest that occupation was actually spread across c.30 ha around the junction of the roads from Chelmsford to Caistor and Coddenham to Cambridge (Avent and Howlett. 1980; Plouviez 1995, 79; Caruth 1997; Craven 2007; Brooks 2008; Craven 2008b; 2012b; 2012c; Muldowney and Goffin 2008; Muldowney 2010a; Lewis and Ranson 2011; Brooks 2013). Pottery from both the earlier and more recent excavations suggests that occupation extended from the first to the mid third centuries, although curiously an unstratified assemblage of 29 coins from 'Almacks' are predominantly late fourth century12 (Craven 2008b, tab. 17). There was at least one substantial building with a tessellated floor that was probably a bath house (SuffHER LMD 017; Smedley 1961; Moore 1988, fig. 23), and evidence for copper-alloy working (Brooks 2013), iron smithing (Muldowney and Goffin 2008; Craven 2008b; 2012c), and bone working (Craven 2008b). A series of cemeteries have been located around the periphery of the settlement (Brooks 2013, fig. 1 and tab. 1). Although there have not been sufficient large-scale excavations to confirm the character of the occupation, its extent, location at a major road junction, and presence of a probable bath house, suggest that this was at least a larger local centre and was potentially a small town.
Old Ford, in Bow (Middlesex): located c.500 m to the west of the river Lea where it is crossed by the London to Colchester road, this scatter of predominantly third and fourth century Roman material covering c.2 ha may be a smaller local centre although it lies just 6 km from London (Mills 1984; Smith 1987, 141, 143; Mayo 2001; Lythe 2006; G. Brown 2008).
12 nine date to AD348-78 and eleven date to 378-402
32
Radwinter (Essex): a roadside settlement is to be expected at Radwinter as it marks the junction of two important Roman routes (those from Great Dunmow to Wixoe, and Colchester to Great Chesterford) although to describe it as a ‘possible small town’ (Going 1996, fig. 1) based upon the current evidence is rather optimistic. Roman occupation has been recorded at three locations in and around the village (Saunders and Winter 2008; House 2013; EssHER 1541-2; 19095) and although the extent and character of the Roman roadside settlement is unclear it appears to be at least 6 ha. The limited evidence from three establishes occupation in the first to fourth centuries (Saunders and Winter 2008; Gilman 2015, 376; EssHER 1542; 19095).
Romford (Durolitum ?) (Essex): The location of the Antonine Itinerary’s Durolitum is not known for certain, although it lay mid-way between London and Chelmsford (15 Roman miles from London and 16 Roman miles from Chelmsford) which would place it in Romford (Hull 1963a, 175). Until recently only a few coins were known from the line of the road (Hull 1963a, 175), but several small-scale evaluations have recently revealed pits, ditches, pottery, and roof tile scattered over c.6 ha (Panasonic Depot: GLAAS 2003; 140 London Road and Spring Gardens: Higgs 2010; 32 Pettley Gardens: Porzorski 2013). Although this current evidence would lead to Romford being classed as a smaller local centre, further work may reveal a larger settlement.
Stratford St Mary (Ad Ansam ?) Suffolk): although appearing as a ‘small town’ on several maps of Roman Essex (e.g. Drury and Rodwell 1978, fig. 22; Going 1996, fig. 1) Stratford is not listed in Moore (1988, 38) or Plouviez’s (1995) studies of small towns in Suffolk. It is argued that the Antonine Itinerary’s Ad Ansam means ‘at a bend (of the river)’ and so it must have been on the Stour somewhere near Stratford (Rivet and Smith 1981, 169, 241), and as Ad Ansam lay 7 modern miles from Colchester and 15 from Coddenham, this does fit with it lying on the banks of the Stour. There is no Romano-British material from adjacent to the road south of the Stour (the Essex parishes of Dedham and Langham) but there are a few finds to the north in Stratford St Mary, in Suffolk (e.g. ‘cinerary urns’ that may be Roman [SuffHER SSM007], and an early first century Roman amphora [SuffHER007]).
Wickford (Essex): although the extensive Romano-British occupation at Wickford has been known about for many years it remains unpublished13 and has variously been interpreted as villa (e.g. Rodwell 1970b; Dunnett 1975, fig. 25; Drury 1988, 135) through to a defended small town (e.g. Rodwell 1975, figs. 1-2; Wickenden 1992, fig 3; Going 1996, fig. 1). It does not appear in the Roman Rural Settlement Project database. There have been numerous archaeological observations and a major programme of excavation at Beauchamp’s School but as only short notes and interim reports have ever been published, these discoveries are listed below: No date (Barn Hall/Southend Road/Beauchamp’s Farm; TQ757 934; EssHER 7572): Romano-British pottery (Rodwell 1966, 96). No date (Barn Hall/Southend Road/Beauchamp’s Farm; TQ754 934; EssHER 7585): Romano-British pottery; appears on Rodwell’s (1970b, 78) map. This HER entry notes that it may be a duplication of 7572. 1930 (near Rawreth Barn; TQ 765937; EssHER 7501): second century pottery, tile, and daub (Collingwood and Taylor 1931, 236). 1965 (TQ764936): ditches, pits, post-holes, and a cobbled floor revealed in sewer trench along with first to fourth century pottery, kiln wasters, and numerous fragments of roof and hypocaust tiles (TEAS 1966, 96); a ‘minor Roman road was revealed, approaching the site from the north-east’ (mapped in Rodwell 1975, fig. 2). 1965 (250 yard south of the above site): a ‘well-constructed road with 8 inches of metalling’ seen in a cable trench that approaches the site from the east (Rodwell 1966, 96; the road is mapped in Rodwell 1970b, 78)
13 The Essex HER contains a typescript report by Nick Wickenden (1985).
33
1966-71 (Beauchamp’s School; TQ762 937; EssHER 7536): extensive occupation spanning the first to late fourth centuries, including ‘several timber buildings’ excavated in 1966, a timber building alongside a gravel road excavated in 1967 [the second of the two excavated in 1965 that approaches the site from the east], and ‘perhaps a dozen’ timber buildings excavated in 1970; there was also two timber-lined wells, evidence for iron smelting, and 11 cremations (Rodwell 1966; 1967; 1970a; 1970b; Wilson 1970, 291-2; Wilson 1971, 273). An enclosure ditch was interpreted as surrounding a villa (based upon finds from the enclosure ditch: see below) and range of agricultural ‘outbuildings’ including a corn drier and a possible granary; the enclosure ditch contained stone rubble, roof and flue tile, plaster, and molten window glass (Rodwell 1970a, 330-1; 1970b, 81-2). Millet (1990, tab. 6.4) gives the area of this enclosure as 1 hectare. 1978 (Carter Ward Housing Development: TQ 761 938): intensive occupation over c.170 x 40 m yielded pottery, tile, large numbers of brooches and coins dating from the first to the late fourth centuries, and part of a pewter mould (Crouchman 1979, 41-50) 1986 (Beachamp’s Drive: TQ 764937; EssHER 7540): Roman coin Various conclusions can be drawn from these sketchy accounts. Firstly, there is evidence for at least two roads (those excavated in 1965) running west from the main Chelmsford to Canvey road. Secondly, occupation was extensive, covering at least 13 hectares. Thirdly, the occupation was dense and included substantial structures with tiled roofs and hypocausts, one of which lay within a ditched enclosure: the enclosure ditch averaged c.2.5 m wide and c.0.9 m deep (Rodwell 1970a, 331-2), although reference is also made to a ditch c.3.6 m deep and c.9 m wide (Rodwell 1970b, 81) that appears to have been sectioned in one place. The extent of the enclosure is not known but is shown on a very small-scale plan as being c.70 m by c.100 m which is far too small to be enclosing anything more than an individual villa. Fourthly, there appears to be some evidence for manufacturing (the kiln wasters found in 1965, iron smelting recorded in 1968 at Beauchamp’s School, and pewter mould found in 1978). Overall, while the evidence from Beauchamp’s School has a rather rural feel to it, what appear to be farmstead-like complexes do occur within local centres elsewhere (e.g. Harlow: Rippon in prsss; nearby Billericay: Medlycott and Atkinson 2012), and the site as a whole was clearly far more extensive and so is regarded here as a probable larger local centre.
Witham (Essex): the Romano-Celtic temple complex at Ivy Chimneys lies next to the London to Colchester, just south of where it crosses the river Brain, which makes it the ideal location for a roadside settlement, although when the Ivy Chimneys report (Turner 1999) and Rodwell’s (1993) study of the wider landscape of Witham were published there was no evidence for this. More recently, extensive excavations at Maltings Lane c.400 m to the south of the London to Colchester road have revealed an enclosed ‘farmstead’ although a higher status building presumably lies in the vicinity as finds included large quantities of painted wall plaster, tesserae, window glass, mortar, and tile (Davis and Robertson 2004, 20, 27). Witham is therefore a likely location for a roadside settlement although no firm evidence has yet been found.
Wixoe (Essex and Suffolk): the extensive area of occupation (c.18 ha) recorded at Wixoe lies close to where the Colchester to Cambridge and Coddenham to Radwinter roads cross the river Stour (Rodwell 1975, fig. 2; Smith 1987, 67; Moore 1988, fig. 22; Plouviez 1995, fig. 7.1). Although initially regarded as a ‘village’ (Plouviez 1999) aerial photography, geophysical survey, and recent large-scale excavations have revealed dense occupation associated with a network of gravelled roads and zonation of activity, including copper-, iron-, lead-, and possibly glass-working (Atkins 2012; forthcoming). At least two substantial masonry building have been located, one associated with a surface scatter of tessera, flue tiles, and wall plaster (St Joseph 1953, 94; 1977, 159; Moore 1988, 43). Occupation began in the mid to late first century and lasted through to the late fourth century (Plouviez 1995, fig. 7.5; Atkins 2012). In the fourth century it was defended with a substantial 4.5m wide and 2.25m deep ditch. There were several cemeteries, including on the western side of the Stour in modern Essex (in Birdbrook and Steeple Bumpstead parishes: EssHER 6955; 6963-4). The location, extent, and character of the occupation point to at least a larger local centre, while the defences suggest that Wixoe had the importance of a small town.
34
North-Western Thames Basin The larger Romano-British settlements in this area were discussed by Branigan (1987, 82-99) since when there has been a significant increase in the number of sites with Ware, Cheshunt, Welwyn, and Cow Roast being added to the list.
Baldock (Herts). This important Late Iron settlement developed into a substantial Romano-British small town at an important road junction. The results of particularly extensive survey and excavation has been summarised by Burnham and Wacher (1990, 281-8), and Burleigh and Fitzpatrick-Matthews (2010, 1-29; and see Nicholson 2008). The settlement was served by an extensive network of streets and reached its maximum extent in the second century at c.80 ha. Early excavations on the periphery of the settlement and in areas that were severely plough damaged (e.g. Stead and Rigby 1986) have led to the erroneous impression of largely rural-type occupation, whereas better preserved sequences within the settlement core have revealed a far greater density of buildings (e.g. Burleigh and Fitzpatrick-Matthews 2010, 26-7). A substantial building at ‘The Engine House’ has been interpreted as a mansio (Richmond 1992; Burleigh and Fitzpatrick-Matthews 2010, fig. 18), although it lies c.250 m outside the known area of settlement and actually consists simply of a cut feature interpreted as robber trench for a substantial stone wall. There were, however, two temples and extensive cemeteries around the edges of the settlement. Industrial activity included bronze- and iron-working (smithing), and the PAS records five steelyard weights (BH-D94143; BH-712DB5; BH-C6C0D7; BH-C69271; BH-8461C6). Overall, the size and character of Baldock is suggestive of a small town.
Braughing (Herts): this important Late Iron Age settlement developed into a substantial Romano-British settlement on Ermine Street, close to its junction with Stane Street (Partridge 1975; 1977; 1979; 1981; Potter and Trow1988; Burnham and Wacher 1990, 103-11; Hawkins 2010). The Romano-British settlement covered c.25 ha and was associated with a network of streets – perhaps laid out on a rough grid – with relatively dense roadside occupation. Public facilities included a bath house and a large L-shaped building of unknown function but which may have been a macellum or a temple, while a large double-courtyard structure identified as a cropmark may be a mansio. Industrial activity included bone-, bronze-, and iron-working (smithing), while the kilns at Bromley Hall c.3 km to the south east were part of the major industry at Much Hadham (Partridge 1975, fig. 2). Several cemeteries have been located on the edges of the settlement. Overall, the size and character of Baldock is suggestive of a small town.
Brentford (Middlesex): a scatter of finds along a c.500 m stretch of the road between London and Staines suggests a smaller local centre of c.5 ha occupied from the late first to the late fourth century. Roof tile has been found there, but there is no other evidence for a substantial building (Canham 1978a, 148; Smith 1987, 240; Masefield 1997d; Cowan 1998; Bagwell 2002; Darton 2007; Cowie et al. 2013). The extent of known occupation is suggestive of a smaller local centre.
Brockley Hill (Sulloniacae) (Middlesex): one of five sites a similar distance from London (the others being Billericay, Chigwell, Enfield and Staines) that would be an appropriate distance for a mutatione. Brockley Hill was the centre of an extensive scatter of mid first to mid-second century pottery kilns specialising in mortaria, although domestic occupation appears to be late Roman (Branigan 1987, 97-8, 145-8; Smith 1987, 93, 216-17; Thompson 2008a). The pottery and tile wasters from Elstree (Smith 1987, 93, 217) can probably be thought of as part of the same industrial landscape rather than a separate site. The Antonine Itinerary’s (Route II) Sulloniacae has always been assumed to lie here, although Thompson (2008a) suggests that a more likely place for a roadside station is to the south close to Brockley Hill House (e.g. Bowsher 1995; McKinley 1998; Smith 2001; Barber 2005; Saxby 2008; Smith et al. 2008).
Cheshunt in Broxbourne (Herts): the first element of this place-name is the Old English ‘ceaster’ from the Latin castra, and although when Gover et al. (1938, 220) wrote their Place-Names of Hertfordshire they noted that there was ‘no record of any Roman station or camp here’, there is now evidence for an extensive settlement covering c.24 ha along a c.1.2 k m stretch of Ermine Street (HertsHER 2293; 2759; Smith 1987, 177; Thompson and Hunns 2003). There was at least one substantial structure, constructed in the late first century, with a
35 hypocaust, tessellated pavement, and painted wall plaster as well as a drying structure and an oven possibly associated with malting and brewing (HertsHER 2038). Industrial activity appears to have included a tile kiln (HertsHER 1353-4), and the PAS records a steelyard weight from a nearby hoard (BH-A92F91). The site was occupied from the first to the fourth centuries. Overall, there is sufficient evidence to regard Cheshunt as a larger local centre.
Cow Roast, in Northchurch (Herts): this roadside settlement of c.10 ha was occupied from the first to the fourth centuries, although activity in the fourth century was much reduced. There is clear evidence for large- scale iron smelting and smithing, bone-working, and possibly bronze-working; there was at least one substantial masonry structure with a hypocaust (Herts HER Branigan 1987, 98; Morris and Wainwright 1995; Thompson 2002; Hunn 2004). It lies equidistant between Verulamium and the roadside settlement at Fleet Marston. Overall, the size and character of Cow Roast is suggestive of a smaller local centre that, although particularly focussed upon one industry – iron-working – did provide a focus for other commercial activity (e.g. bone- working).
Dunstable (Durocobrivis) (Beds): strategically located on the edge of the Chilterns, where Watling Street intersected the Icknield Way, Dunstable can be identified as Durocobrivis in the Antonine Itinerary. There was extensive occupation from the late first through to the late fourth centuries, with at least one side street and several cemeteries around the fringes of the settlement; roof and hypocaust tiles from several sites scattered across the settlement indicate the presence of substantial buildings (Matthews 1981; 1989; Boyer 2000; Gardner 2001; 2004a; Cranks 2002; Hammond 2004; Mudd 2004a; b). There is evidence for bronze- and iron-working, and a group of corn drying ovens suggests large-scale grain drying or malting (Matthews 1981, 60). The distribution of known finds (Hagan 1972, fig. 1; Mudd 2004b, fig. 6), and the limited evidence for occupation revealed by several other excavations (Boyer 2000; Hammond 2004; Hounsell and Abrams 2004; Mudd 2004a) suggest that the settlement covered c.26 ha. Overall, the extent and known character of Roman Dunstable, and its appearance in the Antonine Itinerary, suggests that it can be regarded as a small town.
Enfield (Middlesex): located half way between London and Braughing, scattered occupation has been found across at least 5.4 ha (Dearne 2008) and perhaps as much as c.12 ha (Branigan 1987, 97; Smith 1987, 177). Evidence includes a gravelled side-road associated with late first to fourth century occupation (Gentry et al. 1977; Goodburn 1976, 351; Dinn and Reynolds 1980). Hypocaust and roof tile suggest the presence of at least one substantial building, and there was at least one cemetery. The character of the settlement is unclear, but if occupation was continuous across the c.12 ha it can be regarded as a smaller local centre.
St Albans (Verulamium) (Herts): the archaeology of Verulamium is well known (Niblett 2001; Niblett and Thompson 2005; Fulford 2015) and only requires the briefest of summaries here. Described by Tacitus as a municipium, Verulamium presumably served as the civitas capital of the Catuvellauni (Rivet and Smith 1981, 497-9; Branigan 1987, 67). It had extensive grid-based network of streets and a wide range of public buildings including the forum-basilica, market hall (macellum), theatre, and temple. The later first century earthen defences enclosed c.48 ha, whereas the third century masonry wall enclosed c.80 ha within which there was dense occupation beside a grid of streets, with shops (selling goods including pottery, ironwork, leather, workshops and houses) and a public latrine. Craft activity included bronze and iron-working.
Staines (Pontibus) (Middlesex). A substantial settlement grew up on the north bank of the Thames where it was crossed by the London to Silchester road, and is referred to in the Antonine Itinerary as Pontes (Branigan 1987, 97; Smith 1987, 240-1; Burnham and Wacher 1990, 306-10). Early excavations have revealed roadside timber- built shops and debris suggesting at least one more substantial stone building (e.g. Elmsleigh House: Crouch 1976; the Friend’s Burial Ground: Crouch and Shanks 1984). More recently, at 18-32 London Road the low density of features and two burials suggest that it marked the northern fringes of the settlement, while excavations at the new Police Station and Richmond House suggest that occupation did not extend more than 100 m from the main Roman road (Hayman 1999, 22). In contrast, excavations at 10-16 London Road did reveal roadside occupation that included buildings with tiled roofs (Ayers and Hayman 2001), while at Tilley’s Lane,
36 c.500 m to the south west, very close to the river crossing, there was dense roadside occupation within a series of ditched plots, as well as part of a substantial masonry building furnished with tessellated pavement; industrial activity is representing by iron working slag (Wessex Archaeology 2000) and a second century pottery kiln (Crouch 1976, 74). Earlier excavations revealed evidence for pottery production and the hook for a steelyard pan (Crouch and Shanks 1984). Overall, occupation appears to have been from the first to the fourth centuries and covered c.5 ha making this nothing more than smaller local centre which is curious considering that it lay at such a strategic river crossing.
St Albans (Verulamium) (Herts): The archaeology of Verulamium is well known (Niblett 2001; Niblett and Thompson 2005; Fulford 2015) and only requires the briefest of summaries here. Described by Tacitus as a municipium, Verulamium must have served as the civitas capital of the Catuvellauni (Rivet and Smith 1981, 497-9; Branigan 1987, 67). It had extensive grid-based network of streets and a wide range of public buildings including the forum-basilica, market hall (macellum), theatre, and temple. The later first century earthen defences enclosed c.48 ha, whereas the third century masonry wall enclosed c.80 ha within which there was dense occupation beside a grid of streets, with shops (selling gods including pottery, ironwork, leather, workshops and houses) and a public latrine. Craft activity included bronze and iron-working.
