DOCSLIB.ORG

Lcfs15isor.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lcfs15isor.Pdf California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board STAFF REPORT: INITIAL STATEMENT OF REASONS FOR PROPOSED RULEMAKING PROPOSED RE-ADOPTION OF THE LOW CARBON FUEL STANDARD Industrial Strategies Division Transportation Fuels Branch Oil & Gas and GHG Mitigation Branch December 2014 This Page Left Intentionally Blank State of California AIR RESOURCES BOARD STAFF REPORT: INITIAL STATEMENT OF REASONS FOR RULEMAKING PROPOSED RE-ADOPTION OF THE LOW CARBON FUEL STANDARD REGULATION Date of Release: January 2, 2015 Scheduled for Consideration: February 19, 2015 This report has been reviewed by the staff of the California Air Resources Board and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Air Resources Board, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. State of California AIR RESOURCES BOARD This Page Left Intentionally Blank Acknowledgments This report was prepared with the assistance and support from many individuals within the Air Resources Board. In addition, staff would like to acknowledge the assistance and cooperation from many individuals from other divisions and offices of the Air Resources Board, whose contributions throughout the development process have been invaluable. Staff would like to acknowledge the cooperation from the numerous State, federal, and governmental agencies that have provided assistance throughout the rulemaking process. Staff would also like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions from our key stakeholders. Air Resources Board Principal Contributors Industrial Strategies Division Adrian Cayabyab James Duffy Jose Saldana Kirsten Cayabyab Aubrey Gonzalez Mike Scheible Hafizur Chowdhury Greg O’Brien Hurshbir Shahi Stephen d’Esterhazy Anil Prabhu Katrina Sideco Stephanie Detwiler Supporting Contributors Office of Legal Affairs CEQA Research Division Stephen Adams Cathi Slaminski Jeff Austin William Brieger Ascent Environmental Chantel Crane Fereidun Feizollahi Enforcement Division Reza Mahdavi Herman Lau Reviewed by: Richard W. Corey, Executive Officer Edie Chang, Deputy Executive Officer Floyd Vergara, Chief, Industrial Strategies Division Jack Kitowski, Assistant Chief, Industrial Strategies Division Mike Waugh, Chief, Transportation Fuels Branch Elizabeth Scheehle, Chief, Oil and Gas and GHG Mitigation Branch Jim Aguila, Manager, Substance Evaluation Section John Courtis, Manager, Alternative Fuels Section Wes Ingram, Manager, Fuels Evaluation Section Carolyn Lozo, Manager, Project Assessment Section James Nyarady, Manager, Oil and Gas Section Manisha Singh, Manager, Fuels Section This Page Left Intentionally Blank Glossary List of Acronyms and Abbreviations AEZ-EF Agro-Ecological Zone Emissions Factor ANL Argonne National Laboratory ARB or Board California Air Resources Board CA-GREET California Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation CBI Confidential Business Information CEQA California Environmental Quality Act CI Carbon Intensity CNG Compressed Natural Gas CO2, CO2e Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide Equivalent DGE Diesel Gallon Equivalent EER Energy Economy Ratio EIA United States Energy Information Administration EO Executive Officer EWG Electricity Workgroup EV Electric Vehicle gCO2e/MJ Grams of CO2 Equivalent per Megajoule GGE Gasoline Gallon Equivalent GHG Greenhouse Gas GREET Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation GTAP Global Trade Analysis Project GWP Global Warming Potential iLUC Indirect Land Use Change IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISOR Initial Statement of Reasons LCA Life Cycle Assessment LCFS Low Carbon Fuel Standard LRT-CBTS LCFS Reporting Tool and Credit Bank & Transfer System MJ Megajoule MMTCO2e Million Metric Tons of CO2 Equivalent MTCO2e Metric Ton of CO2 Equivalent NREL United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory PTD Product Transfer Document RFS2 United States Renewable Fuels Standard 2 U.S. DOE United States Department of Energy U.S. DOT United States Department of Transportation U.S. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency UN FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization USDA United States Department of Agriculture This Page Left Intentionally Blank Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons for Proposed Re-Adoption of the Low Carbon Fuel Standard Regulation PUBLIC HEARING TO CONSIDER THE PROPOSED RE-ADOPTION OF THE LOW CARBON FUEL STANDARD REGULATION Date of Release: January 2, 2015 Scheduled for Consideration: February 19, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .................................................................................................. ES-1 I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ............................................................. I-1 A. Overview of the LCFS Regulation ................................................................. I-1 B. Implementation Status of the LCFS Program ................................................ I-3 C. Specific Purpose for the Proposed Re-Adoption ........................................... I-5 II. SUMMARY OF PROPOSAL.............................................................................. II-1 A. Re-Adoption of the LCFS ............................................................................. II-1 B. Modification to Compliance Curves for Gasoline and Diesel Standards ...... II-2 C. Cost Containment Provision ......................................................................... II-5 D. Obtaining and Using Fuel Pathways ............................................................ II-9 E. Revised Indirect Land Use Change Values ................................................ II-11 F. Low-Complexity/Low-Energy-Use Refinery Provisions .............................. II-14 G. Refinery-Specific Crude Oil Incremental Deficit Accounting ....................... II-15 H. Annual Crude Average CI Calculation ........................................................ II-16 I. Innovative Technologies for Crude Oil Production ..................................... II-17 J. Revisions to Oil Production Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimator (OPGEE) and Updates to the Crude Lookup Table 8 ................................................ II-20 K. GHG Emissions Reductions at Refineries .................................................. II-21 L. Enhancements to Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements ................ II-22 M. Enhancements to LCFS Credit Provisions ................................................. II-26 N. LRT-CBTS: Requirements to Establish an Account .................................. II-27 O. Electricity Provisions .................................................................................. II-29 P. Enforcement-Related Provisions ................................................................ II-31 Q. Regulated Party Miscellaneous Updates ................................................... II-32 R. Severability ................................................................................................. II-33 III. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED REGULATION .............................................. III-1 A. Purpose of the Proposed Regulation .......................................................... III-1 B. Definitions and Acronymns .......................................................................... III-2 C. Fuels Subject to Regulation ........................................................................ III-3 D. Regulated Parties ........................................................................................ III-3 E. Opt-In Parties ............................................................................................ III-11 F. Proposed Revisions to Establishing a LCFS Reporting Tool Account ....... III-11 H. Average Carbon Intensity Requirements .................................................. III-12 I. Demonstrating Compliance ....................................................................... III-14 J. Generating and Calculating Credits and Deficits ....................................... III-19 K. Credit Transactions ................................................................................... III-22 L. Obtaining and Using Fuel Pathways ......................................................... III-23 M. Indirect Land Use Change......................................................................... III-42 N. Provisions for Petroleum-Based Fuels ...................................................... III-45 O. Requirements for Multimedia Evalutation ................................................. III-58 P. Reporting and Recordkeeping ................................................................... III-65 Q. Enforcement Protocols .............................................................................. III-71 R. Jurisdiction ................................................................................................ III-71 S. Violations ................................................................................................... III-72 IV. EMISSIONS AND HEALTH IMPACTS .............................................................IV-1 A. Emissions Impacts ......................................................................................IV-1 B. Health Impacts ............................................................................................IV-8 V. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS .........................................................................V-1 VI. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ...........................................................................VI-1
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Asia (Including Middle East and Russia)
    22 SHELL INVESTORS’ HANDBOOK 2013 REPORTS.SHELL.COM ASIA (INCLUDING MIDDLE EAST AND RUSSIA) KEY FIGURES 2013 % of total HIGHLIGHTS ■■ Shell is the industry leader in integrated gas Total production (thousand boe/d) [A] 1,197 37% in Asia, with a major LNG portfolio across Liquids production (thousand b/d) [A] 674 48% the region and the world’s largest GTL plant Natural gas production (million scf/d) [A] 3,033 32% in Qatar. Gross developed and undeveloped acreage (thousand acres) 82,722 29% Proved oil and gas reserves excluding non-controlling interest (million boe) [B] 4,509 32% ■■ We are active in our existing heartlands [A] Available for sale. of Malaysia and Brunei, and are [B] Includes proved reserves associated with future production that will be consumed in operations. developing options in China. BRUNEI development of tight gas in varied geological layers ■■ Production in Asia amounted to nearly Shell and the Brunei government are 50:50 of the block. In Sichuan, Shell and CNPC have 1.2 million boe/d in 2013. shareholders in Brunei Shell Petroleum Company agreed to appraise, develop and produce tight gas Sendirian Berhad (BSP). BSP holds long-term oil and in the Jinqiu block under a PSC (Shell interest 49%) ■■ After-tax earnings from the oil and gas gas concession rights onshore and offshore Brunei, and have a PSC for shale-gas exploration, exploration and production operations and sells most of its natural gas production to Brunei development and production in the Fushun of our subsidiaries, joint ventures and LNG Sendirian Berhad (BLNG, Shell interest 25%).
