New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies

October – December 2009 Quarterly Report

Geo-Marine, Inc. 2201 K Avenue, Suite A2 Plano, Texas 75074

January 22, 2010 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

LIST OF FIGURES ...... iii LIST OF TABLES ...... iv LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...... v INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE WORK PLAN...... 1 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW...... 1 3.0 DIGITAL DATA COMPILATION...... 2 4.0 AVIAN PREDICTIVE/PROBABILITY MODEL ...... 2 5.0 BASELINE SURVEYS ...... 3 5.1 SHIPBOARD OFFSHORE SURVEYS ...... 3 5.1.1 Avian...... 3 5.1.1.1 Survey Effort...... 3 5.1.1.1.1 October 2009...... 3 5.1.1.1.2 November 2009...... 3 5.1.1.1.3 December 2009...... 3 5.1.1.2 Survey Results ...... 3 5.1.1.2.1 Avian species occurrence ...... 3 5.1.1.2.2 Avian abundance...... 3 5.1.1.2.3 Avian density...... 10 5.1.2 Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles ...... 19 5.1.2.1 Survey Effort...... 19 5.1.2.1.1 October 2009...... 19 5.1.2.1.2 November 2009...... 19 5.1.2.1.3 December 2009...... 19 5.1.2.2 Survey Results ...... 19 5.2 AERIAL SURVEYS ...... 23 5.2.1 Avian...... 23 5.2.2 Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles ...... 23 5.3 SMALL BOAT COASTAL SURVEYS ...... 23 5.3.1 Survey Effort...... 23 5.3.1.1 October 2009 ...... 23 5.3.1.2 November 2009...... 23 5.3.1.3 December 2009...... 23 5.3.2 Survey Results ...... 24 5.3.2.1 Avian Species Occurrence...... 24 5.3.2.2 Avian Abundance ...... 25 5.3.2.3 Avian Density ...... 25 5.4 SUPPLEMENTAL AVIAN OFFSHORE AND ONSHORE SURVEYS...... 27 5.4.1 Field Survey Methodology...... 27 5.4.1.1 Offshore Sawtooth Ship Transect Surveys ...... 27 5.4.1.2 Sea Watch and Transect Surveys ...... 27 5.4.2 Survey Effort...... 28 5.4.2.1 Ship Sawtooth Transect Surveys...... 28 5.4.2.2 Sea Watch/Transect Surveys...... 28 5.4.3 Survey Results ...... 28 5.4.3.1 Ship Sawtooth Transect Surveys...... 28 5.4.3.2 Sea Watch/Transect Surveys...... 28 5.5 RADAR SURVEYS ...... 28 5.5.1 Data Collection ...... 28

i New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

5.5.2 Data Analysis ...... 28 5.6 THERMAL SURVEYS...... 33 5.6.1 Data Collection ...... 33 5.6.2 Data Analysis ...... 33 5.7 NEXRAD ANALYSIS ...... 33 5.7.1 Data Collection ...... 33 5.7.2 Data Analysis ...... 33 5.8 ACOUSTIC SURVEYS ...... 33 5.8.1 August 2009 - Pop-Up Deployment Update...... 33 5.8.2 Data Analyses/Processing ...... 33 5.8.2.1 March 2008 Deployment...... 34 5.8.2.2 June 2008 Deployment ...... 34 5.8.2.3 September 2008 Deployment ...... 34 5.8.2.4 December 2008 Deployment ...... 34 5.8.2.5 March 2009 Deployment...... 42 5.8.2.6 August 2009 Deployment...... 42 5.9 OCEANOGRAPHIC SURVEYS...... 42 5.9.1 Surface Mapping System (SMS)...... 42 5.9.2 Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) Measurements ...... 47 5.9.3 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) Measurements ...... 47 5.10 SIDE-SCAN SURVEYS ...... 48 5.10.1 October – December 2009 Survey...... 48 5.10.2 Area Surveyed and Transect Parameters...... 48 5.10.3 Equipment ...... 48 5.10.4 Discussion ...... 48 6.0 INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM OFFSHORE WIND POWER FACILITIES ...... 48 7.0 REPORTING ...... 48

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A REVIEWED LITERATURE APPENDIX A-1 FISHES APPENDIX A-2 MARINE BIRDS APPENDIX A-3 MARINE MAMMALS APPENDIX A-4 OFFSHORE WIND FARMS APPENDIX A-5 SEA TURTLES APPENDIX A-6 AVIAN PREDICTIVE/PROBABILITY MODELING

APPENDIX B DIGITAL DATA COMPILATION

ii New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 5.1-1 Avian offshore and coastal survey effort for the New Jersey Study Area in October 2009 ...... 4 Figure 5.1-2 Avian offshore and coastal survey effort in the New Jersey Study Area in November 2009...... 5 Figure 5.1-3 Avian offshore and coastal survey effort in the New Jersey Study Area in December 2009...... 6 Figure 5.1-4 Total offshore bird densities (all behaviors) within the New Jersey Study Area in October 2009 ...... 13 Figure 5.1-5 Total offshore bird densities (all behaviors) within the New Jersey Study Area in November 2009 ...... 14 Figure 5.1-6 Total offshore bird densities (all behaviors) within the New Jersey Study Area in December 2009 ...... 15 Figure 5.1-7 Total offshore bird densities (sitting) within the New Jersey Study Area in October 2009 ...... 16 Figure 5.1-8 Total offshore bird densities (sitting) within the New Jersey Study Area in November 2009...... 17 Figure 5.1-9 Total offshore bird densities (sitting) within the New Jersey Study Area in December 2009...... 18 Figure 5.1-10 Shipboard Marine Mammal/Sea Turtle Survey for October 2009...... 20 Figure 5.1-11 Shipboard Marine Mammal/Sea Turtle Survey for November 2009 ...... 21 Figure 5.1-12 Shipboard Marine Mammal/Sea Turtle Survey for December 2009 ...... 22 Figure 5.4-1 Supplemental avian sea watch/transect survey effort in the New Jersey Study Area in October 2009 ...... 29 Figure 5.4-2 Supplemental avian sea watch/transect survey effort in the New Jersey Study Area in November 2009 ...... 30 Figure 5.4-3 Supplemental avian sea watch/transect survey effort in the New Jersey Study Area in December 2009 ...... 31 Figure 5.5-1 Radar Grid and Site Location for October and November 2009 ...... 32 Figure 5.8-1 The array configuration for acoustic data collection with passive acoustic monitoring ...... 35 Figure 5.9-1 SMS and ADCP Measurements Conducted during Shipboard Surveys in the NJDEP Study Area off the Coast of New Jersey in October 2009 ...... 43 Figure 5.9-2 SMS and ADCP Measurements Conducted during Shipboard Surveys in the NJDEP Study Area off the Coast of New Jersey in November 2009...... 44 Figure 5.9-3 SMS and ADCP Measurements Conducted during Shipboard Surveys in the NJDEP Study Area off the Coast of New Jersey in December 2009...... 45 Figure 5.9-4 CTD Measurements Conducted at Point Locations in the NJDEP Study Area off the Coast of New Jersey from October through December 2009...... 46

iii New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table 1-1 Dates and Status of Tasks Conducted during this Reporting Period ...... 1 Table 2-1 New Jersey Literature Review (as of 21 December 2009)...... 2 Table 5.1-1 Avian species observed during the October through December 2009 shipboard offshore surveys...... 7 Table 5.1-2 In-zone avian species abundance during the October, November, and December 2009 shipboard offshore surveys ...... 8 Table 5.1-3 The most abundant in-zone avian species during the October through December 2009 shipboard offshore transect surveys...... 9 Table 5.1-4 Summary of Marine Mammal/Sea Turtle Sightings from the Shipboard Surveys from October through December 2009...... 23 Table 5.3-1 Avian species observed during the October and December 2009 small boat coastal surveys ...... 24 Table 5.3-2 In-zone avian species abundance observed during October, November, and December 2009 small-boat coastal surveys ...... 26 Table 5.3-3 The most abundant in-zone avian species during the October through December 2009 small-boat coastal transect surveys ...... 27 Table 5.8-1 Fin whale pulses detected by date and station are presented in chronological order ...... 36 Table 5.8-2 North Atlantic right whale calls detected by date and station are presented in chronological order ...... 38 Table 5.8-3 Toothed whale calls detected by date and station are presented in chronological order ...... 40

iv New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

°C Degree(s) Celsius µW Microwatt(s) ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler AM Amplitude-modulated ASFA Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (Cambridge) BRP Bioacoustics Research Program BSS Beaufort Sea State CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter cm2 Square Centimeter(s) CTD Conductivity-Temperature-Depth dB Decibel(s) ESA Endangered Species Act FM Frequency-modulated ft Foot(Feet) GMI Geo-Marine, Inc. GPS Global Positioning System hr Hour kHz Kilohertz km Kilometer(s) km2 Square Kilometer(s) kt Knot lon-lat Longitude-Latitude m Meter(s) MARS® Mobile Avian Radar System max Maximum mg/L Milligram(s) per Liter mi Mile(s) min Minimum/Minute(s) MMS Minerals Management Service NCDC National Climatic Data Center NJDEP New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection nm Nanometer(s) NM Nautical Mile(s) NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration PAR Photosynthetically Active Radiation psu Practical Salinity Unit(s) PU Pop-up QAWP Quality Assurance Work Plan s Second(s) SMS Surface Mapping System SST Sea Surface Temperature U.S. United States USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service WSR-88D Weather Surveillance Radar – 1988 Doppler Xbat Extensible Bioacoustic Tool

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vi New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

INTRODUCTION

This quarterly progress report provides an overview of avian, marine mammal, sea turtle, and pinniped studies conducted for the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) Baseline Studies Project from October through December 2009. Survey effort and a brief overview of survey results are presented for birds, marine mammals, sea turtles, and pinnipeds. In addition, the acoustic monitoring task is discussed. Dates for the occurrence of each field task are presented in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1 Dates and Status of Tasks Conducted during this Reporting Period

Task October November December Ship Offshore 09/28; 09/30-10/02 11/19-11/22 12/07; 12/12-12/13 Avian Survey Ship Offshore 09/28; 09/30-10/02 11/19-11/22 12/07; 12/12-12/13 Mammal Survey Aerial None Scheduled None Scheduled None Scheduled Mammal Survey Coastal 10/06 12/01 12/18 Avian Survey Offshore None Scheduled None Scheduled None Scheduled Radar Island Beach State Park: Sites 9/15 – 10/02 Sea Isle City: Onshore None Scheduled Brigantine Beach: 10/26 – 11/15 10/05 – 10/26 Brigantine Beach: Sea Isle City: Thermal Sites None Scheduled 10/20 11/3, 11/6, 11/8 8/11: 6 pop-ups deloyed 12/7: 4 pop-ups Acoustic Surveys 10/26: 2 pop-ups Data analyses recovered recovered Data analyses Oceanographic 09/28; 09/30-10/02 11/19-11/22 12/07; 12/12-12/13 Surveys SideScan Surveys 09/30-10/01 11/19-11/22 12/07; 12/12

1.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE WORK PLAN

The draft Quality Assurance Work Plan (QAWP) was submitted on 24 October 2007. NJDEP comments on the draft were addressed and a revised QAWP submitted on 04 January 2008 prior to the initiation of field work. Additional comments were addressed and a revised QAWP submitted on 08 February 2008 and then again on 16 June 2008 after secondary revisions.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

An initial literature search was conducted within the Geo-Marine, Inc. (GMI) in-house library for information pertaining to wind-farms, birds, marine mammals, sea turtles, fishes, fisheries, habitats, oceanography, and other marine resources for the northeast Atlantic. Literature identified as relevant to the Study Area was catalogued and a new keyword identifying it as New Jersey-specific was entered into GMI’s master library. An initial thorough and systematic electronic literature search for additional relevant literature was conducted focusing on the same subject areas as the in-house library search; additional searches are conducted periodically to identify and collect new literature throughout the project performance period. These electronic literature searches are conducted using a variety of database

1 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report search engines (e.g., Library of Congress’ First Search and Dissertation Abstracts databases, Ingenta, Web of Science, Blackwell-Science, and Cambridge Abstract’s Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts [ASFA] database services). General internet searches were conducted through the Google and Google Scholar web search engines to identify additional reports not collected through the previous database searches. Table 2-1 shows the number of references relevant to the Study Area that have been collected to date. Appendix A contains a current bibliography for each category of interest.

Table 2-1 New Jersey Literature Review (as of 21 December 2009)

Categories Number of References Appendix Fishes 344 A-1 Marine Birds 331 A-2 Marine Mammals 766 A-3 Offshore Wind Farms 163 A-4 Sea Turtles 247 A-5 Avian Predictive/Probability Modeling 196 A-6 Total 2047

Prior experience has demonstrated that electronic searches produce a low number of false positive (references produced by a search that are not relevant) and false negative (references not produced by a search that are relevant) results when combinations of search keywords are used. Keywords for this report typically combine a subject matter (e.g., marine mammal, dolphin, whale, porpoise, sea turtle, fish, fishery, bird, seabird, wind farm, benthos, slope, circulation) paired with a geographic descriptor (e.g., western North Atlantic, northwest Atlantic, New Jersey, Delaware Bay, New York, Mid-Atlantic). Irrelevant (false positive) literature is excluded. The relevant results of these electronic searches are supplemented by investigating and acquiring the references gathered that, based on a reading of their titles or abstracts, appear to provide relevant information. This process is repeated on a continuing basis to ensure that a majority of the relevant references cited by the introduction, results, and discussion sections of the gathered references are obtained. More specific searches may be conducted to hand-pick relevant literature where a generalized keyword search does not result in adequate information and to identify any false negative results. Hand searches of published journals are not being conducted.

Results of these searches are obtained in hard or electronic format and reviewed, key-worded, and indexed regularly into GMI’s in-house library using commercial bibliographic software for ease of recall for inclusion in all relevant sections of the Quarterly, Interim, and Final Reports. From each document obtained, information relevant to the biological resources in the Study Area is extracted and integrated into the appropriate report.

3.0 DIGITAL DATA COMPILATION

The Principal Investigator for this task has compiled a digital data list from GMI data banks and geospatial data from numerous sources which is presented in Appendix B. These data are currently under review for applicability for this project.

4.0 AVIAN PREDICTIVE/PROBABILITY MODEL

Per last quarter directive, GMI compiled both the offshore and coastal data into a consolidated dataset in order to project the total kernel density information on a single map. Internal work on the avian predictive modeling continued during this period

Modeling meetings were conducted in October and November. The major topic in both meetings was the presentation of the modeling data. Linear vs. geometric formats were discussed and GMI prepared example formats for review. After review, it was agreed during the November meeting that linear format would be used. Formats (colors, shading, etc) were discussed and various formatting decisions were

2 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report made. GMI presented information on the possible development of an environmental sensitivity index. The next modeling meeting is scheduled for 11 January 2010.

5.0 BASELINE SURVEYS

5.1 SHIPBOARD OFFSHORE SURVEYS

5.1.1 Avian

5.1.1.1 Survey Effort

Shipboard avian surveys for October through December 2009 were conducted along the same strip transects as the marine mammal/sea turtle surveys. Avian surveys may be greater in length and duration because of differing visibility requirements between the avian and marine mammal and sea turtle survey methods. The survey listed under October 2009 actually began on 28 September.

5.1.1.1.1 October 2009

Shipboard avian surveys were conducted from 28 September to 02 October 2009. The ship transects covered 307.95 nautical miles (NM; 569.71 kilometers [km]; Figure 5.1-1) and on-effort survey time totaled 34.38 hours (hrs).

5.1.1.1.2 November 2009

Shipboard avian surveys were conducted from 19 November to 22 November 2009. The ship transects covered 322.83 NM (597.24 km; Figure 5.1-2), and on-effort survey time totaled 33.53 hrs.

5.1.1.1.3 December 2009

Shipboard avian surveys were conducted from 07 December to 13 December 2009. The ship transects covered 127.62 NM (236.10 km; Figure 5.1-3), and on-effort survey time totaled 14.79 hrs.

5.1.1.2 Survey Results

5.1.1.2.1 Avian species occurrence

All 41 avian species observed during the October through December 2009 offshore surveys are listed in Table 5.1-1. Of these, 21 were sighted in October 2009, 20 in November 2009 and 18 in December 2009. Birds that were not identifiable due to weather/sea state conditions, behavior, and/or distance were identified to the lowest identifiable form or taxon (genus, family, or class).

5.1.1.2.2 Avian abundance

The monthly number of individual birds/km (i.e., number of individuals detected on one side of and within 300 meters [m] of the ship from the beam forward) observed on the offshore surveys increased drastically from October 2009 (0.28) to November 2009 (3.94), and decreased somewhat in December 2009 (2.12) (Table 5.1-2). The spike in abundance values for November 2009 was attributed to increased presence of the Anatidae, Gaviidae, Laridae, and most prominently, the Sulidae. Between November and December 2009 Anatidae and Sulidae abundance values decreased while the Gaviidae and Laridae abundance values increased slightly (Table 5.1-2).

The five most numerous species for each month of offshore transect surveys are presented in Table 5.1- 3. Northern Gannet was the most numerous species in both November and December, representing 53 percent of all individuals recorded from October through December 2009. Herring Gull was the third most numerous species in each month and the second most numerous species from October through December, representing 10 percent of all individuals recorded. The top five species together represented 82, 91, and 78 percent of all individuals recorded in October, November and December, respectively.

3 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.1-1. Avian offshore and coastal survey effort for the New Jersey Study Area in October 2009.

4 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.1-2. Avian offshore and coastal survey effort in the New Jersey Study Area in November 2009.

5 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.1-3. Avian offshore and coastal survey effort in the New Jersey Study Area in December 2009.

6 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.1-1 Avian species observed during the October through December 2009 shipboard offshore surveys1.

Family 2009 Common Name, Scientific name October November December Anatidae (ducks, geese, and swans) Snow Goose, Chen caerulescens X Canada Goose, Branta canadensis X American Black Duck, Anas rubripes X X Northern Shoveler, Anas clypeata X Northern Pintail, Anas acuta X Greater Scaup, Aythya marila X Lesser Scaup, Aythya affinis X Surf Scoter, Melanitta perspicillata X X White-winged Scoter, Melanitta fusca X X Black Scoter, Melanitta nigra X X Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus serrator X Gaviidae (loons) Red-throated Loon, Gavia stellata X X Common Loon, Gavia immer X X Procellariidae (petrels and shearwaters) Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis X Sooty Shearwater, Puffinus griseus X Sulidae (gannets) Northern Gannet, Morus bassanus X X X Pelecanidae (pelicans) Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis X Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants) Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus X X Ardeidae (egrets and herons) Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias X Accipitridae (eagles and hawks) Merlin, Falco columbarius X 2 Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus X Scolopacidae (sandpipers) Sanderling, Calidris alba X Laridae (gulls and terns) Black-legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla X X Bonaparte’s Gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia X X Laughing Gull, Leucophaeus atricilla X X X Ring-billed Gull, Larus delawarensis X X Herring Gull, Larus argentatus X X X Great Black-backed Gull, Larus marinus X X X Forster’s Tern, Sterna forsteri X Royal Tern, Thalasseus maxima X Stercorariidae (jaegers and skuas) Pomarine Jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus X Picidae (woodpeckers) Northern (Yellow-shafted) Flicker, Colaptes auratus X Certhiidae (creepers) Brown Creepr, Certhia americana X Troglodytidae (wrens) Winter Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes X Parulidae (wood-warblers) Blackpoll Warbler, Dendroica striata X American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla X Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla X Northern Waterthrush, Seiurus noveboracensis X Common Yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas X

7 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.1-1 (continued) Avian species observed during the October through December 2009 shipboard offshore surveys1.

Family 2009 Common Name, Scientific name October November December Emberizidae (sparrows) Field Sparrow, Spizella pusilla X Icteridae (blackbirds, meadowlarks and orioles) Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula X 1 All birds identified to species during avian surveys are included (in-zone and out-zone). 2 New Jersey endangered species

Table 5.1-2 In-zone avian species abundance during the October, November, and December 2009 shipboard offshore surveys.

Family October 2009 November 2009 December 2009 Common Name, Scientific Name No.1 Abun.1 No.1 Abun.1 No.1 Abun.1 Total Birds 146 0.28 2,282 3.94 432 2.12 Anatidae (swans, geese, and ducks) 256 0.45 17 0.06 Canada Goose, Branta canadensis 1 0.00 American Black Duck, Anas rubripes 3 0.01 Northern Shoveler, Anas clypeata 1 0.00 Northern Pintail, Anas acuta 3 0.01 Lesser Scaup, Aythya affinis 4 0.02 Surf Scoter, Melanitta perspicillata 213 0.37 White-winged Scoter, Melanitta fusca 4 0.01 7 0.03 Black Scoter, Melanitta nigra 13 0.02 Scoter, dark-winged (unknown), Melanitta sp. 20 0.03 1 0.00 Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus serrator 3 0.01 Gaviidae (loons) 204 0.35 110 0.55 Red-throated Loon, Gavia stellata 54 0.09 28 0.14 Common Loon, Gavia immer 150 0.26 82 0.41 Procellariidae (petrels and shearwaters) 3 0.01 Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis 3 0.01 Sulidae (gannets) 6 0.01 1,399 2.42 124 0.62 Northern Gannet, Morus bassanus 6 0.01 1,399 2.42 124 0.62 Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants) 6 0.01 Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus 6 0.01 Ardeidae (bitterns, egrets, and herons) 8 0.02 Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias 8 0.02 Falconidae (falcons) 3 0.00 Merlin, Falco columbarius 2 0.00 Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus 1 0.00 Scolopacidae (sandpipers) 4 0.01 Sanderling, Calidris alba 4 0.01 Laridae (gulls and terns) 111 0.23 418 0.71 181 0.89 Black-legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla 106 0.18 1 0.00 Bonaparte's Gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia 13 0.02 44 0.22 Laughing Gull, Leucophaeus atricilla 28 0.06 25 0.04 1 0.00 Ring-billed Gull, Larus delawarensis 11 0.02 13 0.06 Herring Gull, Larus argentatus 19 0.04 208 0.36 46 0.23 Great Black-backed Gull, Larus marinus 59 0.12 53 0.09 42 0.21 Gull, large (unknown) 2 0.00 34 0.17 Forster's Tern, Sterna forsteri 5 0.01 Stercoraridae (skuas and jaegers) 1 0.00 Pomarine Jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus 1 0.00 Picidae (woodpeckers) 1 0.00 Northern (Yellow-shafted) Flicker, Colaptes auratus 1 0.00

8 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.1-2 (continued) In-zone avian species abundance during the October, November, and December 2009 shipboard offshore surveys.