Ware (Herts): the largely unpublished excavations in Ware, most notably on the old Allen and Hanbury (now GlaxoSmithKline) site, have been summarised by Kiln and Partridge (1994), since when further work has taken place (Cooper-Reade 1992; Walker 1995a; b; c; 1996; Bryant et al. 1998; Humphrey 1999; O’Brien 2004-5; Petchey and Collier 2004-5; Zeepvat 2014). The site lies on the north bank of the river Lea where it is crossed by Ermine Street (a bridge abutment having recently been discovered: Kaye 2014) on its way from London to Braughing and beyond. The settlement appears to have covered c.10 ha with relatively dense occupation along Ermine Street, with the settlement functioning from the second to the late fourth century. Opus signinum and roof tile suggest at least one substantial stone building (O’Brien 2004-5, 22). Industrial activity included bone- and bronze-working, pottery production (a second to third century kiln: Smith 1987, 94), and extensive iron smelting and smithing, while the skinning of horse carcasses hints at leather production. Other finds include two steelyards (Smith 1987, 95). A possible roadside shrine was overlain by a late third/early fourth century blacksmiths shop. Several cemeteries have located around the settlement’s margins. Overall, Roman Ware appears to have been a smaller local centre.
Welwyn (Herts): lying at the junction of the roads between Verulamium and Baldock and Braughing, the Roman settlement at Welwyn appears to have covered c.8 ha with several cemeteries on the margins of the settlement: the extensive eastern cemetery included a substantial mausoleum (Rook 1973; 1983-6, 107-10; Smith 1987, 232-3; Thompson 2000; Grassam 2008; McDonald and Pearson 2012). Industrial activity included iron smithing. Although Niblett (1995, 63) has raised the possibility that Welwyn may have been an estate village under the control of a local villa such as Lockley’s and Dicket Mead, its size and location at a major road junction does suggest that it was a substantial roadside settlement, that on present evidence can be regarded as a smaller local centre.
East Anglia Billingford (Norfolk). The settlement at Billingford lies at a major Roman road junction and crossing of the river Wensum. Gurney (1995a, fig. 62) shows the site as covering c.35 ha, whereas a more detailed account of metal detecting at the site suggests c.8 ha (Wallis 2011, 5). Cropmarks and excavations towards the periphery of the settlement have revealed several streets associated with ditched enclosures, and a cemetery on its eastern edge. There is, however, very little evidence for masonry buildings and of the 926 finds from metal detecting the overwhelming number are coins (829) that, along with the scarcity of domestic objects, is unusual and more typical of a rural than an urban site (Gurney 1995a, 61). The excavations, however, revealed a steelyard, balance arm, and five eights which are indicative of commercial activity, as well as large amounts of iron-smithing slag and some iron-smelting slag and bronze-working debris. Pottery kiln waste suggests small scale production (Wallis 2011, 71). The site was occupied from the first through to the
37 late fourth century (Davies and Gregory 1991, fig. 4; Wallis 2011, tab. 1). Overall, it is difficult to characterise Billingford but it would appear to have been a smaller local centre.
Brampton (Norfolk). Lying at a major road junction at a crossing point of the river Bure, ‘Brampton is the one site in Norfolk which would be almost universally accepted as a Roman small town’ (Gurney 1995a, 56; e.g. see Burnham and Wacher 1990, 203-8). A timber-built wharf next to the Bure testafies to its significance in the transport network. The site is known largely through surface scatters and aerial photography that have revealed a polygonal area of 6 ha enclosed by a ditch that excavations have shown was 5.0 m wide and 2.1 m deep, and which was probably dug in the second century; it was not subsequently reinforced with a masonry wall (Edwards 1977, 232-3; Knowles 1977; Burnham and Wacher 1990, 203-8). Cropmarks show several side streets within the defended area and in the extra-mural area. Gurney (1995a, fig. 6.2) gives the overall extent of the site to be c.30 ha, and Burnham and Wacher (1990, 203) as c.50 ha, but this includes a large area with 132 pottery kilns to the west of the site (a further 13 kilns are known elsewhere around the site), and the zone of domestic occupation appears to have been just c. 20 ha with buildings restricted to the street frontages (based upon Burnham and Wacher 1990, fig. 63). The only known masonry structure is a bath house which lay within the defended area. Within the defended area and elsewhere there were timber workshops for bronze- and iron-working (smithing and possibly smelting14), while evidence for lime-burning and leather-working were found in the wharf area. The site was occupied from the late first through to the late fourth century, with pottery production from the late first through to the late third century or later (Green 1977; Knowles 1977; Smith 1987, 93; Gurney 1995, 56; Davies and Gregory 1991, fig. 2; Burnham and Wacher 1990, 203-8; Davies 2009, 174-6). Overall, Brampton was clearly a small town with extensive evidence for manufacturing and service provision, partly within a defended area.
Brancaster (Norfolk): the extra-mural settlement at Brancaster was extensive, covering perhaps c.18 ha, and shows clear signs of planning (Edwards 1976, 258-9; Watkins 2011; Adcock and Brunning 2014). The settlement appears to pre-date the fort, and while it expanded to serve the needs of the military community, it may also have provided local services for the surrounding rural communities.
Brettenham (Norfolk): aerial photographs and unstratified material are indicative of a roadside settlement with at least one substantial building with window glass and a tiled roof; the settlement extended across c.20 ha and was occupied from the first to the fourth centuries (NorHER 5653; Smith 1987, 156-7; Davies 2009, 182-3). Aerial photography and geophysical survey suggests a degree of regularity in the layout of the site (NorHER 5653; Martinez and Weston 2000). Overall, Brettenham appears to have been a larger local centre.
Caister-on-Sea (Norfolk): whilst there does not appear to have been a significant settlement at Caister-on- Sea before the construction of the Shore Fort in the early third century, there is evidence for an extra-mural civilian settlement of c.10 ha (NorfHER 8675; Darling and Gurney 1993, 41-3; Crawley 2010a). Industry included pottery production (Hall 2005). As with Brancaster, it may have served as a smaller local centre.
Caistor St Edmund (Venta Icenorum). The civitas capital of the Iceni had many of the characteristic features of such places, including a planned grid of streets associated, a forum-basilica, public baths, and at least two temples, but in other respects was unlike most other major towns. The third century defences enclosed an area of just c.14 ha that was relatively small (cf. Colchester at c.43 ha and Verulamium at c.81 ha), and covered only part of the area across which a street grid had been laid out (Esmonde Cleary 1987, 21). Another feature that suggests this was a less successful urban centre than other civitas capitals is that there were very few large courtyard houses and mosaic pavements (Wacher 1995, 243-55; Bowden 2011; 2013). Bowden (2013, 50, 59) has suggested that this apparent impoverishment seen within the civitas capital does not reflect real poverty but probably results from the different ways in which identity was expressed within Icenian society in that ‘wealth and status probably continued to be expressed, at least partly, through
14 Knowles (1977, 213) refers to ‘iron-smelting sites’ and ‘slag’, but this is in an interim report that lacks specialist analysis; smithing is reliably reported (Green 1977, 55).
38 portable objects and livestock’, and that large well-appointed town houses ‘were not part of the vocabulary through which status and identity were expressed’.
Coddenham, also known as Baylham House (Combretovium) (Suffolk): this major site lies at an important road junction and river crossing (of the Gipping) between the main north-south road between London, Colchester, and Caistor St Edmund, and the east-west road from Hacheston to Long Melford. It can be identified as Combretovium in the Antonine Itinerary, the combre- place-name element meaning ‘confluence’ which here probably refers to the coming together of a series of roads at a major river crossing (Rivet and Smith 1981, 313-14; Plouviez 1995, 78). Limited excavations and extensive metal detecting have revealed evidence for pottery production (a second century kiln: Smith 1987, 93), iron- (SuffHER CDD003) and possibly bronze-working (SuffHER CDD048), and a cemetery. Commercial activity is also indicated by the discovery of three steelyard weights (SuffHER CDD063). The known area of occupation covers c.20 ha (Plouviez 1995, fig. 7.6) but this lies c.300 east of the main Colchester to Caistor St Edmund road, and if the settlement extended as far as the road – which presumably it did – then the settlement probably covered c.50 ha. Occupation appears to have been at its most intense from the first to the third centuries (Wilson 1974b, 439; Plouviez 1995, 78). Overall, Coddenham’s location at a major road junction, its considerable extent, evidence for manufacturing, and that it is named in the Antonine Itinerary suggests that it can be regarded as a small town.
Crownthorpe (in Wicklewood, Norfolk): this extensive scatter of finds recorded through metal detecting lies on the main road west from Venta Icenorum to the fen-edge at Denver. Cropmarks show a network of roads, and unpublished excavations on the periphery of the site revealed a Romano-Celtic temple with painted wall plaster and loose tessera indicative of a tessellated pavement. There is some evidence for the manufacturing of brooches, and the site was occupied from the first through to the late fourth century. A steelyard and other weights suggest market-based trade, and there is also metalworking debris (NorHER28143; Davies and Gregory 1991, fig. 3; Davies 2009, 179-80, 203). With a network of streets, service provision (a temple), evidence for market-based exchange and manufacturing, Crownthorpe can be regarded as a local centre of unknown extent.
Denver (Norfolk): this strategic location marks the point where the road east from Venta Icenorum met the fen-edge and became the Fen Causeway. Excavations have revealed a salt production site whose main period of use was in the third century (Gurney 1986, 93-145), and while there was some first to fourth century roadside occupation Denver has not yielded the same richness of artefacts as Hockwold (see below), although hypocaust tile do indicate the presence of at least one substantial building (Smith 1987, 172-3; Silvester 1991, 103-12; Davies 2009, 185). It has been suggested that the presence of an Imperial estate on and around Fenland stiffled Denver’s development (Gurney 1986, 147; Davies 2009, 185). The strategic location of Denver suggests that there should have been a substantial roadside settlement, but clear evidence is currently lacking.
Ditchingham (Norfolk): lying at the point where the major road south-east from Venta Icenorum crosses the Waveney, this is an obvious location for a major settlement, although it is known only from an artefact scatter with first to late fourth century material (Davies and Gregory 1991, fig. 4; Davies 2009, 178).
Felixstowe (Suffolk): the discovery of Roman material from beneath the modern town suggest a Romano- British settlement of c.18 ha that pre-dates the construction of the Saxon Shore fort at Walton Castle (Plouviez 1995, 78). Finds include painted wall plaster, tile, and burials suggesting at least one substantial building, and occupation appears to have spanned the first or second to fourth centuries (Boulter 1995; Boyle 2012). Recent excavations on the edge of the putative town suggest the skinning of animals for retrieval of their hides and perhaps horn-working and metal-working (Boyle 2012). As little is known about the Romano- British settlement at Felixstowe other than the extent across which occupation was scattered it is particularly difficult to categorise, but it would appear to be a larger local centre. In the late Roman period it may have
39 also served as a vicus for the Shore Fort at Walton Castle, in a similar way to the settlements at Brancaster and Caister-on-Sea.
Fincham (Norfolk): mapped but not discussed by Gurney (1995a, fig. 54) and Davies (2009, fig. 154).
Great Walsingham/Wighton (Norfolk). This site is one of the more extensively explored surface scatters in East Anglia. It covers c.56 ha in Great Walsingham and Wighton parishes, perhaps with a core area of masonry buildings covering c.30 ha (Gregory 1986b; Gurney 1995a, fig. 6.4; Davies 2009, fig. 161; NorHER 42850). The site appears to have been used most intensively from the third to the late fourth centuries, and lay to the south of a metalled Roman road (Stocks 2008). Seven scatters suggestive of buildings have been located, of which five are suggested as ‘substantial masonry buildings’ and one ‘has clear indications of being a bath house and one is likely to be a temple’ (Davies and Gregory 1991, fig. 3; Gurney 1995a, 57; NorHER 3980, 2024, and 42850). Gurney (1995a, 59) refers to surface evidence for pottery production, presumably kiln debris and/or wasters. There are, however, some characteristics that are very unlike other small towns and local centres, notably that the density of buildings is relatively sparse and that way that the site lies to the south of the Roman road as opposed to astride it. The site includes the 9 ha oval-shaped ‘Wighton Camp’ enclosure that is of late Roman or post-Roman date (Lawson 1976; Gurney 1995a, 59). There is no evidence from cropmarks for any occupation within the enclosure of urban character, and the curvilinear form is quite unlike Romano-British town defences that are typically rectilinear or polygonal. Overall, there was clearly a substantial settlement here but without extensive excavation it is impossible to determine whether shares the urban character and central place functions of the small towns in areas such as the Northern Thames Basin. At this stage the evidence points to it being a larger local centre.
Hacheston (Suffolk): a substantial Romano-British settlement that has seen some excavation (Blagg et al. 2004, ix; Newman 2001a; b). It appears to have covered c.24 ha15 with dense occupation beside a network of gravelled roads and evidence for pottery production (eight kilns), iron working, and the making of pewter vessels. Two steelyards attest to commercial activity. It straddles the Roman road that runs east from Coddenham close to where it crosses the river Deben. Cemeteries lay on the edges of the settlement. It appears to have been occupied from the first to the mid fourth centuries. Overall, it appears to have been a larger local centre.
Hockwold (Norfolk): the extensive cropmark complex that is strung out along a 10 km stretch of the Fenland edge at Hockwold (Gurney 1995a, 61-6) is better characterised as a polyfocal cluster of settlements spread along a prime settlement location (the fen-edge). Within this essentially rural complex, however, that may have been a settlement focus of more urban character at Leylands Farm where the relatively regular layout of a network of roads, along with the presence of several substantial buildings (at least one with a tessellated pavement), and a temple may represent a c.13 ha larger local centre occupied from the second through to the late fourth centuries (Gurney 1986, 49-92; Davies and Gregory 1991, fig. 3).
Icklingham (Camboritum?) (Suffolk): this extensive site sprawls along the fen-edge in a similar way to Hockwold-cum-Wilton in Norfolk. There was at least one substantial building with a hypocaust (a bath house?) as well as several other substantial buildings, a possible pagan temple, and a Christian church. There was a major pottery production centre to the east. The PAS records three steelyard weights (SF-FCBC25; SF- 744D90; SF-7D03D7). Several extensive cemeteries lay on the peripheries of the site (West and Plouviez 1976; Plouviez 1995, 78-9). This is a more likely location for the Antonine Itinerary’s Camboritum than Hockwold (Gurney 1995a, 62; West 2014, 73). The known extent of occupation covers c.40 ha but this stops c.500 m short of the Icknield Way to the east and a further c.300 m short of the pottery production centre at West Stow Heath where there were at least eight kilns (West 1990, 29-40, fig, 3; Plouviez 1995, fig. 7.6): if these intervening areas were also occupied then this would have been an extremely extensive site. The site appears to have been occupied from the second century but only flourished in the third to late fourth centuries
15 Recent work (Newman 2011a; b) just to the south-east of the site have confirmed that it does not extend beyond the scatter of finds shown in Blagg et al. 2004, fig 2.
40
(Plouviez 1995, 78-9). Overall, the extent and character of the settlement at Icklingham suggests that it was a small town, and may well have been Camboritum.
Ipswich (Suffolk): Romano-British material has been founds in several locations across c.2.3 ha within the Handford Road area of modern Ipswich (Boulter 2005, fig. 2). Excavations at the Firmin Works Site revealed dense occupation from the first to the late fourth centuries associated with tracks that appear to be on a rectilinear layout, associated with iron-smithing and pottery production (a single kiln: Boulter 2005). Roof and hypocaust tile indicate a substantial building in the area (Boulter 2005).
Kempstone (Norfolk): located on the Brampton and Billingford to Denver road, this site is simply known from a c.12 ha surface scatter of first to mid fourth century pottery, coins, tile, and ‘iron working slag’ (Smith 1987, 172; Davies 2009, 185).
Long Stratton (Norfolk): mapped but not discussed by Gurney (1995, fig. 54), and known only from an artefact scatter (Smith 1987, 150; Davies 2009, 178).
Narford (Norfolk): mapped but not discussed by Gurney (1995a, fig. 54), but not mapped by Davies (2009, fig. 154).
Needham: Romano-British material has been recorded in various locations on a suggested river crossing (Frere 1941). There is a suggested Roman road that heads towards the site from the south east, but it has never been traced to the north of the river and monitoring during the construction of the A143 Brockdish-Needham Bypass failed to find any trace of it (Percival 1999, 2). Needham has not been accepted here as small towns or substantial roadside settlement as recent excavations failed to find any evidence for the putative road, and the scale and low density of material is more in keeping with a rural settlement (Percival 1999b).
Pakenham (Suffolk): this extensive settlement of c.19 ha lies lying at the junction of the Chelmsford to Caistor St Edmund road and that to Icklingham (Smith 1987, 155-6; Plouviez 1995, 71-2; SCCAS 1999; Tester 2002; Caruth and Muldowney 2009). Excavations have revealed dense occupation from the first to late fourth centuries beside a network of gravelled roads, with evidence for pottery (six second to third century kilns: Smith 1987, 93), iron- and bronze-working. There was at least one substantial masonry building with an opus signinum floor and hypocaust. Cemeteries lay on the edges of the settlement. Overall, it appears to have been a larger local centre.
Scole (Villa Faustini?) (Norfolk): this substantial settlement lies at the point where the main Colchester to Caistor St Edmund road crosses the river Waveney. Early finds suggested an extensive settlement with several substantial buildings (at least one with a tessellated pavement), iron-smelting debris, and several burials (Rogerson 1977). Major excavations in 1993-4 revealed a network of gravelled streets and associated ditched tenements and high density of buildings: the presence of a variety of manufacturing and craft industries including bone-, leather-, wood-, and iron-working (smelting and smithing), malting, and tanning, and the distinct zonation of these activities within discrete areas is suggestive of an urban settlement. There was also a temple. The site covered at least 20 ha, and was occupied from the late first through to the late fourth century, although the intensity of occupation may have declined after the late third century (Ames 2005b; Ashwin and Tester 2014). The discovery of a spoon inscribed with FASTINVS raises the possibility that this is the Villa Faustini of the Antonine Itinerary (Rivet and Smith 1981, 163, 499; Ashwin and Tester 2014, 227). Overall, it can be regarded as a small town.
Stoke Ash: the scatter of material at Stoke Ash – that Plouviez (1995) describes as a ‘village’ – lies beside the major road from Coddenham to Scole (SuffHER SAS004-8; 012; Misc; Smith 1987, 149). It may have been the site of a local centre.
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Toftrees (in Dunton, Norfolk): mapped but not discussed by Gurney (1995, fig. 54) and Davies (2009, fig. 154).
Wenhaston (Senomagus??) (Suffolk). This extensive scatter of pottery, roof tile, coins, and other metal artefacts covering c.15 ha (Plouviez 1995, 79) does not lie on a known Roman road although those running north east from Coddenham and south east from Ditchingham do head in Wenhaston’s direction. The quality and quantity of the surface material (e.g. a stylus and cosmetics grinder: SuffHER WMH004-5) distinguishes this site from any other in north-eastern Suffolk and is similar to that from Hacheston (Plouviez 1995, 79). A number of recent excavations have helped to confirm the extent of the site through the absence of occupation in Wenhaston village to the north west (Sommers 2007; 2011; Stirk 2009b) and Hall Farm Marshes to the south east (Everitt 2007). Excavations at Narrow Way appear to have lain on the northern fringes of the site and revealed a series of timber buildings while ceramic roof tile and a single piece of hypocaust tile suggest a substantial building lay in the vicinity (Stirk 2009a; Stirk and Benfield 2009). The occupation at Narrow Way was dated from the late first/early second to third centuries whereas coins from the extensive surface scatter to the south date from the late first through to the mid-fourth centuries (Plouviez 1995, fig. 7.5). Overall, recent excavations at Narrow Lane and the extent and quality of the surface material suggest that it may have been a larger local centre. Based upon the mileages given in the Antonine Itinerary, Wenhaston may been the Antonine Itinerary’s Senomagus what lay roughly half way between Coddenham and Caistor St Edmund (Rivet and Smith 1981, 456; Steerwood 2003, 257).
