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Timeline Sticky Knowledge 800BC- Iron Age about 43AD the Romans 54BC Julius Caesar visits British shores Julius Caesar was probably the best 43AD Roman Invasion- beginning of Roman Britain known Roman leader. He extended the empire by 60-61 Boudiccan rebellion invading other lands. AD Boudicca was a queen of the 73 AD Romans conquer Wales British Celtic Iceni Tribe who led an uprising 112- Under the rule of Emperor Hadrian, work on Hadrian’s Wall against the occupying forc- 129 AD begins. In addition to being a military device it also served as a es of the Roman Empire. way to control trade across the border. It is a common miscon- This was the Roman name for London. A legend tells that Rome ception that the wall marks the Scottish border it lies, in fact, Londinium was created by totally within England two brothers, Romulus and conquer To overcome and take control of people or land using 216 AD In order to better control Britain, the Romans divided the coun- military force. Remus who were aban- try in two. The South became know as Britannia Superior and doned after they were born. conquer To overcome and take control of people or land using the North as Britannia Inferior. military force. Romans used to eat food like dormice dipped A commander of a group of 100 Roman soldiers. 306 AD Constantine ‘the Great’ is declared Emperor in York. Having centurion in honey. fought a civil war he believes his victory was aided by God and Romans occasionally used a emperor The Roman leader of the Roman Empire during spoon, but they would never in thanks, he becomes a Christian. the imperial period. use a knife and fork. Rich Romans liked to eat exotic aqueduct A large system, like a bridge, for carrying water from 313 AD Constantine announces that Christianity will be tolerated across one place to another is called an aqueduct. food, such as stork, roast The Empire for the first time in its history. In AD324 he becomes parrot and even flamingo! the sole Emperor of the Roman Empire. When the Romans came gladiator A gladiator was an armed fighter who enter- tained audiences in the Roman Republic. to Britain they helped us 410 AD The last of the Romans leave Britain as Roman troops are sent by creating roads; a written back to the continent to defend other areas of The Empire gladiator A gladiator was an armed fighter who enter- language (which was Lat- tained audiences in the Roman Republic. against Barbarian invasions. in); introducing coins and even introducing rabbits to gladiator A gladiator was an armed fighter who enter- tained audiences in the Roman Republic. our country. 450 AD Angle Saxon Era invade Enter a place or land with the intention of occupying it. Romanisation When the countries that the Romans conquered became very much like Rome. senate Similar to the Roman version of our parliament. .

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Roman Lead Sealings
Roman Lead Sealings VOLUME I MICHAEL CHARLES WILLIAM STILL SUBMITTED FOR TIlE DEGREE OF PILD. SEPTEMBER 1995 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY (L n") '3 1. ABSTRACT This thesis is based on a catalogue of c. 1800 records, covering over 2000 examples of Roman lead sealings, many previously unpublished. The catalogue is provided with indices of inscriptions and of anepigraphic designs, and subsidiary indices of places, military units, private individuals and emperors mentioned on the scalings. The main part of the thesis commences with a history of the use of lead sealings outside of the Roman period, which is followed by a new typology (the first since c.1900) which puts special emphasis on the use of form as a guide to dating. The next group of chapters examine the evidence for use of the different categories of scalings, i.e. Imperial, Official, Taxation, Provincial, Civic, Military and Miscellaneous. This includes evidence from impressions, form, texture of reverse, association with findspot and any literary references which may help. The next chapter compares distances travelled by similar scalings and looks at the widespread distribution of identical scalings of which the origin is unknown. The first statistical chapter covers imperial sealings. These can be assigned to certain periods and can thus be subjected to the type of analysis usually reserved for coins. The second statistical chapter looks at the division of categories of scalings within each province. The scalings in each category within each province are calculated as percentages of the provincial total and are then compared with an adjusted percentage for that category in the whole of the empire.