Family October 2009 November 2009 December 2009 Common Name, Scientific Name No.1 Abun.1 No.1 Abun.1 No.1 Abun.1 Certhidae (creepers) 1 0.00 Brown Creeper, Certhia americana 1 0.00 Troglodytidae (wrens) 1 0.00 Winter Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes 1 0.00 Parulidae (wood-warblers) 4 0.00 American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla 1 0.00 Ovenbird, Seiurus auricapilla 1 0.00 Northern Waterthrush, Seiurus noveboracensis 1 0.00 Common Yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas 1 0.00 Emberizidae (sparrows) 1 0.00 Field Sparrow, Spizella pusilla 1 0.00 Icteridae (blackbirds, meadowlarks and orioles) 1 0.00 Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula 1 0.00 1 Includes avian observations within the 300-m x 300-m survey strip transect when the ship was traveling ≥7 knots (kts) 2 Detected abundance = No. birds/km and within the 300-m x 300-m survey strip transect when the ship was traveling ≥7 kts

Table 5.1-3 The most abundant in-zone avian species during the October through December 2009 shipboard offshore transect surveys.

October 2009 Shipboard Offshore In-zone1 Common Name Number Abundance2 Great Black-backed Gull 59 0.12 Laughing Gull 28 0.06 Herring Gull 19 0.04 Great Blue Heron 8 0.02 Double-crested Cormorant 6 0.01

November 2009 Shipboard Offshore In-zone1 Common Name Number Abundance2 Northern Gannet 1399 2.42 Surf Scoter 213 0.37 Herring Gull 208 0.36 Common Loon 150 0.26 Black-legged Kittiwake 106 0.18

December 2009 Shipboard Offshore In-zone1 Common Name Number Abundance2 Northern Gannet 124 0.62 Common Loon 82 0.41 Herring Gull 46 0.23 Bonaparte’s Gull 44 0.22 Great Black-backed Gull 42 0.21 1 Includes avian observations within the 300-m x 300-m survey strip transect when the ship was traveling ≥7 kts 2 Detected abundance = No. birds/km and within the 300-m x 300-m survey strip transect when the ship was traveling ≥7 kts

9 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Avian abundance offshore (Table 5.1-2) was very low (0.28 birds/km) during the October shipboard transects, but climbed nearly 13-fold in November (3.94); avian abundance decreased by close to half from November to December (2.12) as migration season approached completion. The composition of the avifauna changed dramatically from month to month, as different groups of birds migrated to and through the area. In October, over two-thirds of the very few birds present were gulls and terns (Laridae); no waterfowl, loons, or Northern Gannets were observed that month. As the October trip actually occurred in late September and early October, before the peak of southbound waterbird migrants, it is not surprising that bird abundance was low; however, the near absence of migrating Double-crested Cormorants (only 6 counted) was unexpected, as this species is typically moving in fairly large numbers in late September and early October. Though the November trip occurred after the time of typical peaking of waterbird migrants along the New Jersey coast, we recorded relatively high numbers of migrant waterfowl, loons, Northern Gannets, and gulls; each of these groups accounted for >200 of the 2,282 in-zone birds that month. Northern Gannets were the most abundant bird during the surveys. In December Northern Gannet remained the most numerous species, as is typical. Loons, Northern Gannets, and gulls combined to account for >96 percent of all birds recorded offshore in December.

The most significant event of the season was the large movement of Black-legged Kittiwakes recorded on the November offshore transects (Table 5.1-2). In fact, the number recorded in-zone during November (106) was larger than the total of all in-zone occurrences during the entire rest of the project. This movement was noted in the same time period from a couple on-shore sites to the northeast of the project area, Montauk Point, NY (S. Mitra pers. comm.) and Block Island, RI (T. Magarian pers. comm.), but not from any New Jersey coastal points.

5.1.1.2.3 Avian density

Methods

High-density grid boxes were identified based on a ranking procedure, in which the individual grid boxes with non-zero densities (i.e., those grid boxes with at least one bird sighting) were ranked in the order of highest to lowest total density.

This procedure was conducted for each individual month (October, November, and December 2009) for all birds from the combined offshore ship and coastal boat surveys, using the Minerals Management Service (MMS) grid system of 249 grid boxes that are defined on a regular longitude-latitude (lon-lat) grid system that encompasses the entire survey area off the New Jersey coast. Each square grid box is defined by a maximum (max) and minimum (min) longitude and a max-min latitude. The area of each grid box (square kilometers [km2]) is calculated from these min-max lon-lat values.

Input bird sightings data for the purpose of these calculations consists of the following parameters recorded for each observation (sighting): Number of birds sighted, date (month, day, and year) of the observation, and the lon-lat coordinates of the observation. Each observation is identified and binned spatially into the appropriate grid box as well as temporally according to month. After all bird counts are binned according to month and grid box, the number of bird counts within each grid box for each month is summed to yield a total bird count, which is then divided by the area of the specific grid box to yield total monthly bird density.

To identify high avian density grid boxes in the Study Area, an alphabetic letter-ranked system (A-F) is used. Rank A is designated as the highest avian density and Rank E is designated as the lowest non- zero density. For each month the zero-density grid boxes are identified and automatically assigned a rank of “F”. The percentile density ranges for each rank are: Rank A: 80-100 percent; Rank B: 60-79 percent; Rank C: 40-59 percent; Rank D: 20-39 percent; Rank E: 0.01-19 percent.

The above procedure is repeated for each month (October-December 2009), for the combined offshore (ship) and coastal (boat) surveys, for total birds. Then, for each month and survey type, color-coded spatial maps of the 249 grid boxes encompassing the survey area are generated, with the ranks of A, B, C, D, E, represented by a progression from darkest to lightest shades of green, and F represented by

10 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report white. Each of the 249 grid boxes is assigned the appropriate color according to its ranking. By definition, high-density grid boxes are identified by the dark green grid boxes (which are ranked “A”, corresponding to densities in the 80-100 percentile).

Results

Monthly color-coded spatial maps illustrating the 249 gridboxes ranked according to avian density are given in Figure 5.1-4 through Figure 5.1-9 for the combined offshore (ship) and coastal (boat) surveys (Figure 5.1-4: Total [i.e., all behavior categories] birds in October 2009; Figure 5.1-5: Total birds in November 2009; Figure 5.1-6: Total birds in December 2009; Figure 5.1-7: Sitting birds in October 2009; Figure 5.1-8: Sitting birds in November 2009; Figure 5.1-9: Sitting birds in December 2009). The gridboxes depicted in dark green (indicating avian densities from 80 to 100 percent among the positive- density gridboxes) are designated as high-density gridboxes. As shown on the color-coded spatial maps, the spatial locations of the high-density gridboxes exhibit monthly variability.

The combined offshore (ship) and coastal (boat) surveys showed a highly scattered spatial distribution of high-density (dark green) gridboxes for both total and sitting birds, in October, November, and December 2009 (Figure 5.1-4 through Figure 5.1-9). Offshore observations (as indicated by a higher number of colored gridboxes) were generally more numerous in November than in October or December, whereas there were more coastal observations in October and December than in November. Among regions where sightings occurred (non-white gridboxes), high-density (dark green) gridboxes were highly interspersed with medium-density (medium green) and low-density (light green) gridboxes in the northern, central, and southern regions of the Study Area, with adjacent dark green and light green gridboxes indicating sharp local spatial gradients in abundance. For total birds, there were 18 high-density gridboxes in October (Figure 5.1-4), 24 in November (Figure 5.1-5), and 16 in November (Figure 5.1-6). For sitting birds, there were 9 high-density gridboxes in October (Figure 5.1-7), 15 in November (Figure 5.1-8), and 12 in November (Figure 5.1-9).

For total birds, sightings and abundances were scattered throughout the Study Area (from northern to southern regions) in all three months (as indicated by interdispersion among white and non-white gridboxes), and were more heavily concentrated nearshore in October and December than in November (Figures 5.1-4 to 5.1-6). Conversely, there were relatively more offshore sightings in November than in October and December, with the few offshore December sightings occurring in the northern and southern regions of the Study Area. In October (Figure 5.1-4) and December (Figure 5.1-6), colored gridboxes predominated over white gridboxes in the coastal region, with high-density (dark green) gridboxes interspersed along the coastline, ranging from Barnegat Light (northern extent) to Hereford Inlet (southern extent) in October, and ranging from Barnegat Bay to Hereford Inlet in December. In the northern coastal region, there were relatively more sightings and a heavier concentration of high-density gridboxes in December (Figure 5.1-6) than in October (Figure 5.1-4) and November (Figure 5.1-5). In November, there were relatively fewer coastal sightings (as indicated by a high proportion of white gridboxes in the coastal region) than in the other two months, with only one high-density gridbox touching the coastline (adjacent to Ocean City and Great Egg Harbor Bay; Figure 5.1-5). The majority of high-density (dark green) gridboxes occurred in the coastal region in October and December, and occurred in the mid- offshore region in November. Among the colored gridboxes, a distinct onshore-offshore gradient is evident in all 3 months, with higher avian densities nearshore and lower avian densities further offshore (Figures 5.1-4 to 5.1-6). For example, in October (Figure 5.1-4) and December (Figure 5.1-6), most of the high-density gridboxes were concentrated in the coastal region, whereas the offshore regions exhibited a greater number of low-density (light green) gridboxes than high-density (dark green) gridboxes. In November, even though there were relatively few coastal sightings, most of the colored gridboxes located nearest the coastline (in the mid-offshore region) were high-density rather than low- density, whereas the far-offshore region showed relatively more low-density gridboxes than high-density gridboxes, reflecting a general decrease in avian density with increasing offshore distance from the mid- offshore to the far-offshore regions (i.e., considering only those regions with adequate sightings; Figure 5.1-5). In the offshore region, only November showed a significant number of high-density gridboxes, which were more heavily concentrated in the south and mid-offshore than in the north and far-offshore (Figure 5.1-5). The number of offshore sightings in October was less than in November but greater than

11 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report in December, with relatively more high-density gridboxes in the south than in the central and northern regions. In December, mostly all of the offshore sightings occurred in the northern and southern regions, with essentially zero sightings (a continuum of white gridboxes) in the offshore central region (Figure 5.1- 6). In general, spatial gradients showed a general decrease in avian density with increasing offshore distance. In the offshore region, moving from north to south, avian densities generally decreased and then increased. In the coastal region, avian densities were spatially variable all along the coast in the months with adequate sightings (October and December), with a relatively lower density in the northern coastal region in October than in December.

For sitting birds, the spatial gradients in avian density and the relative proportions and distributions of high-density (dark green), low-density (light green), and zero-density (white) gridboxes in the coastal and offshore regions (Figures 5.1-7 to 5.1-9) were similar to the all-behavior birds (Figures 5.1-4 to 5.1-6). That is, there were a greater number of sightings and high-density gridboxes in the coastal region in October (Figures 5.1-4 and 5.1-7) and December (Figures 5.1-6 and 5.1-9) than in November (Figures 5.1-5 and 5.1-8); there were relatively more offshore sightings in November than in October and December; high-density gridboxes were interspersed all along the coastline in October and December; avian densities were generally higher nearshore (in those months with adequate coastal sightings: October and December) and decreased moving offshore (including from mid-offshore to far-offshore); and offshore avian densities were generally higher in the northern and southern regions than in the central region (Figures 5.1-7 to 5.1-9).

12 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.1-4. Total offshore bird densities (all behaviors) within the New Jersey Study Area in October 2009.

13 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.1-5. Total offshore bird densities (all behaviors) within the New Jersey Study Area in November 2009.

14 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.1-6. Total offshore bird densities (all behaviors) within the New Jersey Study Area in December 2009.

15 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.1-7. Total offshore bird densities (sitting) within the New Jersey Study Area in October 2009.

16 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.1-8. Total offshore bird densities (sitting) within the New Jersey Study Area in November 2009.

17 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.1-9. Total offshore bird densities (sitting) within the New Jersey Study Area in December 2009.

18 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

5.1.2 Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles

5.1.2.1 Survey Effort

Shipboard marine mammal/sea turtle survey efforts may differ from avian survey efforts due to specific differences in survey methodologies (e.g., sea state/observation requirements).

5.1.2.1.1 October 2009

Marine mammal/sea turtle shipboard surveys were initiated on 28 September and concluded on 02 October. Effort was delayed on 27 September due to rain, high seas, and gusts up to 25 knots. Effort was suspended mid-morning on 28 September and through 29 September due to strong winds (Beaufort Sea State [BSS] >5). We had several brief delays in survey effort on 30 September and 01/02 October while waiting for winds to die down to a BSS of 5. The survey period ended a day early due to rain and strong southeast winds. The survey covered 213.23 NM (394.90 km) of an on-effort trackline (Figure 5.1-10).

5.1.2.1.2 November 2009

Marine mammal/sea turtle shipboard surveys were initiated on 19 November and concluded on 22 November. Effort was delayed on 18 November due to strong northeast winds and high seas (4-7 feet [ft]). Brief delays in effort were experienced on 19 November due to thick patches of fog that hindered visibility. Effort was suspended in the early afternoon on 22 November due to strong winds (BSS=6). The survey covered 278.67 NM (516.10 km) of an on-effort trackline (Figure 5.1-11).

5.1.2.1.3 December 2009

Marine mammal/sea turtle shipboard surveys were initiated on 07 December and concluded on 13 December. During this survey period, we experienced rough weather consisting of gale force winds during many of our survey days; therefore, survey effort was suspended from 09 December through 11 December. We had a delay in survey effort the morning of 12 December and had to end survey effort early on 13 December due to strong winds (BSS=6). The survey covered 107.955 NM (199.93 km) of on- effort trackline (Figure 5.1-12).

5.1.2.2 Survey Results

Five marine mammal and one sea turtle species were observed on the ship surveys from October through December 2009. All sightings from this time period are summarized in Table 5.1-4. Four of the six species observed are listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).

19 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.1-10. Shipboard Marine Mammal/Sea Turtle Survey for October 2009.

20 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.1-11. Shipboard Marine Mammal/Sea Turtle Survey for November 2009.

21 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.1-12. Shipboard Marine Mammal/Sea Turtle Survey for December 2009.

22 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.1-4 Summary of Marine Mammal/Sea Turtle Sightings from the Shipboard Surveys from October through December 2009.

Sightings by Month Common Name, Scientific Name October November December Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus* 1 3 Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae* 2 1 North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis* 2 Bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus 3 Common dolphin, Delphinus delphis 3 2 Loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta* 1 * ESA species This table is a summary of sightings and not the total number of animals observed. Note that a sighting can include more than one animal.

5.2 AERIAL SURVEYS

5.2.1 Avian

Aerial avian surveys were discontinued for the remainder of the project.

5.2.2 Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles

Aerial marine mammal and sea turtle surveys were discontinued for the remainder of the project.

5.3 SMALL BOAT COASTAL SURVEYS

5.3.1 Survey Effort

Per NJDEP request, the coastal survey effort was included with the ship-based based survey effort figures.

5.3.1.1 October 2009

The small-boat coastal survey was conducted on 06 October 2009, with transects covering 71.19 NM (131.70 km; Figure 5.1-1). Survey effort was continuous. The total daily effort was 6.66 hrs.

5.3.1.2 November 2009

The small-boat coastal survey was conducted on 01 December 2009, with transects covering 75.42 NM (139.53 km; Figure 5.1-2). Survey effort was continuous. The total daily effort was 7.06 hrs.

5.3.1.3 December 2009

The small-boat coastal survey was conducted on 18 December 2009, with transects covering 75.82 NM (140.27 km; Figure 5.1-3). Survey effort was continuous. The total daily effort was 7.10 hrs.

23 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

5.3.2 Survey Results

5.3.2.1 Avian Species Occurrence

All 40 avian species observed during the October through December 2009 coastal surveys are listed in Table 5.3-1. During the October survey, 26 species were recorded; 16 species were recorded during November 2009 and 21 species were detected during the December 2009.

Table 5.3-1 Avian species observed during the October and December 2009 small boat coastal surveys1.

Family 2009 Common Name, Scientific name 06 October 01 December2 18 December Anatidae (ducks, geese, and swans) Snow Goose, Chen caerulescens X Atlantic Brant, Branta bernicla X Canada Goose, Branta canadensis X X Wood Duck, Aix sponsa X American Wigeon, Anas americana X American Black Duck, Anas rubripes X X X Northern Pintail, Anas acuta X American Green-winged Teal, Anas crecca X Greater Scaup, Aythya marila X Common Eider, Somateria mollissima X X Surf Scoter, Melanitta perspicillata X X White-winged Scoter, Melanitta fusca X Black Scoter, Melanitta nigra X X X Long-tailed Duck, Clangula hyemalis X X Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus serrator X X Gaviidae (loons) Red-throated Loon, Gavia stellata X X Common Loon, Gavia immer X X Podicipedidae (grebes) Horned Grebe, Podiceps auritus X Sulidae (gannets) Northern Gannet, Morus bassanus X X X Pelecanidae (pelicans) Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis X Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants) Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus X X X Great Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo X Ardeidae (egrets and herons) Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias X Accipitridae (eagles and hawks) Osprey, Pandion haliaetus X Falconidae (falcons) 3Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus X Scolopacidae (sandpipers) Greater Yellowlegs, Tringa Melanoleuca X Sanderling, Calidris alba X Dunlin, Calidris alpina X Short-billed Dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus X Laridae (gulls and terns) Bonaparte’s Gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia X Laughing Gull, Leucophaeus atricilla X X Ring-billed Gull, Larus delawarensis X X X Herring Gull, Larus argentatus X X X Great Black-backed Gull, Larus marinus X X X

24 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.3-1 (continued) Avian species observed during the October and December 2009 small boat coastal surveys1.

Family 2009 Common Name, Scientific name 06 October 01 December2 18 December Laridae (gulls and terns) Caspian Tern, Hydroprogne caspia X Common Tern, Sterna hirundo X Forster’s Tern, Sterna forsteri X X Royal Tern, Thalasseus maximus X Rallidae (swallows) American Coot, Fulica americana X Cardinalidae (cardinals, grosbeaks and tanagers) Scarlet Tanager, Piranga olivacea X 1 All birds identified to species during avian surveys are included, whether in-zone or out-zone 2 The small boat coastal survey scheduled for November 2009 was completed on 01 December 2009 3 New Jersey Endangered Species

5.3.2.2 Avian Abundance

The monthly number of individual birds/km (i.e., number of individuals detected on one side of and within 300 m of the ship from the beam forward) observed on the coastal surveys increased from October 2009 (10.45) to November 2009 (18.65), and decreased slightly in December 2009 (15.40) (Table 5.3-2). Increased abundance values from October to November 2009 were attributed to increased presence of migrant waterfowl, loons, and Northern Gannets. Between November and December 2009 waterfowl abundance increased while the abundance of loons, Northern Gannets, and gulls and terns decreased (Table 5.3-2).

The five most numerous species for each month of coastal transect surveys are presented in Table 5.3-3. The only two species represented in the top five for multiple months were Northern Gannet (November and December) and Herring Gull (all months). Laughing Gull was the most numerous species recorded in October, representing 60 percent of all individuals recorded. Northern Gannet was the most numerous species recorded in November, representing 37 percent of all individuals recorded. Black Scoter was the most numerous species recorded in December, representing 29 percent of all individuals recorded. The top five species together represented 92, 77, and 74 percent of all individuals recorded in October, November, and December, respectively.

Coastal avian abundance (Table 5.3-2) remained relatively high throughout the season, with October numbers accounting for more than half of both the November and December numbers. In addition, waterfowl accounted for a much higher percentage of bird numbers, as is expected of these primarily coastal migrants. During the primary loon-migration season (November and December), loons accounted for fairly similar percentages of all birds between offshore (11.5 percent) and coastal (16.7 percent).

5.3.2.3 Avian Density

Methods

The methods for determining avian density are identical to the ship-based surveys (Section 5.1.1.2.3).

Results

Per NJDEP request, the coastal survey results were discussed with the ship-based avian densities (Section 5.1.1.2.3).

25 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.3-2 In-zone avian species abundance observed during October, November, and December 2009 small-boat coastal surveys.