Woodcock Hill in Saham Toney (Norfolk): largely known from surface material, this c.24 ha site lies where the main road west from Venta Icenorum to Denver meets the road north from Pakenham (the Peddlar Way). The site appears to have been occupied from the first through to the late fourth centuries, and roof and hypocaust tiles are suggestive of at least one substantial building; iron-working is evidenced by ‘slag’ (Smith 1987, 157; Davies and Gregory 1991, fig. 2; Davies 1996, 80). Unstratified debris south of the river is suggestive of a bath house (Ratcliff 2008). Overall, although poorly understood, it would appear to be a larger local centre.
South East Midlands Cambridge (Duroliponte) (Cambs): lying close to where the road from Colchester to Water Newton crossed the river Cam, Cambridge saw the development a substantial roadside settlement that may have aspired to become a small town (Alexander 1975; Browne 1979, 39-43; Burnham and Wacher 1990, 246-9; Alexander and Pullinger 1999; Taylor 2000a; Alexander et al. 2004; Evans and Ten Harkel 2010). In the second century the site was cleared and an extensive area laid out with a series of parallel streets that appear to have been carefully planned, and a reorganisation on this scale implies official involvement (as at Godmanchester and Water Newton). These streets were fronted by relatively dense occupation and there was at least one substantial building that has been interpreted as a mansio (Alexander and Pullinger 1999, 39-40). Although the part that was excavated simply consisted of a very substantial stone-built structure with a hypocaust, the distance between Cambridge and the two other places that it sits between in the Antonine Itinerary (Durobrivae [Water Newton] and Camborico [Icklingham?]) does suggest that Cambridge would have had a mansio (Branigan 1987, 94). There were also several extra mural cemeteries and a shrine/ritual complex associated with a group of ritual shafts, while industrial activity included bone pin manufacturing, iron working, and pottery production (represented by wasters from Jesus Lane: Smith 1987, 93). The provision of a planned series of streets and a probable mansio suggests the intention or aspiration to become a town, and in the early or mid fourth century c.9 ha was defended with a wall and ditch, and the intra-mural area was still occupied in the late fourth century. There has been some discussion over whether Roman Cambridge was ‘urban’ (e.g. Evans and Ten Harkel 2010, 57), but while it was clearly not of the same character as Caistor St Edmund, Colchester or Verulamium, it was clearly more than a roadside settlement and as such should be regarded as a small town.
Fenny Stratford, Dropshot Farm (Magiovinium) (Bucks). This extensive roadside settlement covering c.20 ha grew up where Watling Street crossed the River Ouzel. It is referred to as Magiovinium in the Antonine Itinerary and its distance from the mansio at Towcester suggests that it will have had a mutatione for changing horses
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(Branigan 1987, 94-5; Smith 1987, 218-20). Aerial photography reveals a roughly oval-shaped defensive earthwork constructed in the late Roman period16 (the ditch contained late third to fourth century pottery) that encloses c.8 ha within which there has unfortunately been little excavation. Outside the defended area there was extensive roadside development and a series of side streets and carefully-planned strip-based tenement plots within which craft activity including iron smithing. Hypocaust tile suggest the presence of at least one substantial masonry building. There were several small cemeteries around the fringes of the settlement area that may have been ‘informal’ family burial grounds as opposed to large public cemeteries. Occupation extended from the first to the late fourth century (Neal 1987; Hunn et al. 1995). Overall, it appears to have been at least a substantial local centre and may have been a small town.
Fleet Marston (Bucks): discoveries over time of large amounts of first to fourth-century pottery, tile, coins, and metalwork spread across c.9 ha, including a pewter hoard and a lead coffin, points to a sizable settlement at the junction of Akeman Street and the road leading northwards to Thornborough. There was at least one substantial building with a hypocaust, and burials towards the edge of the settlement (Cox 1997; Parkhouse 1997; Lythe 2009; Simmonds 2010; BucksHER 6222). The PAS records a steelyard weight (BUC-678253). Overall, Fleet Marston in the Roman period appears to have been a smaller local centre.
Godmanchester (Durovigutum) (Hunts): numerous excavations have revealed much about this important small town including its network of streets along which was dense occupation within strip-based plots including houses, shops (including a bakery and a metal-worker’s shop), an early second century mansio and its associated bath house, a three-phase temple complex, an early third century single-aisled basilican building with a forecourt; a nearby large open area may have been a market place (Green 1975; Smith 1987, 182-4; Burnham and Wacher 1990, 122-9; Jones 1999; Green 2000). The provision of public buildings on this scale implies official involvement, and perhaps that Godmanchester had achieved the status of a vicus (as at Water Newton: Branigan 1987, 87). The central area of c.8 ha was enclosed by earthen defences in the early second century and was re-defended by stone walls along a different line (enclosing 11 ha) in the later third century although the defended area was reduced in the early fourth century; industrial production included bone-casket manufacturing, copper- and iron-working, and pottery production (Jones 2003) in a discrete area to the north of the town. Godmanchester was occupied from the late first through to the late fourth centuries when the bath house was last modified, and the extensive extra-mural areas both to the north and the south continued to be occupied into the fourth century although they contracted in the late Roman period compared to their maximum extent (c.20 ha) in the second and third centuries (Jones 2003; Gilmour 2008a; Leslie and Wardill 2012). Overall, Godmanchester appear to have been a substantial small town.
Great Chesterford (Essex). The various programmes of archaeological work at Great Chesterford have recently been brought together by Draper (1986) and Medlycott (2011) which surpasses the summary in Burnham and Wacher (1990, 136-42). Extensive geophysical survey means that along with a small number of sites such as Water Newton that have excellent cropmarks, Great Chesterford has a particularly complete plan. A Late Iron Age shrine and Aylesford-type bucket burial suggest a pre-Roman centre of high status. The Romano-British small town developed around a large central market place from which radiated a network of streets along which there was dense occupation (some structures having tessellated pavements and wall plaster) across c.32 ha that included a temple. Commercial activity is indicated by two steelyards and bone-working debris. Beyond the settled area there were extensive cemeteries. The masonry defences enclosing 14 ha were built in the mid or late fourth century which suggests that it had assumed a greater importance, although they may have replaced timber palisade built in the late third/early fourth century (Medlycott 2011a, 194). Overall, Great Chesterford in the Roman period appears to have been a substantial small town.
Horseheath (Cambs): an extensive scatter of first to fourth century material from alongside the Colchester to Cambridge road (Cambs HER 7328; 7373; 73754; Smith 1987, 167; Taylor 1998, 47).
16 Wacher’s (1975, 54) late second century date appears to have no basis.
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Kempston Church End (Beds): extensive settlement of c.13 ha revealed through recent development-led survey and excavation (Dawson 2004; Luke 2016). The character of the settlement is unclear and it could either be a local centre or a village. Appears to have been spread along a trackway, close to a crossing of the river Ouse, but not on a known Roman road. Unstratified finds include flue tile, painted wall plaster and window glass suggesting at least one well-appointed building. Two cemeteries, and two possible temples or shrines.
Longstanton (Cambs): Evans (2008, 179-81) suggest that ‘Site 27’ may be ‘some manner of “official complex” (e.g. mansio or posting station)’, but it seems far too close to Cambridge. A villa seems far more likely.
Olney (Bucks): a poorly understood site that comprises large amounts of Roman pottery, building materials, and coins from an area covering several hectares. Aerial photographs have revealed several enclosures and rectangular stone buildings. The site lies on the line of the probable road from Magiovinium to Irchester, close to the where it would have crossed the Ouse (Radford and Zeepvat (2009, 57).
Sandy (Beds). This c.10 ha area of occupation at an important road junction started in the later first century and ended in the late fourth century; there was roadside occupation and at least one side road, and industrial activity included bone/antler working, bronze casting, iron smithing, and textile production. Debris suggests at least one substantial masonry building and a possible temple (Johnston 1975; Dawson 1995; 1996a; Walsh et al. 1999; Hickling 2005). Overall, it would appear that Sandy was a smaller local centre.
Sawtry (including Tort Hill) (Hunts): excavations in 1939 revealed second to fourth century occupation spread over a distance of c.100 m (Smith 1987, 184). Fieldwork since then suggests a roadside settlement of unknown extent (Welsh 1994; Ellis et al. 1998).
Thornborough (Bucks): Radford and Zeepvat (2009, 57) suggest that a spread of Roman material close to the Romano-Celtic temple at Thornborough (Green 1965) ‘is another candidate for a nucleated road side settlement’. Material is spread over c.10 ha at a major road junction, and included at least two substantial buildings (one a scatter of hypocaust and roof tile, the other an excavated fourth century aisled hall), with occupation dating to the first to fourth centuries (Green 1965, fig. 1; Johnson 1975; BucksHER 1770; 2046; 2167; 2908; 4423). Overall, it would appear that Thornborough was a smaller local centre.
Water Newton (Durobrivae) (Hunts). This extensive small town is largely known from cropmarks although there have been limited excavations (Branigan 1987, 83; Burnham and Wacher 1990, 81-91; Mackreth 1995; Perrin 1999). The focus of this extensive settlement was a largely irregular network of gravelled streets although with some evidence for planning perhaps following the construction of the possibly late second or third century defences that enclosed c.18 ha (an area larger than at Venta Icenorum) of the c.100 ha settlement. Settlement organisation on this scale implies official involvement (as at Cambridge and Godmanchester). Cropmarks reveal dense occupation along the streets, including strip-based tenement plots, and two substantial courtyard structures of unknown function: one may have been a mansio (the plan being very similar to examples interpreted as such at Chelmsford and Godmanchester: Burnham and Wacher 1990, fig. 4) and the other some form of market place (macellum). Industrial activity included a major pottery industry, iron smelting, bronze working and leather working, while weights from a goldsmith’s balance suggests trade in luxury goods. Water Newton also appears to have been the centre for a school of mosaicists. Recent excavations have revealed a cemetery on the fringes of the settlement (Casa-Hatton and Wall 2006). Water Newton can be identified as Durobrivae in the Antonine Itinerary, and its occupation extended into the late fourth century (Burnham and Wacher 1990, 81-91). That mortaria stamps refer to VICO DVROBRIVIS suggests that Water Newton was a settlement (vicus) below the status of a civitas capital (Johnson 1975, 75; Branigan 1987, 83). A milestone erected in AD276 records that it stood one Roman mile from its point of measurement: such milestones usually measured distances from civitas capitals which suggest that by that
44 date Water Newton has been raised to this status (Burnham and Wacher 1990, 90). Overall, Godmanchester appear to have been a substantial small town.
Wimpole (Cambs): field survey has revealed an area of occupation spread along c.800 km of Ermine Street at its junction with the road to Cambridge (Akeman Street) suggesting a settlement of c.10 ha. Excavation on the periphery of the site revealed occupation spanning the late second to late fourth centuries, while surface material suggests at least one substantial building (Smith 1987, 181; Horton et al. 1994). Overall, Wimpole can be regarded as a smaller local centre.
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APPENDIX 6: BISHOPS STORTFORD ROMANO-BRITISH LARGER LOCAL CENTRE
Bishops Stortford (Herts [Essex side of the Stour]17): the settlement at Bishop’s Stortford developed at the point where Stane Street crossed the river Stort. Romano-British material has been found scattered beneath of the modern town either side of Stane Street. To the east, on the slopes of the Stort valley, extensive evidence for occupation was found during the construction of the Cannon’s Close estate, covering an area at least 300 m north from Stane Street (the extent of which is shown on a sketch map preserved within the Hertfordshire HER 513). More recent excavations to the south, at Elliott’s Yard and Legion’s Way, have revealed roadside occupation along both sides of Stane Street that extended from the first to the late fourth centuries, with activity including iron smithing (Wright 1982; Humphrey 1997; Doel 1999). A steelyard from close to Stane Street suggests commercial activity (Gibson 1970). To the west, on the floodplain of the Stort, excavations have once again revealed roadside occupation (Elcock 1970), although work at Grange Paddocks c.150 north of the road is suggestive of refuse disposal in the backyards of tenements fronting onto Stane Street, and so here the settlement appears to have taken the form of ribbon development. There is a possible tile production site c.400 m to the north at Glasscock’s Brickworks. The location of several cemeteries to the north and east of the main area of occupation also help to determine the probable limits of the settlement. Overall there is occupation known across 16.5 ha (although its extent to the south of Stane Street is unclear) and as such it would appear to have been a larger local centre.
Glasscock’s Brickfield late nineteenth century, Glasscock’s Brickfield (HertsHER 2234): antiquarian records refer to a few sherds of very abraded pottery, roof and comb-decorated flue tile, and one piece of kiln waste. The original source notes that ‘it is clear that these finds do not represent a living-site’ and that ‘the site is well outside what is now known to be the main occupation area’ (Anon 1930-1). Burials may have been found in the area (Gibson 1970, 109); a bracelet was found in 1969 (HertsHER 2142).
Cannons Close Estate 1955-60, Cannons Close estate: extensive occupation observed during urban development including masonry buildings, ditches, a ‘tile floor’, pits, and domestic refuse. Although there are no records of systematic excavations, the location and basic character of each site are marked on a hand-drawn sketch map preserved within the HER which helps establish the extent of the settlement and cemeteries (HertsHER 513; 1360; 2132; 2138; 2140); finds include a steelyard from 65 Cannons Close (Gibson 1970, fig. 1; HertsHER2260). 2006, Four Ways, Cannons Close, 2006 (HertsHER 13679; Adams and Brogan 2009): observations of groundworks revealed no features, only a few sherds of Romano-British pottery.
The Meads/Grange Paddocks 1975, The Meads (Elcock 1970; HertsHER 1435): small-scale but fully published excavations revealed Stane Street, a roadside building, and evidence for iron-working. 1978, 2001 and 2009, Grange Paddocks (Crank et al. 2001; Martin-Bacon 2010a, b; HertsHER 6505; 12051; 18783): small-scale excavations (recorded in grey literature reports) revealed north-south ditches that were perpendicular to Stane Street but whose distance from the roads suggests that they marked paddocks at the back of tenements; second to fourth century postholes, pits, and refuse disposal; unspecified ‘slag’; tile suggests substantial buildings in the vicinity; inhumation burials. South of Grange Paddocks (HertsHER 18783): Romano-British pottery reported from immediately north of projected line of Stane Street. 2009, south of Stane Street, Grange Paddocks, 2009 (HertsHER 18316): Romano-British pottery reported to the south of the projected line of Stane Street.
17 A curiosity of the Essex-Hertfordshire county boundary is that the parish of Bishop’s Stortford – whose centre lay to the west of the Stort in Hertfordshire – extended across to the eastern (Essex) side of the river. The core of the Romano-British roadside settlement lay on the eastern (i.e. Essex) bank of the river but within the Bishop’s Stortford/Hertfordshire boundary.
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Stane Street 1976, Elliotts Yard (Wright 1982; HertsHER 6520) [immediately west of Legions Way]: published open area excavation revealed Stane Street, with adjacent gravel spreads that may have been the floors of roadside buildings; brick and tile suggest more substantial buildings in the vicinity; first to fourth century occupation; late fourth century iron smithing hearths. 1997 and 1999, Legions Way, (Humphrey 1997; Doel 1999; HertsHER 2234) [immediately east of Elliotts Yard]: open area excavations (recorded in grey literature reports) revealed Stane Street, ditched property boundaries perpendicular to Stane Street, roadside timber buildings, pits, first to fourth century pottery, and ‘slag’; brick and tile suggest more substantial buildings in the vicinity. 2008, Wagon and Horses, 2008 (Wessex Archaeology 2008; HertsHER 13755) [immediately north of Legions Way site]: evaluation trenches (recorded in grey literature reports) recorded a ditched property boundary perpendicular to Stane Street, and substantial ditch (0.8 m deep and c.4 m wide) parallel to it.
Peripheral cemeteries 174-5 Cannons Close, 1954 (HertsHER 514): a Barnack Limestone coffin containing a gypsum burial. northern part of Channons Close estate: ‘skull’ marked on manuscript map of 1950s finds (HertsHER 513). Stanstead Road, 1961: cremation group (HertsHER 512). Dunmow Road, 1962 (HertsHER 1093): third to fourth century stone coffin. Collins Cross, 1962 (HertsHER 1093; 2136): group of vessels that is probably a burial group. Grange Paddocks (see above): inhumations.
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APPENDIX 7: SITE SUMMARIES - ROMAN VILLA PLANS
The North-Western Thames Basin A characteristic feature of North-Western Thames Basin is a cluster of relatively early villas, dating to the late first century, in the vicinity of Verulamium of a simple row-plan type (e.g. Park Street: O’Neil 1945; Northchurch: Neal 1974-6; and perhaps Lockleys: Ward-Perkins 1938, but see Webster 1969, 243-6). This tradition was soon replaced, however, by the wing-corridor plan form such as at Boxmoor (Herts) where a timber house with painted plaster walls was constructed in the late first or early second century; this was demolished and rebuilt in stone in second century also as a winged corridor villa18 (Neal 1974-6). The earliest stone phase at Gorhambury, also dating to the late first or early second century, is somewhat truncated by later work but also appears to have comprised a simple winged-corridor layout19 (Neal et al. 1990, fig. 48) as did the excavated second century villas at Lockleys (Ward-Perkins 1938), Northchurch (Neal 1974-6), and Park Street (O’Neil 1945), and the cropmarks/parchmarks at Childwickbury (HertsHER 655; Stevenson and Reed 1999, fig. 23), Radwell (Wilson 1974a plate XXVII),20 Minsden Farm in Langley (HertsHER 17260), and Mill End in Hambledon (Farley 1983; Eyers and Hutt 2012).21 Further to the west there were three villas that appear to have developed into H-shaped winged-corridor villas: the main house at Yewden (Cocks 1921), The Rye in High Wycombe (Hartley 1959), and Saunderton Lee (on the boundary between the Northern Thames Basin and South East Midlands: see below). Other plan forms are rare in the North-Western Thames Basin. Kings Langley (Wardle 1982) and Gadebridge (Neal 1974) had courtyard-corridor plans, while Latimer (Bucks) (Branigan 1971; RCHME 1912, 9) and nearby Blacklands Field, in Gayhurst (Department of the Environment 1971, 16; Wilson 1971, 268; Neal and Cosh 2009, fig. 27) had longitudinal corridors. Dicket Mead (that may have replaced the nearby Lockley in the third century) appears to have included two residential houses, both of which had longitudinal corridors on either side of what appears to have been an open hall (Rook 1983-6): while having similarities with aisled structures, the walls dividing the corridors from the hall were solid – hence why they are classed here as corridors – which is in marked contrast to true aisled halls where the roof was supported by free-standing posts. Where aisled structures are found in the North-Western Thames Basin they mostly appear to have been simple agricultural barns (e.g. Gorhambury). Overall, the North-Western Thames Basin saw a relatively uniform pattern of villa development that started early (starting in the late first century) with simple linear row-plan blocks but which by the second century was dominated by winged-corridor villas. Although other plan forms are present, they are rare.
The North-Eastern Thames Basin A different picture emerges in the North-Eastern Thames Basin, where there is a far greater variety in villa plans, and winged-corridor layouts are rare. The second century villa at Gestingthorpe comprised an aisled house that appears to have originally been of simple form (i.e. an open hall) that was modified through the addition of small blocks of enclosed rooms at both ends (Draper 1985). Five sites had longitudinal corridors. The earliest villa building at Little Oakley dates to the late first century and comprised a timber-built aisled house with white plaster walls but when rebuilt in stone during the mid to late second century it consisted of a linear block of domestic rooms with longitudinal corridors at the front and the back (Barford 2002). The recently discovered stone-built corridor villa at Capel St Mary appears to have been constructed in the mid first to mid second century AD and was furnished with under-floor hearting, tessellated pavements, and painted wall
18 Although Neal’s (1974-6, fig. xxv) block plan suggests that there was a rear corridor in this earliest stone phase, the detailed excavation plan (fig. xxxiv) shows that this was a later addition with its western end wall not properly aligned with the west wall of the main house. 19 This interpretation is slightly different to the contradictory evidence presented in the published report which suggests that there was an original block of three rooms (p.45), although the plan (fig. 48) clearly shows that that there were further rooms both to the north and the south. It is assumed here that the southern end mirrored the northern before the former was re- modelled in order to create the apsidal cellar. 20 There are cropmarks of two houses, one of which has been interpreted as a double-corridor plan (Woodfield 1989, 260; Stevenson and Reed 1999, fig. 23), although based upon the published aerial photograph (Wilson 1974a, plate XXVII) a winged-corridor plan is more likely. 21 Farley (1983, 257) interprets the plan as a large winged-corridor villa with a central porch and a rear corridor, although it would actually appear to be a smaller winger-corridor villa that was then extended to the rear and to the south side.