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Contents of Volume 2
Contents of Volume 2 Introduction 1 I Adiutrix 3 I Italica 14 I Minervia 24 Adiutrix 38 II Augusta 52 II Italica 68 In Italica 72 BIT Flavia 77 IV Macedonica 87 V Alaudae 92 V Macedonica 95 VI Victrix 109 VII Claudia 124 VIII Augusta 137 VIIII Hispana 147 X Gemina 153 XI Claudia 169 XIII Gemina 187 XIV Getnina 199 XV Apollinaris 216 XV Primigenia 228 XX Valeria Victrix 231 XXI Rap ax 247 XXII Primigenia 251 XXX Ulpia Victrix 271 Bibliography 276 2 1 MAR 1991 Introduction to Legionary Lists The following section lists the attested centurions of twenty four legions. In each list there is an account of each attested centurion which concentrates on the date and the context of the inscription. Multiple centurionate careers are cross-referenced into the relevant chapters of Volume one. At the end of each chronological list there is a chronologically ordered spread-sheet giving name, reference, date, origin, findspot and any further noteworthy information. At the end of the chronologically ordered spread-sheet there is an alphabetically ordered spread-sheet giving the same information. Centurions named on lead seals and graffiti- are only mentioned if the name is confirmed on a stone inscription from another place. I hope in the future to produce a complete list of centurions from sources other than stone. The legions omitted from the lists are those from the Greek speaking area of the Empire, plus III Augusta and VII Gemina which have both had lists of their centurions published in recent years. Again, I hope to produce a complete list of legionary centurions in the future.
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Rome, Inc. Campaign Game Replay 27 BCE Scenario
Rome, Inc. Campaign Game Replay Caesar. Quiet turn, relatively speaking. Only one Barbarian leader arrives and with no matching War just sits in his With the rules for Rome, Inc. pretty much complete, I figured homeland. Money is low, so I don’t purchase new units, and I’d do a replay of the four-scenario campaign game. The keep my legions and Auxilia in place to put down empire starts out with Augustus as Caesar, and his friend insurgencies. I pick up Paulinus, who has a high military Agrippa as Consul. Only one War is on the map, an 8/1 (8 ability of 4. Paulinus takes over Hispania, but he can only land strength, 1 naval strength) Cantabrian War in Hispania. muster a -1 advantage over the War that had kicked Numerous provinces across the empire are in insurgency Claudius’ ass, and I don’t want to risk a repeat (negative die status, but legions and auxilia are stacked up against some roll modifiers benefit the player). of them, using the stick approach to make the provinces Turn 3 (9-1 BCE) loyal. As the game moves along, more barbarian wars and leaders will appear along the frontier, and statesmen will More Inflation, leaving the Treasury with just 12 Gold, and show up, some welcome, others not. Let the games begin! Plague. Legions have two levels – ordinary legions with one shield icon on its counter, and veteran legions with two shield icons on their reverse. The Plague Event flips one veteran in each command to its ordinary side, halving their 27 BCE Scenario strength, though they can be promoted back to veteran later, usually in a Triumph.
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Sustainability and ‘The Fall of the Western Roman Empire’: Grain, Labor Markets, and Military Policies
Sustainability and ‘The Fall of the Western Roman Empire’: Grain, Labor Markets, and Military Policies Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Graduate Program in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies Dr. Cheryl Walker, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies by Hunter M. Bruno May 2018 Copyright by Hunter Bruno © 2018 ABSTRACT Sustainability and ‘The Fall of the Western Roman Empire’: Grain, Labor Markets, and Military Policies A thesis presented to the Graduate Program in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Hunter M. Bruno The issue of societal sustainability is relevant to both modern and ancient civilizations. Ancient Rome was defined and influenced by the issue of sustainability because it was integral to the fundamental structure of the Roman society. In the 5th Century CE, the fall of the Western Roman Empire took place because of consequences that resulted from the issue of sustainability. The societal factors of grain production, military policy, and labor markets all served to influence the sustainability of the Roman West. Roman military policy defined the nature of the Roman economy and established the type of labor system that it employed. Free and unfree labor markets structured the agrarian economy and formed the Roman system of internal taxation and rent collection. Local and commercial grain producers were relied upon to maintain the populations of the Roman West, uphold the Roman military, and sustain the growing servile populations.