Family October 2009 November 2009 December 2009 Common Name, Scientific Name No.1 Abun.1 No.1 Abun.1 No.1 Abun.1 Total Birds 1,364 10.45 2,584 18.65 2,144 15.40 Anatidae (swans, geese, and ducks) 59 0.45 608 4.38 1,242 8.92 Canada Goose, Branta canadensis 5 0.04 Wood Duck, Aix sponsa 1 0.01 American Wigeon, Anas americana 4 0.03 American Black Duck, Anas rubripes 5 0.04 18 0.13 2 0.01 Northern Pintail, Anas acuta 31 0.24 Green-winged Teal, Anas crecca 7 0.05 Greater Scaup, Aythya marila 7 0.05 Common Eider, Somateria mollissima 53 0.38 2 0.01 Surf Scoter, Melanitta perspicillata 222 1.6 157 1.13 White-winged Scoter, Melanitta fusca 42 0.3 Black Scoter, Melanitta nigra 11 0.08 115 0.83 632 4.54 Scoter, dark-winged (unknown), Melanitta sp. 50 0.36 Scoter (unknown), Melanitta sp. 1 0.01 Long-tailed Duck, Clangula hyemalis 146 1.05 392 2.82 Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus serrator 4 0.03 2 0.01 Gaviidae (loons) 1 0.01 439 3.17 352 2.53 Red-throated Loon, Gavia stellata 395 2.85 174 1.25 Common Loon, Gavia immer 1 0.01 44 0.32 178 1.28 Podicipedidae (grebes) 1 0.01 Horned Grebe, Podiceps auritus 1 0.01 Sulidae (gannets) 14 0.11 959 6.92 198 1.42 Northern Gannet, Morus bassanus 14 0.11 959 6.92 198 1.42 Pelecanidae (pelicans) 37 0.28 Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis 37 0.28 Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants) 6 0.05 61 0.44 3 0.02 Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus 6 0.05 61 0.44 3 0.02 Falconidae (falcons) 1 0.01 Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus 1 0.01 Rallidae (rails) 1 0.01 American Coot, Fulica americana 1 0.01 Scolopacidae (sandpipers) 12 0.09 88 0.63 Greater Yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca 7 0.05 Sanderling, Calidris alba 43 0.31 Dunlin, Calidris alpina 45 0.32 Short-billed Dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus 5 0.04 Laridae (gulls and terns) 1,232 9.43 517 3.74 260 1.87 Bonaparte’s Gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia 228 1.65 Laughing Gull, Leucophaeus atricilla 820 6.27 16 0.12 Ring-billed Gull, Larus delawarensis 2 0.02 72 0.52 45 0.32 Herring Gull, Larus argentatus 107 0.82 175 1.26 197 1.42 Great Black-backed Gull, Larus marinus 177 1.35 22 0.16 18 0.13 Gull, large (unknown) 1 0.01 Common Tern, Sterna hirundo 4 0.03 Forster’s Tern, Sterna forsteri 112 0.86 4 0.03 Royal Tern, Thalasseus maximus 9 0.07 Cardinalidae (cardinal and allies) 1 0.01 Scarlet Tanager, Piranga olivacea 1 0.01 1 Includes avian observations within the 300-m x 300-m survey strip transect when the ship was traveling ≥7 knots (kts) 2 Detected abundance = No. birds/km and within the 300-m x 300-m survey strip transect when the ship was traveling ≥7 kts

26 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.3-3 The most abundant in-zone avian species during the October through December 2009 small-boat coastal transect surveys.

06 October 2009 Small Boat Coastal In-zone1 Common Name Number Abundance2 Laughing Gull 820 6.27 Great Black-backed Gull 177 1.35 Forster’s Tern 112 0.86 Herring Gull 107 0.82 Brown Pelican 37 0.28

01 December 2009 Small Boat Coastal In-zone1 Common Name Number Abundance2 Northern Gannet 959 6.92 Red-throated Loon 395 2.85 Bonaparte’s Gull 228 1.65 Surf Scoter 222 1.60 Herring Gull 175 1.26

18 December 2009 Small Boat Coastal In-zone1 Common Name Number Abundance2 Black Scoter 632 4.54 Long-tailed Duck 392 2.82 Northern Gannet 198 1.42 Herring Gull 197 1.42 Common Loon 178 1.28 1 Includes avian observations within the 300-m x 300-m survey strip transect when the ship was traveling ≥7 kts 2 Detected abundance = No. birds/km and within the 300-m x 300-m survey strip transect when the ship was traveling ≥7 kts

5.4 SUPPLEMENTAL AVIAN OFFSHORE AND ONSHORE SURVEYS

Supplemental shipboard avian surveys were scheduled for October, November, and December 2009. Two types of supplemental surveys, offshore ship sawtooth transects and sea watch/transect, were conducted. Since this is a new task, a general overview of the methods for both surveys is provided. The sampling design and a detailed survey and analysis methodology will be provided in the Final Draft Report.

5.4.1 Field Survey Methodology

5.4.1.1 Offshore Sawtooth Ship Transect Surveys

Two to three survey dates were scheduled for each available week between 01 October and 08 December 2009. Survey methodology was identical to that of the shipboard avian surveys.

5.4.1.2 Sea Watch and Transect Surveys

Concurrent sea watch and strip-transect surveys were conducted between 20 October and 04 December 2009. Land-based surveys were conducted from Barnegat Light (39°45'30.21"N, 74°05'42.08"W) and Avalon, NJ (39°06'35.13"N, 74°42'29.78"W). Southbound birds were recorded in 15-minute (min)

27 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report increments. Parameters recorded included species (to lowest identifiable taxon), flock size and composition, and distance from shore (within or outside 2 km). Shipboard strip-transects were conducted simultaneously with each sea watch along three 20-km lines spaced 1.5 NM apart at their coastal origins and running perpendicularly from the coast to the offshore boundary of the project area. Surveys were conducted from the North-facing side of the vessel. All southbound birds crossing the transect line were recorded. Parameters recorded included species (to lowest identifiable taxon), flock size and composition, and bearing and distance to each sighting.

5.4.2 Survey Effort

5.4.2.1 Ship Sawtooth Transect Surveys

A sawtooth survey was attempted on 12 October 2009 but could not be initiated because of unacceptable weather conditions. Sawtooth surveys were conducted on 22 and 26 October 2009 (see Figure 5.1-1), 08 November 2009 (see Figure 5.1-2), and 07 and 08 December 2009 (see Figure 5.1-3).

5.4.2.2 Sea Watch/Transect Surveys

Sea watch/transect surveys were conducted on 20 and 22 October 2009 (Figure 5.4-1), 09 and 10 November 2009 (Figure 5.4-2), and on 02 December 2009 (Figure 5.4-3).

5.4.3 Survey Results

5.4.3.1 Ship Sawtooth Transect Surveys

Survey data are currently being analyzed. Survey results will be presented in the Draft Final Report.

5.4.3.2 Sea Watch/Transect Surveys

Survey data are currently being analyzed. Survey results will be presented in the Draft Final Report.

5.5 RADAR SURVEYS

5.5.1 Data Collection

The land-based Mobile Avian Radar System (MARS®) was moved from Island Beach State Park, New Jersey on 02 October 2009 (where it had been deployed since 15 September) to Brigantine Beach, New Jersey. MARS® operated from 05 – 26 October at Brigantine Beach and then relocated to Sea Isle City, New Jersey, where it operated from 26 October to 16 November 2009 (Figure 5.5-1).

Land-based ground truth surveys were conducted from 16 September to 02 October 2009 at Island Beach State Park for a total of 25.25 hrs. At Brigantine Beach, land-based ground truthing surveys were conducted from 06 – 23 October 2009 for a total of 28.25 hrs. A boat-based ground truth survey was conducted on 22 October for a total of 6 hrs. Land-based groundtruthing surveys were conducted from 26 October to 15 November 2009 at Sea Isle City for a total of 32.25 hrs. A combined total of 85.75 hrs of ground truth data were collected over the duration of fall 2009 radar surveys.

5.5.2 Data Analysis

The radar and ground truth survey data are currently being processed and analyzed.

28 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.4-1. Supplemental avian sea watch/transect survey effort in the New Jersey Study Area in October 2009.

29 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.4-2. Supplemental avian sea watch/transect survey effort in the New Jersey Study Area in November 2009.

30 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.4-3. Supplemental avian sea watch/transect survey effort in the New Jersey Study Area in December 2009.

31 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.5-1. Radar Grid and Site Location for October and November 2009.

32 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

5.6 THERMAL SURVEYS

5.6.1 Data Collection

For the land-based radar system, recording was conducted at Brigantine Beach on 20 October 2009. Following the relocation of the land-based system to Sea Isle City recording was conducted on 03, 06, and 08 November 2009.

5.6.2 Data Analysis

The thermal imaging data are currently being analyzed at GMI’s Millville, New Jersey office.

5.7 NEXRAD ANALYSIS

5.7.1 Data Collection

Level-II WSR-88D (Weather Surveillance Radar – 1988 Doppler) radar data were collected from the Fort Dix, New Jersey weather station (KDIX) for a 5-year period (fall 2004 – spring 2009). These data were obtained from a radar data archive at the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in Asheville, NC, and the archive has Level-II data from 04/26/1995 to present for the KDIX station.

5.7.2 Data Analysis

The NEXRAD data are currently being analyzed at GMI’s Millville, NJ office.

5.8 ACOUSTIC SURVEYS

This report presents an update on the autonomous acoustic recorder deployment in August 2009, recovery operations in October and December 2009, and on details regarding the status of data processing and analyses for the duration of the project.

5.8.1 August 2009 - Pop-Up Deployment Update

Six pop-ups were deployed on 11 August 2009, each with an 1/8th stainless steel cable connector between the pop-up and its anchor. Two pop-ups (S#4 and S#5, see Figure 5.8-1) used the acoustic burn unit and were each affixed with an Argos Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking beacon. These units were recovered on 26 October 2009 in weather conditions that would preclude a diver-assisted recovery of the other units. The sea height ranged from 2 ft to 4 ft for swell with a 2-ft to 4-ft wind-driven chop. The weather deteriorated and the remaining four recorders were delayed in recovery until December.

Four pop-ups (at S#1b, S#3a, and S#2 (two units), see Figure 5.8-1) were shackled directly to their anchor and the acoustic burn unit was bypassed. Thus, these units required diver-assisted recovery: divers recovered all four units on 07 December 2009. The units were shipped to Bioacoustics Research Program (BRP) with the master data to be sent to GMI for processing by 15 December 2009

The pop-ups deployed at Station (S) number (#) 1b, 2, 3a, and 5 were loaded with a 2-kilohertz (kHz) sample rate and continuous duty cycle. The units deployed at S#4 and S#2 (second unit here) were deployed with a 31.25-kHz sample rate and 5 min on/25 min off duty cycle.

5.8.2 Data Analyses/Processing

Data analysis details refer to data collected from late March 2008 through December 2009, unless otherwise noted and for comparison purposes. Data analysis details are presented per deployment for ease of reference. Daily presence of fin whales (Table 5.8-1), North Atlantic right whales (Table 5.8-2), and delphinid species (Table 5.8-3) are presented for all deployments. Only presence of identified

33 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report species and date of presence have been documented for these analyses. Data from each deployment are being opportunistically examined for vocalizations of species other than North Atlantic right whales, fin whales and delphinid species, as guided by survey data for other species identified during transect surveys.

5.8.2.1 March 2008 Deployment

Data from four pop-ups were collected at a 2-kHz sample rate facilitating an examination of baleen whale vocalizations that might have been made from late March 2008 through 16 June 2008. Data from each popup were examined using automated detection algorithms for Fin whale and North Atlantic right whale calls. Results for baleen whale species presence and date of presence are presented in Tables 5.8-1 and 5.8-2, respectively.

5.8.2.2 June 2008 Deployment

Data from four pop-ups were collected: two at a 2-kHz sample rate (continuous duty cycle) facilitating an examination of baleen whale vocalizations and two at a 31.25-kHz sample rate (5 min on/25 min off duty cycle) facilitating an examination of toothed whale calls. The lower sample rate data have been analyzed for presence of fin and North Atlantic right whale calls using a preset data template detector in Xbat (Extensible Bioacoustic Tool) and BRP’s ISRAT call detection, respectively. Results for species presence and date of presence are presented in Tables 5.8-1 and 5.8-2, respectively. Toothed whale (likely a dolphin species) vocalizations have been detected in the data from both high-frequency data sets (Table 5.8-3). Little research has been conducted to definitively identify different delphinid species via frequency- modulated (FM) or amplitude-modulated (AM) calls alone; thus, identification to species based on call detection has been reserved although survey data suggest these calls to be from either bottlenose dolphins or common dolphins. Whistles, squawks, chirps, clicks, whines, brays, pops, and claps were all detected from various days of recordings.

5.8.2.3 September 2008 Deployment

Data from three pop-ups were collected: two at a 2-kHz sample rate (continuous duty cycle) for baleen whale vocalizations and one at a 31.25-kHz sample rate (5 min on/25 min off duty cycle) for toothed whale calls. The lower sample rate data have been analyzed for presence of fin and North Atlantic right whale calls using a preset data template detector in Xbat and BRP’s ISRAT call detection, respectively. Results for species presence and date of presence are presented in Tables 5.8-1 and 5.8-2, respectively. Toothed whale (likely a dolphin species) vocalizations have been detected in the data from the high- frequency data set (Table 5.8-3), though fewer days presented delphinid calls for this third deployment as compared with the second (summer) deployment. A resident group of bottlenose dolphins frequents the waters of the New Jersey coastline during the summer months (Brown 2007), suggesting that these calls are likely from bottlenose dolphins.

5.8.2.4 December 2008 Deployment

Data from two pop-ups were recovered, though much later than planned (in June 2009 as opposed to the March recovery dates, see previous quarterly report for details). Data from two pop-ups have been analyzed: one at the high frequency (31.25 kHz) sample rate and one at the low frequency (2 kHz) sample rate. Fin whales were observed each month during this winter deployment (Table 5.8-1) while North Atlantic right whales were observed once during January, on several days in February and on a couple of days in March (Table 5.8-2). These data for the North Atlantic right whales extends scientific knowledge for the distribution of this endangered species during winter months along the United States (U.S.) east coast. Dolphins were observed infrequently during the winter months (Table 5.8-3), which supports previous studies suggesting that smaller delphinids are not in the area with colder water temperatures.

34 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.8-1. The array configuration for acoustic data collection with passive acoustic monitoring. The yellow squares represent a recording unit and station numbers are indicated next to each yellow square. Units deployed at S#1b and S#3a were shifted from the original location to affect greater distribution converge in assessment of the Study Area.

35 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.8-1 Fin whale pulses detected by date and station are presented in chronological order. Pop-up ID (PU###) and Station (S#) within array configuration are provided. Dates of detection are presented per month per popup. PU179 was deployed only in December 2008, but was not recovered. Thus, this unit is not presented in the table below.

PU081 PU063 PU134 PU086 PU203 PU002 PU171 PU182 PU145 PU153 PU160 PU162 Month Deployed PU202 (S#3) (S#4) (S#3) (S#5/2) (S#2) (S#5) (S#1a) (S#2) (S#4/2) (S#1b) (S#4) (S#3a) (S#5)

March 2008 29th 29th 29th 29th, 30th Not in use Not in Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use use use April 2008 4th 6th 7th 9th 4th 9th 4th 9th 13th 15th 1st 5th 7th 8th Not in use Not in Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use 10th 12th 27th 15th use use 27th May 2008 19th 20th None 2nd 4th 5th 9th Not in use Not in Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use 21st 22nd 18th 19th use use 23rd 22nd June 2008 4th 10th 11th 2nd 4th 6th 8th 9th 10th No data Not in use Not in Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use 15th 16th 11th 12th 13th use use 14th 16th 17th 24th – 30th July 2008 High None 1st 6th 11th 13th High Not in use Not in Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency 16th 17th 19th frequency use use code 20th 21st 22nd code 26th – 31st August 2008 High 6th 8th – 14th 1st – 12th 17th High Not in use Not in Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency 18th 19th 24th 18th 23rd 24th frequency use use code 28th 31st 25th 27th – 31st code September 2008 High 3rd 1st – 4th 6th 7th High Not in use Not in Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency 10th – 12th 12th 13th frequency use use code 14th code October 2008 Lost Lost Not in use High 4th 5th 8th 10th 19th 27th Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency 12th 13th 18th use code 23rd 27th 28th November 2008 lost Lost Not in use High 3rd 4th 7th 8th 2nd 14th Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency 13th 14th 16th use code December 2008 lost lost deployed High 1st 16th 18th 1st 2nd Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency 20th 21st 24th use code 26th 28th – 31st January 2009 N/A N/A High Lost 1st 2nd 4th 6th Lost Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency 9th – 31st use code

36 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.8-1 (continued) Fin whale pulses detected by date and station are presented in chronological order. Pop-up ID (PU###) and Station (S#) within array configuration are provided. Dates of detection are presented per month per popup. PU179 was deployed only in December 2008, but was not recovered. Thus, this unit is not presented in the table below.

PU081 PU063 PU134 PU086 PU203 PU002 PU171 PU182 PU145 PU153 PU160 PU162 Month Deployed PU202 (S#3) (S#4) (S#3) (S#5/2) (S#2) (S#5) (S#1a) (S#2) (S#4/2) (S#1b) (S#4) (S#3a) (S#5) February 2009 N/A N/A High Lost 1st to 5th 8th Lost Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency 9th 13th – 17th use code 22nd 25th 26th February 2009 N/A N/A High Lost 1st to 5th 8th Lost Not in Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency 9th 13th – 17th use code 22nd 25th 26th March 2009 N/A N/A High Lost 1st 4th 6th – 8th Lost 30th 31st hardware 29th – 31st Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency 10th – 14th error code 20th 22nd April 2009 N/A N/A Not in use N/A Not in use N/A 1st 2nd hardware 8th 19th Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use 8th 19th error May 2009 N/A N/A Not in use N/A Not in use N/A 8th – hardware 11th – 16th Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use 11th error 18th – 20th June 2009 N/A N/A Not in use N/A Not in use N/A none hardware none Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use error August 2009 N/A N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Analyses High Analyses Analyses frequency ongoing frequency ongoing ongoing code code September 2009 N/A N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Analyses Analyses High Analyses Analyses frequency ongoing ongoing frequency ongoing ongoing code code October 2009 N/A N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Analyses Analyses High Analyses Analyses frequency ongoing ongoing frequency ongoing ongoing code code November 2009 N/A N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Not in use Analyses Not in use Analyses Analyses frequency ongoing ongoing ongoing code December 2009 N/A N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Not in use Analyses Not in use Analyses Analyses frequency ongoing ongoing ongoing code

37 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.8-2 North Atlantic right whale calls detected by date and station are presented in chronological order. Pop-up ID (PU###) and Station (S#) within array configuration also provided. Dates of detection are presented per month per popup. PU179 was deployed only in December 2008, but was not recovered. Thus, this unit is not presented in the table below.

PU081 PU063 PU134 PU202 PU203 PU002 PU171 PU182 PU145 PU153 PU160 PU162 Month Deployed PU086 (S#2) (S#4) (S#3) (S#5/2) (S#3) (S#5) (S#1a) (S#2) (S#4/2) (S#1b) (S#4) (S#3a) (S#5)

March 2008 27th 28th 27th 28th 27th 26th 27th 28th Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use 29th April 2008 6th 20th 25th 20th 21st 20th 22nd 1st 2nd 3rd 19th Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use 27th 28th 25th 26th 26th 27th 20th 29th 27th May 2008 5th 6th 15th 2nd 6th 15th 1st 2nd 5th 2nd 3rd 6th 10th Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use 17th 17th 6th 15th 16th 11th 15th 21st 17th 22nd 28th 29th June 2008 11th 11th 10th No data Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use

July 2008 High 27th? 20th 24th High Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency frequency code code August 2008 High None 3rd 5th 24th High Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency 28th frequency code code September 2008 High None 14th – 17th High Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency frequency code code October 2008 Lost Lost Not in use High None None Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency code November 2008 Lost Lost Not in use High 16th 17th 11th 12th Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency 19th 26th code December 2008 Lost Lost deployed High 1st none Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency code January 2009 N/A N/A High High 6 th 19th Lost Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency frequency code code

38 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.8-2 (continued) North Atlantic right whale calls detected by date and station are presented in chronological order. Pop-up ID (PU###) and Station (S#) within array configuration also provided. Dates of detection are presented per month per popup. PU179 was deployed only in December 2008, but was not recovered. Thus, this unit is not presented in the table below.

PU081 PU063 PU134 PU202 PU203 PU002 PU171 PU182 PU145 PU153 PU160 PU162 Month Deployed PU086 (S#2) (S#4) (S#3) (S#5/2) (S#3) (S#5) (S#1a) (S#2) (S#4/2) (S#1b) (S#4) (S#3a) (S#5)

February 2009 N/A N/A High High 14th 15th Lost Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency frequency 17th 18th code code 19th 24th March 2009 N/A N/A High High 13th 22nd Lost none hardware 25th Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use frequency frequency error code code April 2009 N/A N/A Not in use N/A Not in use N/A none hardware 13th 23rd Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use error May 2009 N/A N/A Not in use N/A Not in use N/A none hardware 10th 12th Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use error 19th 21st June 2009 N/A N/A Not in use N/A Not in use N/A none hardware none Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use error August 2009 N/A N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Analyses Analyses High Analyses Analyses frequency ongoing ongoing frequency ongoing ongoing code code September 2009 N/A N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Analyses Analyses High Analyses Analyses frequency ongoing ongoing frequency ongoing ongoing code code October 2009 N/A N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Analyses Analyses High Analyses Analyses frequency ongoing ongoing frequency ongoing ongoing code code November 2009 N/A N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Not in use Analyses Not in use Analyses Analyses frequency ongoing ongoing ongoing code December 2009 N/A N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Not in use Analyses Not in use Analyses Analyses frequency ongoing ongoing ongoing code

39 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.8-3 Toothed whale calls detected by date and station are presented in chronological order. No calls identified for first deployment (26 March 08 – 17 June 08) since the sample rate was too low to detect toothed whale calls. Pop-up ID (PU###) and Station (S#) within array configuration also provided. Dates of detection are presented per month per popup. PU179 was deployed only in December 2008, but not recovered and is not presented in the table below.