    [Show full text]
  • Oversight and Reauthorization Hearing on the Rehabilitation Act of 1983
    DOCUMEIIT RESUME ED 249 748 EC 170 860 TITLE Ove- ght and Reauthorization Hearing on the Rehabilitation Act of 1983. Bearings before the Subcot 'Nitta. on Select Education of the Committee on Education and Labor. Rouse of Representatives, Ninety -- Eighth Congress, First Session Narch 21 and 23, 1983). INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., Washington, D.C.Rouse Commettee on Education and Labor. PUB DATE 84; NOTE ' FUR TYPE 4114*I 1/Legislative/Regulatory Materials (090) EDRS PRICE NFO1 /FC18 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Compliance (Legal); Disabilities; *Federal Legislation; Federal Programs; Bearings; Rehabilitation; *Vocational Rehabilitation 'IDENTIFIERS *Rehabilitation Act 1973 ABSTRACT Excerpts are presented from the March 1983 hearings on oversight and reauthorization of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Prepared statements are included from federal officials; representatives of professional rehabilitation and education associations and state and local agencies; etudents; and other interested persons. In addition to the statements, letters and supplemental materials on the topic are also, provided from associations, agencies, university faculty, and federal officials. The statements touch on amendisents to the act, provisions for independent living, rehabilitation research, and rehabilitation training. (CL) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRA are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************
    [Show full text]
  • Ardea 94(3): 639–650
    Local movements, home ranges and body condition of Common Eiders Somateria mollissima wintering in Southwest Greenland Flemming R. Merkel1,2,*, Anders Mosbech2, Christian Sonne2, Annette Flagstad3, Knud Falk4 & Sarah E. Jamieson4 Merkel F.R., Mosbech A., Sonne C., Flagstad A., Falk K. & Jamieson S.E. 2006. Local movements, home ranges and body condition of Common Eiders Somateria mollissima wintering in Southwest Greenland. Ardea 94(3): 639–650. We examined local movements, home ranges and body condition of wintering Northern Common Eiders Somateria mollissima borealis in Southwest Greenland from late winter until spring migration in 2000 and 2001. At key marine habitats at coastal areas and in the inner fjord system of Nuuk, we implanted 33 Eiders with satellite transmitters and collected Eider carcasses for body condition analyses. Most Eiders exhib- ited strong site fidelity during the study period with a mean 95% home range size of 67.8 km2 and a mean core area (50%) of 8.1 km2. Diurnal movements peaked at dawn and dusk when birds presumably moved between feeding areas and roosting sites. Roosting occurred near day- time activity centres, on average 1.7 km apart. Among birds marked at coastal habitats only between 8% and 29% also used the inner fjord habitats, despite high levels of hunting at the coastal area. Birds that did move to the inner fjord system did not return to the coastal area. These findings accentuate the need for managing wintering Common Eiders in Southwest Greenland also at a local scale, taking site fidelity into account. The body condition of adult fjord birds was either equal or superior to that of coastal birds.