48 plaster (Minter and Plouviez 2015, 450-1). Cropmarks of the villa at Daws Heath (Clack 1992, 67; and see Drury et al. 1981) and description of Warren’s Farm suggest that they also had a double longitudinal corridor plan (EssHER 8709 citing the Ordnance Survey Record Card). A sketch plan and description of the villa at Brixted in Finchingfield suggests that it comprised a single block of rooms with a corridor down one side (Hull 1963a, 129-30). Chignall St James is only known from cropmarks and it its final form was of courtyard- corridor plan but its earliest phase may have been a single row of rooms with a longitidinal corridor on one or two sides (Clarke 1998, 143-4). Arlesford also appears to have had a longitudinal-corridor to the rear of the main block of domestic rooms, while to the front a second corridor ran all the way around two projecting wings creating a courtyard-corridor layout (Hull 1963a, fig 9). The fragmentary remains of the villa at Ridgewell suggests that it also had a courtyard-corridor layout (Hull 1963a, fig. 34) as did Building 1 at Rivenhall (Rodwell and Rodwell 1986, fig. 17). The highly speculative layout of phase 1 of Building 2 at Rivenhall shows it as having front and rear longitudinal corridors running the full long of a central block of rooms with a projecting room at each corner, and in the early third century it appears to have been converted into a more conventional winged-corridor layout (Rodwell and Rodwell 1986, fig. 23).
East Anglia Of the very few villas in East Anglia, even fewer have complete plans, and based upon this small sample there also appears to have been far greater diversity than in the North-Western Thames Basin with a predominance of aisled forms in the early Roman period and winged layouts in the later Roman period. At Landewade, in Exning, a timber-built aisled house constructed in the early second century was rebuilt in stone during the late third century as a developed aisled house with tessellated pavements and a bath house (Webster 1987). The possibly second century structure at Den Beck, that Gregory (1982, 360-2) interpreted as a yard with three ‘lean-to’ structures, looks far more like an aisled hall with enclosed rooms at one end. Aerial photographs of Fring show two rectangular buildings, both with subdivisions at one end (Edwards 1977, figs 101 and plates XXV-XXVII) that are also suggestive of Gestingthorpe type houses. The excavated villa at Oulsham Drove in Feltwell began life in the fourth century as a simple rectangular house comprising a row of five rooms, to which a single longitudinal corridor was later added at the front (Gurney 1986, 1-48, fig. 32). Stanton Chair appears to have begun life as a late first or early second century longitudinal-corridor structure that was rebuilt and extended to the south in the second century through the addition of a bath house (Wright 1940, 171-2; Moore 1988, 51): the published small-scale plan is complex and clearly incomplete but appears to show that in its later phase it had a winged-corridor layout although the wings did not project any further than the front of the corridor as was common in the second century phases of some Hertfordshire villas (e.g. Northchurch, Boxmoor, and Gorhambury). The complex at Gayton Thorpe appears to have comprised two linked villas: the possibly second century northern structure had a courtyard- corridor plan while the possibly third century southern house was a small winged-corridor villa (Atkinson 1928- 9, plate III; Gregory 1982, 366; Bootman 1998). The cropmarks of Lidgate22 (Wilson 1971, 330-1) and North Pickenham (NorHER 29034) are both of winged-corridor villas, while the excavated possibly second century villa at Pakenham was of winged plan although no corridor was identified (Moore 1988, fig. 28). Reach Bridge in Swaffham Prior was partly excavated in the 1890s and this plan (Atkinson 1892-3, fig. 1) and a cropmark (St Joseph 1973, 245; Wilson 1974a, plate xxvi; Browne 1979, plate IV.B) suggest a winged-corridor villa which was modified into a courtyard-corridor plan. Overall, East Anglia was a region where no plan form dominated.
South East Midlands Villa plans in the South East Midlands were diverse although aisled houses are strongly represented in the early Roman period. The late first or early second century villa at Bancroft in Wolverton (Bucks), for example, initially comprised a simple aisled house that was later modified through the insertion of two interior rooms and an attached bath suite (Williams and Zeepvat 1994). Arbury Road (now King Hedges School) in Cambridge appears to have begun life in the very late second or third century as a simple aisled-hall house, with a major programme of rebuilding in the fourth century with square rooms added to the front corners
22 Lidgate lies on the edge of the high Boulder Clay Plateau and so on the boundary between the North-Eastern Thames Basin and East Anglia: as it lies at the head of the north-flowing River Kennett, however, the community will have presumably looked north towards East Anglia.
49 in the fourth century creating an exterior appearance similar to Bancroft and Great Staughton (Alexander 1968; Lisboa 1995; Neal and Cosh 2002, 49). Other examples of aisled-hall houses include Rectory Farm in Godmanchester (Frend 1968; 1978; Haigh 1984), Ampthill Road in Shefford (Luke et al. 2010), and probably the third century structure at Orton Longueville Secondary School that although interpreted as a barn (Dakin 1961), is likely to originally have been a house as one room contained a tessellated pavement (Neal and Cosh 2002, 67). Loose tessera found within the early second century aisled house at Little Wymondley suggests that it contained a tessellated pavement (Went and Burleigh 1992, 12). The quality of the masonry at the possibly fourth century aisled building at Ickleton (A. W. 1949, 17-18) suggests that it too was a house, as may the curious structure at Stantonbury in Great Linford.23 There are also a relatively high proportion of longitudinal-corridor plans. At Hemley Hill in Saunderton the second century24 house comprised a simple rectangular block of rooms with a corridor running across the entire front, and when the house was rebuilt in late third century it retained this longitudinal plan (Branigan 1969). Aerial photographs of Rectory Farm in Emberton (Bucks) show what appears to be a villa with longitudinal corridors down both sides of a block of rooms (MMK6201). The published plans of the very fragmentary remains at Tingewick (VCH Bucks II, 12) and Holne Chase in Bletchley (Mynard 1987, 32), and descriptions of Whitehills in Mill Common in Huntingdon (CambsHER 2545a) and Cowpasture Farm in Mursley (BucksHER 1651)25 are also suggestive of longitudinal-corridor villas. Some of the villas in the South East Midlands developed into winged forms. Wymbush in Loughton started life during the late second or early third century as a simple block of three rooms, to which a single wing and corridor was added in the third century (see above: Mynard 1987, 82-90). At Bancroft the aisled house was replaced in the late third century by a block of four rooms arranged in a single row, with small projecting wings at the front corners, although it was only in the mid fourth century that a linking corridor added (Williams and Zeepvat 1994, fig. 87 and 94). At Rushey Meadow in Great Staughton, two early fourth-century winged corridor houses lay c.400 m apart (Greenfield et al. 1994). The short published note on excavations at Edmundsoles in Haslingfield (Cambs) refers to the chalk-block foundations of a ‘second century winged- corridor villa’ (Goodburn 1978, 447). The cropmarks and partially excavated Site C at Rectory Field in Godmanchester appear to be of a second century winged-corridor villa (Green 1978; Neal and Cosh 2002, 57 [‘Huntingdon’]). The cropmarks at Guilden Morden (Cambs) show substantial stone building (St Joseph 1973, plate xviii.2; Wilson 1974a, 254) that has been interpreted as a winged-corridor villa (CambsHER 748). The cropmarks of Saunderton Lee are of an H-shaped winged-corridor villa similar to High Wycombe and Yewden (St Joseph 1965, plate XIII; Wilson 1974a, 258). The nineteenth century plan of Church Field in Ickleton (A. W. 1849, facing p16) shows a winged villa with a rear corridor into which a bath house appears to have been inserted. There are several examples of more elaborate villa plans. Wendens Ambo in the north-west of modern Essex was of the courtyard-corridor plan (VCH Ess III, plate XXIX.A and B; Ette and Hinds 1993). The extensive remains at Totternhoe (Matthews et al. 1992) and Hadstock in Essex (now in Linton in Cambridgeshire) (Buckler 1851; RCHME I 1916, xxii No.2; VCH III, plate XXIXA; Collingwood 1930, fig. 28; Ette and Hinds 1993) were both large courtyard villas. Cropmarks at Barford Road in Eynesbury Hardwicke are said to be indicative of a courtyard villa (CambsHER 4253). The nature of the settlement at Stanton Low in Stantonbury is unclear, as at least three and possibly six villa-quality buildings dating from the early to mid second century all lay within 250 m (Woodfield 1989). It seems highly unlikely that it is a cluster of villas, and instead is some form official complex. None of the buildings were completely excavated, but those sections that were recorded show ranges of rooms adjacent to corridors and arranged around small courtyards – perhaps analogous to a mansio – rather than winged-corridor layouts.
23 This small hall (6.6 by 10 m) was divided longitudinally by two substantial pier bases, and had an attached bath suite at one end and a centrally placed single room extension at the front (Mynard 1987, 97-104). The small size of this building contrasts with its well-built construction with dressed stone walls 1m thick, opus signinum floors, painted wall plaster, and a ceramic tiled roof. This is a curious structure, presumably two storeys, interpreted as a stone-built tower granary (Mynard 1987, 103), although it is odd that there is an attached bath suite. 24 Branigan (1969, 268) suggests that material from a pit, including tessera, suggests that the earliest villa was later first century, but as the pottery includes Trajanic-Hadrianic material which would suggest a second century date. 25 the unpublished plan in the HER simply shows a few short stretches of wall that, while including what appears a corridor, cannot exclude the possibility of there having been wings.
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APPENDIX 8: ROMANO-BRITISH POTTERY - SITES STUDIED
EAST ANGLIA Beetley and How, Swanton Morley Airfield Nor Wilkins 2002; Roberts and Sutherland 2003 Billingford Nor Wallis 2011 Binham, Priory Road Nor Trimble 1999 Blackborough End, Fosters End Drove Nor Lally et al. 2008; McCall 2009 Blackborough End, Middleton Nor Lane and Morris 2001 Brancaster Nor Hinchcliffe and Sparey Green 1985 Brancaster, North of Half Acre Nor Watkins 2011 Brancaster Nor Wessex Archaeology 2014 Brettenham, Melford Meadows Nor Mudd 2002 Burgh Castle extra-mural (Breydon Water Holiday Park and Church Loke) Nor Wallis 1998; McCall and Thompson 2010 Caister-on-Sea, 1951-55, rapart spill, squares E and F, and Building 1 Nor Darling and Gurney 1993 Caistor-on-Sea Nor Bradley-Lovekin 2009; Cope-Faulkner 2011 Caistor St Edmund Nor Emery 2007 Crimplesham Quarry Nor Bates 2008b Denver Nor Gurney 1986 Downham West Nor Wallis 2002 East Bilney Quarry Nor Bates 2008a Feltwell Nor Gurney 1986 Fincham, Fairswell Manor Nor Watkins 2006b Foulsham, Foxley Road Nor Wilson et al. 2012 Foulsham,Green Lane Nor Wilson et al. 2012 Hockwold, Leylands Fm Nor Gurney 1986 Gayton Thorpe Nor de Bootman 1998 Great Cressingham, Priory Eoad Nor Hickling 2009 Hethersett, Myrtle Road Nor Cooper 2003; Shelley and Green 2007 Kilverstone Nor Garrow et al. 2006, tab. 4.5 Little Cressingham, Watton Nor Ratcliff 2008 Needham, 49 High Street Nor Percival 1999b North Wootton, The Lodge Nor Birks 2011 Postwick, Heath Farm Nor Bates and Lyons 2003 Pulham St Mary, Church Terrace Nor Bates 2001 Saham Toney, Quidney Farm Nor Bates 2000 Scole Nor Ashwin & Tester 2014 Sherringham Shoals Nor Hickling 2010 Spong Hill Nor Rickett 1995, 100-2 Snettisham By-pass Nor Flitcroft 2001 Snettisham, Strictland Avenue and Station Road Nor Lyons 2004 South Creake, 14 Winston Drive Nor Emery 2011 Thetford, Brandon Road Nor Atkins and Connor 2010, tab. 8 Thetford, 1964-70, and Redcastle Furze Nor Dallas 1993; Andrews 1995 Thetford, St Nicholas' Street Nor Andrews and Penn 1999 Thetford, Two Mile Bottom Nor Bates and Lyons 2003 Thetford, Arlington Way Nor Pine 2014 Thorpe St Andrew, The Oaks Nor Trimble 2006 Trowse, Valley Belt Nor Ashwin and Bates 2000 Watlington, Police House Field Nor Town 2003 Weeting Nor Gregory 1996
Aldedburgh, Britten-Pears Library Suff Hodges and Hickling 2012 Alderton, Mill Lane Suff Newman 2011c Barham Suff Gardner and Sutherland 2001 Brandon, Staunch Meadow Suff Tester et al. 2014 Bungay, Stow Park Suff Meredith 2000 Bury St Edmunds, Cullum Road Suff Tester 2001 Campsea Ash, Suff Gorniak 2013 Carlton Colville, Bloodmoor Hill Suff Lucy et al. 2009a Coddenham, Shrubland Quarry Suff Anderson 2002 Elveden, Centre Parcs Suff Craven 2010b Euston, Rushford Road Suff Tester 1998 Exning villa Suff Webster 1987 Exning, Beech House Suff Muldowney 2008b Exning, Isolation Hospital Suff Sommers 1999 Eye, Hartismere School Suff Carruth and Goffin 2012; Craven 2012d Flixton 008, 013 and 053 Suff Boulter and Walton Rogers 2012 Flixton 059, 061, 062 and 063 Suff Boulter 2008 Great Blakenham, Blackacre Hill Suff Bales 1999; Everett et al. 2001
51
Hacheston Suff Blagg et al. 2004 Holton, Sparrowhawk Road Suff Stirk 2009c Hoo, Hall Farm Suff Newman 2013 Ipswich, Castle Hill Suff Harding 2003 Ipswich, Chantry (IPS030) Suff Jude Plouviez pers. comm. Ipswich, Colchester Road Suff Barlow 2013; Peachey pers. comm. Ipswich, Handford Road Suff Boulter 2005 Ipswich, Westerfield Road Suff Brooks and Holloway 2011 Ipswich, Whitton Suff Meredith 2009 Lakenheath RAF, LAK93-1258 and Thunderbird Way Suff Anderson 1996; Craven 2010c Mildenhall, RAF Suff Tester 2003; Brooks 2010 Mildenhall, Recreation Way Suff Havard and Holt 2012 Gill 2001; Craven 2008c; 2009; 2010d; 2012; Brooks 2009; 2012a; Mildenhall, Beck Row Suff Muldowny 2010b Mildenhall, Beck Row Roman Maltings Suff Bales 2004 Mildenhall, Beck Row, Smoke House Inn Suff Peachey 2014 Pakenham, Gemeed Suff Caruth and Muldowney 2009 Pakenham, Ixworth Repeater Station Suff SCCAS 1999 Palgrave, St John's House Hospital Suff Craven 2008a Preston St Mary Suff Boulter 1995a Risby, Old Rectory Suff Brooks 2012b Rushmere, Rushmere Hall Reservoir Suff Newman 2012 Stowmarket, Cedars Park Suff Andy Peachey pers comm Stowmarket, Museum of East Anglian Life Suff Cass 2010b Walsham le Willows, Elmside Farm Suff Boulter 2012 Wenhaston, Narrow Way Suff Stirk 2009b; Stirk and Benfield 2009 West Stow, Lackford Bridge Quarry Suff Tipper 2007 Westley, Westley Hall Farm Suff Beverton 2011 Witnesham, Nelson Farm Suff Newman 2010 Woodditton, Darley Endurance Facilities Suff Mustchin et al. 2016
NORTH-EASTERN THAMES BASIN Ardleigh Ess Brown 1999 Asheldham, Asheldham Quarry Ess Orzechowski 2014 Aveley, Ship Lane Ess Foreman and Maynard 2002 Basildon, Dry Street Ess Brooks 2007 Billericay Ess Medlycott et al. 2010 Birch, Birch Pit Ess Benfield 2007 Bishop's Stortford, Legions Way and Grange Paddocks Herts Doel 1999; Crank et al. 2001; Martin-Bacon 2010b Boreham, Great Holts Ess Germany 2003 Bradwell-on-Sea Ess Sparrow 2011a Braintree, 1984-90 Ess Havis 1993 Braintree, Boars Head Ess Martin Pitts pers. comm. Braintree, Pierrefitte Way Ess Newton 2007 Braintree, Letch's Yard 2003 Ess Ennis 2014 Bringhtlingsea, Noahs Ark villa Ess Martin 1996 Canvey Island, Leigh Beck Ess Mackley and Faulkner 1993 Chelmsford, SE sector Ess Going 1987 Chelmsford, Lynmouth Gardens Ess Nicholson and Roberts 2007 Chignall St James Ess Clarke 1998 Church Langley, Harlow Ess Medlycott 2000 Coggeshall, St Peter's School and The Lawns Ess Isserlin 1995 Colchester, 1971-86 Ess Symonds and Wade 1999 Cressing Ess Hope 2003 Dagenham, Beam Washlands Ess Bidulph et al. 2010 Elsenham, Elsenham Quarry Ess Hammond and Preston 2010 Epping, Forest Way Ess Bennell 2000 Felsted, Old Sugar Beet Works Ess Valentine and Robinson 2002 Gestingthorpe Ess Draper 1985 Great Dunmow urban, 1970-72, Junior School, St Mary's School, 19 High Ess Wickenden 1988; O'Brien 2005; Phelps 2009; Sparrow 2011b Fields, Springfields Great Dunmow rural, Newton Works Ess Germany 2004a Great Dunmow rural, Strood Hall Ess Timby et al. 2007a Great Dunmow rural, Buildings Farm Ess Lavender 1997 Great Dunmow rural, Woodland Park Ess Barker 2003 Redbridge, Fairlop Quarry Ess Dale 1999 Heybridge, 1972 Ess Wickenden 1986 Heybridge, Causeway Meadow Ess Thompson and Williams 2004 Hornchurch, Scott and Albyn Farm Ess Lichtenstein 2014 Kelvedon, Star and Fleece Hotel Ess Fell and Humphry 2001 Little Dunmow, Clobbs Wood Ess Timby et al. 2007a Little Oakley Ess Barford 2002
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Little Totham, Chigborough Ess Wallis and Waughman 1998 Little Waltham Ess Drury 1978 Langford Hall Ess Roy and Heppel 2016 M5 Windening J27-30, Hobbs Hole Ess Biddulph and Brady 2015 M5 Windening J27-30, Passingford Ess Biddulph and Brady 2015 M5 Windening J27-30, Codham Ess Biddulph and Brady 2015 Mucking Ess Lucy and Evans 2016 Rayne, Panners Roundabout Ess Timby et al. 2007a Radwinter, East View Close Ess House 2013 Rainham Interchange and Library Site Ess Grant 2010 Rainham, Berwick Farm Ponds Ess Crank and Hounsell 2001 Rawreth Ess Tildesley 1971, 46 Rayne Roundabout Ess Smoothy 1989; Timby et al. 2007a Rivenhall Ess Rodwell and Rodwell 1993 Shillingstone Field, Great Sampford Ess Garwood 1998 Stanford Wharf Ess Biddulph et al. 2012 Stansted Airport, DCS Ess Havis and Brooks 2004 Stansted Airport, DFS Ess Havis and Brooks 2004 Stansted Airport, 1999-2004 Ess Cooke et al. 2008 South Benfleet, 21 High Street Ess Robertson and Letch 2007 Sturmer, Haverhill Business Park Ess Gill 2002 Takeley, Frogs Hall Borrow Pit Ess Ennis 2006a Thorpe le Soken, Thorpe Hall Ess Letch 2001 West Ham, Stratford Market Depot Ess Hiller and Wilkinson 2005 West Hanningfield, Hanningfield Water Treatmnent Works Ess Holloway et al. 2010 Wickford Ess Tildesley 1971, 46 Witham, Ivy Chimneys Ess Turner 1999 Witham, Maltings Lane Ess A. Robertson 2004b