PU063 PU134 PU202 PU203 PU002 PU171 PU182 PU145 PU153 PU160 PU162 Month Deployed PU081 (S#4) PU086 (S#2) (S#3) (S#5/2) (S#3) (S#5) (S#1a) (S#2) (S#4/2) (S#1b) (S#4) (S#3a) (S#5)

June 2008 25th – 30th low low 26th 27th 29th Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use frequency frequency 30th use use code code July 2008 All files low low 1st to 7th, 9th Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use examined, frequency frequency to 25th, 27th – use use calls present code code 31st every day August 2008 All files low low 1st – 16th Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use examined, frequency frequency (unit stopped use use calls present code code early) every day September 2008 Up early, no low low none Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use data frequency frequency use use code code October 2008 lost lost Not in use 6th 8th 22nd low low Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use 24th 30th frequency frequency use use code code November 2008 lost lost Not in use 1st 8th 12th low low Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use 17th 24th 27th frequency frequency use use 29th 30th code code December 2008 lost lost 14th 18th 1st 2nd 3rd low low Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use 19th 21st frequency frequency use use 24th 26th code code 27th 29th – 31st January 2009 N/A N/A 1st – 6th 10th lost low lost Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use 12th 13th frequency use use 25th 26th code February 2009 N/A N/A 2nd 5th 15th lost low lost Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use – 17th 22nd frequency use use code

40 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table 5.8-3 (continued) Toothed whale calls detected by date and station are presented in chronological order. No calls identified for first deployment (26 March 08 – 17 June 08) since the sample rate was too low to detect toothed whale calls. Pop-up ID (PU###) and Station (S#) within array configuration also provided. Dates of detection are presented per month per popup. PU179 was deployed only in December 2008, but not recovered and is not presented in the table below.

PU063 PU134 PU202 PU203 PU002 PU171 PU182 PU145 PU153 PU160 PU162 Month Deployed PU081 (S#4) PU086 (S#2) (S#3) (S#5/2) (S#3) (S#5) (S#1a) (S#2) (S#4/2) (S#1b) (S#4) (S#3a) (S#5)

March 2009 N/A N/A 7th 14th lost low lost low System low Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use frequency frequency error frequency use code code code April 2009 N/A N/A Not in use N/A low N/A low System low Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use frequency frequency error frequency use code code code May 2009 N/A N/A Not in use N/A Not in use N/A low System low Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use frequency error frequency use code code June 2009 N/A N/A Not in use N/A Not in use N/A low System low Not in use Not in Not in use Not in use frequency error frequency use code code August 2009 N/A N/A Analyses N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A low low 13th 24th low low ongoing frequency frequency frequency frequency code code code code September 2009 N/A N/A Analyses N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A low low 3rd 6th low low ongoing frequency frequency 22nd frequency frequency code code code code October 2009 N/A N/A Analyses N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A low low Analyses low low ongoing frequency frequency ongoing frequency frequency code code code code November 2009 N/A N/A Analyses N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A low N/A low low ongoing frequency frequency frequency code code code December 2009 N/A N/A Analyses N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A low N/A low Low ongoing frequency frequency frequency code code code

41 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

5.8.2.5 March 2009 Deployment

Three pop-ups were deployed and recovered; however, data from the high frequency unit were not recorded with proper gain to facilitate analysis. Thus, only data from two pop-ups (PU002, PU182), both with the 2-kHz sample rate, were available for analysis. Fin whales continued to be observed acoustically during each month of deployment (Tables 5.8-1), while North Atlantic right whales were not documented by the southern-most pop-up (PU002), but were observed on six days for the eastern-most pop-up (PU182, see Table 5.8-2).

5.8.2.6 August 2009 Deployment

Two pop-ups (PU162 and PU153) were recovered on 26 October 2009 with data extracted and analyzed. PU162 had a low frequency sample rate (2 kHz) while PU153 was loaded with the high frequency sample code (31.25 kHz). Delphinid calls were detected infrequently during this 6th deployment (Table 5.8-1). Data from PU162 are currently still being analyzed; however the trend suggests one similar to 2008 with fin whales being documented each month, in fact each week. Examination of the data for North Atlantic right whales is ongoing.

The remaining four pop-ups (PU134, PU145, PU160, PU182) were recovered on 07 December 2009 and data analyses are currently ongoing. One unit was loaded with high frequency sampling while the remaining three units had a 2 kHz sample code loaded. Details on data processing will be included in the final report for this project.

Sample sound files (.wav or .mp3) are available on request for any listed sound type (e.g., North Atlantic right whale, fin whale, or delphinid calls).

5.9 OCEANOGRAPHIC SURVEYS

Surface Mapping System (SMS), Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD), and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements were conducted at point locations in the NJDEP Study Area off the coast of New Jersey during the fourth quarter (October-December) of 2009 (Figures 5.9-1 through 5.9-4).

5.9.1 Surface Mapping System (SMS)

For the SMS, measured static parameters include the measurement date and time, water depth (ft or m), and lon-lat location. Measured climatic parameters include windspeed (knots [kts]), wind direction (deg), air temperature (degrees Celsius [°C]), relative humidity (%), and atmospheric barometric pressure (millibars [mbar]). Measured dynamic oceanographic parameters include water temperature (sea surface temperature [SST], °C), salinity (practical salinity units [psu]), fluorometric chlorophyll and CDOM (Turner raw), and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR; quanta second [s-1]). Turner units are a spectral measurement of fluorescent material in the water at specific wavelengths. Chlorophyll has an absorption peak in the blue spectral region (440 nanometers [nm]) and a strong fluorescent peak at red wavelengths (670 nm), whereas Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) absorbs strongly in the blue region (412 nm) and has a broad fluorescent peak at green-yellow wavelengths (530 nm). The PAR is measured with a PRR-600 light meter (spectral photometer) and is calculated from the spectral integration of light intensity measured at the following wavelengths: 443, 490, 510, 555, and 656 nm (spectral units: microwatts (µW) per square centimeter (cm2) per nanometer (nm).

These SMS measurements were conducted and recorded every 10 s on the following dates:

• October 2009: 12:13 AM on 9-23 through 9:01 PM on 9-23; 6:46 AM on 9-28 through 7:16 AM on 9-28; 8:17 AM on 9-28 through 10:43 PM on 9-28; 9:05 AM on 9-30 through 12:25 AM on 10-3. • November 2009: 11:34 PM on 11-18 through 1:52 AM on 11-23. • December 2009: 1:00 AM on 12-7 through 6:35 PM on 12-8; 2:54 PM on 12-9; 8:24 AM on 12-12; 9:42 AM on 12-12 through 12:04 PM on 12-12; 12:40 PM on 12-12 through 12:56 PM on 12-12; 1:17 PM on 12-12 through 1:51 PM on 12-12; 2:29 PM on 12-12 through 11:47 PM on 12-12; 12:10 AM on 12-13 through 1:27 PM on 12-13.

42 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.9-1. SMS and ADCP Measurements Conducted during Shipboard Surveys in the NJDEP Study Area off the Coast of New Jersey in October 2009.

43 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.9-2. SMS and ADCP Measurements Conducted during Shipboard Surveys in the NJDEP Study Area off the Coast of New Jersey in November 2009.

44 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.9-3. SMS and ADCP Measurements Conducted during Shipboard Surveys in the NJDEP Study Area off the Coast of New Jersey in December 2009.

45 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Figure 5.9-4. CTD Measurements Conducted at Point Locations in the NJDEP Study Area off the Coast of New Jersey from October through December 2009.

46 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Data values of these parameters for each 10-s interval were written to text files (“yymmddhh.txt”), and separate text files were generated for each hour (“hh”) of data collection. For example, data collected during the 20th hour on 07 December 2009 were recorded to the text file “09120720.txt”.

5.9.2 Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) Measurements

In addition to water surface properties, water depth profiles (extending from the surface down to a depth corresponding to 30 decibels [db] pressure) were generated for water temperature (°C), salinity (psu), dissolved oxygen (milligrams per liter [mg/L]), and conductivity (voltage) using CTD instruments. Depth profiles of these four parameters were combined into a single plot for each set of measurements. Graphical plots of these depth profiles were saved as Excel files “CTDxxx.cnv” (where “xxx” = site number: “001”, “002”, etc.). Other CTD data files that were generated include BL files (“*.bl”), CON files (“*.con”), HDR files (“*.hdr”), HEX files (“*.hex”), ROS files (“*.ros”), and WMF Image files (“*.wmf”). The CON files contain the sensor calibrations: Voltage: 0 = fluorometer (Wetlabs ECO), 1=transmissometer, 2=oxygen (SEB 43), 3=free, 4=transmissometer (C-Star), 5=free, 6=altimeter, 7=free.

The CTD measurements were conducted at 22 sites in October, 24 sites in November, and 13 sites in December. The enclosed map shows the lon-lat locations of the sites of the CTD casts at which data collection occurred. The CTD measurements were conducted on the following dates:

• October 2009 (22 sites): 9-28 through 10-2. • November 2009 (24 sites): 11-19 through 11-22. • December 2009 (13 sites): 12-7, 12-8, 12-12, and 12-13.

5.9.3 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) Measurements

In addition to SMS and CTD, ADCP measurements were conducted at various site locations. The ADCP data were collected and processed using the VM-DAS or WIN-RIVER software programs. The raw ADCP data (generated in files “*.enr”) were screened for RSSI and correlated by VM-DAS or WIN-RIVER (files “*.ens”) and then bin-mapped and transformed to Earth coordinates. The single-ping ADCP data after this transformation are in the files “*.enx”. The text files “*.vmo” contain the option settings for collecting the ADCP data. The general ADCP file format “*” = “ADCPxxx_eeeeee.”, where “xxx” = sequence of data collection files (initially “001” at the beginning of the cruise, and then increases by 1 every time the system is turned on and off), and “eeeeee” = ensemble number. The additional labels “yyyymmdd” = date of ADCP pinging, and “hhmmss.ss” = time of ADCP pinging.

The ADCP measurements were conducted on the following dates and times:

October 2009: • 9-25 (17:17:17 to 23:59:59) • 9-26 (00:00:00 to 22:09:35) • 9-27 (00:00:00 to 22:09:35) • 9-28 (00:00:00 to 07:18:12) • 9-28 (06:31:16 to 08:25:01) • 9-28 (08:26:05 to 22:34:34) • 9-30 (09:16:18 to 23:59:59) • 10-1 (00:00:00 to 23:59:59) • 10-2 (00:00:00 to 23:59:59) • 10-3 (00:00:00 to 00:28:14)

November 2009: • 11-19 (00:42:45 to 23:59:59) • 11-20 (00:00:00 to 23:59:59) • 11-21 (00:00:00 to 23:59:59) • 11-22 (00:00:00 to 23:59:59)

47 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

• 11-23 (00:00:00 to 01:51:28)

December 2009: • 12-7 (01:06:02 to 23:59:59) • 12-8 (00:00:00 to 18:35:26) • 12-12 (09:42:40 to 23:59:59) • 12-13 (00:00:00 to 17:30:33)

5.10 SIDE-SCAN SURVEYS

5.10.1 October – December 2009 Survey

Side-scan sonar and magnetometer surveys were conducted during the shipboard offshore survey cruise (30 September – 01 October; 19 – 22 November; 07 and 12 December).

5.10.2 Area Surveyed and Transect Parameters

GMI conducted bottom area surveys for the proposed New Jersey Wind Farm project in the Atlantic Ocean off the New Jersey coastline. Transect lines were created to begin 8 miles (mi) off of the Col Regs line and to run parallel to the shore. Transects were developed to provide complete coverage of the project areas. Transects were completed as conditions allowed and were spaced on 0.5-NM parallel lines. A total of 715,733 m (386 NM) were surveyed. All transect lines were run using ship speeds ranging from 3 to 5 kts. Speed was determined by environmental conditions, boat traffic, and towfish altitude. Towfish altitude was a function of ship speed, depth of the water, known obstructions within the tow path, and depth of the pycnocline.

5.10.3 Equipment

• Klein 300 dual frequency Towfish with a K-2 K-Wing Depressor and Transceiver Processing Unit • Geometrics 882 Cesium Magnetometer • Hypack and Navigational software

5.10.4 Discussion

Side-scan and magnetometer surveys were completed for all transects. Two unmarked wrecks (a bow section approximately 30 ft long with little altitude and one area of some broken up remains) were located. Other known wrecks were located in the approximate position as they are charted. The bottom topography is uniform with alternating areas of sand, sand waves, shell, and silt/mud. A strong pycnocline/thermocline, found between 10 and 17 m deep, made it difficult at times to obtain clear survey records out to the full 100-m range (200-m swath) of the towfish. The nature of the ships wake interfered with the magnetometer signal but did not prevent the magnetometer from providing adequate data to detect any ferrous anomalies. Furthermore, a deck line was added for the last cruises to help alleviate this problem. There were no ferrous signals of note with the exception being areas of the known wrecks.

6.0 INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM OFFSHORE WIND POWER FACILITIES

No activity was initiated on this task during this reporting period.

7.0 REPORTING

The sixth quarterly report was presented to NJDEP on 05 October 2009. Responses to comments on the draft QAWP were prepared. The Year 1 Interim Report was submitted on 20 January 2009. Comments were received and addressed in a revised version submitted on 03 March 2009. Coordination and writing is in progress for the Spring 2010 draft submission of the Final Report.

48 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

APPENDIX A

REVIEWED LITERATURE

A-1 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

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A-2 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

APPENDIX A-1

FISHES

Abbas, L.E. 1978. North Carolina charter boat industry. Pages 89-95 in F.E. Carlton and H. Clepper, eds. Marine recreational fisheries 3: Proceedings of the Second Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Norfolk, Virginia, March 29-30, 1978. Washington, DC: Sport Fishing Institute. Able, K.W. 1992. Checklist of New Jersey saltwater fishes. Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Science 37(1):1-11. Able, K.W. 1999. Checklist of fishes of the Jacques Cousteau National Estuarine Research Reserve at Mullica River-Great Bay. Contribution #99-22 of the Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Contribution #99-101 of the Jacques Cousteau National Estuarine Research Reserve. Able, K.W., and M.P. Fahay. 1998. The first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. Able, K.W., M.P. Fahay, D.A. Witting, R.S. McBride, and S.M. Hagan. 2006. Fish settlement in the ocean vs. estuary: Comparison of pelagic larval settled juvenile composition and abundance from southern New Jersey, U.S.A. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 66:280-280. Able, K.W., R.E. Matheson, W.W. Morse, M.P. Fahay, and G. Shepherd. 1990. Patterns of summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus early life history in the Mid-Atlantic Bight and New Jersey estuaries. Fishery Bulletin 88:1-12. Able, K.W., D.A. Witting, R.S. McBride, R.A. Rountree, and K.J. Smith. 1996. Fishes of polyhaline estuarine shores in Great Bay--Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey: A case study of seasonal and habitat influences. Pages 335-353 in Nordstrom, K.F. and C.T. Roman, eds. Estuarine shores: Evolution, environments and human alterations. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adams, D.H. and R. Paperno. 2007. Preliminary assessment of a nearshore nursery ground for the scalloped hammerhead off the Atlantic coast of Florida. American Fisheries Society Symposium 50:165-174. Almeida, F.P., D.L. Hartley, and J. Burnett. 1995. Length-weight relationships and sexual maturity of goosefish off the northeast coast of the United States. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15:14-25. Anderson, E.D. 1982. Silver hake Merluccinus bilinearis. Pages 72-74 in M.D. Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. Fish distribution. Marine EcoSystem Analysis (MESA) New York Bight Atlas Monograph 15. Albany: New York Sea Grant Institute. Arocha, F. 1997. The reproductive dynamics of swordfish Xiphias gladius L. and management implications in the northwestern Atlantic. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Miami. ASMFC (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission). 1997. Amendment 3 to the interstate fishery management plan for American lobster – Fishery management report no. 29. Washington, D.C.: Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. ASMFC (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission). 1999. Amendment 1 to the interstate fishery management plan for Atlantic sea herring – Fishery management report no. 33. Washington, D.C.: Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. ASMFC (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission). 2002. Interstate fishery management plan for spiny dogfish – Fishery management report no. 40. Washington, D.C.: Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. ASMFC (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission) Coastal Shark Plan Development Team. 2008. Interstate fishery management plan for Atlantic coastal sharks – Fishery management report no. 46. Washington, D.C.: Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. ASMFC (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission). 2009a. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. Accessed 12 February 2009. http://www.asmfc.org. ASMFC (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission). 2009b. 2008 annual report. Washington, D.C.: Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. Atlantic Anglers. 2009. 2009 fishing tournaments. Accessed 13 February 2009. http://www.atlanticanglers.com/forum/maryland/6796-2009-fishing-tournaments.html.

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Baremore, I.E. and J.K. Carlson. 2004. Preliminary reproductive parameters of the Atlantic angel shark with a potential example of reproductive senescence. Paper presented at the American Elasmobranch Society 2004 Annual Meeting, Norman, Oklahoma. Baremore, I.E., D.J. Murie, and J.K. Carlson. 2009. Seasonal size-related differences in diet of the Atlantic angel shark Squatina dumeril in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Aquatic Biology 8:doi:10.3354/ab00214. (abstract only). Beelkircher, L.R., E. Cortbs, and M. Shivji. 2002. Characteristics of shark bycatch observed on pelagic longlines off the southeastern United States, 1992-2000. Marine Fisheries Review 64:40-49. Berrien, P. and J. Sibunka. 1999. Distribution patterns of fish eggs in the U.S. northeast continental shelf ecosystem, 1977-1987. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 145:1-310. Bester, C. 1999a. Biological profiles - cobia. Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed 29 December 2004. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Cobia/Cobia.html. Bester, C. 1999b. Biological profiles - scalloped hammerhead. Accessed 17 December 2003. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/ScHammer/ScallopedHammerhead.html. Binnacle Custon Tackle. 2009. 2009. tournaments. Accessed 19 February 2009. http://www.binnacletackle.com/2009Tournaments.html. Block, B.A., H. Dewar, C. Farwell, and E.D. Prince. 1998. A new satellite technology for tracking the movements of Atlantic bluefin tuna. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:9384- 9389. Block, B.A., H. Dewar, S.B. Blackwell, T.D. Williams, E.D. Prince, C.J. Farwell, A. Boustany, S.L.H Teo, A. Seitz, A. Walli, and E. Fudge. 2001. Migratory movements, depth preferences, and thermal biology of Atlantic bluefin tuna. Science 293:1310-1314. Block, B.A., S.L.H. Teo, A. Walli, A. Boustany, M.J.W. Stokesbury, C.J. Farwell, K.C. Weng, H. Dewar, and T.D. Williams. 2005. Electronic tagging and population structure of Atlantic bluefin tuna. Nature 434:1121-1127. Boesch, D., E. Burreson, W. Dennison, E. Houde, M. Kemp, V. Kennedy, R. Newell, K. Paynter, R. Orth, R. Ulanowicz, C. Peterson, J. Jackson, M. Kirby, H. Lenihan, B. Bourque, R. Bradbury, R. Cooke, and S. Kidwell. 2001. Factors in the decline of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:1589-1591. Bonfil, R., M. Meyer, M.C. Scholl, R. Johnson, S. O’Brien, H. Oosthuizen, S. Swanson, D. Kotze, and M. Patterson. 2005. Transoceanic migration, spatial dynamics, and population linkages of white sharks. Nature 310:100-103. Bourne, D.W. 1987. Section III – The Fisheries. Pages 406-513 in R.H. Backus and D.W. Bourne, eds. Georges Bank. Cambridge: MIT Press. Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels, and M.D. Grosslein. 2000. Food of northwest Atlantic fishes and two common species of squid. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-155. Woods Hole, Massachusetts: National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center. Brander, K. 2009. Impacts of climate change on fisheries. Journal of Marine Systems doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.015. Brander, K., and P.C.F. Hurley. 1992. Distribution of early-stage Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) eggs on the Scotian Shelf: A reappraisal of evidence on the coupling of cod spawning and plankton production. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49:238-251. Branstetter, S. 1987. Age, growth and reproductive biology of the silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis, and the scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Biology of Fishes 19:161-173. Branstetter, S. and G.H. Burgess. 2002a. Requiem sharks. Family Carcharhinidae. Pages 38-45. In B.B. Collette and G. Klein-MacPhee, eds. Bigelow and Schroeder’s fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Branstetter, S. and G.H. Burgess. 2002b. Sand tiger sharks. Family Odontaspididae. Pages 25-27. In B.B. Collette and G. Klein-MacPhee, eds. Bigelow and Schroeder’s fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Branstetter, S. and G.H. Burgess. 2002. Thresher sharks. Family Alopiidae. Pages 34-36. In B.B. Collette and G. Klein-MacPhee, eds. Bigelow and Schroeder’s fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Briggs, J.C. 1974. Marine Zoogeography. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