    [Show full text]
  • Bush Sort Victorieux Des Élections
    www.lemonde.fr 58e ANNÉE – N 17973 – 1,20 ¤ – FRANCE MÉTROPOLITAINE --- JEUDI 7 NOVEMBRE 2002 FONDATEUR : HUBERT BEUVE-MÉRY – DIRECTEUR : JEAN-MARIE COLOMBANI Le nouveau visage Bush sort victorieux des élections d’« aden » A mi-mandat présidentiel, le Parti républicain est majoritaire au Congrès après le scrutin du 5 novembre LES RÉPUBLICAINS ont rem- f LE GUIDE des sorties culturelles porté une victoire remarquable Le parti revient cette semaine dans une for- aux élections du mardi 5 novem- du président mule rénovée. En cinq rubriques – bre, donnant au président George Musiques, Cinéma, Scènes, Arts et W. Bush la majorité dans les deux a la majorité dans En famille –, aden, distribué en Ile- Chambres du Congrès. Mal élu en de-France, propose une sélection 2000, M. Bush voit son assise politi- les deux Chambres de sorties, de spectacles, les dates que renforcée par un succès électo- du Congrès des concerts à réserver dès mainte- ral qui lui donne une marge de nant, un choix de disques et de manœuvre plus grande encore f DVD. dans la stratégie qu’il entend sui- La Maison Blanche Autre innovation : notre supplé- vre face à l’Irak. Sur ce front-là éga- confortée ment, disponible en version Web, lement, il devrait enregistrer cette et sa newsletter sont accessibles semaine un succès avec le vote par gratuitement à l’adresse le Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU fIrak : l’ONU prête http://aden.lemonde.fr. d’une résolution très contraignan- Notre supplément te pour le régime de Bagdad. à voter la résolution Ce scrutin dit de mi-mandat pré- américaine sidentiel voit en général le parti du ROBERT HUE S’EN VA président perdre du terrain au Con- grès.
    [Show full text]
  • Dual Plate Check Valves Innovation in the Pipeline
    DUAL PLATE CHECK VALVES INNOVATION IN THE PIPELINE www.checkvalves.co.uk Dual Plate Check Valve Range Goodwin International is the market leader in the design and manufacture of Dual Plate Check Valves for use in the world’s hydrocarbon, energy and process Type BR industries. With a track record of supply spanning over 30 years, Goodwin has developed an enviable reputation for quality and reliability of product at internationally competitive prices. Based in the United Kingdom, Goodwin sells internationally exporting to over 50 countries. Through its network of agents and distributors, with some US$ 7,500,000 of inventory in 16 stocking locations worldwide, Goodwin offers outstanding support to its customers listed amongst whom are many of the world’s end users, including oil majors and national oil companies, and national and Type BFR international engineering contractors. Goodwin Dual Plate Check Valves 6 Different Body Styles Wafer (BR) Type BSR Flanged (BFR) Solid Lug (BSR) Buttweld end (BWR) Buttweld end with access (BWA) Hub-ended (BHR) Sizes 2” - 144” (50mm - 3600mm) Pressure Classes ASME 150 - 2500 Type BWR API 2000 - 20000 PN 10 - PN 400 Materials Ductile and Ni-Resist® Irons; Carbon Steels; Stainless Steels; Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels; Aluminium Bronzes; High Nickel Alloys; Titanium. Type BWA Features Designed, manufactured, assembled and tested in accordance with Quality Assurance System accredited by BSI to BS EN ISO 9001. Certifiable in compliance with European Pressure Directive (PED) 97/23/EC and/or ATEX Directive 94/9/EC to meet customer requirements when specified. Designed and tested to API 594.