Chilton, Reinforcement Pipeline Suff Cass 2011b Clare, The Granary Suff J. Brown 2009 Hadleigh, Aldham Mill Suff Suffolk County Council 1999; Boulter and Everitt 2010 Haverhill, St. Felix School Suff Sommers 2009; Cass 2010c Craven 2007; 2008b; 2012b; 2012c; Muldowny 2010a; Muldowny and Long Melford Suff Goffin 2008; Brooks 2011; 2013 Long Melford Test Pits Suff Carenza Lewis pers. comm. Wixoe Suff Atkins forthcoming
NORTH-WESTERN THAMES BASIN Hambledon, Yewden Villa Bucks Eyers 2011 Taplow Hillfort Bucks Allen et al. 2009 Wexham, All Souls Farm Quarry Bucks Preston 2012
Abbots Langley, Leavesden Aerodrome Herts Brossler et al. 2009 Baldock, 1968-72 Herts Stead and Rigby 1986 Baldock Bypass Herts M. Phillips 2009 Chells, Boxfield Farm Herts Going and Hunn 1999 Codicote, Hollard's Farm Herts Burleigh et al. 1990 Gorhambury Herts Neal et al. 1990 Hertford, Foxholes Farm Herts Partridge 1989 Letchworth, High Avenue Herts Bescoby and Murray 1999 Leverstock Green, Handpost Lodge Herts Luke and Philips 1998 Lobs Hole, Stevenage Herts Hunn 2005 M1 Widening, J6a-10 Herts Stansbie et al. 2012 M1 Widening, J.9 Flamstead Herts Stansbie et al. 2012 M1 Widening, J.8 Adeyfield, Hemel Hempsted Herts Stansbie et al. 2012 M1 Widening, Redbourn, Area P Herts Stansbie et al. 2012 Redbourn, Fiars Wash Herts Wessex Archaeology 2009b Verulamium 1986-8 Herts Niblett 2006 Verulamium, King Harry Lane Herts Stead and Rigby 1989 Wallington Villa Herts Stevenson and Reed 1999 Ware, Building N10 Herts Humphry 1999 Ware, New Restaurant Herts O'Brien 2004-5 Welwyn, School Lane Herts Grassam 2005b; 2008; Tweedie 2011 Welwyn, Welwyn Hall Herts McDonald and Pearson 2012 Welwyn, West Manor, Ellesfield Herts Hunn 2001b Hemel Hempstead, Wood Lane End Herts Neal 1984
Brentford (Park Tavern, 2-10 London Road, 159-88 High Street) Mdds Masefield 1997d; Cowan 1998; Bagwell 2002; Darton 2007 Brockley Hill (Royal Orthopedic Hospital, Former Government Buildings, Barber 2005; Edwards and Guarino 2008; McKinley 1998; Saxby 2008; Mdds Brockley Hill House, Canon's Corner) Smith et al. 2008; Smith 2001 Dollis Hill, Brent Mdds Sankey 2003
53
Heathrow, Perry Oaks Mdds Framework Archaeology 2006 Hounslow, Western International Market Mdds Boyer 2007 Hyde Park Mdds Hulka 2002; Bradley 2003; 2006 Imperial College Sports Ground Mdds Powell et al. 2015 Isleworth, Syon House Mdds Anthony and Preston 2007 Kensington, St Mary Abbots Hospital Mdds Howe 1995 Old Ford, London Road Mdds Mills 1984 Old Ford, Lefevre Walk Phase 3 Mdds Mayo 2001 Shadwell, Tobacco Dock (130-62 and 172-6 The Highway; LD74 and Mdds Lakin 2002; Douglas 2004; Douglas and Sudds 2004; Bird 2008 LD76) Staines, Old Police Station and 10-16 London Road Mdds Ayres and Hayman 2001
SOUTH EAST MIDLANDS Ampthill, Tavistock Avenue Beds J. Brown 2010 Shillington, Aston Well Beds Dawson 2004 Bedford, Cambridge Road Beds Chapman and Chapman 2017 Bedford, Fairhills Beds Gregson 2013 Bedford, Land west of Beds Barker et al. 2010 Bedford, Norse Road Beds Edgeworth 2001 Biddenham Loop Beds Luke 2008 Biddenham Loop II Beds Luke 2016 Biggleswade, Saxon Drive Beds Edmondson 2003 Biggleswade, Coffins Field (Biggleswade Water Main site 6) Beds Wilson and Zeepvat 2010b Great Barford, Birchfield Road (Site 4), C1-2 Beds Timby et al. 2007b Brogborough, Brogborough Hill (Site 2) Beds Simmonds and Welsh 2013 Clapham Beds Mason 2007b Cranfield, Home Farm Beds Abrams and Gregson 2005 Dunstable (Quadrant Centre, 24 Friary Fields) Beds Boyer 2000; Gardner 2001; Crank 2002 Eaton Bray (Steppingley to Aylesbury Gas Pipeline Section 13 Sites22-3) Beds Network Archaeology 2007 Elstow, The Wixams Beds M. Phillips 2007 Wootton, Fields Road Junction (Site 7) Beds Simmonds and Welsh 2013 Flitwick, Hinksley Road Beds Luke 1999 Great Barford, Birchfield Road (Site 4), C3-4 Beds Timby et al. 2007b Great Barford, Birchfield Road Beds Timby et al. 2007b Harrold Beds A. Brown 1994 Haynes, Church End Beds Luke and Shotliff 2004 Kempston Beds Dawson 2004 Kempston, Box End Beds Luke et al. 2000 Kempston, Cutler Hammer Sports Ground Beds Dawson 2004 Kempston, Marsh Leys Farm Beds Luke and Preece 2011a Lathbury, Home Farm Beds Edmondson 2000 Leighton Buzzard Flood Alleviation Scheme Beds Phillips and Mordue 2006 Lidlington, Vale Farm (Site 3) Beds Simmonds and Welsh 2013 Little Barford Beds Price et al. 1997 Marston Moretaine, Bedford Road Beds Hounsell 2003 Meppershall Beds Wilson and Zeepvat 2010a Newnham Beds Ingham et al. 2016 Pertenhall, Manor Farm Beds Bush 2013 Ravensden, North Brickhill Beds Edmondson 2008 Renhold, Water End East (Site 8) Beds Timby et al. 2007b Roxton Road West (Site 1) Beds Timby et al. 2007b Ruxox Beds Dawson 2004 Sandy, Warren Villas Quarry Beds Bedfordshire Archaeological Service 1995b Sandy, Straford Road Beds Walsh et al. 1999; Hickling 2005 Sandy Beds Dawson 1996a Shefford, Ampthill Beds Luke et al. 2010 Stagsden, Bedford Bypass Beds Bedfordshire Archaeological Service 1995c Tilsworth (Steppingley to Aylesbury Gas Pipeline Section 3 Sites 6-8) Beds Network Archaeology 2007 Totternhoe, Wingfield Beds Newboult and Pikinton 2009 Wilshamstead, Hill Field Beds Ingham 2010c Wilstead, Luton Road Beds Luke and Preece 2011b Woburn, 13 Bedford Street Beds Newboult 2009 Wyboston, Tithe Farm Hunts Ellis 1993 Yelden, Spring Lane Beds Taylor and Yates 2004 Yelnow villa Beds Wessex Archaeology 2009a
Aylesbury High School Bucks Fasham 2003 Bierton Bucks Allen 1986 Buckland, Lower Icknield Way Bucks Masefield 2008 Broughton, Manor Farm/Brooklands Bucks Atkins et al. 2014 Dinton, Hollywell Farm, Cuddington Road Bucks Riccobini 2011
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Fenny Stratford Bucks Neal 1987; Hunn et al. 1995 Fleet Marston (Billingsfield, Berryfields, Fleet Marston Farm, Gas Pipeline) Bucks Cox 1997; Simmonds 2010; Network Archaeology 2007 Grendon Underwood Bucks Thatcher 2008; Thatcher et al. 2014 Haversham Hill Farm Bucks Mudd 2006 Linslade (A4146 Stoke Hammond to Linslade Bypass) Bucks Moore et al. 2007 Long Crendon Industrial Estate Bucks Milbank 2010 Milton Keynes, Campbell Park Bucks Abrams et al. 2007 Milton Keynes, Walton (MK36) Bucks Marney 1989 Milton Keynes, Cotton Valley (MK71) Bucks Marney 1989 Milton Keynes, nr Bancroft (MK345) Bucks Marney 1989 Milton Keynes, Loughton (MK307) Bucks Marney 1989 Milton Keynes, Caldecotte (MK44) Bucks Marney 1989 Milton Keynes, Wroughton (MK297) Bucks Marney 1989 Milton Keynes, nr Wroughton (MK313) Bucks Marney 1989 Milton Keynes, Wymbush (MK211) Bucks Marney 1989 Milton Keynes, Willen (MK269) Bucks Marney 1989 Milton Keynes, Bancroft (MK105) Bucks Marney 1989 Milton Keynes, Caldecotte (MK354) Bucks Marney 1989 Newport Pagnell, Renny Lodge Bucks Budd and Crockett 2009 Newport Pagnell, Rocla Pipeworks Bucks Morris 2007 Newton Longville, Salden Chase Bucks Evans 2013 Passenham, Calverton Quarry Bucks Morris 2006 Quarrendon (Steppingley to Aylesbury Gas Pipeline Section 4 Site 9) Bucks Network Archaeology 2007 Shabbington, Peppershill Farm Bucks Ford et al. 2004 Shenley Brook End, Project Harry Bucks Wessex Archaeology 2005 Stanton Low Bucks Woodfield 1989 Stoke Hammond, Three Locks Golf Course Bucks Ford 2000b Tattenhoe, Portishead Drive Bucks Abrams 2002 Tring Hill Bucks Masefield 2008 Wavendon, Magna Farm Bucks Chapman and Chapman 2017 Wavendon, Nova |MK1 Bucks Burrow 2006 Wavendon Gate Bucks Williams et al. 1996 Weedon Hill Bucks Wessex Archaeology 2007a; Wakeham and Bradley 2013
Babraham, Babraham Research Campus Cambs Willis 2004; Appleby et al. 2007b; Armour 2007b; Armour et al. 2007 Babraham, Babraham Research Campus combined Cambs Chris Evans pers. comm. Kenney 2007b; Newton 2014; Andrew Peachey pers. comm.; Newton Bottisham, Tunbridge Lane Cambs 2016b Bottisham, Whiteland Spring Cambs Robinson 1992 Bourn, Ash Plantation (A428 Caxton-Hardwick Bypass Site 2) Cambs Abrams and Ingham 2008 Bourn, Coton to Bourn Booster Pipeline Cambs Murrell 2010 Cambourne New Settlement Cambs Wright et al. 2009 Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Cambs Evans 2008 Cambridge, Castle Hill Cambs Alexander and Pullinger 1999 (for PNK: Nicholson 2004a, 19) Cambridge, Jesus Lane Cambs Alexander et al. 2004 Cambridge, Vicars Farm Cambs Lucas 2001 Cambridge, NW Cambridge Cambs Evans and Newman 2010 Chatteris, Langwood Farm fieldwalking Cambs Evans 2003 Duxford, Pepperton Hill Cambs Price et al. 1997 Ely, Hurst Lane Reservoir Cambs Evans et al. 2007 Ely, Prickwillow Road Cambs Atkins and Mudd 2003 Ely, West Fen Road (Consortium and Ashwell Sites) Cambs Mortimer et al. 2005; Mudd and Webster 2011 Foxton Cambs Price et al. 1997 Haddenham Cambs Evans and Hodder 2006 Haddenham, West End Cambs Grassman 2005a Haddenham, Archaeological Solutions site Cambs Andy Peachey pers. comm. Harston Mill Cambs Andy Peachey pers. comm. Hinxton, Quarry North Field Cambs Mortimer and Evans 1996 Hinxton, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Extension Cambs Kemp and Spoerry 2002 Linton, Linton Village College Cambs Gilmour 2008b Litlington villa Cambs Hall 2010 March, Wimblington Road Cambs Wallis forthcoming Milton, Ely Road Cambs Rees 2009 Over, Over Industrial Estate Cambs House 2009 Papworth Everard, Papworth Hospital Car Park Cambs Carlyle and Kajewski 2009; Wolframm-Murray and Chapman 2015 Soham, Fordham Road Cambs Quinn and Peachey 2012 Soham, NE of Fordham Road Cambs Peachey 2015b Soham, former Church Hall Cambs Leonard and Woolhouse 2014 [published as Woolhouse 2015] Steeple Morden, Station Quarry Cambs Atkins and Graham 2013 Stonea Cambs Jackson and Potter 1996 Swavesey, Covell's Drain Cambs Murrell 2007
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Trumpington, Clay Farm Cambs Mortimer and Phillips 2012 Waterbeach, Waste Management Park Cambs Ranson 2008; Tabor 2010b Wimblington, March-Chatteris pipeline Cambs M. Jones 2007; Wallis forthcoming Wimpole Cambs Horton et al. 1994 Wimpole Cambs Price et al. 1997
Bluntisham, Rectory Road Hunts Burrow and Mudd 2008 Brampton, A14 Ellington to Fen Ditton Hunts Patten et al. 2010 Durobrivae Hunts Perrin 1999 Earith, Camp Ground Hunts Evans 2013 Earith, Langdale Hale Hunts Evans 2013 Eaton Socon Hunts Gibson 2005 Fenstanton, Old Baptist Chapel Hunts Nicholson 2004a Godmanchester, Site TR33008 Hunts Wait 1991 Godmanchester, Watersmeet, Mill Common Hunts Nicholson 2004b Godmanchester, 18 New Street Hunts T. Phillips 2007 Godmanchester, Primary School Hunts Gilmour 2008a Godmanchester,Bears Croft Hunts Patten 2009 Haddon, Motorway Service Area Hunts CCCFAU 1999 Haddon Lodge Farm Hunts French 1994 Kimbolton, Claylands Farm Hunts Ellis 1993 Kimbolton, Perry West Wood Hunts Ellis 1993 Little Paxton Quarry Hunts A.Jones 2011 Stilton, Norman Cross Hunts Ellis et al. 1998 Orton Longueville, C1-2 Hunts Mackreth 2001 Orton Waterville Hunts Mackay 2002 Peterborough, Fawcet Road and Horsey Hill Hunts Wallis forthcoming Sawtry, Tort Hill Hunts Ellis et al. 1998 Somersham, Knobbs Farm Hunts Armour 2008; Colins 2009 Stilton Hunts Wessex Archaeology 2007b St Ives, The Priory Hunts Fell et al. 2012 Stow Longa and Tilbrook Hunts Atkins 2009 [published as Atkins 2010 without pot report] Woodhurst, Harradine's Farm Cambs Cuttler et al. 2011 Yaxley, Broadway Fields Hunts J. Brown 2008 Bartlow, Bartlow Park Cambs Wallis forthcoming Bartlow, Bartlow Park Cambs Mustchin and Barlow 2913
Great Chesterford (Churchyard, Bishops House, Vintners, Rose Cottage) Ess Medlycott 2011a Great Chesterford temple Ess Medlycott 2011a Great Chesterford, northern suburb Ess Draper 1986 Wendens Ambo Ess Hodder 1982
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APPENDIX 9: SITE SUMMARIES - EARLY ANGLO-SAXON ROYAL BURIALS
The royal burial at Prittlewell was thankfully excavated under modern conditions in 2003, although it lay within a larger cemetery parts of which were destroyed in 1887, 1923, and 1930 (the finds from which included an unusually large number of weapons and two garnet-set pendants: Tyler 1988). In 2003 further graves were uncovered including a chamber burial with a large collection of extremely high status grave goods that included 2 gold crosses, a gold brooch, a Byzantine silver spoon, and 22 vessels including the remains of 5 wooden drinking cups with gilded bronze or silver rim mounts, 2 drinking horns, 3 iron-bound wooden buckets, Kentish glass jars, a hanging bowl possibly from northern Britain or Ireland, a bronze cauldron, and a Byzantine bronze flagon and large ‘coptic’ bowl. The identity of the individual buried there will probably never be known for sure, but based on an initial dating of these and other artefacts the most likely candidate was thought to be king Sabert who ruled the East Saxons when the bishopric in London was founded in 604 and who died in c.616 (Yorke 1990, 51; Hirst 2004). Whybra (2014), in contrast, argued for a mid-seventh century date based upon the artefact types, although the recent radiocarbon dating programme of Hines and Bayliss (2013, 501-2, 533) suggests a date around the 580s/590s making it the earliest of the probably royal graves in eastern England. Although this pre-dates the Augustinian mission, it is inherently likely that Augustine came to a region that was already receptive to Christianity. The cemetery at Prittlewell lay in the valley of the Prittle Brook, c.600m to the north west of the parish church of Prittlewell which contains some Anglo-Saxon fabric including a blocked round-headed door arch: although not easily datable on stylistic grounds a seventh century date had been suggested, and as stone buildings in this period were extremely rare it was suggested that Prittlewell may have been a ‘minster’ church (Taylor and Taylor 1965, 499-500; Rodwell and Rodwell 1977, 22; Pewsey and Books 1993, 63). A more recent study, however, has suggested that it dates to the tenth century and replaced an earlier minster at Wakering (Secker 2016; for Wakering and its landscape context see Dale et al. 2010; Rippon 2011). Another extremely high status male burial was discovered at Broomfield in 1888 when workmen found a sword, spear, and knife, along with a gold pyramid and buckle plate, both set with garnets. Further work in 1894 revealed a circular bronze pan that contained the tips of two drinking horns, two glass bowls, and two wooden cups with gilt bronze rims; nearby there were two wooden buckets with iron mounts, an iron lamp on a branched stand, an iron cauldron, a shield boss, a wheel-turned grey ware vase (VCH Ess I, 320; Meaney 1964, 85; W. Jones 1980, 89-90; Geake 1997, 151). Contemporary records suggest that the grave lay within a timber- lined chamber with posts at the corners (Geake 1997, 151). This burial appears to be a little later than Prittlewell and has strong similarities with Sutton Hoo, Snape, and Taplow, and therefore probably dates to the very early seventh century (Hines and Bayliss 2013, 533). As with Prittlewell, there is good documentary evidence for a royal estate centre nearby, as the Broomfield burial lies 4 km south of Great Waltham: the place-name element ‘Waltham’ means ‘forest estate centre’and was frequently used for royal administrative centres in forest areas (Watts 2004, 647); in Domesday the Abbey of St Edmund’s held ‘Waltham’ by the King’s gift (DBEss 11,7). Three other sites in Essex have relatively rich male warrior graves. The gold pyramid and buckle plate at Broomfield may have come from the same workshop as the late sixth or early seventh century gold cone with garnet and lapis lazuli inlay found at Forest Gate in West Ham in south western Essex (VCH Ess I, 329, plate facing p322 No. 2). Unfortunately nothing is known about the context of this find, although it presumably came from a high status burial. A relatively rich group of burials was destroyed during gravel digging at Gerpin’s Lane in Rainham in 1937, where finds included six shield bosses, two swords, a probably seax, seven spearheads, a Merovingian ceramic bowl, three bronze-bound wooden buckets, a finger ring, a gold coin of Mauritius Tiberius (AD 582-602) set in a pendant, and two glass drinking horns (Meaney 1964, 88; Evison 1955; Howell et al. 2011, 91-2). The Gerpin’s Lane cemetery lies 3 km south of the church at Upminster, whose place-name is suggestive of an early medieval church (Watts 2004, 637). Another wealthy grave has probably been disturbed at Barrow Fields in Feering (close to the boundary with Kelvedon). Excavations in the nineteenth century produced evidence for ‘many skeletons’ along with brooches (including six applied brooches), beads, a sword and spearhead, and a garnet inlayed buckle (Smith 1903, 326-7; Meaney 1964, 86; Rodwell 1988, fig. 2). A fragment of a gold buckle plate with zoomorphic filigree decoration, reported through the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS-276915) points to another very high status burial. An exceptionally rich male burial was excavated at Taplow, in Buckinghamshire, in 1882 (Meaney 1964, 59; Crowfoot and Chadwick Hawkes 1967, 42-9; Stocker and Went 1995; Geake 1997, 146). It sits on the
57 chalk escarpment overlooking the Thames, and the nearby church is of Anglo-Saxon construction. The timber- lined chamber contained a male burial accompanied by a sword, two shields, three spears, twelve drinking vessels (including two silver mounted horns, and four green glass claw beakers), two or possibly three buckets, a cauldron (identical to that at Sutton Hoo), Coptic bowl, gaming board with pieces, a lyre, gold belt buckle and clasps, and a cloak or tunic had a gold embroidered hem, cuffs and collar. The burial dates to the early seventh century, and the Kentish associations suggested by Welch (1992, 96) could equally reflect an East Saxon warrior, such were the links between the two kingdoms (e.g. the East Saxon Sledd married Ricula, sister of King Aethelbert of Kent, and their son King Sabert converted to Christianity through the intervention of his Kentish uncle Aethelbert in 604: Yorke 1990, 46-7). Although lying in modern Buckinghamshire, it lies just outside Middlesex which for a time at least lay within the jurisdiction of the East Saxon kings.