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The Britons in Late Antiquity: Power, Identity And
THE BRITONS IN LATE ANTIQUITY: POWER, IDENTITY AND ETHNICITY EDWIN R. HUSTWIT Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Bangor University 2014 Summary This study focuses on the creation of both British ethnic or ‘national’ identity and Brittonic regional/dynastic identities in the Roman and early medieval periods. It is divided into two interrelated sections which deal with a broad range of textual and archaeological evidence. Its starting point is an examination of Roman views of the inhabitants of the island of Britain and how ethnographic images were created in order to define the population of Britain as 1 barbarians who required the civilising influence of imperial conquest. The discussion here seeks to elucidate, as far as possible, the extent to which the Britons were incorporated into the provincial framework and subsequently ordered and defined themselves as an imperial people. This first section culminates with discussion of Gildas’s De Excidio Britanniae. It seeks to illuminate how Gildas attempted to create a new identity for his contemporaries which, though to a certain extent based on the foundations of Roman-period Britishness, situated his gens uniquely amongst the peoples of late antique Europe as God’s familia. The second section of the thesis examines the creation of regional and dynastic identities and the emergence of kingship amongst the Britons in the late and immediately post-Roman periods. It is largely concerned to show how interaction with the Roman state played a key role in the creation of early kingships in northern and western Britain. The argument stresses that while there were claims of continuity in group identities in the late antique period, the socio-political units which emerged in the fifth and sixth centuries were new entities.
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Map 8 Britannia Superior Compiled by A.S
Map 8 Britannia Superior Compiled by A.S. Esmonde-Cleary, 1996 with the assistance of R. Warner (Ireland) Introduction Britain has a long tradition of antiquarian and archaeological investigation and recording of its Roman past, reaching back to figures such as Leland in the sixteenth century. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the classically-educated aristocracy and gentry of a major imperial and military power naturally felt an affinity with the evidence for Rome’s presence in Britain. In the twentieth century, the development of archaeology as a discipline in its own right reinforced this interest in the Roman period, resulting in intense survey and excavation on Roman sites and commensurate work on artifacts and other remains. The cartographer is therefore spoiled for choice, and must determine the objectives of a map with care so as to know what to include and what to omit, and on what grounds. British archaeology already has a long tradition of systematization, sometimes based on regions as in the work of the Royal Commissions on (Ancient and) Historic Monuments for England (Scotland and Wales), but also on types of site or monument. Consequently, there are available compendia by Rivet (1979) on the ancient evidence for geography and toponymy; Wacher (1995) on the major towns; Burnham (1990) on the “small towns”; Margary (1973) on the roads that linked them; and Scott (1993) on villas. These works give a series of internally consistent catalogs of the major types of site. Maps of Roman Britain conventionally show the island with its modern coastline, but it is clear that there have been extensive changes since antiquity, and that the conventional approach risks understating the differences between the ancient and the modern.
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Uvic Thesis Template
The Transformation of Administrative Towns in Roman Britain by Lara Bishop BA, Saint Mary‟s University, 1997 MA, University of Wales Cardiff, 2001 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Greek and Roman Studies Lara Bishop, 2011 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee The Transformation of Administrative Towns in Roman Britain by Lara Bishop BA, Saint Mary‟s University, 1997 MA, University of Wales Cardiff, 2001 Supervisory Committee Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Supervisor Dr. J. Geoffrey Kron, (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Supervisor Dr. J. Geoffrey Kron, (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Departmental Member The purpose of this thesis is to determine whether the Roman administrative towns of Britain continued in their original Romanized form as seen in the second century AD, or were altered in their appearance and function in the fourth and fifth century, with a visible reduction in their urbanization and Romanization. It will be argued that British town life did change significantly. Major components of urbanization were disrupted with the public buildings disused or altered for other purposes, and the reduction or cessation of public services. A reduction in the population of the towns can be perceived in the eventual disuse of the extramural cemeteries and abandonment of substantial areas of settlement or possibly entire towns.