    [Show full text]
  • The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq
    The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq By Anthony H. Cordesman, Peter Alsis, Adam Mausner, and Charles Loi Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy Revised: December 20, 2011 Note: This draft is being circulated for comments and suggestions. Please provide them to [email protected] Chapter 6: US Strategic Competition with Iran: Competition in Iraq 2 Executive Summary "Americans planted a tree in Iraq. They watered that tree, pruned it, and cared for it. Ask your American friends why they're leaving now before the tree bears fruit." --Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.1 Iraq has become a key focus of the strategic competition between the United States and Iran. The history of this competition has been shaped by the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the 1991 Gulf War, and the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. Since the 2003 war, both the US and Iran have competed to shape the structure of Post-Saddam Iraq’s politics, governance, economics, and security. The US has gone to great lengths to counter Iranian influence in Iraq, including using its status as an occupying power and Iraq’s main source of aid, as well as through information operations and more traditional press statements highlighting Iranian meddling. However, containing Iranian influence, while important, is not America’s main goal in Iraq. It is rather to create a stable democratic Iraq that can defeat the remaining extremist and insurgent elements, defend against foreign threats, sustain an able civil society, and emerge as a stable power friendly to the US and its Gulf allies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Outcome of Invasion: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq
    a report of the csis burke chair in strategy The Outcome of Invasion: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq Authors Adam Mausner Sam Khazai Anthony H. Cordesman Peter Alsis Charles Loi March 2012 Chapter VII: US Strategic Competition with Iran: Competition in Iraq 16/3/12 2 Executive Summary "Americans planted a tree in Iraq. They watered that tree, pruned it, and cared for it. Ask your American friends why they're leaving now before the tree bears fruit." --Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.1 Iraq has become a key focus of the strategic competition between the United States and Iran. The history of this competition has been shaped by the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the 1991 Gulf War, the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, and now by the withdrawal of US military forces. It is a competition increasingly shaped by Iraq’s turbulent domestic politics and power struggles, and where both the US and Iran compete to shape the structure of Iraq’s future politics, governance, economics, and security. An Uncertain Level of US Influence The US has gone to great lengths to counter Iranian influence in Iraq, including using its status as an occupying power and Iraq’s main source of aid, as well as through information operations and more traditional press statements highlighting Iranian meddling. However, containing Iranian influence, while important, is not America’s main goal in Iraq. It is rather to create a stable democratic Iraq that can defeat the remaining extremist and insurgent elements, defend against foreign threats, sustain an able civil society, and emerge as a stable power friendly to the US and its Gulf allies.
    [Show full text]
  • Parasites of Seabirds: a Survey of Effects and Ecological Implications Junaid S
    Parasites of seabirds: A survey of effects and ecological implications Junaid S. Khan, Jennifer Provencher, Mark Forbes, Mark L Mallory, Camille Lebarbenchon, Karen Mccoy To cite this version: Junaid S. Khan, Jennifer Provencher, Mark Forbes, Mark L Mallory, Camille Lebarbenchon, et al.. Parasites of seabirds: A survey of effects and ecological implications. Advances in Marine Biology, Elsevier, 2019, 82, 10.1016/bs.amb.2019.02.001. hal-02361413 HAL Id: hal-02361413 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02361413 Submitted on 30 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Parasites of seabirds: a survey of effects and ecological implications Junaid S. Khan1, Jennifer F. Provencher1, Mark R. Forbes2, Mark L. Mallory3, Camille Lebarbenchon4, Karen D. McCoy5 1 Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 351 Boul Saint Joseph, Gatineau, QC, Canada, J8Y 3Z5; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1V 5BS; [email protected] 3 Department of Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Ave, Wolfville NS, B4P 2R6; [email protected] 4 Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249.