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Briggs, P.T. 1975. Shore-zone fishes of the vicinity of Fire Island Inlet, Great South Bay, New York. New York Game and Fish Journal 22:1-12. Brill, R., M. Lutcavage, G. Metzger, P. Bushnell, M. Arendt, J. Lucy, C. Watson, and D. Foley. 2002. Horizontal and vertical movements of juvenile bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), in relation to oceanographic conditions of the western North Atlantic, determined with ultrasonic telemetry. Fishery Bulletin 100:155-167. Buckel, A.B., M.J. Fogarty, and D.O. Conover. 1999. Foraging habits of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, on the U.S. East Coast continental shelf. Fishery Bulletin 97:758-775. Burgess, G. H. 2002. Spiny dogfishes. Family Squalidae. Pages 48-57 in B.B. Collette, and G. Klein- MacPhee, eds. Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Burlas, M., G.L. Ray, and D. Clarke. 2001. The New York District's Biological monitoring program for the Atlantic coast of New Jersey, Asbury Park to Manasquan Section Beach erosion control project. Final report. New York District: U.S .Army Engineer and Vicksburg, Mississippi: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station. Byrne, C.J., and T.R. Azarovitz. 1982. Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus. Pages 109-113 in M.D. Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. Fish distribution. Marine EcoSystem Analysis (MESA) New York Bight Atlas Monograph 15. Albany: New York Sea Grant Institute. Caddy, J.F., J. Csirke, S.M. Garcia, and R.J.R. Grainger. 1998. How pervasive is “fishing down marine food webs”? Science 282:1383. Callihan, J.L., L.T. Takata, R.J. Woodland, and D.H. Secor. 2008. Cohort splitting in bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, in the US mid-Atlantic Bight. Fisheries Oceanography 17(3):191-205. Camhi, M., J.A. Musick, and C. Simpendorfer. 2000. Carcharinus obscurus (Northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico subpopulation). In: IUCN 2004. The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed 13 December 2004. http://www.redlist.org. Campana, S.E., L. Marks, W. Joyce, and N.E. Kohler. 2006. Effects of recreational and commercial fishing on blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in Atlantic Canada, with inferences on the North Atlantic population. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 63:670-682. Cargnelli, L.M., S.J. Griesbach, D.B. Packer, and E. Weissberger. 1999a. Essential fish habitat source document: Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-142:1-13. Cargnelli, L.M., S.J. Griesbach, C. McBride, C.A. Zetlin, and W.W. Morse. 1999b. Essential fish habitat source document: Longfin inshore squid, Loligo pealeii, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-146:1-27. Cargnelli, L.M., S.J. Griesbach, D.B. Packer, and E. Weissberger. 1999c. Essential fish habitat source document: Ocean quahog, Arctica islandica, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-148:1-12. Cargnelli, L.M., S.J. Griesbach, D.B. Packer, P.L. Berrien, W.W. Morse, and D.L. Johnson. 1999d. Essential fish habitat source document: Witch flounder, Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, life history and characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-139:1-29. Caruso, J.H. 2002. Goosefishes or monkfishes. Family Lophiidae. Pages 264-270 in B.B. Collette, and G. Klein-MacPhee, eds. Bigelow and Schroeder’s fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Casey, J.G. 1982. Blue shark Prionaca glauca. Pages 45-48 in M.D. Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. Fish distribution. Marine EcoSystem Analysis (MESA) New York Bight Atlas Monograph 15. Albany: New York Sea Grant Institute. Casey, J.G. and H.L. Pratt, Jr. 1985. Distribution of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in the western North Atlantic. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Science 9:2-14. Castro, J.I. 1983. The sharks of North American waters. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. Castro, J.I. 1993. The shark nursery of Bulls Bay, South Carolina, with a review of the shark nurseries of the southeastern coast of the United States. Environmental Biology of Fishes 38:37-48. CBP (Chesapeake Bay Program). 2004. Cobia. Accessed 29 December 2004. http://www.chesapeake bay.net/ cobia.htm. Chang, S., P.L. Berrien, D.L. Johnson, and W.W. Morse. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: Windowpane, Scophthalmus aquosus, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-137:1-32.

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Chase, B.C. 2002. Differences the in diet of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) at five seasonal feeding grounds on the New England continental shelf. Fishery Bulletin 100(2):168-180. Clapham, P.J., and R.M. Pace, III. 2001. Defining triggers for temporary area closures to protect right whales from entanglements: Issues and options. NMFS-NEFSC Reference Document 01-06:1- 28. Clark, S.H., and R. Livingstone, Jr. 1982. Ocean pout Macrozoarces americanus. Pages 76-79 in M.D. Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. Fish distribution. MESA New York Bight Atlas Monograph 15. Albany: New York Sea Grant Institute. Clark, S.H., S.X. Cardin, D.F. Schick, P.J. Diodati, M.P. Armstrong, and D. McCarron. 2000. The Gulf of Maine northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) fishery: A review of the record. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 27:193-226. Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto, and N. Scialabba. 1990. FAO species catalogue. Volume 10 - Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes): An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis Number 125, Volume 10. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Cohen, E. 1982. Spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias. Pages 49-50 in M.D. Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. Fish distribution. Marine EcoSystem Analysis (MESA) New York Bight Atlas Monograph 15. Albany: New York Sea Grant Institute. Collette, B.B. 2002. Mackerels, Family Scombridae. Pages 516-536 in B.B. Collette, and G. Klein- MacPhee, eds. Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Collette, B.B., and G. Klein-MacPhee, eds. 2002. Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Main. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institutions Press. Collette, B.B., and C.E. Nauen. 1983. FAO species Catalogue Volume 2 - Scombrids of the world: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis Number 125, Volume 2. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Collie, J.S., A.D. Wood, and H.P. Jeffries. 2008. Long-term shifts in the species composition of a coastal fish community. Canadian Journal of Aquatic Fisheries and Science 65:1352-1365. Colton, Jr., J.B., W.G. Smith, A.W. Kendall, Jr., P.L. Berrien, and M.P. Fahey. 1979. Principal spawning areas and times of marine fishes, Cape Sable to Cape Hatteras. Fishery Bulletin 76(4):911-915. Colvocoresses, J.A. and J.A. Musick. 1984. Species associations and community composition of Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf demersal fishes. Fishery Bulletin 82(2):295-313. Compagno, L.J.V. 1984a. FAO species catalogue. Volume 4 - Sharks of the world: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1: Hexanchiformes and Lamniformes. FAO Fisheries Synopsis Volume 4, Part 1. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Compagno, L.J.V. 1984b. FAO species catalogue. Volume 4 - Sharks of the world: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2: Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fisheries Synopsis Volume 4, Part 2. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Compagno, L.J.V. 2001. Sharks of the world: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2: Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. Number 1, Volume 2. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Conrath, C.L. and J.A. Musick. 2007. Investigations into depth and temperature habitat utilization and overwintering grounds of juvenile sandbar sharks, Carcharhinus plumbeus: the importance of near shore North Carolina waters. Environmental Biology of Fishes: DOI 10:1007/s10641-006- 9263-0. Cooper, P. 2003. Biological profiles: blue shark. Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed 03 December 2004. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/BlueShark/BlueShark.html. Consoil, P., T. Romero, P. Battaglia, L. Castriota, V. Esposito, and F. Andaloro. 2008. Feeding habits of the albacore tuna Thunnus alalunga (Perciformes, Scombridae) from central Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology 155:13-120. Cortes, E. 2008. Comparative life history and demography of pelagic sharks. Pages 309-322 in M.D. Camhi, E.K. Pikitch, and E.A. Babcock, eds. Sharks of the open ocean: Biology, fisheries and conservation. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.

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Cross, J.N., C.A. Zetlin, P.L. Berrien, D.L. Johnson, and C. McBride. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: Butterfish, Peprilus triacanthus, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-145:1-42. Csanady, G.T., and P. Hamilton. 1988. Circulation of slopewater. Continental Shelf Research 8(5-7):565- 624. Diaz, R.J., G.R. Cutter, Jr., and K.W. Able. 2003. The importance of physical and biogenic structure to juvenile fishes on the shallow inner continental shelf. Estuaries 26(1):12-20. Dery, L., and R. Livingstone, Jr. 1982. Windowpane Scophthalmus aquosus. Pages 114-116 in M.D. Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. Fish distribution. Marine EcoSystem Analysis (MESA) New York Bight Atlas Monograph 15. Albany: New York Sea Grant Institute. Dewar, H., M. Domeier, and N. Nasby-Lucas. 2004. Insights into young of the year white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, behavior in the Southern California Bight. Environmental Biology of Fishes 70:133-143. Ditty, J.G., and R.F. Shaw. 1992. Larval development, distribution, and ecology of cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Family: Rachycentridae) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 90:668-677. Driggers, W.B., III, G.W. Ingram, Jr., M.A. Grace, C.T. Gledhill, T.A. Henwood, C.N. Horton, and C.M. Jones. 2008. Pupping areas and mortality rates of young tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Aquatic Biology 2:161-170. Drohan, A.F., J.P. Manderson, and D.B. Packer. 2007. Black sea bass, Centropristis striata, life history and habitat characteristics. Second Edition. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-200:1-68. Dunaway, V. 2001. Sport fish of the Atlantic. Tampa: Florida Sportsman. Duncan, K.M., A.P. Martin, B.W. Bowen, and H.G. de Couet. 2006. Global phylogeography of the scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini). Molecular Ecology 15(8):2239-2251. Dunstone, D. 2009. Development of spatial information layers for commercial fishing and shellfishing in UK waters to support strategic siting of offshore windfarms. COWRIE FISHVALUE-07-08. Southampton, United Kingdom: ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd. Ecosystem Assessment Program. 2009. Ecosystem status report for the northeast U.S. continental shelf large marine ecosystem. NEFSC Reference Document 09-11. Woods Hole, Massachusetts: Northeast Fisheries Science Center. Eklund, A.M. 1988. Fishes inhabiting hard bottom reef areas in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Seasonality of species composition, catch rates, and reproduction. Master's thesis, University of Delaware. Eklund, A.M. and T.E. Targett. 1990. Reproductive seasonality of fishes inhabiting hard bottom areas in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Copeia 1990:1180-1184. Eklund, A.M. and T.E. Targett. 1991. Seasonality of fish catch rates and species composition from the hard bottom trap fishery in the Middle Atlantic Bight (US East Coast). Fisheries Research 12:1- 22. Epifanio, C.E., and R.W. Garvine. 2001. Larval transport on the Atlantic continental shelf of North America: a review. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 52:51-77. ESS Group, Inc. 2006. Cape Wind Energy Project Appendix 3-8.A: Additional life history descriptions for commercially and recreationally important species and forage species. Prepared for Cape Wind Associates, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts by EES Group, Inc. Wellesley, Massachusetts. Estrada, J.A., M. Lutcavage, and S. Thorold. 2005. Diet and trophic position inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of Atlantic bluefin tuna. Marine Biology 147(1):37-45. Fahay, M.P. 1983. Guide to the early stages of marine fishes occurring in the western Atlantic Ocean, Cape Hatteras to the southern Scotian Shelf. Journal of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Science 4:1-123. Fahay, M.P., P.L. Berrien, D.L. Johnson, and W.W. Morse. 1999a. Essential fish habitat source document: Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-124:1-41. Fahay, M.P., P.L. Berrien, D.L. Johnson, and W.W. Morse. 1999b. Essential fish habitat source document: Bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-144:1-68. Fay, C.W., R.J. Neves, and G.B. Pardue. 1983. Species profiles: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic) -- Surf clam. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-82/11.13. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers TR EL-82-4.

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Fergusson, I., L. Compagno, and M. Marks. 2000. Carchardon carcharias. 2004 IUCN red list of threatened species. Accessed 10 December 2004. http://www.redlist.org. Ferrari, A., and A. Ferrari. 2002. Sharks. Toronto: Firefly Books Ltd. Figley, B. 2003. Marine life colonization of experimental reef habitat in temperate ocean water off New Jersey. Federal Aid to Sportfish Restoration Project F-69-11. Trenton: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Fish and Wildlife. Figley, B. 2005. Artificial Reef Management Plan for New Jersey. Trenton: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Fish and Wildlife. FMRI (Florida Marine Research Institute). 2003. Cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Accessed 28 December 2004. http://research.myfwc.com/features/. Fordham S., S.L. Fowler, R. Coelho, K.J. Goldman, and M. Francis. 2006. Squalus acanthias (Northwest Atlantic population). 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed 10 May 2007. http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/39326/summ. Franks, J.S., J.R. Warren, and M.V. Buchanan. 1999. Age and growth of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 97:459-471. Freeman, B.L., and L.A. Walford. 1974c. Anglers’ guide to the United States Atlantic coast: Fish, fishing grounds & fishing facilities – Section 3: Block Island to Cape May, New Jersey. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. 2004. FishBase. World Wide Web Electronic Publication. Accessed 1 January 2004. http://fishbase.org/search.cfm. Gardieff, S. 2004a. Biological profiles: skipjack tuna. Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed 1 April 2004. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/SkipjackTuna/SkipjackTuna.html. Gardieff, S. 2004b. Biological profiles: swordfish. Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed 1 April 2004. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Swordfish/Swordfish.html. Garrison, L.P. and J.S. Link. 2000. Dietary guild structure of the fish community in the Northeast United States continental shelf ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 202:231-240. Gelsleichter, J. J.A. Musick, and S. Nichols. 1999. Food habits of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis, dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus, Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, and the sand tiger, Carcharias taurus, from the northwest Atlantic. Environmental Biology of Fishes 54:205-217. Gilmore, R.G. 1993. Reproductive biology of Lamnoid sharks. Environmental Biology of Fishes 38:95- 114. Giordano, C., S.L. Hartley, K. Kurtz, K. Michalski, and B. Figley. 2008. New Jersey party and charter boat directory. Trenton: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Gledhill, C.T. and J. Lyczkowski-Schultz. 2000. Indices of larval king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) abundance in the Gulf of Mexico for use in population assessments. Fishery Bulletin 98:684-691. GMFMC (Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council). 1998. Generic amendment for addressing essential fish habitat requirements in the following fishery management plans of the Gulf of Mexico: shrimp fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, United States waters; red drum fishery of the Gulf of Mexico; reef fish fishery of the Gulf of Mexico; coastal migratory pelagic resources (mackerels) in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic; stone crab fishery of the Gulf of Mexico; spiny lobster in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic; coral and coral reefs of the Gulf of Mexico (includes environmental assessment). Tampa, Florida: Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council GMFMC (Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council) and SAFMC (South Atlantic Fishery Management Council). 1985. Final amendment 1 to the fishery management plan and environmental impact statement for coastal migratory pelagic resources (mackerels) in the Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Region. Tampa, Florida and Charleston, South Carolina: Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council. Godcharles, M.F., and M.D. Murphy. 1986. Species profiles: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (South Florida) – king mackerel and Spanish mackerel. USFWS Biological Report 82(11.58) and USACE TR El-82-4. Gold, J.R., E. Pak, and D.A. DeVries. 2002. Population structure of king mackerel (Scomberomorous cavalla) around peninsular Florida, as revealed by microsatellite DNA. Fishery Bulletin 100:491- 509. Goldman, K.J. 2005. Thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus. Pages 250-252 in S.L. Fowler, R.D. Cavanagh, M. Camhi, G.H. Burgess, G.M. Cailliet, S.V. Fordham, C.A. Simpfendorfer, and J.A. Musick. eds.

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Steimle, F.W., W.W. Morse, P.L. Berrien, D.L. Johnson, and C.A. Zetlin. 1999c. Essential fish habitat source document: Ocean pout, Macrozoarces americanus, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-129:1-26. Steimle, F.W., W.W. Morse, P.L. Berrien, and D.L. Johnson. 1999d. Essential fish habitat source Document: Red hake, Urophycis chuss, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-133:1-34. Steimle, F.W., C.A. Zetlin, P.L. Berrien, D.L. Johnson, and S. Chang. 1999e. Essential fish habitat source document: Scup, Stenotomus chrysops, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-149:1-39. Stevens, J. 2000a. Prionace glauca. 2004 IUCN red list of threatened species. Accessed 10 December 2004. http://www.redlist.org. Stevens, J. 2000b. Isurus oxyrinchus. 2004 IUCN red list of threatened species. Accessed 10 December 2004. http://www.redlist.org. Stevenson, D., L. Chiarella, D. Stephan, R. Reid, K. Wilhelm, J. McCarthy, and M. Pentony. 2004. Characterization of the fishing practices and marine benthic ecosystems of the northeast U.S. shelf, and an evaluation of the potential effects of fishing on essential fish habitat. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-181:1-179. Stevenson, D.K. and M.L. Scott. 2005. Essential fish habitat source document: Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus, life history and habitat characteristics--Second edition. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-192:1-84. Steves, B.P., R.K. Cowen, and M.H. Malchoff. 1999. Settlement and nursery habitats for demersal fishes on the continental shelf of the New York Bight. Fishery Bulletin 98(1):167-188. Steves, B.P., and R.K. Cowen. 2000. Settlement, growth, and movement of silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis, in nursery habitat on the New York Bight continental shelf. Marine Ecology Progress Series 196:279-290. Stillwell, C.E. and N.E. Kohler. 1985. Food and feeding ecology of the swordfish Xiphas gladius in the western North Atlantic Ocean with estimates of daily ration. Marine Ecology Progress Series 22:239-247. Stone, S.L., T.A. Lowery, J.D. Field, S.H. Jury, D.M. Nelson, M.E. Monaco, C.D. Williams, and L.A. Andreasen. 1994. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Mid-Atlantic Estuaries. ELMR Report No. 12. Silver Spring, Maryland: NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division. Strasburg, D.W. 1958. Distribution, abundance, and habits of pelagic sharks in the central Pacific Ocean. Fishery Bulletin 138:335-361. Studholme, A.L., D.B. Packer, P.L. Berrien, D.L., Johnson, C.A. Zetlin, and W.W. Morse. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-141:1-35. Taylor, D.L., R.S. Nichols, and K.W. Able. 2007. Habitat selection and quality for multiple cohorts of young-of the-year bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix): Comparisons between estuarine and ocean beaches in southern New Jersey. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 73:667-679. Taylor, D.L., P.M. Rowe, and K.W. Able. 2005. Habitat use of the inner continental shelf off southern New Jersey by summer-spawned bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). Fishery Bulletin 104:593-604. Teo, S.L.H., A. Boustany, and B.A. Block. 2007. Oceanographic preferences of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, on their Gulf of Mexico breeding grounds. Marine Biology 152:1105-1119. The Louis Berger Group, Inc. 1999. Environmental Report: Use of federal offshore sand resources for beach and coastal restoration in New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, and Virgina. OCS Study MMS-99-0036. Morristown, New Jersey: The Louis Berger Group, Inc. Tricas, T.C., K. Deacon, P. Last, J.E. McCosker, T.I. Walker, and L Taylor. 1997. Sharks and Rays. Singapore: Time-Life Books. Terceiro, M. 2001a. Scup. In S.H. Clark, ed. Status of fishery resources off the northeastern United States for 2001. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-115. Accessed 17 February 2004. http://www. nefsc.noaa.gov/sos/spsyn/species.html. Theroux, R.B., and M.D. Grosslein. 1987. Chapter 26: Benthic Fauna. Pages 283-295 in R.H. Backus, ed. Georges Bank. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Turgeon, D.D., J.F. Quinn, Jr., A.E. Bogan, E.V. Coan, F.G. Hochberg, W.G. Lyons, P.M. Mikkelsen, R.J. Neves, C.F.E. Roper, G. Rosenburg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, F.G. Thompson, M. Vecchione, and

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J.D. Williams. 1998. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, Second Edition. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society. USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 2007. Essential fish habitat assessment for Newark Bay maintenance dredging: Newark Bay – Port Newark Channel, Port Newark Pierhead Channel, and Port Elizabeth Channel of Newark Bay, Hackensack and Passaic rivers federal navigation project analysis. New York: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Operations Division, New York District. Vasslides, J.M. and K.W. Able. 2008. Importance of shoreface sand ridges as habitat for fishes off the northeast coast of the United States. Fishery Bulletin 106:93-107. Vecchione, M. 1981. Aspects of the early life history of Loligo pealei (Cephalopoda: Myopsida). Journal of Shellfish Research 1:171-180. Vimmichenko, V.I. 1996. New data on the distribution of some species of tuna (Scrombridae) in the North Atlantic. Journal of Ichthyology 36(8):679-681. Viscido, S.V., D.E. Stearns, and K.W. Able. 1997. Seasonal and spatial patterns of an epibenthic decapod crustacean assemblage in North-west Atlantic continental shelf waters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 45:377-392. Vouglitois, J.J., K.W. Able, R.J. Kurtz, and K.A. Tighe. 1987. Life history and population dynamics of the bay anchovy in New Jersey. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116(2):141-153. Warlen, S.M., K.W. Able, and E.H. Laban. 2002. Recruitment of larval Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) to North Carolina and New Jersey estuaries: Evidence for larval transport northward along the east coast of the United States. Fishery Bulletin 100:609-623. Walsh, H.J., K.E. Maranick, and J.A. Hare. 2006. Juvenile fish assemblages collected on unconsolidated sediments of the southeast United States continental shelf. Fishery Bulletin 104:256-277. Waring, G., and S. Murawski. 1982. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus. Pages 105-107 in M.D. Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. Fish Distribution. Marine EcoSystem Analysis (MESA) New York Bight Atlas Monograph 15. Albany: New York Sea Grant Institute. Weinberg, J.R. 2000. Atlantic surfclam. In S.H. Clark, ed. Status of the fishery resources off the northeastern United States for 2000. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-115. Accessed 17 February 2004. http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/sos/spsyn/species.html. Weinberg, J. 2001a. Northern shrimp. In S.H. Clark, editor. Status of the Fishery Resources off the Northeastern United States for 2001. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-115. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Resource Evaluation and Assessment Division, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Weinberg, J.R. 2001b. Ocean quahog. In S.H. Clark, ed. Status of the fishery resources off the northeastern United States for 2001. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-115. Accessed 17 February 2004. http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/sos/spsyn/species.html. Wilber, D.H., D.G. Clarke, M.H. Burlas, H. Ruben, and R.J. Will. 2003. Spatial and temporal variability in surf zone fish assemblages on the coast of northern New Jersey. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 56:291-304. Wilber, D.H., D.G. Clarke, G.L. Ray, and M. Burlas. 2003. Response of surf zone fish to beach nourishment operations on the northern coast of New Jersey, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 250:231-246. Wigley, S.J. 2000. Ocean pout. In S.H. Clark, ed. Status of the fishery resources off the northeastern United States for 2000. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-115. Accessed 17 February 2004. http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/sos/spsyn/species.html. Wigley, S.J. and R.B. Theroux. 1981. Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States- Macrobenthic invertebrate fauna of the middle Atlantic Bight region-Faunal composition and quantitative distribution. Geological Survey Professional Survey Paper 529-N. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Williams, E. 2001. Assessment of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, in the waters of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. Beaufort, North Carolina: National Marine Fisheries Service. Williams, N. 1998. Overfishing disrupts entire ecosystems. Science 279:809. Wilson, S.G. and B.A. Block. 2009. Habitat use in Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus inferred from diving behavior. Endangered Species Research 9:doi:10.3354/esr00240. (abstract only).