58
APPENDIX 10: EARLY ANGLO-SAXON GRUBENHÄUSER
number parish site county (cm = date HER references cropmark) Bedford Cambridge Road Beds 4 C5-6 Chapman and Chapman 2017 Biddenham Bidenham Loop, SL62 Beds 20 18921
Biddenham Bidenham Loop, AL63 Beds 8 18921
Biddenham Bidenham Loop II 62 Beds 20 Luke 2016
Biddenham Bidenham Loop II 63 Beds 8 Luke 2016
Clapham Oakley Beds ? 9095
Dunstable Dunstable (N part of RB town) Beds ? Fitzpatrick-Matthews 2014, 52
Eastcotts Cambridge Road Beds 5 C5-6 1623
Elstow Village Farm Beds 2 16082+13413
Elstow Pear Tree Farm Beds 1 Woodward 1977
Harrold Beds Dawson 2004, 82
Houghton Regis Sewell Beds 2 12147
Houghton Regis Puddlehill Beds 1 Matthews 1962
Kempston Land Werst of Kempston Beds 3 Luke 2016
Leighton Buzzard Grove Priory Beds Dawson 2004, 82
Northill Ivel Farm Beds 3 13974
Renhold A421 Site 8 Water End East Beds 1? Timby et al. 2007b, 202-3
Roxton Roxton Road Beds 1? 13413
Salford Whitsundies Farm Beds 2 7721
Southill Ash Covert Beds ? (cm) 6741
Southill Broom Grange Beds ? 17184
Stotfold Stotfold Beds Dawson 2004, 82
Aylesbury Walton, Croft Road Bucks 1 559300000
Aylesbury Walton Court Bucks 5 9302000 Farley 1976; Ford et al. 2004
Aylesbury Walton Road Stores Bucks 6 614500000
Bletchley Water Eaton Bucks ?1 Hancock 2010
Bierton with Broughton Bierton with Broughton Bucks 2 104700006
Boughton Brooklands Bucks 1 Atkins et al. 2014
Burnham Burnham Bucks ?7 155203000
Great Linford Pennyland Bucks 13 Williams 1993
Haddenham Aston Road Bucks 1 Crank 2016, 176 Lathbury Home Farm Bucks 1 Edmondson 2000
Milton Keynes Fenny Lock Bucks 1 + ?1 Ford and Taylor 2001
Milton Keynes Hartigans Bucks 1 Williams 1993
Newport Pagnell Kickles Farm Bucks 1+ Crank 2017 Newport Pagnell Newport Pagnell Bucks 1 C5 Morris 2007
Pitstone Castle Cement Works Bucks 4 + ?2 677900000 Phillips 2005 Walton Wavendon Gate Bucks 1? Williams et al. 1996
Wolverton Bancroft Mausoleum Bucks 1 Williams and Zeepvat 1994
Wolverton Wolverton Mill Bucks 1 C5 Chapman et al. 2015
Babraham Babraham Research Campus Cambs 2 PCAS XCIII, 179; Croft et al. 2012, 179
Bassingbourn Bassingbourn Village College Cambs 1 18142 Phillips 2008
Brampton Area B1, Site 5 Cambs 6 Evans and Standring 2012, 88
Buckden Buckden Gravel Pit Cambs 1 861 + 2498
Cambridge Institute of Criminology Cambs 2 C6-7 15349 Dodwell et al. 2004 Chatteris Tithe Barn Farm Cambs 1 Croft et al. 2012, 185
Cottenham Lordship Lane Cambs 1 15522 PCAS 89
Cottenham Rampton Road Cambs 1? Hatton 2015, 150 Duxford Duxford Cambs 3 Lyons 2011a
Eaton Socon Aplpha Park Cambs 2 18207
Eynesbury Hardwicke Cambs 7 19113 Ellis 2004
Fordham Hillside Meadow Cambs several 14613 Patrick and Rátkai 2011
Fowlmere High Street Cambs 1 c.500AD 14599 PCAS XCVI, 135-42 Fowlmere Round Moat Cambs 1 Spoerry and Hinman 2007
Gamlingay Gamlingay Cambs 12 11980A Murray and McDonald 2005
Godmanchester Cardinal Distribution Site Cambs 6 13011
Godmanchester Earning Street Cambs 1 1544
Grantchester Grantchester Cambs 1 C5 04922a Med Arch 16, 148 Guilden Morden Shire Balk Cambs 2 02714B
59
number parish site county (cm = date HER references cropmark) Guilden Morden Norton to Morden pipeline Cambs 1? 02714B
Harston Manor Farm Cambs 2 4122 Malim 1993
Harston Harston Hall Cambs 3 14545 Harston Harston Mill [=HER 14545?] Cambs 6 O'Brien 2016 Hilton Scott's Close Cambs 1? Woolhouse 2010
Hinxton Hinxton Quarry/Lordhips Farm Cambs 5+ 11306B Stone 2010
Hinxton Hinxton Hall; Genome Campus Cambs 8+ C5 Croft et al. 2012, 187
Isleham Fordham Road Cambs 1? 16866 PCAS XCVIX, 103-12
Linton Linton Gas Pipeline Cambs 1 C6 6129
Linton Bartlow Road Cambs 1 PCAS CIV, 180; Hatton 2015, 155
Longstanton Striplands farm Cambs 1? 16339
Orton Waterville Cherry Orton Road Cambs 1? PCAS CV, 115-20
Pampisford Bourn Bridge Cambs 11 C6-7 13044 EAA 141, 123 Rectory Farm Great Gransden Cambs ?1 PCAS CIII, 147
St Ives The Priory Cambs 1 15820
Sawston Mill Lane Cambs 4 Paul et al. 2016
Soham Church Hall Cambs 1? Leonard and Woolhouse 2014
Waterbeach Cambridge Rowing Lake Cambs 1 9049
Waterbeach Denny End Cambs 1 14602
Whittlesey Eastrea Haulage Depot Cambs ? (cm) 02834a
Whittlesey Drybread Road Cambs ? (cm) 4281
Wadlow Farm West Wratting Cambs 1 Woodley and Abram 2013
Arlesford Plumpton’s Farm Essex 1? (cm) Priddy 1984-5a, 110
Barling Barling Hall Essex 1 C5-8 M. Jones 1978; Crouchman 1977, 67
Brightlingsea Moveron’s Pit Essex 1? 16912 'feature 100 may have been a Grubenhaus'
Brightlingsea Big Wapping Wood Essex ? (cm) 2141
Brightlingsea north of Brightlingsea Essex ? (cm) 2161
Bulmer Hole Farm, Bulmer Tye Essex 1 C6 M. Jones 1978; Blake 1959
Chadwell St Mary County Primary School Essex 1 C6 Lavendar 1998
Chadwell St Mary Mill House Farm Essex 4 C6-7 Newton 2016
Colchester Culver Street Essex 1 C6-7 Crummy 1992, 118-20; Cotter 2000
Colchester Lion Walk Essex 2 C5; C6-7 Crummy 1981, 1-6; 1984; Cotter 2000
Dagenham Dagenham Heathway Essex 3 C6 Boyer et al. 2014 Priddy 1984-5b, 131; 1986, 160; 1987, 107-8; Goldhanger Rook Hall Essex 6 C6-7 Wallis and Waughman 1998, 233 Great Dunmow Bigod’s Wood Essex 26? (cm) Gilman and Bennett 1990, 125
Great Wakering Brickfields south of village Essex 1 13822; 19975
Harlow Gilden Way Essex 1 C5 Germany 2008
Heybridge Crescent Road 1972 Essex 5 C5 M. Jones 1978; Drury and Wickenden 1982
Heybridge Elm’s Farm Essex 3 C5-6 Atkinson & Preston 2015a
Langford Essex & Suffolk water Pipeline Essex 2 British Archaeology 143, 6
Littlebury west of Littlebury Essex ? (cm) 355
Mucking Linford Quarry Essex 5 C5 M. Jones 1978; Hirst and Clark 2009, 445
Mucking Orsett Quarry Essex 210 C5-7/8 M. Jones 1978; Hamerow 1993
Mucking North Ring Essex 2 or 3 C7 Bond 1988
Orsett Barrington’s Farm Essex 3 C5-6 Milton 1987
Orsett Orsett Cock Essex 5 or 6 C6-7 M. Jones 1978; Carter 1998
Neville’s Farm Essex ? (cm) 5213
Prittlewell Clements Park (B&Q/Comet Site) Essex 4 C5-7/8 Chaffey et al. 2013
Rainham Berwick Ponds Farm Essex 8 C5-7 Murray & O’Brien 2003; Howell et al. 2011, 95
Romford Marks Warren Quarry Essex 1 C6-7 Lyons 2011b
Shopland Fox Hall Farm Essex 1 C6 Ecclestone 1995
Stifford Ardale School Essex 5 or 6 C6-7 Wilkinson 1988
Sutton Temple Farm Essex 1 C5 Priddy 1986, 163; Brown nd
Tendring Hill Farm Essex 1 18020
Priddy 1984-5b, 135; Wallis & Waughman 1998, Tolleshunt D’Arcy Hill Farm Essex 1 C6-7 233 West Hanningfield Downhouse Farm Essex 1? Dale et al. 2005, 19
West Mersea Wellhouse Farm Essex ? (cm) 2154
West Tilbury Gun Hill Essex 1 C6-7 Drury and Rodwell 1973
Bennett 1997; 2002, 412; 2003, 250; Tyler Witham Maltings Lane Essex 6 2011b, 123
60
number parish site county (cm = date HER references cropmark) Baldock Blackhorse Farm Herts 1? 6826 HAH 12 (1994-6), 136; Phillips 2009, 159
Roman pit claimed to have been re-used as a Baldock Clothall Common Herts 1??? 13177 Grubenhauser Colney Street Old Parkbury Farm Herts 1 or 2 MAS 9706 Niblett 2001b Hertford Foxholes Farm Herts 4 MAS Partridge 1989, 65-9
Hertford Mill Road Depot Herts 1? MAS 13123 HAH 15 (2008), 166 Stevenage Broadwater Crescent Herts 1 C5 455 Adams nd
Brentford Site K Middles 1 C6 Cowie and Blackmore 2008, 54
Enfield Aylands Allotments Middles 2 C6-7 82193 Cowie and Blackmore 2008, 16 Hamersmith Winslow Road Middles 6 C5-6 7955
Hamersmith Site H Middles 6 C6-mC6 Cowie and Blackmore 2008, 36
Hamersmith Hamersmith Embankment Middles 1 C5-C6 Cowie and Blackmore 2008, 49
Harmondsworth Moor Lane/Prospect Park Middles 11 C5-6 Farwell et al. 1999; Cowie & Blackmore 2008, 62
Harmondsworth Holloway Close Middles 1 C6 Cowie and Blackmore 2008, 66
Harmondsworth Manor Farm Middles 2 C5-7 Cowie and Blackmore 2008, 70
Harmondsworth Holloway lane Middles 2 23947 Cowie and Blackmore 2008, 78, 82
Harmondsworth Bath Road Middles 1? Cowie and Blackmore 2008, 83
Harmondsworth Imperial College Sports Ground Middles 2? Powell et al. 2015
Hayes Blair Close Middles 1? 59171
Hillingdon Heathrow W. Perimeter Rd Middles 733301
Hillingdon Imperial College Sports Ground Middles 1? 73806
Hillingdon Godfry Way Middles 1 54744
Hillingdon M4 Widening Scheme Middles 2 51045
Hillingdon Manor Farm Middles 1? 51122
Hounslow Hayes Road Middles 1 99425
Hounslow High Street Middles 1 51162
Sheperton Shepperton Green/Saxon School Middles 1 Canham 1979; Poulton 2005
Aldby Norfolk ? (cm) 44948
Aldeby Aldeby Quarry Norfolk 2 or 3 34099 NA LXIII(iii), 522
Arminghall Bixley Norfolk ? (cm) 9585
Ashby with Oby Norfolk ? (cm) 14395
Ashby with Oby Norfolk ? (cm) 44906
Bacton Norfolk ? (cm) 32231
Beetley Hungry Hill, East Bilney Norfolk 1 39348 NA XLV(iii), 441
Billingford Norfolk 1 7206 + 50911 Wallis 2011
Blofeld Norfolk ? (cm) 49575
Bowthorpe Bishy Barnabee Way Norfolk 6 or 7 35757 NA XLIN(i), 170; NA XLIV(iii), 525-35
Brampton Norfolk 1 1006
Brettenham Melford Meadows Norfolk several 17269 Mudd 2002
Brettenham 2009 site Norfolk 2? NA XLVI(i), 136
Broome Yarmouth Road Quarry Norfolk 1 36289 NA XLIV(ii), 222-50.