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Provincia: Befehlsbereich Und Provinzgebiet 5 Die Benennungen
VORWORT TEIL I: DIE LEITLINIEN DER ORDNUNG RÖMISCHER PROVINZEN: PRAGMATIK, EMPIRIE UND FLEXIBILITÄT PROVINCIA 5 Provincia: Befehlsbereich und Provinzgebiet 5 Die Benennungen von Provinzen 7 Provinzen mit Doppelnamen 8 - Erklärende Beinamen: superior, inferior, ulterior, Cisalpina, Transalpina, nova, salutaris 8 Publicae provinciae und kaiserliche Provinzen 10 KONSTITUIERUNG UND LEITUNG EINER PROVINZ 14 Einführung: Die Prinzipien der römischen Herrschaftsausübung 14 Die Provinzgründer 21 Einzelne Provinzgründer 21 - Grundsätzliche Aufgaben der Provinzgründer 41 Provinzstatut 44 DIE ADMINISTRATION EINER PROVINZ 48 Magistrate und Promagistrate als Statthalter 48 Die Statthalter der publicae provinciae (proconsules) 55 - Die Statthalter der kaiserlichen Provinzen (legati Augusti pro praetore) 59 - Das Kommando der kaiserlichen Statthalter über Legionen 64 - Die Dauer der Statthalterschaften in der Kaiserzeit 65 - Mit proprätorischer Amtsgewalt bestallte Legionslegaten 67 - Präsidialprokuratoren 68 - Praefectus provinciae und sonstige Präfekten (Subgou- verneure, praefectus civitatis, gentis, orae maritimae) 70 - Exkurs: procurator pro legato 75 - Praeses provinciae 77 - Der Verzicht auf eine Statthalterschaft 78 - Die Vertretung einer Statthalterschaft 81 - Von der personalen zur institutionalisierten Vertretung: Ritter als Verweser senatorischer Statthalterschaften 85 Besondere Imperien 87 Weitreichende Imperien zur Zeit der späten Republik 88 - Übergeordnete Imperien in der Kaiserzeit 93 Besondere Befugnisse von legati Augusti pro praetore
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British Emigrants in the Roman Empire: Complexities and Symbols of Ethnic Identities Author: Tatiana Ivleva Pages: 132–153
Paper Information: Title: British Emigrants in the Roman Empire: Complexities and Symbols of Ethnic Identities Author: Tatiana Ivleva Pages: 132–153 DOI: http://doi.org/10.16995/TRAC2010_132_153 Publication Date: 14 April 2011 Volume Information: Mladenović, D. and Russell, B. (eds.) (2011) TRAC 2010: Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Oxford 2010. Oxford: Oxbow Books Copyright and Hardcopy Editions: The following paper was originally published in print format by Oxbow Books for TRAC. Hard copy editions of this volume may still be available, and can be purchased direct from Oxbow at http://www.oxbowbooks.com. TRAC has now made this paper available as Open Access through an agreement with the publisher. Copyright remains with TRAC and the individual author(s), and all use or quotation of this paper and/or its contents must be acknowledged. This paper was released in digital Open Access format in April 2013. British Emigrants in the Roman Empire: Complexities and Symbols of Ethnic Identities Tatiana Ivleva Introduction Diaspora and migration studies, especially those with a focus on ethnic identity issues, are popular topics in archaeological research. In recent decades publications have appeared in the UK concerning the presence of migrants of various origins in Roman Britain (Clay 2007; Swan 2009; Eckardt 2010; Leach et al. 2010). The theme of the presence of foreigners in the various provinces of the Roman Empire is not new in archaeological and historical research; numerous publications have appeared over the past decades (e.g. Fitz 1972; Dietz and Weber 1982; Wierschowski 2001; Kakoschke 2002, 2004; Oltean 2009).