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Wood, Jr., P.W. 1982. Goosefish Lophius americanus. Pages 67-70 in M.D. Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz, eds. Fish distribution. Marine EcoSystem Analysis (MESA) New York Bight Atlas Monograph 15. Albany: New York Sea Grant Institute. Wood, A.D., B.M. Wetherbee, F. Juanes, N.E. Kohler, and C. Wilga. 2009. Recalculated diet and daily ration of the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), with a focus of quantifying predation on bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Fishery Bulletin 107:76-88. Wood, A.J.M., J.S. Collie, and J.A. Hare. 2008. A comparison between warm-water fish assemblages of Narragansett Bay and those of Long Island Sound waters. Fishery Bulletin 107:89-100. Wuenschel, M.J., K.W. Able, and D. Bryne. 2009. Seasonal patterns of winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus abundance and reproductive condition on the New York Bight continental shelf. Journal of Fish Biology 74:1508-1524.

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APPENDIX A-2

MARINE BIRDS

Afton, A.D., and M.G. Anderson. 2001. Declining scaup populations: A retrospective analysis of long-term population and harvest survey data. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:781-796. Alvo, R., and M. Berrill. 1992. Adult Common Loon feeding behavior is related to food fed to chicks. Wilson Bulletin 104(1):184-185. Ambagis, J. 2004. A comparison of census and monitoring techniques for Leach’s Storm Petrel. Waterbirds 27(2):211-215. Anteau, M.J., and A.D. Afton. 2004. Nutrient reserves of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) during spring migration in the Mississippi Flyway: A test of the spring condition hypothesis. Auk 121(3):917- 929. Anteau, M.J., and A.D. Afton. 2006. Diet shifts of Lesser Scaup are consistent with the spring condition hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84:779-786. Antolos, M., D.D. Roby, D.E. Lyons, S.K. Anderson, and K. Collis. 2006. Effects of nest density, location, and timing on breeding success of Caspian Terns. Waterbirds 29(4):465-472. Atkinson, P.W., G.F. Appleton, J.A. Clark, N.A. Clark, S. Gillings, I.G. Henderson, R.A. Robinson, and R.A. Stillman. 2003. Red Knots Calidris canutus in Delaware Bay 2002. Survival, foraging and marking strategy. BTO Research Report number 308. Prepared by British Trust for Ornithology, Norfolk, United Kingdom. Atkinson, P.W., A.J. Baker, K.A. Bennett, N.A. Clark, J.A. Clark, K.B. Cole, A. Dekinga, A. Dey, S. Gillings, P.M. González, K. Kalasz, C.D.T. Minton, J. Newton, L.J. Niles, T. Piersma, R.A. Robinson, and H.P. Sitters. 2007. Rates of mass gain and energy deposition in Red Knot on their final spring staging site is both time- and condition-dependent. Journal of Applied Ecology 44:885-895. Austin, J.E., and L.H. Fredrickson. 1986. Molt of female Lesser Scaup immediately following breeding. Auk 103(2):293-298. Austin, J.E., A.D. Afton, M.G. Anderson, R.G. Clark, C.M. Custer, J.S. Lawrence, J.B. Pollard, and J.K. Ringelman. 2000. Decling scaup populations: Issues, hyphotheses, and research needs. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(1):254-263. Austin, J.E., D.A. Granfors, M.A. Johnson, and S.C. Kohn. 2002. Scaup migration patterns in North Dakota relative to temperatures and water conditions. Journal of Wildlife Management 66(3):874- 882. Badzinski, S.S., and S.A. Petrie. 2006. Diets of Lesser and Greater Scaup during autumn and spring on the lower Great Lakes. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(3):664-674. Baillie, S.M., G.J. Robertson, F.K. Wiese, and U.P. Williams. 2005. Seabird data collected by the Grand Banks offshore hydrocarbon industry 1999-2002: Results, limitations and suggestions for improvement. Canadian Wildlife Service Technical Report Series Number 434. Atlantic Region. Baker, A.J., P.M. González, T. Piersma, L.J. Niles, I. de Lima Serrano do Nascimento, P.A. Atkinson, N.A. Clark, C.D.T. Minton, M.K. Peck, and G. Aarts. 2004. Rapid population decline in Red Knots: Fitness consequences of decreased refuelling rates and late arrival in Delaware Bay. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271:875-882. Ballance, L.T. 2007. Understanding seabirds at sea: Why and how? Marine Ornithology 35:127-135. Ballance, L. 2007. Seabird survey instruction manual. Star-Lite 2007: Stenella abundance research- Line transect and ecosystem survey- Eastern tropical Pacific. Prepared by Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Ecosystem Studies (Ecology) Program, La Jolla, California. Barrett, R.T., and R.W. Furness. 1990. The prey and diving depths of seabirds on Hornøy, North Norway after a decrease in the Barents Sea capelin stocks. Ornis Scandinavica 21(3):179-186. Barrett, R.T., G. Chapdelaine, T. Anker-Nilssen, A. Mosbech, W.A. Montevecchi, J.B. Reid, and R.R. Veit. 2006. Seabird numbers and prey consumption in the North Atlantic. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63:1145-1158.Bart J., S. Droege, P. Geissler, B. Peterjohn, and C.J. Ralph. 2004. Density estimation in wildlife surveys. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(4):1242-1247. Beauchamp, G. 1992. Diving behavior in Surf Scoters and Barrow’s Goldeneyes. Auk 109(4):819-827.

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Beauchamp, G. 2006. Spatial, temporal and weather factors influencing the foraging behavior of migrating semipalmated sandpipers. Waterbirds 29(2):221-225. Becker, P.H., D. Frank, and M. Wagener. 1997. Luxury in freshwater and stress at sea? The foraging of the Common Tern Sterna hirundo. Ibis 139:264-269. Begg, G.S., and J.B. Reid. 1997. Spatial variation in seabird density at a shallow sea tidal mixing front in the Irish Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 54:552-565. Belant, J.L., and R.A. Dolbeer. 1993. Population status of nesting Laughing Gulls in the United States, 1977–1991. American Birds 47:220–224. Benjamins, S., D.W. Kulka, and J. Lawson. 2008. Incidental catch of seabirds in Newfoundland and Labrador gillnet fisheries, 2001-2003. Endangered Species Research 5:149-160. Bergman, R.D., P. Swain, and M.W. Weller. 1970. A comparative study of nesting Forster’s and Black Terns. Wilson Bulletin 82(4):435-444. Boettcher, R., T. Penn, R.R. Cross, K.T. Terwilliger, and R.A. Beck. 2007. An overview of the status and distribution of Piping Plovers in Virginia. Waterbirds 30(Special Publication 1):138-151. Bond, A.L., P.W. Hicklin, and M. Evans. 2007. Daytime spring migrations of scoters (Melanitta spp.) in the Bay of Fundy. Waterbirds 30(4):566-572. Boomer, G.S., and F.A. Johnson. 2005. An assessment of the harvest potential of the continental scaup population. Progress report. Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. Botton, M.L, R.E. Loveland, and T.R. Jacobsen. 1994. Site selection by migratory shorebirds in Delaware Bay, and its relationship to beach characteristics and abundance of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) eggs. Auk 111(3):605-616. Braune, B.M. 1987. Body morphometrics and molt of Bonaparte’s Gulls in the Quoddy region, New Brunswick, Canada. Condor 89(1):150-157. Braune, B.M. 1987. Seasonal aspects of the diet of Bonaparte’s Gulls (Larus philadelphia) in the Quoddy region, New Brunswick, Canada. Auk 104(2):167–172. Braune, B.M., and D.E. Gaskin. 1982. Feeding ecology of nonbreeding populations of larids off Deer Island, New Brunswick. Auk 99(1):67–76. Breton, A.R., G.A. Fox, and J.W. Chardine. 2008. Survival of adult Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) from a Lake Ontario colony over two decades of environmental change. Waterbirds 31(1):15-23. Brierley, A.S., and P.G. Fernandes. 2001. Diving depths of Northern Gannets: Acoustic observations of Sula bassana from an autonomous underwater vehicle. Auk 118(2):529-534. Brinker, D.F., J.M. McCann, B. Williams, and B.D. Watts. 2007. Colonial-nesting seabirds in the Chesapeake Bay region: Where have we been and where are we going? Waterbirds 30(Special Publication 1):93-104. Brown, K.M., J.L. Tims, R.M. Erwin, and M.E. Richmond. 2001. Changes in the nesting populations of colonial waterbirds in Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, New York, 1974-1998. Northeastern Naturalist 8(3):275-292. Brown, R.G.B. 1988. The influence of oceanographic anomalies on the distributions of storm-petrels (Hydrobatidae) in Nova Scotian waters. Colonial Waterbirds 11(1):1-8. Brown, R.G.B. 1988. Oceanographic factors as determinants of the winter range of the Dovekie (Alle alle) off Atlantic Canada. Colonial Waterbirds 11(2):176-180. Brown, S.C., B.A. Harrington, K.C. Parsons, and E.P. Mallory. 2002. Waterbird use of Northern Atlantic wetlands protected under the North American Wetlands Conservation Act. Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology 25(Special Publication 2):106-114. Büßer C., A. Kahles, and P. Quillfeldt. 2004. Breeding success and chick provisioning in Wilson’s Storm- petrels Oceanites oceanicus over seven years: Frequent failures due to food shortage and entombment. Polar Biology 27(10):613–622. Buckley, F.G. 1979. Colony site selection by colonial waterbirds in coastal New Jersey. Proceedings of the Colonial Waterbird Group 2:17-26. Buckley, P.A., and F.G. Buckley. 2000. Patterns of colony-site use and disuse in saltmarsh-nesting Common and Roseate Terns. Journal of Field Ornithology 71(2):356-369. Burger, J. 1977. Nesting behavior of Herring Gulls: Invasion into Spartina salt marsh areas of New Jersey. Condor 79(2):162-169. Burger, J. 1979. Competition and predation: Herring Gulls versus Laughing Gulls. Condor 81(3):269-277.

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Tsipoura, N. and Burger, J. 1999. Shorebird diet during spring migration stopover on Delaware Bay. Condor 101: 635-644. Tsipoura, N., and J. Burger. 1999. Shorebirds and surf clams: An unusual interaction. Waterbirds 22(1):140-141. Turnpenny, A.W.H., and J.R. Nedwell. 1994. The effects on marine fish, diving mammals and birds of underwater: Sound generated by seismic surveys. Consultancy Report. FCR 089/94. Prepared by Fawley aquatic research laboratories Ltd. Turpie, J.K., and P.A.R. Hockey. 1997. Adaptive variation in the foraging behaviour of Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola and Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus. Ibis 139(2):289-298. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2004. Shorebird Conservation Plan. High priority shorebirds – 2004. Unpublished report. Arlington, Virginia, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2008. Birds of Conservation Concern 2008. Arlington, Virginia: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Vanner, M. 2003. The encyclopedia of North American birds. New York: Parragon Publishing. Velásquez, C.R., and R.A. Navarro. 1993. The influence of water depth and sediment type on the foraging behavior of Whimbrels. Journal of Field Ornithology 64(2):149-157. Walsh, J., V. Elia, R. Kane, and T. Halliwell. 1999. Birds of New Jersey. Bernardsville: New Jersey Audubon Society. Wanless, S., M.P. Harris, and J.A. Morris. 1990. A comparison of feeding areas used by individual Common Murres (Uria aalge), Razorbills (Alca torda) and an Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica) during the breeding season. Colonial Waterbirds 13(1):16-24. Warham, J. 1990. The petrels: Their ecology and breeding systems. New York: Academic Press. Wells, J.V., and P.D. Vickery. 1990. Willet nesting in sphagnum bog in eastern Maine. Journal of Field Ornithology 61(1):73-75. Wickett, M.R. 1999. Atlantic Puffin/Razorbill assessment. Final report. Prepared for Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Wildlife Division. Wiese, F.K., W.A. Montevecchi, G.K. Davoren, F. Huettmann, A.W. Diamond, and J. Linke. 2001. Seabirds at risk around offshore oil platforms in the north-west Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42(12):1285-1290. Wilhelm, S.I., S.G. Gilliland, G.J. Robertson, P.C. Ryan, and R.D. Elliot. 2008. Development and validation of a wing key to improve harvest management of alcids in the northwest Atlantic. Journal of Wildlife Management 72(4):1026-1034. Wilke, A.L., B.D. Watts, B.R Truitt, and R. Boettcher. 2005. Breeding season status of the American Oystercatcher in Virginia, USA. Waterbirds 28(3):308-315. Wilke, A.L., D.F. Brinker, B.D. Watts, A.H. Traut, R. Boettcher, J.M. McCann, B.R. Truitt, and P.P. Denmon. 2007. American Oystercatchers in Maryland and Virginia, USA: Status and distribution. Waterbirds 30(Special Publication 1):152-162. Wilkinson, P.M., S.A. Nesbitt, and J.F. Parnell. 1994. Recent history and status of the eastern Brown Pelican. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22(3):420-430. Williams, B., D.F. Brinker, and B.D. Watts. 2007. The status of colonial nesting wading bird populations within the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic barrier island-lagoon system. Waterbirds 30(Special Publication 1):82-92. Williams, L.E., Jr. 1973. Spring migration of Common Loons from the Gulf of Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 85(2):230. Wilson, M.D., B.D. Watts, and D.F. Brinker. 2007. Status review of Chesapeake Bay marsh lands and breeding marsh birds. Waterbirds 30(Special Publication 1):122-137. Wilson, W.H., Jr. 1990. Relationship between prey abundance and foraging site selection by Semipalmated Sandpipers on a Bay of Fundy mudflat. Journal of Field Ornithology 61(1):9-19. Wires, L.R., and F.J. Cuthbert. 2000. Trends in Caspian Tern numbers and distribution in North America: A review. Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology 23(3):388-404. Wires, L.R., and F.J. Cuthbert. 2006. Historic populations of the Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus): Implications for conservation and management in the 21st century. Waterbirds 29(1):9-37.

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APPENDIX A-3

MARINE MAMMALS

Accidental tourist: Manatee cruises Hudson River. Accessed 15 August 2006. http://www.cnn.com/2006/ US/08/07/manatee.hudson.river.ap/index.html. Adams, L.D. and P.E. Rosel. 2006. Population differentiation of the Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) in the western North Atlantic, including the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Biology 148:671-681. Aguilar, A. 2002. Fin whale Balaenoptera physalus. Pages 435-438 in Perrin, W.F., B. Würsig, and J.G.M. Thewissen, eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals. San Diego, California: Academic Press. Allen, J.A. 1880. History of North American pinnipeds: A monograph of the walruses, sea-lions, sea-bears and seals of North America. U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Miscellaneous Publications 12:1-785. Amaral, K., K. Fullard, G.A. Early, and B. Amos. 2001. Atlantic white-sided dolphin social structure based on stranding trends and genetics. Page 6 in Abstracts, Fourteenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. 28 November-3 December 2001. Vancouver, British Columbia. Andrews, J.C. and P.R. Mott. 1967. Gray seals at Nantucket, Massachusetts. Journal of Mammalogy 48(4):657-658. Anonymous. 1908a. A manatee in a net. Forest and Stream 71:532. Anonymous. 1908b. Live sea cow captured: Manatee caught in seine of fishermen off Ocean View, Va. Washington Post (23 September 1908):2. Anonymous. 2002. Manatee spotted in Richmond waters. Daily Press (23 June). Anonymous. 2004a. Right whale is spotted in Gulf of Mexico. News Herald (Tuesday, 6 July, 2004). Anonymous. 2004b. Whale I never! Divers rescue a 15 foot monster. Royal Gazette (Apr 29, 2004). Anonymous. 2008. Whales heard off New York City. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56(11):1818. Antonucci, C., R. Higgins, and C. Yuhas. n.d. Seals: Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina concolor), gray (or grey) seal (Halichoerus grypus). Fort Hancock, New Jersey: New Jersey Marine Sciences Consortium/New Jersey Sea Grant Extension Program. Antunes, R., L. Rendell, P. Hammond, and J. Gordon. 2007. Geographical variation of sperm whale coda repertoires in the North Atlantic. Page 19 in Abstracts, Twenty-first Conference of the European Cetacean Society. 22-25 April 2007. Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain. Armstrong, P., C. Arthur, and C. Murray. 2005. Migratory bottlenose dolphin movements and numbers along the mid-Atlantic coast and their correlation with remotely sensed chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperatures. Prepared for the Undergraduate Research Experience in Ocean and Marine Science Program, Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, North Carolina. ASRG (Atlantic Scientific Review Group). 2005. Minutes of the Atlantic Scientific Review Group meeting held in Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina. AUTEC (Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center). 2000. Marine mammals of the Bahamas: A field guide for aerial and shipboard observers. Andros Island, The Bahamas: Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center. Bailey, J.W. 1948. The finback whale in Virginia waters. Journal of Mammalogy 29(2):183-184. Baird, R.W. 2001. Status of harbour seals, Phoca vitulina, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 115(4):663-675. Bajzak, C.E., M.O. Hammill, G. Stenson, and S.D. Côté. 2005. Sex differences in diving behaviour of hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Page 22 in Abstracts, Sixteenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. 12-16 December 2005. San Diego, California. Ballard, K.A. and K.M. Kovacs. 1995. The acoustic repertoire of hooded seals (Cystophora cristata). Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1362-1374. Baraff, L.S. and R.A. Asmutis-Silvia. 1998. Long-term association of an individual long-finned pilot whale and Atlantic white-sided dolphins. Marine Mammal Science 14(1):155-161. Baraff, L.S., P.J. Clapham, D.K. Mattila, and R.S. Bowman. 1991. Feeding behavior of a humpback whale in low-latitude waters. Marine Mammal Science 7(2):197-202. Barco, S., W. McLellan, J. Allen, R. Asmutis, R. Mallon-Day, E. Meagher, D.A. Pabst, J. Robbins, R. Seton, W.M. Swingle, M. Weinrich, and P. Clapham. 2002. Population identity of humpback

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whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the waters of the U.S. mid-Atlantic states. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 4(2):135-141. Barco, S.G. 1995. Population patterns of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the nearshore waters of Virginia Beach, Virginia. Master's thesis, James Madison University. Barco, S.G. and W.M. Swingle. 1996. Sighting patterns of coastal migratory bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the near shore waters of Virginia and North Carolina. Scientific Report 1996 Series 001. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Virginia Marine Science Museum. Barco, S.G., N.I. Bowles, K.A. Rittmaster, W.M. Swingle, and V.G. Thayer. 1997. The Virginia/North Carolina coastal dolphin interstate. Abstracts, Fifth Annual Coastal Dolphin Conference. 2-4 April 1997. Wilmington, North Carolina. Barco, S.G., W.M. Swingle, and H.C. Morrissette. 2004. Final report: MONAH mid-Atlantic survey effort Feb-March 2004. Virginia Aquarium Foundation Scientific Report 2004-02. Prepared for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts by Virginia Aquarium and Marine Science Center, Virginia Beach, Virginia. Barco, S.G., W.M. Swingle, W.A. McLellan, and D.A. Pabst. 1999. Using photo-identification to characterize seasonally occurring bottlenose dolphins in Virginia Beach, VA. Page 11 in Abstracts, Thirteenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. 28 November-3 December 1999. Wailea, Hawaii. Barco, S.G., W.M. Swingle, W.A. McLellan, R.N. Harris, and D.A. Pabst. 1999. Local abundance and distribution of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the nearshore waters of Virginia Beach, Virginia. Marine Mammal Science 15(2):394-408. Barlas, M.E. 1999. The distribution and abundance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) and gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) in southern New England, Winter 1998-Summer 1999. Master's thesis, Boston University. Barros, N.B. and A.A. Myrberg, Jr. 1987. Prey detection by means of passive listening in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82(Supplement 1):S65. Barros, N.B., D.K. Odell, and G.W. Patton. 1990. Ingestion of plastic debris by stranded marine mammals from Florida. Page 247 in Shomura, R.S. and M.L. Godfrey, eds. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, 2-7 April 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFC-154. Baumgartner, M.F. 1997. The distribution of Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) with respect to the physiography of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Mammal Science 13(4):614-638. Baumgartner, M.F. and B.R. Mate. 2003. Summertime foraging ecology of North Atlantic right whales. Marine Ecology Progress Series 264:123-135. Baumgartner, M.F., D.M. Fratantoni, and C.W. Clark. 2005. Advancing marine mammal ecology research with simultaneous oceanographic and acoustic observations from autonomous underwater vehicles. Pages 27-28 in Abstracts, Sixteenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. 12-16 December 2005. San Diego, California. Beardsley, R.C., A.W. Epstein, C. Chen, K.F. Wishner, M.C. Macaulay, and R.D. Kenney. 1996. Spatial variability in zooplankton abundance near feeding right whales in the Great South Channel. Deep-Sea Research 43(7-8):1601-1625. Beck, C. 2006. Florida manatee travels to Cape Cod, Massachusetts. SireNews 46:15-16. 'Behemoths in the Bay': A whale of a change in attitude was needed for species to stay afloat. Accessed 23 June 2009. http://www.bayjournal.com/article.cfm?article=2090&print=yes. Benjaminsen, T. and I. Christensen. 1979. The natural history of the bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus (Forster). Pages 143-164 in Winn, H.E. and B.L. Olla, eds. Behavior of marine animals: Current perspectives in research. Volume 3: Cetaceans. New York, New York: Plenum Press. Bermuda dolphin tracking project 2004. Accessed 18 August 2005. http://dolphinquest.org/learningquest/ researchquest/bermudatracking/bertrack2004.php. Bermuda dolphin tracking project 2005. Accessed 18 August 2005. http://dolphinquest.org/learningquest/ researchquest/bermudatracking/bertrack2005.php.