Burgh Castle Norfolk ? (cm) 49203
Burgh St Peter Norfolk ? (cm) 44917
Caistor St Edmund Markshall Norfolk ? (cm) 31550
Caistor St Edmund Caistor Hall Hotel Norfolk 1 49021
Caistor St Edmund Roman town Norfolk Speed 2014, 19
Clay next the Sea Norfolk ? (cm) 27208
Costessey Three Score Norfolk 3 40711 NA XLV(i), 126
East Ruston Norfolk ? (cm) 36758
East Ruston Norfolk ? (cm) 38600
East Winch Middleton replacement water main Norfolk 2 or 3 NA XLVI(ii), 265-6
Filby Norfolk ? (cm) 27619
Happisburgh Norfolk ? (cm) 16015
Hoe Roosting Hills (Beetley) Quarry Norfolk 3 37159 NA XLIV(ii), 373
Honing Crostwright Norfolk ? (cm) 36756
Hoveton Norfolk ? (cm) 49448
Keswick Norfolk ? (cm) 31555
Kilverstone Norfolk 34489 Garrow et al. 2006
Letheringsett Norfolk ? (cm) 18101
Mundham Norfolk 2 29198
North Elmham Spong Hill Norfolk several 1012
Norwich Norfolk 03-Apr 35757
Ormesby St Margaret Norfolk 2 NA LXIII(iii), 522
61
number parish site county (cm = date HER references cropmark) Postwick with Witton Norfolk 1 10219
Smallburgh Norfolk ? (cm) 49419
Snetterton Grange Farm Borrow Pit Norfolk 7 C5-7 36802 D. Robertson 2004 South Walsham Norfolk 1? 39600
Sprowston Norfolk ? (cm) 21127
Stanfield and Beetley Norfolk 1 30660
Stoke Holy Cross Norfolk ? (cm) 52185
Surlingham Norfolk ? (cm) 49581
Thetford Brandon Road Norfolk 7 5756 Atkins and Connor 2010
Thetford Redcastle Furze Norfolk 9 24822
Thorpe St Andrew Norfolk ? (cm) 52046
Thorpe St Andrew Norfolk ? (cm) 52045
Titchwell Norfolk ? (cm) 26745
Upton with Fishley Norfolk ? (cm) 49482
Weeting Castle Norfolk several 5626
West Dereham Norfolk 2 50596
West Dereham Crimplesham Quarry Norfolk 14 NA XLVI(ii), 276
Witton Norfolk 9 C5, C6 1009
Wymondham Browick Road Norfolk 1 41125 NA XLV(i), 136
Barking Gallows Hill Suffolk 2 BRK104 Martin et al. 2003, 349
Barnham Thetford Substation Suffolk 1 BNH062 Martin et al. 2008, 542
Butley Suffolk 1+ 4 West 1998, 271
Carlton Colville Bloodmoor Hill Suffolk CAC016
Claydon Burnside paper Mill Suffolk 1? CLY031 Martin and Plouviez 2013, 101
Coddenham Vicarge Farm Suffolk 1 C6/7 CDD022 Martin et al. 2004, 506 Coddenham Shrubland Quarry Phase 2 Suffolk 2? CDD050
Coddenham Anglian Water Pipeline Suffolk 1 CDD068
Culford Culford School Suffolk 4 Minter 2016 Eye Hartismere High School Suffolk 18 Caruth and Goffin 2012
Fakenham Magna Suffolk ? (cm) FKM015
Flixton Flixton Park Quarry Suffolk 13 Martin et al. 2003, 356; Martin et al. 2008, 522
Freckenham Suffolk 1 FRK011 West 1998, 271
Freckenham Suffolk 1 FRK044 Martin et al. 2001, 96
Great Barton Suffolk 1 BRG005
Hacheston Fiveways Suffolk 1 HCH001
Hacheston Suffolk 1 HCH013 West 1998, 271
Hadleigh Suffolk 1? HAD009 West 1998, 271
Halesworth Church Farm Suffolk 1? HWT019
Hengrave Suffolk c.40 (cm) HNV001 West 1998, 271; Tipper 2004, 19
Honnington Sapiston Bridge Suffolk 2 HNN004
Kentford Kentford Hall Suffolk 18 Minter 2016, 627 Lackford Lackford Quarry Suffolk 1 LKD038
RAF Lakenheath Recycling Lakenheath Suffolk 3 Martin et al. 2003, 362 Centre Lakenheath RAF Lakenheath Wells Road Suffolk 1 Martin et al. 2003, 363
Little Bealings Suffolk 3 BEL006
Little Bealings Firecrest Nursery Suffolk 1 BEL024 Martin et al 1993, 94
Mildenhall RAF Mildenhall, 30 Acre Field Suffolk 1 Martin et al. 2005, 125
Needham Market The Pightle Suffolk 1 NDM008 Martin et al. 1994, 219-20
Needham Market Unilever Site Suffolk 1 British Archaeology 134 (2014)
Oulton Lime Avenue Suffolk 5 Minter & Plouviez 2015, 464; Minter 2016, 633
Pakenham Grimstone End Suffolk 1? PKM006 West 1998, 271
Rickinghall Inferior Broom Hills Suffolk 1? RKN004 West 1998, 271
Mustchin & Lichtenstein 2013; Minter & Snape Blyth House Suffolk 3 or 6? Plouviez 2015, 466 Snape Church Street Suffolk 1 SNP106 Minter 2016, 635 West Stow Suffolk 2 WSW030 exc 1978-9 c.500m w of prev site
West Stow Country Park Suffolk WSW002
West Stow Stow Club Suffolk ? (cm) WSW006
62
APPENDIX 11: EARLY ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERIES parish site county inh crem date P&B2007 reference BEDFORDSHIRE Arlesey railway cutting Beds 3 Meaney 1964, 35
Bedford Beds 3 Meaney 1964, 35
Biggleswade Stratton Beds Baker 2006, 105
Broom Beds 5 C7 Cooper and Edmonds 2007, 265
Chalton Chalgrave Beds 4 C6 Meaney 1964, 35
Cross Hall Beds 1 Meaney 1964, 35
Dunstable Five Knolls Beds 100 1 Meaney 1964, 36
Dyers Hill Farm Beds 2 Meaney 1964, 36
Eaton Socon St Neots Beds 2 C7? Meaney 1964, 36
Eggington Beds 2 Meaney 1964, 36
Elstow Abbey Beds 1 BedHER 262
Farndish Beds 1 lC6 Meaney 1964, 36
Henlow Beds 1 CBedsHER 399
Kempston Beds 129 51 early C5-C7 Meaney 1964, 37; Kennett 1986
Leagrave Limbury, Wallud's Bank Beds 2 C6 Austin 1928; Meaney 1964, 38
Leighton Buzzard I, Leighton Buzzard Beds 2 2 Meaney 1964, 36-7 Dead Man's Slade Luton Luton I, Peddlar's Way Beds 24 C6 Austin 1926; Meaney 1964, 38
Luton Luton I, Argyll Avenue Beds 45 8 C6 Austin 1928; Meaney 1964, 38
Luton Luton III, Sarum Rd Beds 1 Meaney 1964, 39
Moggerhanger Beds 1 C6 Meaney 1964, 39
Puddlehill Beds 1 Meaney 1964, 39-40
Roxton Loxton Lock Beds 1 C6-7 BedHER 617
Sandy Beds C5-early C6 Meaney 1964, 40
Shefford Beds 1 Meaney 1964, 40
Shillington Pegsdon Common Beds 2 Meaney 1964, 39
Stotfold Norton Road Beds 2 C6-7 CBedsHER 74
Sundon Cement Works Beds 1 Meaney 1964, 40
Toddington Fancot Beds 2 2 Meaney 1964, 36
Toddington I, Sheepwalk Toddington Beds 17 C6 Meaney 1964, 40 Hill Toddington II, Warmark Toddington Beds 1000 ?C5-6 Meaney 1964, 40-1 Farm
NORTHERN BUCKS (ie SE MIDLANDS) Ashendon Bucks 1 Meaney 1964, 56; Bailey 1996b
Bishopstone Cursley Field Bucks 6+ C5-6 Meaney 1964, 56; Bailey 1996b
Milton Keyes Western Calverton Bucks 17 Recs. of Bucks 54, 208 Expansion Areas A&B Dinton Dinton Bucks 38 late C5 Hunn et al. 1994
Hartwell Hartwell Bucks 2+ Meaney 1964, 57
Lower Winchendon Lower Winchendon Bucks 1 1 C5-6 Head and Hume 1969
Mentmore Mentmore Bucks 26+ Meaney 1964, 58
Newport Pagnell Kickle Farm Bucks 2+ Meaney 1964, 57
Newport Pagnell Newport Pagnell Bucks 13+ Meaney 1964, 58
Pitstone Pitstone Bucks 11+ Phillips 2005, 1-2
Shenley Brook End Westbury by Shenley Bucks 5 Recs. of Bucks 32, 149
Soulsbury Rislip Farm Bucks 5 Parkhouse and Bonner 1997b
Stone I Stone Bucks 10+ Meaney 1964, 58
Tattenhoe Bottledump Corner Bucks 5 Parkhouse and Smith 1994
Tring Hill Bucks C7 Masefield 2008
Turweston Turweston Bucks 1 BucksHER 0297500000
Upper Wichendon Eythrope Bucks 2+ Meaney 1964, 57
Wolverton Radcliffe School Bucks 81 C7 Crank 2010, 111; Thompson et al. 2011, 3
63 parish site county inh crem date P&B2007 reference SOUTHERN BUCKS (IN NORTHERN THAMES BASIN) Bledlow Bledlow Bucks 1 Meaney 1964, 56
Bledlow Cop Round Barrow Bucks 2 4 Meaney 1964, 56
High Wycombe Castle Hill House Bucks 1 Meaney 1964, 59
Hitcham Windmill Field Bucks 1 Meaney 1964, 57; Farley 1989b
Loudwater Loudwater Bucks 1 Meaney 1964, 57
Taplow Taplow Bucks 1 Meaney 1964, 59
Taplow Taplow hillfort Bucks 1 Allen et al. 2009
Wooburn Bourne End Bucks C7 Farley 1987
CAMBRIDGESHIRE Abington Pigots Abington Pigots Cambs Taylor 1997, 11; Swanton 1974, 28
SS Peter & Paul's Alconbury Cambs 1 Hatton et al. 2016, 145 church Babraham Worstead Street Cambs 2 C2 Meaney 1964, 71
Balsham Fleam Ditch Cambs 2 C1 Meaney 1964, 64-5; Malim and Hines 1998, 204
Barrington B Barrington Cambs 114 early C6 C4 Fox 1923, 253; Meaney 1964, 61; Taylor 1997, 15 (Hooper's Field) Barrington A (Edix Wilkinson 1868; Fox 1923, 251-2; Malim and Hines Barrington Cambs 200 early C6 C3 Hill) 1998, 7, 220-2; Swanton 1974 Bartlow Bartlow Cambs 1 C5 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 101
Bottisham Allington Hill Cambs 1 C7? C6 Meaney 1964, 60
Cambridge River Cam Cambs Swanton 1974, 40
Cambridge I, St John's Cambridge Cambs 80 100 early C5-7 C13-14 Meaney 1964, 62; Swanton 1974, 40 College Cricket Field Cambridge Cambridge II, town Cambs 5 C5+ C15 Swanton 1974, 40
Cambridge III, Cambridge Cambs Meaney 1964, 63 St Giles Cambridge IV, Cambridge Cambs C18 Meaney 1964, 63 Barnwell Cambridge V, Cambridge Cambs 2 C8 Meaney 1964, 63 Madingley Road Cambridge Crofts Lodge Cambs C10 Penn and Brugman 2007, 101
Chatteris Chatteris Cambs 2 C19 Meaney 1964, 63; Swanton 1973, 157; 1974, 40
Swans Gravel Pit, Chesterton Cambs 1 C47 Meaney 1964, 63 Milton Chippenham Chippenham Cambs 2 ?C6+ C22 Meaney 1964, 63
Downham Cambs 3 C6 C23 Meaney 1964, 64
Dry Drayton Cambs C24 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 102
Duxford Duxford Cambs 4 C62 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 103
Ely Fields Farm Fowler 1948; Murray and Garrod 1954; Meaney Ely Cambs 30 late C5-7 C25 (Cratendune) 1964, 64 Ely Little Downham Cambs 3 C23 Meaney 1964, 64
Ely Trinity/High Barns Ely Cambs C6+ C26 Meaney 1964, 64 Estate Fen Ditton Fen Ditton Cambs 9 C6 C27 Taylor 1998, 30; Swanton 1974, 51
Fordham Fordham Cambs Swanton 1974, 52
Foxton Foxton Cambs 7 C28-30 Meaney 1964, 65
Hollingworth and O'Reilly 1925; Meaney 1964, 65; Girton Girton Cambs 80 130 late C5-C6 C31 Taylor 1997, 54 Grantchester Grantchester Cambs 2 C32 Meaney 1964, 66
Great Shelford Great Shelford Cambs 1 C33 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 102
Haddenham Three Kings Cambs 2 C34 Robinson and Duhig 1992
Haslingfield Cantelupe Farm Cambs 5 16 late C5+ C35 Meaney 1964, 66-7; Malim and Hines 1998, 321 Hauxton Hauxton Cambs 3 1 early C6+ C36 Meaney 1964, 67; Taylor 1997, 71 Hildersham Hildersham Cambs 3 3 C37 Meaney 1964, 67
Hinchingbrooke Hinchingbrooke Cambs Swanton 1974, 56
Horseheath Cambs 1 C39 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 103
Linton Linton A Cambs 3 2 C40 Meaney 1964, 67
Linton B, Linton Linton Cambs 104 late C5-6 C41 Neville 1854; Meaney 1964, 67-8; Swanton 1974, 61 Heath Little Paxton Little Paxton Cambs Tebbutt and Lethbridge 1962
64 parish site county inh crem date P&B2007 reference Little Shelford Little Shelford Cambs C42 Meaney 1964, 69; Lethbridge 1938, 316
Meaney 1964, 70; Taylor 1998, 101-2; Kennett 1986; Little Wilbraham Little Wilbraham Cambs 200 150 early C5-6 C43 Swanton 1974, 61 Lode Anglesey Priory Cambs 1 C44 Meaney 1964, 60
Manea Manea Cambs Meaney 1964, 68
Mepal Mepal Cambs 1 C46 Maney 1964, 68
Newmarket Heath Devil's Ditch Cambs Meaney 1964, 64
Newnham Barton Road Cambs C9 Meaney 1964, 68-9
Oakington Oakington Cambs 4 C48 Meaney 1964, 69; Taylor et al. 1997
Peterborough Itter Cresent Cambs 1 Croft et al. 2012, 189
Sawston Cambs 2 ?C5+ C49 Meaney 1964, 689; Taylor 1998, 75
Soham Soham A, churchyard Cambs 1 ?C6+ Meaney 1964, 69
Soham B, Newmarket Soham Cambs 5 ?C6+ C51 Meaney 1964, 69 Rd Soham Soham C, Waterworks Cambs 23 2 C6-7 C52 Meaney 1964, 69 Somersham Cambs C5+ Myres and Green 1973, 261
Stanground Stanground Cambs Swanton 1974, 84
Stapleford Cambs C53 Penn and Brugman 2007, 103
Steeple Morden Steeple Morden Cambs C54 Penn and Brugman 2007, 103
Sutton-in-the-Isle Sutton-in-the-Isle Cambs 1 Meaney 1964, 70
Swaffham Prior Swaffham Prior Cambs 10 C55 Bray and Malim 1998
Trumpington Trumpington Cambs Meaney 1964, 70; Swanton 1974, 87
Waterbeach Car Dyke Cambs C56 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 103
West Wickham West Wickham Cambs C57 Penn and Brugman 2007, 103
West Wratting West Wratting Cambs PAS finds
Weston Colville Weston Colville Cambs PAS finds
Whittlesey Whittlesey Cambs 7 Meaney 1964, 70-71
Wimpole Wimpole Cambs C59-60 Meaney 1964, 71; Penn and Brugmann 2007, 103
Smith 1926, 272; Wyman Abbott 1920; Meaney Woodstone Woodstone cemetery Cambs 3 1964, 107 Woodstone Peterborough I Northants Smith 1926, 272; Meaney 1964, 194-5
ESSEX (IN SOUTH EAST MIDLANDS) Meaney 1964, 85-6; W. Jones 1980, 89; Evison Chesterford, Great Northern Cemetery Essex 161 33 late C5-C6 E1 1994; Medlycott 2011a, 119-21 Chesterford, Great Southern Cemetery Essex Medlycott 2011a, 121-3
Chesterford, Little Essex C6 Tyler 1998
ESSEX (IN NORTH-EASTERN THAMES BASIN) Arlesford Broomfield Plantation Essex 3 ? Bedwin 1986
Ardleigh Essex 3 Brown 1999, 65-6, 70
Ashdon Ashdon Hall Essex 1 EssHER 7313
Aveley Moor Hall Essex 1 W.T. Jones 1980, 91
Aveley Hall’s Pit Essex EssHER 5082
Birdbrook Essex 13 0 Meaney 1964, 85; W.T. Jones 1980, 89
Braintree Clare Road Essex 1 Drury 1976b, 91
Braintree Hunnables Pit Essex 1 Drury 1976b, 127
Broomfield Essex 1 0 C7 Meaney 1964, 85; W.T. Jones 1980, 89-90
EssHER 1646; Hamerow 1993, 95; Hirst and Clark Chadwell St Mary Essex 1 C5-6 2009, 448 Clacton Essex 1 0 Meaney 1964, 86; W.T. Jones 1980, 90
Coggeshall Marks Hall Essex 1 EssHER 8589
Colchester Guildford Rd Estate Essex early C5 Gascoyne and Radford 2013, 181
Colchester St Botolph’s Gate Essex C6-7 Meaney 1964, 86; W. Jones 1980, 90; Crummy 1981
Meaney 1964, 86; W.T. Jones 1980, 90; Crummy Colchester Mersea Road Essex 4 1 C5-7 1981, 14-17 Colchester other findspots Essex C5-6 Crummy 1981
Colchester (rural parish) Old Heath Essex 1 C5-6? Crummy 1981, 21-2
Dovercourt Essex 1 C6 Meaney 1964, 86; W.T. Jones 1980, 91
Feering-Kelvedon Barrow Field Essex C6-7 Meaney 1984, 86
65 parish site county inh crem date P&B2007 reference Forest Gate Essex C6/7 W.T. Jones 1980, 91
Fyfield Essex C6-7 EssHER 16850
Great Stambridge Martin’s Pit Essex C5 Meaney 1964, 89; W.T. Jones 1980, 94
Great Wakering Essex 1 EssHER 11126
Great Wakering Essex VCH Ess III, 194
Great Waltham Essex EssHER 18698
Hatfield Peverel Essex 2 2 C6 Reidy and Maynard 2000
Meaney 1964, 87; W.T. Jones 1980, 90; EssHER Heybridge Essex 1 7705-6, 7851 Heybridge Chalet Site, Hall Rd Essex 66 early C5-6/7 Newton 2008
Hockley Plumberrow Mount Essex Meaney 1964, 87; W.T. Jones 1980, 92
Little Braxted Essex 3 C6 W. Jones 1980, 90; Tyler 1992
Marks Tey railway Essex EssSMR 11865
Mucking Cemetery I Essex 64 e C5-eC7 W.T. Jones 1980, 91; Hirst and Clarke 2009
Mucking Cemetery II Essex 282 483 eC5-e7 W.T. Jones 1980, 91; Hirst and Clarke 2009
Mucking Walton Hall Farm Essex C6-7 Hirst and Clarke 2009, 449
North Shoebury Milton Hall Essex 6 early-mid C5 W.T. Jones 1980, 94; Wymer and Brown 1995
Priory Crescent, 1923, Meaney 1964, 87; W.T. Jones 1980, 94; Tyler 1988; Prittlewell Essex 37 C6-7 1930, & 2003 Hirst 2004 Meaney 1964, 88; W.T. Jones 1980, 91; Howell et Rainham Gerpins Farm Essex 7 C6-C7 al. 2011, 91-3 Rayleigh Park School Essex 145 late C5-mid 6 Ennis 2008a
Rochford south of town Essex EssHER 9892
Romford Marks Warren Quarry Essex Lyons 2011b
Springfield Springfield Lyons Essex 114 143 late C5-6 Tyler and Major 2005
Stanford le Hope Dobson & Ellis Pit? Essex C7 K. Rodwell and W. Rodwell 1973
Stifford Ardale School Essex 9 1 C6-7 Wilkinson 1988
Thundersley Daws Heath Essex 1 W.T. Jones 1980, 92
Upminster Hunts Hill Farm Essex 4 C6/7 Howell et al. 2011
Meaney 1964, 89; W.T. Jones 1980, 89; Bassett Wendens Ambo Mutlow Hill Essex 1 E2 1982, 9 Wormingford Essex 1 EssHER 9261
SOUTHERN SUFFOLK (IN NORTH-EASTERN THAMES BASIN) Hadleigh East House Suffolk 1 West 1998, tab. 2
Hadleigh Aldham Mill House Suffolk 4 Martin et al. 2001; Everitt and Boulter 2010
Great Cornard Suffolk SuffHER COG011
Little Cornard Suffolk 1 S59 Meaney 1964, 226; West 1998, tab. 1
HERTFORDSHIRE Ashwell Odsey Herts 4 C6 Meaney 1964, 104; Rutherford Davis 1982, 142
Baldock Royston Road Herts 1 C5 Bryant 2011b; HertsHER 12879, 13184
Baldock Clothall Common Herts 1 C5-7? HertsHER 16465
Furneux Pelham Cross Field Gravel Pit Herts 4 Meaney 1964, 104; HertsHER 1471
Meaney 1964, 104; Rutherford Davis 1982, 143; Hitchen Herts 1 C5-7 Baker 2006, 106, 108 Davis 2004-5; Baker 2006, 106; Bryant 2011b; Hitchen 33 & 40 Queen St Herts 6 C5-7 HertsHER 11351 Hitchen Brand St/High St Herts 1 HertsHER 13353
Meaney 1964, 104; Rutherford Davis 1982, 143; Kings Walden Herts 1 C6-7 HertsHER 1248 Letchworth Garden City Willbury Hill, Norton Herts 1 Fox 1923, 266
Letchworth Garden City The Quadrant Herts 1 1 HertsHER 15642
Pirton Dane's Field Herts 100 + Meaney 1964, 104; Went and Burleigh 1990
Redbourn Herts 10? Late C6-7 Adams 2004-5 St Albans Batchwood Herts 53 C5 HertsHER14156; Niblett and Thompson 2005, 175
Stevenage Broadwater Herts 1 C6-7 Baker 2006, 108; Bryant 2011b
Meaney 1964, 105; Rutherford Davis 1982, 144; Therfield Therfield Heath Herts 1 3 C6-7 Bryant 2011b; HertsHER 1629 Meaney 1964, 105; Rutherford Davis 1982, 144; Therfield Five Hills Herts 1 C5? HertsHER 1632