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Journal of Roman Studies Roman Inscriptions 2006–2010
Journal of Roman Studies http://journals.cambridge.org/JRS Additional services for Journal of Roman Studies: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Roman Inscriptions 2006–2010 Alison E. Cooley and Benet Salway Journal of Roman Studies / Volume 102 / November 2012, pp 172 286 DOI: 10.1017/S0075435812001074, Published online: 01 October 2012 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0075435812001074 How to cite this article: Alison E. Cooley and Benet Salway (2012). Roman Inscriptions 2006–2010. Journal of Roman Studies, 102, pp 172286 doi:10.1017/S0075435812001074 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/JRS, IP address: 144.82.107.89 on 05 Nov 2012 SURVEY ARTICLE Roman Inscriptions 2006–2010 ALISON E. COOLEY AND BENET SALWAY IGENERAL I.i General Introduction The aim of this quinquennial survey remains the same as its predecessor, as for the most part does the format, though the team is regrettably reduced by one.1 With an eye to the study of the Roman world, we hope to signal the most important newly published inscriptions, signicant reinterpretations of previously published material, new trends in scholarship, recent studies that draw heavily on epigraphic sources, and noteworthy developments in the various aids to understanding inscriptions (both traditional printed material and electronic resources). In the context of this journal, the geographical range and chronological scope reect the contours and history of the Roman state from its beginnings down to the end of the seventh century. As such, not only does the survey naturally take in Greek as well as Latin texts, but also epigraphic material in other languages relevant to the Roman world.
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Healthiness, Through the Material Culture of Late Iron Age and Roman Large Urban-Type Settlements of South-East Britain
HEALTHINESS, THROUGH THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF LATE IRON AGE AND ROMAN LARGE URBAN-TYPE SETTLEMENTS OF SOUTH-EAST BRITAIN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME 1 ANGELA LOUISE TURNER-WILSON A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bournemouth University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Bournemouth University October 2009 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author, and due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. 2 ABSTRACT It has recently been recognised that concepts of health contain multiple dimensions. One area that has received little attention in archaeology is that of health and well-being, so this research seeks to contribute to this area of study. It does so by investigating healthiness in the late Iron Age and Romano-British periods. The literature review explores current thinking around this topic, and confirms that aspects of good health mattered to people in the past. The research explores small finds that are traditionally associated with personal use (mirrors, combs, glass unguent containers, bronze cosmetic grinders and other additional toilet items) from the main urban-type settlements of south-east Britain. The investigation included collecting data concerning the sites, contexts, dates, materials, types, forms, colours and decoration of these objects, and any associated archaeological remains found with these items. Given the social nature of this work, a contextual approach was central to the design. The research takes an interpretive interdisciplinary position that draws on theoretical models based on the self and other, the body and face, the senses and perception, as well as concepts from material cultural studies, such as agency.
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Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon Britain: Cultural Differences
Olivet Nazarene University Digital Commons @ Olivet Undergraduate Student Scholarship – History History Spring 4-12-2021 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon Britain: Cultural Differences Levi Michael Berg Olivet Nazarene University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/hist_ugrd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Berg, Levi Michael, "Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon Britain: Cultural Differences" (2021). Undergraduate Student Scholarship – History. 6. https://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/hist_ugrd/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at Digital Commons @ Olivet. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Student Scholarship – History by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Olivet. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon Britain: Cultural Differences Levi Berg Medieval History Dr. Kyle Robinson April 12, 2021 2 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon Britain: Cultural Differences A role of historians is to distinguish between cultural groups. They must investigate the practices and artifacts in order to create a model. This model should accurately explain events such as celebrations, war, or in the case of Britain, cultural intertwining and invasion. Britain is an interesting case to study in the Middle Ages because of the amount of intermixing that takes place. Within the time period of a few hundred years, Britain had seen multiple different distinct people groups inhabit the island. This paper will focus on the major cultural differences of the two earliest invasions, the Romans and Anglo-Saxons, based on militaristic differences, societal differences, and daily life. However, there is another question that may be answered within this research.
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