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Bernard, H.J. and S.B. Reilly. 1999. Pilot whales Globicephala Lesson, 1828. Pages 245-279 in Ridgway, S.H. and R. Harrison, eds. Handbook of marine mammals. Volume 6: The second book of dolphins and the porpoises. San Diego, California: Academic Press. Blaylock, R.A. 1985. The marine mammals of Virginia with notes on identification and natural history. VIMS Education Series No. 35 (VSG-85-05). Gloucester Point, Virginia: Sea Grant Program, Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Blaylock, R.A. 1988. Distribution and abundance of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821), in Virginia. Fishery Bulletin 86(4):797-805. Blaylock, R.A. 1995. A pilot study to estimate abundance of the U.S. Atlantic coastal migratory bottlenose dolphin. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-362:1-9. Blaylock, R.A., W. Hoggard, and K.D. Mullin. 1995. Abundance of bottlenose dolphins in the coastal U.S. mid-Atlantic in 1995. Pascagoula, Mississippi: National Marine Fisheries Sciences, Southeast Fisheries Science Center BLM (Bureau of Land Management). 1974. Socio-economic and environmental inventory of the North Atlantic region, including the outer continental shelf and adjacent waters from Sandy Hook, New Jersey, to Bay of Fundy. Volume I through III. [CD-ROM]. South Portland, Maine: The Research Institute of the Gulf of Maine. Bonde, R.K., A.A. Aguirre, and J. Powell. 2004. Manatees as sentinels of marine ecosystem health: Are they the 2000-pound canaries? EcoHealth 1:255-262. Boness, D.J., W.D. Bowen, B.M. Buhleier, and G.J. Marshall. 2006. Mating tactics and mating system of an aquatic-mating pinniped: The harbor seal, Phoca vitulina. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61:119-130. Bonner, W.N. 1981. Grey seal: Halichoerus grypus Fabricius, 1791. Pages 111-144 in Ridgway, S.H. and R.J. Harrison, eds. Handbook of marine mammals. Volume 2: Seals. London, England: Academic Press. Borchers, D.L. 2005. Estimating detection probability from line-transect cetacean surveys when detection on the line is not certain: An overview. European Cetacean Society Newsletter 44(Special Issue):4-11. Borggaard, D., J. Lien, and P. Stevick. 1999. Assessing the effects of industrial activity on large cetaceans in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland (1992-1995). Aquatic Mammals 25(3):149-161. Boskovic, R., K.M. Kovacs, M.O. Hammill, and B.N. White. 1996. Geographic distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:1787-1796. Bossart, G.D., J.D. Goldstein, M.E. Murdoch, P.A. Fair, and S.D. McCulloch. 2006. Health assessment of bottlenose dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida and Charleston, South Carolina. Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution Technical Report 93. Fort Pierce, Florida: Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. Bossart, G.D., L. Hansen, J.D. Goldstein, D. Kilpatrick, S. Bechdel, E. Howells, K. Kroell, M. De Sieyes, M.K. Stolen, W.K. Durden, J.S. Reif, R.H. Defran, and S.D. McCulloch. 2007. Pathological findings in a rare mass stranding of melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra) in Florida. Aquatic Mammals 33(2):235-240. Bossart, G.D., R. Meisner, R. Varela, M. Mazzoil, S.D. McCulloch, D. Kilpatrick, R. Friday, E. Murdoch, B. Mase, and R.H. Defran. 2003. Pathologic findings in stranded Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Florida Scientist 66(3):226-238. Bottomley, J. and J.A. Theriault. 2002. DRDC Atlantic Q-271 SEA TRIAL - Marine Mammal Impact Mitigation Plan. Defence R&D Canada Technical Memorandum DRDC Atlantic TM 2002-174:1- 15. Boulva, J. 1973. The harbour seal, Phoca vitulina concolor, in eastern Canada. Ph.D. diss., Dalhousie University. Boulva, J. and I.A. McLaren. 1979. Biology of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, in eastern Canada. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 200:1-24. Bowen, W.D. and D.B. Siniff. 1999. Distribution, population biology, and feeding ecology of marine mammals. Pages 423-484 in Reynolds III, J.E. and S.A. Rommel, eds. Biology of marine mammals. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Bowen, W.D., C.A. Beck, S.J. Iverson, D. Austin, and J.I. McMillan. 2006. Linking predator foraging behaviour and diet with variability in continental shelf ecosystems: Grey seals of eastern Canada. Pages 63-81 in Boyd, I.L., S. Wanless, and C.J. Camphuysen, eds. Top predators in marine

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Weinrich, M.T., C.R. Belt, M.R. Schilling, and M. Marcy. 1986. Behavior of sei whales in the southern Gulf of Maine, summer 1986. Whalewatcher (Journal of the American Cetacean Society) 20(4):4-7. Weinrich, M.T., R.D. Kenney, and P.K. Hamilton. 2000. Right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) on Jeffreys Ledge: A habitat of unrecognized importance? Marine Mammal Science 16(2):326-337. Weiß, B.M., F. Ladich, P. Spong, and H. Symonds. 2006. Vocal behavior of resident killer whale matrilines with newborn calves: The role of family signatures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119(1):627-635. Wells, R.S. and M.D. Scott. 1999. Bottlenose dolphin--Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821). Pages 137- 182 in Ridgway, S.H. and R. Harrison, eds. Handbook of marine mammals. Volume 6: The second book of dolphins and the porpoises. San Diego, California: Academic Press. Wells, R.S., C.A. Manire, L. Byrd, D.R. Smith, J.G. Gannon, D. Fauquier, and K.D. Mullin. 2009. Movements and dive patterns of a rehabilitated Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus, in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean. Marine Mammal Science 25(2):420-429. Wells, R.S., G.A. Early, J.G. Gannon, R.G. Lingenfelser, and P. Sweeney. 2008. Tagging and tracking of rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) from the March 2005 mass stranding in the Florida Keys. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-574. Miami, Florida: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center. Wells, R.S., H.L. Rhinehart, P. Cunningham, J. Whaley, M. Baran, C. Koberna, and D.P. Costa. 1999. Long distance offshore movements of bottlenose dolphins. Marine Mammal Science 15(4):1098- 1114. Wenzel, F. 1999. Strandings of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Massachusetts waters: 1978- 1998. Page 199 in Abstracts, Thirteenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. 28 November-3 December 1999. Wailea, Hawaii. Wenzel, F. and G. Early. 2001. Strandings of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Massachusetts waters: 1976-2000. Page 231 in Abstracts, Fourteenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. 28 November-3 December 2001. Vancouver, British Columbia. Wenzel, F.W., J.R. Nicolas, A. Abend, and B. Hayward. 2009. A bibliography of the long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas, and the short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 09-06. Woods Hole, Massachusetts: National Marine Fisheries Service. Westgate, A.J. 2005. Population structure and life history of short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in the North Atlantic. Ph.D. diss., Duke University. Westgate, A.J. 2007. Geographic variation in cranial morphology of short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) from the North Atlantic. Journal of Mammalogy 88(3):678-688. Westgate, A.J. and A.J. Read. 2007. Reproduction in short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) from the western North Atlantic. Marine Biology 150:1011–1024. Westgate, A.J., A.J. Read, T.M. Cox, T.D. Schofield, B.R. Whitaker, and K.E. Anderson. 1998. Monitoring a rehabilitated harbor porpoise using satellite telemetry. Marine Mammal Science 14(3):599-604. WhaleNet. 2003. Sighting data: Gray seals "Tom" and "Nikkie". Electronic data. Download date: April 2007. http://whale.wheelock.edu/whalenet-stuff/StopUNE03/reportsUNE.html. WhaleNet. 2004. Sighting data: "Gus". Electronic data. Download date: 10 October 2006. http://whale.wheelock.edu/whalenet-stuff/StopUNE04Hp/data_Gus.html. WhaleNet. 2005. Sighting data: "Rocky". Electronic data. Download date: 11 October 2006. http://whale.wheelock.edu/whalenet-stuff/Stop47826/data47826.html. WhaleNet. 2007a. Sighting data: "Jaws" & "Chewbacca". Electronic data. Download date: 20 June 2007. http://whale.wheelock.edu/whalenet-stuff/Stop73227/. WhaleNet. 2007b. Sighting data: "Assateague". Electronic data. Download date: 18 July 2007. http://whale.wheelock.edu/whalenet-stuff/StopNAq/ReportsAssateague.html. Whitehead, H. 1982. Populations of humpback whales in the northwest Atlantic. Reports of the International Whaling Commission 32:345-353. Whitehead, H. and M.J. Moore. 1982. Distribution and movements of West Indian humpback whales in winter. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60:2203-2211. Whitehead, H., B. McGill, and B. Worm. 2008. Diversity of deep-water cetaceans in relation to temperature: Implications for ocean warming. Ecology Letters 11:1198-1207.

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Whitman, A.A. and P.M. Payne. 1990. Age of harbour seals, Phoca vitulina concolor, wintering in southern New England. Canadian Field-Naturalist 104(4):579-582. Wiley, D.N., F.W. Wenzel, and S.B. Young. 1994. Extralimital residency of bottlenose dolphins in the western North Atlantic. Marine Mammal Science 10(2):223-226. Wiley, D.N., G. Early, C.A. Mayo, and M.J. Moore. 2001. Rescue and release of mass stranded cetaceans from beaches on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA; 1990-1999: A review of some response actions. Aquatic Mammals 27(2):162-171. Wiley, D.N., J.C. Moller, and K.A. Zilinskas. 2003. The distribution and density of commercial fisheries and baleen whales within the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary: July 2001-July 2002. Marine Technology Society Journal 37(1):35-53. Wiley, D.N., R.A. Asmutis, T.D. Pitchford, and D.P. Gannon. 1995. Stranding and mortality of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in the mid-Atlantic and southeast United States, 1985-1992. Fishery Bulletin 93:196-205. Wilson, C.E., W.F. Perrin, J.W. Gilpatrick, Jr., and S. Leatherwood. 1987. Summary of worldwide locality records of the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS- SWFC-90:1-65. Wilson, S.C. 1978. Social organization and behavior of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina concolor, in Maine. Contract MM6ACO13. Prepared for the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C. Wimmer, T. and H. Whitehead. 2004. Movements and distribution of northern bottlenose whales, Hyperoodon ampullatus, on the Scotian Slope and in adjacent waters. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82:1782-1794. Winn, H.E. and N.E. Reichley. 1985. Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781). Pages 241-274 in Ridgway, S.H. and R. Harrison, eds. Handbook of marine mammals. Volume 3: The sirenians and baleen whales. San Diego, California: Academic Press. Winn, H.E., C.A. Price, and P.W. Sorensen. 1986. The distributional biology of the right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) in the western North Atlantic. Reports of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 10):129-138. Winn, H.E., E.A. Scott, and R.D. Kenney. 1985. Aerial surveys for right whales in the Great South Channel, Spring 1984. Prepared for the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C. by Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island. Wishner, K., E. Durbin, A. Durbin, M. Macaulay, H. Winn, and R. Kenney. 1988. Copepod patches and right whales in the Great South Channel off New England. Bulletin of Marine Science 43(3):825- 844. Wolf, S., B. Cummings, and K. Siegel. 2008. Before the secretary of commerce: Petition to list three seal species under the Endangered Species Act: Ringed seal (Pusa hispida), bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), and spotted seal (Phoca largha). San Francisco, California: Center for Biological Diversity. Wood, P. 2006. Dead whale hitchhikes up bay after hit by ship. The Capital (19 April):A1. Wood, S., A. Ferland, G.T. Waring, L. Sette, and S. Shaw. 2001. Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) food habits along the New England coast. Pages 236-237 in Abstracts, Fourteenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. 28 November-3 December 2001. Vancouver, British Columbia. Wood, S., V. Rough, J. Gilbert, G. Waring, and S. Brault. 2003. The current status of gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the United States. Page 180 in Abstracts, Fifteenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. 14-19 December 2003. Greensboro, North Carolina. Wood, S.N. 2006. Generalized additive models: An introduction with R. Boca Raton, Florida: Chapman & Hall/CRC. Wright, A.J., N.A. Soto, A.L. Baldwin, M. Bateson, C.M. Beale, C. Clark, T. Deak, E.F. Edwards, A. Fernandez, A. Godinho, L. Hatch, A. Kakuschke, D. Lusseau, D. Martineau, L.M. Romero, L.S. Weilgart, B. Wintle, G. Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, and V. Martin. 2007. Do marine mammals experience stress related to anthropogenic noise? International Journal of Comparative Psychology 20:274-316. Wynne, K. and M. Schwartz. 1999. Guide to marine mammals & turtles of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Narragansett, Rhode Island: Rhode Island Sea Grant. Yeung, C., S.P. Epperly, and C.A. Brown. 2000. Preliminary revised estimates of marine mammal and marine turtle bycatch by the U.S. Atlantic pelagic longline fleet, 1992-1999. PRD Contribution Number 99/00-13. Miami, Florida: National Marine Fisheries Service.

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Zaretsky, S.C., A. Martinez, L.P. Garrison, and E.O. Keith. 2005. Differences in acoustic signals from marine mammals in the western North Atlantic and northern Gulf of Mexico. Page 314 in Abstracts, Sixteenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. 12-16 December 2005. San Diego, California. Zollet, E.A. and A.J. Read. 2006. Depredation of catch by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Florida king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) troll fishery. Fishery Bulletin 104:343-349.

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APPENDIX A-4

OFFSHORE WIND FARMS

Ahlén, I., L. Bach, H.J. Baagøe, and J. Pettersson. 2007. Bats and offshore wind turbines studied in southern Scandinavia. Report Number 5571. Stockholm, Sweden: The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Archer, C.L. and M.Z. Jacobson. 2005. Evaluation of global wind power. Journal of Geophysical Research 110:D12110, doi:10.1029/2004JD005462. Aqua-Fact International Services Ltd. 2007. Oriel Windfarm Ltd. offshore wind farm: Environmental impact statement. Non-technical summary. Volume 1 of 3. Prepared for Oriel Windfarm Ltd., Dundalk, Ireland, by Aqua-Fact International Services Ltd., Galway, Ireland. Band, W., M. Madders, and D.P. Whitfield. 2007. Developing field and analytical methods to assess avian collision risk at wind farms. Pages 259-275 in M. de Lucas, G.F.E. Janss, and M. Ferrer, eds. Birds and wind farms: Risk assessment and mitigation. Madrid: Quercus. Bech, M., S.B. Leonhard, and J. Pedersen. 2004. Infauna monitoring Horns Rev offshore wind farm: Annual status report 2003. Denmark: Elsam Engineering Bio/consult as. Bech, M., R. Frederiksen, J. Pedersen, and S.B. Leonhard. 2005. Infauna monitoring Horns Rev offshore wind farm: Annual status report 2004. Denmark: Elsam Engineering Bio/consult as. BERR (Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform). 2007. Aerial surveys of waterbirds in strategic wind farm areas: 2005-06 final report. Aberdeen, United Kingdom: Department of Trade and Industry. BERR (Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform). 2007. Offshore wind Capital Grant Scheme: North Hoyle offshore wind farm. Third annual report: July 2006-June 2007. URN Number 08/P47. Berkshire, United Kingdom: Npower Renewables Ltd. Betke, K. 2006. Measurement of underwater noise emitted by an off shore wind turbine at Horns Rev. Oldenburg, Germany: Institut für technische und angewandte Physik GmbH (ITAP). Blew, J., A. Diederichs, T. Grünkorn, M. Hoffmann, and G. Nehls. 2006. Investigations of the bird collision risk and the responses of harbour porpoises in the offshore wind farms Horns Rev, North Sea, and Nysted, Baltic Sea, in Denmark. Status report 2005: Draft version, 27.2.2006. Prepared by Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, and BioConsult SH, Husum, Germany. Brasseur, S.M.J.M., M. Scheidat, G.M. Aarts, J.S.M. Cremer, and O.G. Bos. 2008. Distribution of marine mammals in the North Sea for the generic appropriate assessment of future offshore wind farms. Report C046/08. Prepared for Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands, by Wageningen IMARES (Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies), Texel, The Netherlands. Brown, M., and R. Walls. 2004. The remote monitoring of seabird movement using bird detection radar from an offshore jack-up barge Loch Ryan, Dumfries. York, United Kingdom: Central Science Laboratory, Bird Management Unit. Bruns, E., and I. Steinhauer. 2005. Concerted Action for Offshore Wind Energy Deployment (COD). Work package 4: Environmental issues. Prepared for European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, by SenterNovem, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Camphuysen, C.J., A.D. Fox, M.F. Leopold, and I.K. Petersen. 2004. Towards standardised seabirds at sea census techniques in connection with environmental impact assessments for offshore wind farms in the UK: A comparison of ship and aerial sampling methods for marine birds, and their applicability to offshore wind farm assessments. COWRIE Report BAM-02-2002. Prepared for Collaborative Offshore Wind Research into the Environment (COWRIE), by Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, the Netherlands. Canadian Wildlife Service. 2006. Recommended protocols for monitoring impacts of wind turbines on birds. Final report. Gatineau, Quebec: Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service. 2007. Wind turbines and birds: A guidance document for environmental assessment. Gatineau, Quebec: Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada. Cartensen, J., O.D. Henriksen, and J. Teilmann. 2006. Impacts of offshore wind farm construction on harbour porpoises: Acoustic monitoring of echo-location activity using porpoise detectors (T- PODs). Marine Ecology Progress Series 321:295-308.

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Chamberlain, D.E., M.R. Rehfisch, A.D. Fox, M. Desholm, and S.J. Anthony. 2006. The effect of avoidance rates on bird mortality predictions made by wind turbine collision risk models. In Wind, Fire and Water: Renewable Energy and Birds. Ibis 148(Suppl. 1):198-202. Christensen, C.F. 2006. Navigational risk assessment: Frequency analysis: Wind farm Horns Rev 2. Report Number 643233-REP-01. Prepared for Energi E2 A/S, Brøndby, Denmark. Christensen, T.K., and J.P. Hounisen. 2005. Investigations of migratory birds during operation of Horns Rev offshore wind farm 2004. Annual status report 2004. NERI Report. Prepared for Elsam Engineering A/S, Kraftværksvej, Denmark, by National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark. Christensen, T.K., I. Clausager, and I.K. Petersen. 2001. Base-line investigations of birds in relation to an offshore wind farm at Horns Rev: Results and conclusions 2000/2001. NERI Report. Prepared for Tech-wise A/S, Federicia, Denmark, by National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark. Christensen, T.K., I. Clausager, and I.K. Petersen. 2002. Status report of seabird surveys at Horns Rev, 2000-2001. NERI Report. Prepared for Tech-wise A/S, Fredericia, Denmark, by National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark. Christensen, T.K., I. Clausager, and I.K. Petersen. 2003. Base-line investigations of birds in relation to an offshore wind farm at Horns Rev, and results from the year of construction. NERI Report 2003, April 10 ed. Roskilde, Denmark: National Environmental Research Institute. Christensen, T.K., J.P. Hounisen, I. Clausager, and I.K. Petersen. 2004. Visual and radar observations of birds in relation to collision risk at the Horns Rev offshore wind farm. Annual status report 2003. NERI Report. Prepared for Elsam Engineering A/S, Kraftværksvej, Denmark, by National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark. Cranswick, P., C. Hall, and L. Smith. 2003. Aerial surveys of birds in proposed strategic areas for offshore windfarm development, round 2: Preliminary report, winter 2002/03. WWT research report. Prepared for Department of Trade and Industry, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, by the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom. Cryan, P.M., and A.C. Brown. 2007. Migration of bats past a remote island offers clues toward the problem of bat fatalities at wind turbines. Biological Conservation 139:1-11. Desholm, M. 2001. First phase of the project ‘Development of method for estimating the collision frequency between migrating birds and offshore wind turbines’ – the choice of equipment. Prepared for SEAS Wind Energy Centre, Haslev, Denmark, by National Environmental Research Institute, Rønde, Denmark. Desholm, M. 2003. Thermal Animal Detection System (TADS): Development of a method for estimating collision frequency of migrating birds at offshore wind turbines. NERI Technical Report Number 440. Roskilde, Denmark: National Environmental Research Institute. Desholm, M. 2009. Avian sensitivity to mortality: Prioritising migratory bird species for assessment at proposed wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management. In press. Desholm, M., and J. Kahlert. 2005. Avian collision risk at an offshore wind farm. Biology Letters 1(3):296- 298. Desholm, M., J. Kahlert, I.K. Petersen, and I. Clausager. 2001. Base-line investigations of birds in relation to an offshore wind farm at Rødsand: Results and conclusions, 2000. NERI Report. Prepared for SEAS Distribution, by National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark. Desholm, M., I.K. Petersen, J. Kahlert, and I. Clausager. 2003. Base-line investigations of birds in relation to an offshore wind farm at Rødsand: Results and conclusions 2002. NERI Report. Prepared for ENERGI E2 A/S, København SV, Denmark, by National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark. Desholm, M., A.D. Fox, and P.D. Beasley. 2004. Best practice guidance for the use of remote techniques for observing bird behaviour in relation to offshore windfarms. COWRIE-REMOTE-05-2004. Prepared for Collaborative Offshore Wind Research into the Environment consortium, United Kingdom, by National Environmental Research Institute, Rønde, Denmark. Desholm, M., A.D. Fox, P.D.L. Beasley, and J. Kahlert. 2006. Remote techniques for counting and estimating the number of bird-wind turbine collisions at sea: A review. In Wind, Fire and Water: Renewable Energy and Birds. Ibis 148(Suppl.1):76-89.