66 parish site county inh crem date P&B2007 reference Watford The Grove Estate Herts 2 HertsHER 11496
Watton-at-Stone Station Road Herts ? Boyer et al. 2015
Welwyn Welwyn Hall Herts 23 HertsHER 9615
MIDDLESEX Ealing Boston Road Mdsex C6 Baker 2006, 128
Ealing Oaklands Road Mdsex 50 Baker 2006, 128
Sandridge Mdsex 1 Meaney 1964, 105
Sheperton Mdsex 10 1 Baker 2006, 128
West Drayton Longford Mdsex 1 C5-6 Baker 2006, 128
Westminster Mdsex C6-7 Baker 2006, 128
NORTHERN AND EASTERN SUFFOLK (ie EAST ANGLIA) Akenham Akenham Hall Suffolk 1 ?C6+ S1 Meaney 1964, 224; West 1998, 4
Badwell Ash Badwell Ash 008 Suffolk 30 6 ?C6+ S3 Meaney 1964, 223; West 1998, Tab 7
Bardwell Bardwell misc Suffolk 3 ?C6+ S4-5 Meaney 1964, 224; West 1998, Tab 7
Barnham Barnham 030 Suffolk 2 S86 West 1998, 8
Barnham Barnham Heath 016 Suffolk 1 C6+ S7 Meaney 1964, 224; West 1998, Tab 7
Barrow Barrow Bottom Suffolk ? Meaney 1964, 224
Barton Mills Barton Mills 009+011 Suffolk 1 S8 + 87 West 1998, Tab 1
Blaxhall Blaxhall 007, misc Suffolk 1 S9 West 1998, 10; Penn and Brugman 2007
Botesdale Botesdale 004 Suffolk 2 ?C6+ S10-11 Meaney 1964, 224-5; West 1998, Tab 2
Bramford Bramford misc Suffolk 1 C6+ S12 West 1998, Tab 2
Brightwell Brightwell Heath 017 Suffolk 1 late C6/C7 S13 West 1998, Tab 7
Bromeswell Bromeswell 009 Suffolk S14 West 1998, 13
Bromeswell Bromeswell 018 Suffolk 19 17 C6-early C7 S96 Penn and Brugman 2007, 109 Bungay Stow Park Suffolk 2 S16 Meaney 1964, 233; West 1998, Tab 7
Bungay Bungay 003 Suffolk 2 S15 Meaney 1964, 225; West 1998, Tab 7
Burgh Castle Suffolk 2 ?C5+ N14
Bury St Edmunds Westgarth Gardens Suffolk 65 4 late C5-C7 S20 West 1998, Tab 6 Bury St Edmunds Northumberland Ave Suffolk 30 C6-C7 S17 Meaney 1964, 226; West 1998, Tab 7
Bury St Edmunds Hardwick Lane Suffolk 4 3 S18 West 1998, Tab 7
Bury St Edmunds Barons Rd Suffolk 3 C6 S19 West 1998, Tab 7
Bury St Edmunds 183 Bury St Edmunds Suffolk 1 S88 West 1998, Tab 7 + misc Cavenham Park Farm Suffolk 2 C5-6 S21 West 1998, Tab 1
Coddenham 003, 017, Coddenham Suffolk 1 1 early C5 S22-24 Meaney 1964, 226; West 1998, Tab 1 022, 023, 027 Creeting St Mary CSM misc Suffolk 1 West 1998, 24
Culford Culford misc Suffolk 1 C5+ S25 Meaney 1964, 226; West 1998, Tab 2
Debenham Cherry Tree Inn Suffolk 8 Brown et al. 2012, 519
Hardpiece Eriswell Suffolk 10 C6+ S26 Meaney 1964, 226-7; West 1998, Tab 6 Field/Foxhole Heath Eriswell Lakenheath Airfield Suffolk 33 C6+ S27 Meaney 1964, 107; West 1998, Tab 6
Eriswell Lakenheath Airfield Suffolk 3 l ate C5-6 S28 West 1998, Tab 6
RAF Lakenheath; Eriswell Suffolk 3 Martin et al. 1998, fig. 58; 2009, 71 Eriswell 107 RAF Lakenheath; Eriswell Suffolk 261 S95 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 109 Eriswell 104 Exning Exning 005 + 028 Suffolk 11 ?C6+ S29 Meaney 1964, 227; West 1998, Tab 6
Exning Suffolk 21 British Archaeology 141 (2015), 10; Minter 2016
Eye Waterloo Plantation Suffolk 150 C5+ S30 Meaney 1964, 227; West 1998, Tab 2
Fakenham Fakenham 001 Suffolk 1 ?C6+ S31 Meaney 1964, 227; West 1998, Tab 1
Fakenham Fakenham Heath Suffolk 1 1 C5+ West 1998, 36
Felixstowe Felixstowe Suffolk 1 West 1998, Tab 7
Finningham Finningham 002 Suffolk 1 1 S32 West 1998, Tab 7
Flixton Flixton 008 Suffolk 1 C6 S33 West 1998, Tab 7
Flixton Flixton 053 Suffolk 43 S90 Boulter and Walton Rogers 2012
Fornham St Genevieve Fornham St Gen Suffolk 2 Meaney 1964, 227; West 1998, Tab 1
67 parish site county inh crem date P&B2007 reference Fornham St Martin Fornham St M misc Suffolk 4 West 1998, Tab 7
Framlingham Framlingham 002 Suffolk 48 C7 S34 West 1998, 39
Freckenham Freckenham Suffolk 1 Meaney 1964, 227-8; West 1998, Tab 1
Gisleham/Pakefield/ Bloodmoor Hill Suffolk 1 C6-7 S35-6 Meaney 1964, 231 [Pakefield]; West 1998, Tab 7 Carlton Colville Great Thurlow TUG 004 Suffolk 1 S37 Meaney 1964, 235; West 1998, 98
Hacheston Gallows Hill Suffolk 1 S38 West 1998, Tab 7
Hadleigh Suffolk 1 West 1998
Hasketon Hasketon 008 Suffolk ? S39 West 1998, 42
Haughley Chilton Leys Suffolk 2+ Minter 2016, 625 Hemingstone Hemingstone 019 Suffolk S91 Penn and Brugman 2007, 109
Herringswell Suffolk 1 Meaney 1964, 228
Hinderclay Suffolk 1 S40 West 1998, 43
Hinderclay Suffolk 1 Minter and Plouviez 2015, 455
Hoxne Hoxne misc Suffolk 8 C5+ Meaney 1964, 228; West 1998, Tab 7
Icklingham Mitchells Hill Suffolk 25 ?C6+ S41 Meaney 1964, 231; West 1998, Tab 6
Ingham Ingham misc Suffolk 1 3 C5 West 1998, Tab 7
Ipswich Boss Hall Suffolk 22 5 C6-7 S45 West 1998, Tab 6; Scull 2009 Ipswich Hadleigh Road Suffolk 159 13 C6-7 S42 Meaney 1964, 228; West 1998, Tab 6 Ixworth Woodstreet Farm Suffolk 1 S46 West 1998, 68
Ixworth Ixworth 005 Suffolk 1 9 ?C5+ S47 Meaney 1964, 228-9; West 1998, Tab 6 Ixworth Thorpe Ixworth Thorpe 002 Suffolk 2 S48 Meaney 1998, 229; West 1998, Tab 1
Ixworth Thorpe Ixworth Thorpe 007 Suffolk 1 1 S49 West 1998, Tab 7
Kesgrave Kesgrave misc Suffolk 1 C6+ S50 Meaney 1964, 229; West 1998, Tab 2
Lackford Lackford 001 Suffolk 530 eC5-laC6 S51 West 1998, Tab 6
Lakenheath Undley Fen Suffolk 2 C6+ S56 Meaney 1964, 230; West 1998, Tab 7
Lakenheath Lakenheath misc A Suffolk 15 S56 West 1998, Tab 6
Lakenheath Lakenheath 017 Suffolk 1 S53 West 1998, Tab 2
Lakenheath Rearing Field Suffolk 1 1 S54-5 West 1998, Tab 1
Langham Langham Hall Gardens Suffolk ? S57 Meaney 1964, 230; West 1998, 80
Little Bealings Little Bealings 010 Suffolk 1 1 S58 West 1998, Tab 7
Little Connard Little Connard 001 Suffolk 1 S59 West 1998, 24
Martlesham Martlesham 028 Suffolk 1 S60 Penn and Brugman 2007, 108
Mildenhall Warren Hills Suffolk 16 C6+ S61 Meaney 1964, 236; West 1998, Tab 6
Mildenhall Holywell Row Suffolk 100 C6+ S62 Meaney 1964, 228; West 1998, Tab 6
Moulton Moulton 011 Suffolk 1 S64 West 1998, Tab 2
Needham Market Badley Suffolk 1 S2 Meaney 1964, 224; West 1998, 5
Oakley Oakley 010 Suffolk 1 S65 West 1998, 86
Pakenham Grimstone Field Suffolk 3 C5+ S66 West 1998, Tab 1
Palgrave St John's House Suffolk 1 Craven 2008a
Parham Parham 002 Suffolk 1 S67 West 1998, Tab 1
Playford Playford 010 Suffolk 1 S68 West 1998, 90
Redgrave Redgrave 004/5 Suffolk 2 ?C6+ S69 Meaney 1964, 231West 1998, Tab 2
Rendlesham Rendlesham 006 Suffolk 1 ?C6+ S70 Meaney 1964, 231; West 1998, Tab 2
Rendlesham RLM 054 and 055 Suffolk 5 C5-6 Minter and Plouviez 2015, 465
Rickinghall Inferior Rickinghall Inferior 012 Suffolk 1 S71 Meaney 1964, 232; West 1998, Tab 1
Risby Risby 001 Suffolk 2 S72 Meaney 1964, 224; West 1998, Tab 1
Risby Risby 003 Suffolk 5 3 S73 Meaney 1964, 232; West 1998, Tab 7
Risby Heath Suffolk 1 C6+ Meaney 1964, 232
Rougham Rougham 002 Suffolk 2 S74 West 1998, Tab 2
Rushmere St Andrew Rushmere St A 013 Suffolk S93 West 1998, 92-3
Snape Snape 007 Suffolk 48 52 late C5+ S75-6 Meaney 1964, 232; West 1998, Tab 6 Stanton Stanton misc Suffolk 2 Meaney 1964, 233; West 1998, Tab 1
Stanton SNT 050 Suffolk 70+ lC5-C7 Minter and Plouviez 2015, 466
Stowmarket HGH 055 Suffolk 30 Minter and Plouviez 2015, 468
Sutton Hoo Sutton Hoo 004 Suffolk C7 S77 Maney 1964, 233-4; West 1998, Tab 7
Thorndon Thorndon Suffolk 1 late C5-7 Meaney 1963, 235; West 1998, Tab 1
Tuddenham St Martin 002+006 Suffolk S79-80 West 1998, 98-9
68 parish site county inh crem date P&B2007 reference Tuddenham St Mary Tuddenham St M 001 Suffolk 13 C6+ S78 Meaney 1964, 235; West 1998, Tab 6
Ufford Ufford misc Suffolk 5 C6+ S81 Meaney 1964, 235; West 1998, Tab 1
Waldringfield Waldringfield 001 Suffolk 1 C5+ S82 Meaney 1964, 235; West 1998, Tab 2
Wangford Wangford 021, misc Suffolk Meaney 1964, 235; West 1998, 102
Wenhaston Wenhaston 004 + 005 Suffolk early C5 S94 West 1998, 103
West Stow West Stow 003 Suffolk 100 1 early C5-7 S83 Meaney 1964, 233; West 1998, Tab 6 Wickham Market Wickham Market misc Suffolk C7 S84 Meaney 1964, 236; West 1998, 104-5
Woodbridge Woodbridge misc Suffolk 1 S85 Meaney 1964, 236; West 1998, Tab 5
NORFOLK Aldeborough Norf 1 N1 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 103
Bale Norf 1 Meaney 1964, 169
Beachamwell Norf N2-5 Meaney 1964, 169; Penn and Brugmann 2007, 103
Bergh Apton Norf 70 late C5-late 6 N6-7 Green and Rogerson 1978
Blakeney Langham Norf 1 N8 Meaney 1964, 177-8
Brettenham-Bridgham Norf 100 C6+ N9-10 Meaney 1964, 169
Brooke Norf 1 C6 N11 Meaney 1964, 170; Kennett 1976
Broome Norf 1 3 N12 Meaney 1964, 170;
Brundall Brundall I Norf 7 early C5+ N13 Meaney 1964, 170; R. Clarke 1940, 235
Brundall Brundall II Norf ?C6+ N100 Meaney 1964, 170-1
Caistor-on-Sea Norf 150 2 ?C7+ N14 Meaney 1964, 171
Burnham Market Norf N101 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 106
Burston and Shimpling Norf N99 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 106
Caistor St Edmund Markshall Norf 80 early C5+ N16 Meaney 1964, 178; Myres and Green 1973
Caistor St Edmund Norf 57 502 early C5+ N18 Meaney 1964, 171-2; Myres and Green 1973
Carleton Rode Norf N21 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Caste Acre Norf 100 C5+ N22 Meaney 1964, 172-3
Colney Norf N23 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Congham Norf Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Croxton Norf 1 Meaney 1964, 173
Dersingham Norf 1 N26 Meaney 1964, 173
Downham Market Norf 2 C5+ N27 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Drayton Norf 40 C5+ N28 Meaney 1964, 173
Earsham Norf 10 ?C6+ N29 Meaney 1964, 173
East Walton Norf N30, 102 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Fakenham Norf 1 1 C6+ N31 Smith 1901,336; Clarke 1940, 238; Meaney 1964, 177
Field Dalling Norf 2 60 N32 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Fincham Norf 1 N33, 102 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Foulden Norf 7 ?C7 N34 Meaney 1964, 175
Gillingham Norf N35 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Gissing Norf 1 C6 N36 Smith 1901, 339; Meaney 1964, 175
Great Ellingham Norf N37 Meaney 1964, 173
Great Walsingham Norf 45 ?C5+ N38-9 Meaney 1964, 184
Grimston The Bell Norf 6 1 C6+ N40 Meaney 1964, 175 Gunthorpe Norf N42 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Hilgay Norf ?C6+ N44 Meaney 1964, 175
Hindringham Norf N104 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 106
Hockwold cum Wilton Leyland's Farm Norf N45, 105 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Swanton Morely Penn and Brugmann 2007, 106; Chester-Kadwell Hoe Norf 4 2 N106 Airfield 2009, fig 3.2 Holkham Howe Hall Norf ?C6+ N46 Meaney 1964, 175-6
Hunstanton Hunstanton Park Norf 14 early C6+ N47 Strange 1903; Clarke 1940,222-3; Meaney 1964, 176
Kempstone Norf N48 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Kenninghall Norf la C5-eC7 N49 Clarke 1940, 222; Meaney 1964, 176-7
Kettlestone Pensthorpe Norf 20 C5+ N50 Meaney 1964, 177
Kilverstone Norf 6 1 N107 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 106
Kirby Cane Norf N51-3 Meaney 1964, 176
Langham Norf ?C6+ Meaney 1964, 177-8
69 parish site county inh crem date P&B2007 reference Little Snoring Norf ?C5 N54 Meaney 1964, 181
Little Walsingham Norf C6+ N55 Clarke 1940, 232; Meaney 1964, 183-4
Martham Norf N56 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Merton Norf N57 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 104
Methwold Norf ?C6+ Meaney 1964, 178-9
Moreton on the Hill Norf N109 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 106
Morning Thorpe Norf 365 12 late C5-late 6 N58 Green et al. 1987
Mulbarton Norf Meaney 1964, 179
Mundesley Norf 1 9 late C5+ N59-60 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 105
Mundford I, Round Mundford Norf 1 N61 Meaney 1964, 179 Plantation Mundford Mundford II Norf 2 ?C6+ N63 Meaney 1964, 179
Mundford pipetrench Norf ? N62 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 105
Narford Norf 1 3 ?C6+ N65 Meaney 1964, 179
North Creake Norf N110 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 106
North Elmham Spong Hill Norf 57 2,380 early-late C5 N66 Meaney 1964, 173-5; Hills and Lucy 2013 North Pickenham Norf N68 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 105
North Runcton Norf 2 4 C6+ N69 Clarke 1940, 229; Meaney 1964, 180-1
Northwold Norf C6+ N70 Meaney 1964, 179-80
Norwich Norf Swanton 1974, 71
Norwich Catton Norf C5+ N71 Meaney 1964, 180
Old Buckenham Hargham Norf 1 C5+ Meaney 1964, 171
Oxborough Norf 10 N73 Penn 1999
Porlingland Norf N74 Meaney 1964, 179
Quidenham Hargham Norf 23 N75 Meaney 1964, 175
Ranworth Norf Swanton 1974, 75
Rockland All Saints Norf 12 C5+ N76 Meaney 1964, 180
Roudham Norf N77 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 105
Runcton Holme Norf 1 N78 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 105
Sedgeford Norf 7 2 ?C5+ N79 Meaney 1964, 181; Swanton 1974, 79
Shouldham Norf N111 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 111
Shropham Norf 5 C5+ N80 Meaney 1964, 181
Skeyton Norf N81 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 105
Smallburgh Norf 1 ?C6+ N82 Meaney 1964, 181
Snettisham Norf 1 ?C5+ N83 Meaney 1964, 181
Sporle-with-Palgrave Norf 7 ?C6+ N84 Meaney 1964, 181-2
Swaffham The Paddocks Norf 19 1 C6+ N85 Meaney 1964, 182; Hills and Wade-Martins 1976 Swannington Norf N112 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 106
Thetford Thetford I Norf 5 N88 Swanton 1973, 165; 1974, 87
Thetford Thetford Warren Norf 1 N86 Meaney 1964, 183
Thetford Thetford, Brunel Way Norf 6 N89 Penn and Andrews 2000
Thetford Thetford II, Bury Road Norf 3 N87 Meaney 1964, 182-3
Thetford Red Castle Norf 1 Meaney 1964, 183
Thornham Norf 24 C7 N90 Meaney 1964, 183
Thorpe St Andrews Norf 1 N91 Meaney 1964, 183
Threxton Norf 1? Meaney 1964, 183
Tittleshall Norf Walton Rogers 2013
Tottenhill Norf 1 40 ?C6+ N92 Meaney 1964, 183
Wolterton Mannington Hall Norf 2 ?C6+ Meaney 1964, 185
Watlington Stowbridge Norf 1 ?C6+ Meaney 1964, 183-4
Watton Norf ?C6+ N93 Meaney 1964, 183
Weasenham Norf 1 Meaney 1964, 185
Wereham Norf 1 2 ?C5+ N94 Meaney 1964, 184-5; Swanton 1974, 88
West Acre Norf N113 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 106
Wicklewood Norf N96 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 106
Wickmere Norf N95 Penn and Brugmann 2007, 106
Wretham Illington Norf 3 400 C6 N97 Meaney 1964, 176; Davison et al. 1993 Wretton Norf 1 N98 Meaney 1964, 185
70
FINAL PHASE CEMETERIES Astwick Beds 20 C7 Meaney 1964, 35; Kennett 1972
Leighton Buzzard II, Leighton Buzzard Beds 68 C7 Meaney 1964, 37-8; Hyslop 1963 Chamerlain's Barn Luton Luton I, Biscot Mill Beds 14 2 C7 Austin 1928; Meaney 1964, 38; Hagen 1971
Luton Luton II, Dallow Road Beds 1 late C6-7 Meaney 1964, 39
Fitch 1863; Meaney 1964, 36; Eagles and Evison Odell Harrold Beds 13 C7 1970; Med Arch 21, 204 late C6-early Totternhoe Marina Drive Beds 138 Meaney 1964, 41-2; O'Brien 1999 7
Burwell Cambs 150 C7? C7 Meaney 1964, 61-2
Cambridge Cambridge Backs Cambs
Cherry Hinton Cherry Hinton Cambs 8 C7 C20 Meaney 1964, 63; Swanton 1974, 40
Ely Westfield Farm Cambs Lucy et al. 2009b
Wilson 1956; Meaney 1964, 68; Swanton 1973, 159, Melbourn Melbourn Cambs 28 C7 C45, C64 163; 1974, 67; Duncan et al. 2003 Shudy Camps Shudy Camps Cambs 158 C7 C50 Swanton 1974, 80
Orsett causewayed enclosure Essex 2 C7-8 W. Jones 1980, 91; Hedges and Buckley 1985
Southchurch Essex
Walnut Tree Farm, Clothall Hertfordshire 1 C6-7 HertsHER 12981 Luffenhall Moss-Eccardt 1971; 1988, 74; Rutherford Davis Letchworth Blackhorse Road Hertfordshire 7 C6-7 1982, 143; Herts HER 1618 St Albans King Harry Lane Hertfordshire 39 mid C7-e C8 Baker 2006, 129; Bryant 2011b; HertsHER 14157
Pound Farm (or Meaney 1964, 104; Rutherford Davis 1982, 143; St Ippolyts Hertfordshire 1 late C6-e C7 Millfield Lane) HertsHER 398, 1617 Meaney 1964, 105; Rutherford Davis 1982, 144; Wheathampstead near railway station Hertfordshire 1 C7 HertsHER 1637
Northolt Middlesex C7 Meaney 1964, 167
Caistor St Edmund Harford Farm Norfolk Penn 2000
Caistor St Edmund inhumation cemtery Norfolk Myres and Green 1973, 209-33
Caistor-on-Sea Norfolk 150 C7-9? Meaney 1964, 171
Sedgeford West Hall Farm Norfolk 7 Meaney 1964, 181
Thornham Norfolk 24 C7 Meaney 1964, 183
Carlton Colville Suffolk Lucy et al. 2009
Codenham Shrubland Hall Quarry Suffolk Penn 2011
Hadleigh Aldham Mill House Suffolk 4 C7 Martin et al. 2001; Everitt and Boulter 2010
Ipswich Buttermarket Suffolk C7 S44 West 1998, Tab 6 (Barrow Burials); Scull 2009
71