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Tougaard, J., J. Carstensen, N.I. Bech, and J. Teilmann. 2005. Final report on the effect of Nysted Offshore Wind Farm on harbour porpoises. Annual report 2005. Technical report to Energi E2 A/S. National Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Departments of Arctic Environment and Marine Ecology, Roskilde, Denmark. Tougaard, J., J. Carstensen, J. Teilmann, and N.I. Bech. 2005. Effects of the Nysted Offshore Wind Farm on harbour porpoises. Annual status report 2005 for the T-POD monitoring program. Technical report to Energi E2 A/S. Tougaard, J., J. Carstensen, M.S. Wisz, M. Jespersen, J. Teilmann, N.I. Bech, and H. Skov. 2006. Harbour porpoises on Horn Reef. Effects of the Horns Reef wind farm. Prepared for Vattenfall A/S, Stockholm, Sweden by National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark and DHI Water and Environment Hørsholm, Denmark. Tougaard, J., S. Tougaard, R.C. Jensen, T. Jensen, J. Teilmann, D. Adelung, N. Liebsch, and G. Muller. 2006. Harbour seals on Horn Reef before, during and after construction of Horns Rev offshore wind farm. Final report to Vattenfall A/S. Biological Papers from the Fisheries and Maritime Museum No. 5, Esbjerg, Denmark. Tucker, V.A. 1996. A mathematical model of bird collisions with wind turbine rotors. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 118(4):253-262. Tucker, V.A. 1996. Using a collision model to design safer wind turbine rotors for birds. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 118(4):263-269. Tulp, I., H. Schekkerman, J.K. Larsen, J. van der Winden, R.J.W. van de Haterd, P. van Horssen, S. Dirksen, and A.L. Spaans. 1999. Nocturnal flight activity of sea ducks near the windfarm Tunø Knob in the Kattegat. Report Number 99.64. Prepared for Novem, Utrecht, The Netherlands, by Bureau Waardenburg bv, Culemborg, The Netherlands. Tyrrell, M.C. 2004. Strategic plan for mapping Massachusetts’ benthic marine habitats. Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management, Boston, MA. van Belle, J., M. Maan, H. van Gasteren, and L.S. Buurma. 2000. Using radar to obtain a quantitative description of summer bird movements in the Dutch coastal area. Report IBSC24/WP. Prepared for Royal Netherlands Air Force, by International Bird Strike Committee, Amsterdam. van Gasteren, H., I. Holleman, W. Bouten, E. van Loon, and J. Shamoun-Baranes. 2008. Extracting bird migration from C-band Doppler weather radars. Ibis 150(4):674-686. Verhoef, J.P., C.A. Westra, H. Korterink, and A. Curvers. 2002. WT-Bird: A novel bird impact detection system. Petten, the Netherlands: ECN Research Centre of the Netherlands. Verhoef, J.P., C.A. Westra, R.J. Nijdam, H. Korterink, and P.J. Eecen. 2003. Offshore wind energy and noise monitoring. Report ECN-RX-03-012. Petten, the Netherlands: ECN Research Centre of the Netherlands. Vertegaal, C.T.M. 2003. Preliminary study into bird research methods for the MEP-NSW. Prepared for National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management (RIKZ), Den Haag, the Netherlands and Novem, Utrecht, the Netherlands, by Vertegaal Ecologisch Advies en Onderzoek, Leiden, the Netherlands. Vigo, A.B. 2007. Impacts of offshore wind developments on birds. Master’s thesis, Cranfield University, United Kingdom. Vos, E. and R.R. Reeves, eds. 2005. Report of an international workshop: Policy on sound and marine mammals, 28-30 September 2004, London, England. Bethesda, Maryland: Marine Mammal Commission. Wahlberg, M. and H. Westerberg. 2005. Hearing in fish and their reactions to sound from offshore wind farms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 288:295-309. West, A.D. and R.W.G. Caldow. 2006. The development and use of individuals-based models to predict the effects of habitat loss and disturbance on waders and waterfowl. Ibis 148(Suppl. 1):158-168. Wilhelmsson, D. and T. Malm. 2008. Fouling assemblages on offshore wind power plants and adjacent substrata. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2008.04.020. Wilhelmsson, D., T. Malm, and M.C. Ohman. 2006. The influence of offshore windpower on demersal fish. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63:775-784. Wilson, J.C. 2007. Offshore wind farms: their impacts, and potential habitat gains as artificial reefs, in particular for fish. MSc dissertation, Estuarine and Coastal Science and Management, University of Hull.

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Zucco, C., W. Wende, T. Merck, I. Köchling, and J. Köppel, eds. 2006. Ecological research on offshore wind farms: International exchange of experiences. Part A: International exchange of experiences on the assessment of the ecological impacts of offshore wind farms. Proceedings of the International Expert Workshop. 17-18 March 2005. TU Berlin, Germany. Bonn, Germany: Bundesamt fur Naturschutz (BfN). Zucco, C., W. Wende, T. Merck, I. Köchling, and J. Köppel, eds. 2006. Ecological research of offshore wind farms: International exchange of experiences. Part B: Literature review of the ecological impacts of offshore wind farms. Proceedings of the International Expert Workshop. 17-18 March 2005. TU Berlin, Germany. Bonn, Germany: Bundesamt fur Naturschutz (BfN).

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APPENDIX A-5

SEA TURTLES

Aero-Marine Surveys Inc. 1984. Final report - Southeast Turtle Survey (SETS): Pelagic aerial surveys V through VII including time of day / sea state special experiment. Inclusive dates of survey report: April 1983 - March 1984. Prepared for the Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, Florida by Aero-Marine Surveys Inc., Groton, Connecticut. Allman, P.E. 2000. The phenomenon of cold-stunned sea turtles along the northeast Atlantic coast. Pages 265-266 in Abreu-Grobois, F.A., R. Briseño-Dueñas, R. Márquez-Millán, and L. Sarti- Martínez, eds. Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Sea Turtle Symposium. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-436. Andre, J.B. and L. West. 1981. Nesting and management of the Atlantic loggerhead, Caretta caretta caretta (Linnaeus) (Testudines: Cheloniidae) on Cape Island, South Carolina, in 1979. Brimleyana 6:73-82. Avens, L. and K.J. Lohmann. 2004. Navigation and seasonal migratory orientation in juvenile sea turtles. Journal of Experimental Biology 207:1771-1778. Babcock, H.L. 1930. Caretta kempii from Massachusetts. Copeia 1930(1):21. Babcock, H.L. 1945. Further records of the leatherback turtle from New England waters. Copeia 1945(1):46. Barbour, T. 1942. New records for ridleys. Copeia 1942(4):257-258. Barnard, D.E., J.A. Keinath, and J.A. Musick. 1989. Distribution of ridley, green, and leatherback turtles in Chesapeake Bay and adjacent waters. Pages 201-203 in Eckert, S.A., K.L. Eckert, and T.H. Richardson, eds. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-232. BBNWR (Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge). 1993. Sea turtle nesting summary: 1970-1993. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge. Bellmund, S.A. 1986. The role of habitat partitioning in Chesapeake Bay by the loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempi) sea turtles. Virginia Journal of Science 37(2):60. Bellmund, S.A. 1988. Assessing environmental stress on the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) in Virginia waters. Master’s thesis, College of William and Mary in Virginia. Berry, K.A., M.E. Peixoto, and S.S. Sadove. 2000. Occurrence, distribution and abundance of green turtles, Chelonia mydas, in Long Island, New York: 1986-1987. Page 149 in Abrue-Grobois, F.A., R. Briseño-Dueñas, R. Márquez-Millán, and L. Sarti-Martínez, eds. Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Sea Turtle Symposium. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-436. Bjorndal, K.A. 1985. Nutritional ecology of sea turtles. Copeia 1985(3):736-751. Bleakney, J.S. 1965. Reports of marine turtles from New England and eastern Canada. Canadian Field- Naturalist 79:120-128. Bowen, B.W., A.L. Bass, L. Soares, and J. Toonen. 2005. Conservation implications of complex population structure: Lessons from the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta). Molecular Ecology 14:2389-2402. Bowen, B.W., J.C. Avise, J.I. Richardson, A.B. Meylan, D. Margaritoulis, and S.R. Hopkins-Murphy. 1993. Population structure of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Conservation Biology 7(4):834-844. Brandner, R.L. 1983. A sea turtle nesting at Island Beach State Park, Ocean County, New Jersey. Herpetological Review 14(4):110. Burke, V.J., E.A. Standora, and S.J. Morreale. 1991. Factors affecting strandings of cold-stunned juvenile Kemp's ridley and loggerhead sea turtles in Long Island, New York. Copeia 1991(4):1136-1138. Burke, V.J., E.A. Standora, and S.J. Morreale. 1993. Diet of juvenile Kemp's ridley and loggerhead sea turtles from Long Island, New York. Copeia 1993(4):1176-1180. Burke, V.J., S.J. Morreale, P. Logan, and E.A. Standora. 1992. Diet of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the waters of Long Island, N.Y. Pages 140-142 in Salmon, M. and J. Wyneken, eds. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-302.

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Butler, R.W., W.A. Nelson, and T.A. Henwood. 1987. A trawl survey method for estimating loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, abundance in five eastern Florida channels and inlets. Fishery Bulletin 85(3):447-453. Byles, R. 1986. Comparison of the life histories of immature loggerhead and ridley sea turtles in the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science 37(2):60. Byles, R.A. 1988. Behavior and ecology of sea turtles from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. Ph.D. diss., College of William and Mary in Virginia. Cape Wind Associates LLC. 2007. Cape Wind energy project: Final environmental impact report/development of regional impact. Prepared for Cape Wind Associates, LLC., Boston, Massachusetts by ESS Group, Inc., Wellesley, Massachusetts. Carr, A. 1986. Rips, FADS, and little loggerheads. BioScience 36(2):92-100. CETAP (Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program). 1982. Characterization of marine mammals and turtles in the Mid- and North Atlantic areas of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf- Final report of the Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program. Prepared for U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D.C. by Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program, University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Kingston, Rhode Island. Chan, V.A. 2004. Spatial and temporal trends in sea turtle strandings in North Carolina, 1980-2003. Master's thesis, Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University. Chester, A.J., J. Braun, F.A. Cross, S.P. Epperly, J.V. Merriner, and P.A. Tester. 1994. AVHRR imagery and the near real-time conservation of endangered sea turtles in the western North Atlantic. Pages 184-189 in Proceedings of the WMO/IOC Technical Conference on Space-Based Ocean Observations. WMO/TD 649. Coles, W.C. 1999. Aspects of the biology of sea turtles in the mid-Atlantic region. Ph.D. diss., College of William and Mary in Virginia. Coston-Clements, L. and D.E. Hoss. 1983. Synopsis of data on the impact of habitat alteration on sea turtles around the southeastern United States. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-117. Beaufort, North Carolina: Southeast Fisheries Science Center. Coyne, M.S., M.E. Monaco, and A.M. Landry, Jr. 1998. Kemp's ridley habitat suitability index model. Slide Presentation, Eighteenth International Sea Turtle Symposium. 3-7 March 1998. Mazatlán, Sinaloa. Cross, C.L., J.B. Gallegos, and F.G. James. 2001. Loggerhead sea turtle late nesting ecology in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Banisteria 17:52-55. Danton, C. and R. Prescott. 1988. Kemp's ridley in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts - 1987 field research. Pages 17-18 in Schroeder, B.A., ed. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-214. Davenport, J. and G.H. Balazs. 1991. 'Fiery bodies' -- Are pyrosomas an important component of the diet of leatherback turtles? British Herpetological Society Bulletin 37:33-38. DeAlteris Associates Inc. 2006. Sea turtle-pot fishery interaction survey: Chesapeake Bay and coastal waters of Virginia. Prepared for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole, Massachusetts by DeAlteris Associates Inc., Jamestown, Rhode Island. DeGroot, K.A. and J.H. Shaw. 1993. Nesting activities by the loggerhead (Caretta caretta) at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Sciences 73:15-17. Desjardin, N.A. 2005. Spatial, temporal, and dietary overlap of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) and ocean sunfishes (Family Molidae). Master's thesis, Florida Atlantic University. Dickerson, D.D. and D.A. Nelson. 1995. Assessment of sea turtle abundance in six South Atlantic U.S. channels. Miscellaneous Paper EL-95-5. Prepared for U.S. Army Engineering Division, South Atlantic and U.S. Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay. Dodge, E.S. 1944. Status of the ridley turtle in Massachusetts waters. Copeia 1944(2):120-121. DoN (Department Of Navy). 2002. Marine mammal and sea turtle mitigation and take report for the shock trial of USS Winston S. Churchill (DDG81). United States Department of the Navy. DoN (Department of Navy). 2007. Overseas environmental assessment surface routine training exercises in East and Gulf Coast Operation Areas and seaward. Prepared by Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Atlantic Headquarters, Norfolk, Virginia. DoN (Department of the Navy). 1989. Supplemental draft environmental impact statement for the proposed operation of the Navy electromagnetic pulse radiation environment simulator for ships

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(Empress II) in the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean. Norfolk, Virginia: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Atlantic Division. DoN (Department of the Navy). 1995. Environmental documentation for candidate site analysis for SEAWOLF shock test program, Mayport, Florida and Norfolk, Virginia. DoN (Department of the Navy). 1997. Final environmental review: Adoption of a range management plan for the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC), Andros Island, Bahamas. DoN (Department of the Navy). 2002. Biological assessment for explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) mine warfare exercises in the East coast operating areas: Endangered Species Act section 7 compliance. DoN (Department of the Navy). 2003. Biological assessment for Virtual At-Sea Training Deployable Prototype/Integrated Maritime Portable Acoustic Scoring & Simulator (VAST-DP/IMPASS) System. Prepared by Commander, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, Norfolk, Virginia. DoN (Department of the Navy). 2005. Draft overseas environmental impact statement/environmental impact statement: Undersea warfare training range. Prepared for the Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Atlantic, Norfolk, Virginia by Earth Tech, Inc., New York, New York. DoN (Department of the Navy). 2006. Final biological assessment for USS Truman CSG COMPTUEX/JTFEX. Prepared for National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, Silver Spring, Maryland by Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command, Norfolk, Virginia. DoN (Department of the Navy). 2006a. Final comprehensive overseas environmental assessment for major Atlantic Fleet training exercises. Prepared for United States Fleet Forces Command, Norfolk, Virginia by Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Atlantic, Norfolk, Virginia. DoN (Department of the Navy). 2006b. Final environmental assessment, operations at the Bloodsworth Island Range. Prepared for Department of the Navy, Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, Maryland. DoN (Department of the Navy). 2007a. Shock trial of the MESA VERDE. Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement (OEIS). Norfolk, Virginia: Department of the Navy. DoN (Department of the Navy). 2007b. Marine resources assessment for the Southeastern Florida and the AUTEC-Andros operating area. Norfolk, Virginia: Atlantic Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command. DoN (Department of the Navy). 2007c. Navy OPAREA density estimates (NODE) for the Southeast OPAREAs: VACAPES, CHPT, JAX/CHASN, and Southeastern Florida & AUTEC-Andros. Final report. Contract number N62470-02-D-9997, CTO 0045. Norfolk, Virginia: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Atlantic. Prepared by Geo-Marine, Inc., Hampton, Virginia. Dwyer, K.L., C.E. Ryder, and R. Prescott. 2003. Anthropogenic mortality of leatherback turtles in Massachusetts waters. Page 260 in Seminoff, J.A., ed. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-503. Eckert, S., D.A. Bagley, and L.M. Ehrhart. 2005. Following China Girl, satellite tracking a leatherback sea turtle from the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge. Page 160 in Coyne, M.S. and R.D. Clark, eds. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-528. Eckert, S.A., D. Bagley, S. Kubis, L. Ehrhart, C. Johnson, K. Stewart, and D. DeFreese. 2006. Internesting and postnesting movements and foraging habitats of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) nesting in Florida. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 5(2):239-248. Eggers, J.M., M.W. Haberland, and J.C. Griffin. 1992. Growth of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles near PSE&G's Salem Generating Station, Delaware Bay, New Jersey. Marine Turtle Newsletter 59:5- 7. Epperly, S.P., J. Braun, A.J. Chester, F.A. Cross, J.V. Merriner, and P.A. Tester. 1995. Winter distribution of sea turtles in the vicinity of Cape Hatteras and their interactions with the summer flounder trawl fishery. Bulletin of Marine Science 56:547-568. Epperly, S.P., M.L. Snover, J. Braun-McNeill, W.N. Witzell, C.A. Brown, L.A. Csuzdi, W.G. Teas, L.B. Crowder, and R.A. Myers. 2001. Stock assessment of loggerhead sea turtles of the western North Atlantic. Pages 3-66 in NMFS-SEFSC (National Marine Fisheries Service-Southeast Fisheries Science Center), ed. Stock assessments of loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles and

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APPENDIX A-6

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APPENDIX B

DIGITAL DATA COMPILATION

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B-2 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Baseline Studies October-December 2009 Quarterly Report

Table B-1 Digital Data Compilation from Multi-Source Data Banks

Agency Data National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Bathymetry National Geophysical Data Center New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Earthquakes Epicentered In New Jersey (NJDEP) New Jersey Tidal Benchmark Network Bedrock-Surface Topography of New Jersey (1:100,000-scale) Bedrock Outcrops of New Jersey Surficial Geology of New Jersey NOAA ENC® Electronic navigational chart Environmental Protection Agency Geospatial Data Download Relational Feature Class Minerals Management Service Baseline tangent lines and bay closing lines/points Preliminary Federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Administrative Boundaries OCS block outlines Continental Shelf Boundary Submerged Lands Act boundary line Limit of '8(g) Zone' Marine Sanctuaries MMS Planning Area outlines Official Protraction Diagram NOAA's Marine Protected Areas Center MPA Inventory National Pipeline Mapping System Commercially Navigable Waterways National Atlas Hydrography New Jersey Highlands Water Protection and Planning Conservation Priority Areas Council Critical Habitat (Final Draft) Conservation Priority Areas (Final Draft) Critical Habitat Resource Area (Draft) Highlands Open Waters (Draft) - Water Bodies New Jersey Highlands Council Final Draft Land Use Capability Highlands Open Waters (Draft) - Wetlands New Jersey Highlands Water Protection and Planning Council Low Density Residential Land Use (Final Draft) Open Space Source Water Protection Area (Draft) Baseline Transportation & Transit (Final Draft) NJDEP 2002 Landuse 2002 Streams Update 2003 Aerials Bald Eagle Foraging Beach Coastal Area Facilities Review Act Boundary Coastal Centers Coastal Flooding Counties Dedicated Open Space 10-meter Digital Elevation Grid Emergent Wetland Forest Forested Wetland Grassland Habitat Delineation Historical Shorelines Known Contaminated Sites Lakes Landscape Project Endangered Species Habitat

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Table B-1 (continued) Digital Data Compilation from Multi-Source Data Banks

Agency Data NJDEP Natural Heritage Priority Sites Natural Heritage Program Priority Sites Hydrography NJPDES Ground Water Discharges NJPDES Surface Water Discharges Open Space Place Name Locations Roads Sewer Service Status Shellfish Classification 2007 Shoreline Structures Shoreline Type Soil South Jersey Marsh STORET Water Quality Monitoring Stations Stormwater Rule Areas Affected by 300 Foot Buffers Streams Surface Water Quality Standards Tidelines Upper Wetlands Boundary Urban Peregrine USGS Quarter Quad Index Water Bodies Water Supply Planning Areas Watershed Management Areas Watersheds Wetlands NJDOT Roadway Network. NOAA National Geodetic Survey's Vector Shoreline U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Region 5, E.B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge Boundary National Wildlife Refuge System Great Swamp NWR Cape May Supawna Meadows Wallkill River NWR Pinelands Management Areas Pinelands Management Area Boundaries NOAA Raster Navigational Chart Raster Navigational Charts U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Soil USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program Coastal Vulnerability Erosion and Accretion Rates Geology Geomorphology Sediment Distribution

B-4