    [Show full text]
  • Marketwatch | Refined Products Thursday, June 20, 2019
    MarketWatch | Refined Products Thursday, June 20, 2019 Market Commentary All NYMEX | Prior Settlements Recap: Oil prices shot to the upside after the EIA reported a larger than expected drawdown in ULSD (HO) Prior Settle Change In U.S. crude oil stocks, the first in three weeks. August WTI, which was trading at $53.67 just prior to the release of the report, jumped 86 cents to a midsession high of $54.53 a barrel by Month Close Change One Week 10:37 am EST, while August Brent gained equally as much, to trade at $62.51 a barrel. The Jul-19 $1.8294 $0.0016 $0.0495 inability of WTI to trade above $55.00 and Brent above $63.00 prompted light profit taking, with both WTI and Brent slipping into a period of sideways trading. Oil prices slipped, giving up Aug-19 $1.8356 $0.0010 $0.0486 early gains as market participants await the outcome of the upcoming OPEC meeting, which is Sep-19 $1.8435 $0.0007 $0.0494 slated for July 1-2, and the expected meeting between U.S. President Donald Trump and China’s President Xi Jinping, which is set to take place at next week’s G20 summit. August WTI Oct-19 $1.8517 $0.0000 $0.0486 settled at $53.97 a barrel, down 14 cents, or 2.5%, while Brent for August delivery fell 32 cents, Nov-19 $1.8584 -$0.0008 $0.0475 or 0.51%, to settle at $61.82 a barrel. July RBOB rose 1.4 cents, or 0.8%, to $1.736 a gallon.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Weapons and the Iran-Iraq War a Discussion of the UN Security Council’S Response to the Use of Gas in the Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988
    Chemical Weapons and the Iran-Iraq War A discussion of the UN Security Council’s response to the use of gas in the Iran-Iraq war 1980-1988 MA Thesis in History Randi Hunshamar Øygarden Department of AHKR Autumn 2014 2 Acknowledgements I am grateful for the help I have received with this thesis. First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Anders Bjørkelo. He has given me thorough feedback, advices and provided me with new perspectives when I have been lost in my work. I would also like to thank Professor Knut S. Vikør and Dr. Anne K. Bang at the University of Bergen. They have both given me useful inputs and feedback on drafts I have presented at the weekly seminars in Middle Eastern History. I am also very grateful to the staff at the library at the Nobel Peace Prize Institute in Oslo, who has been very helpful in finding primary sources. I would also like to thank Evy Ølberg and Kristine Moe, who have taken their time to proofread and to give comments on the content and structure of the thesis. This MA thesis marks the end of my studies and I would like to thank my parents for not only supporting me in my MA work, but throughout all my years of study at the university. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my boyfriend Mattias for motivation, encouragement and IT-support 24/7. Randi Hunshamar Øygarden Bergen, 20.11.2014 3 4 Table of Content Acknowledgements 3 1. Introduction 7 Research Questions 8 Hypotheses 9 Historiography, sources and methods 11 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Dutch Shell and Its Sustainability Troubles
    Royal Dutch Shell and its sustainability troubles Background report to the Erratum of Shell's Annual Report 2010 Albert ten Kate May 2011 1 Colophon Title: Royal Dutch Shell and its sustainability troubles Background report to the Erratum of Shell's Annual Report 2010 May 2011. This report is made on behalf of Milieudefensie (Friends of the Earth Netherlands) Author: Albert ten Kate, free-lance researcher corporate social responsibility Pesthuislaan 61 1054 RH Amsterdam phone: (+31)(0)20 489 29 88 mobile: (+31)(0)6 185 68 354 e-mail: [email protected] 2 Contents Introduction 4 Methodology 5 Cases: 1. Muddling through in Nigeria 6 1a) oil spills 1b) primitive gas flaring 1c) conflict and corruption 2. Denial of Brazilian pesticide diseases 14 3. Mining the Canadian tar sands 17 4. The bitter taste of Brazil's sugarcane 20 4a) sourcing sugarcane from occupiers of indigenous land 4b) bad labour conditions sugarcane harvesters 4c) massive monoculture land use 5. Fracking unconventional gas 29 6. Climate change, a business case? 35 7. Interfering with politics 38 8. Drilling plans Alaska’s Arctic Ocean 42 9. Sakhalin: the last 130 Western Gray Whales 45 10. The risky Kashagan oil field 47 11. A toxic legacy in Curaçao 49 12. Philippines: an oil depot amidst a crowd of people 52 3 Introduction Measured in revenue, Royal Dutch Shell is one of the biggest companies in the world. According to its annual report of 2010, its revenue amounted to USD 368 billion in 2010. Shell produces oil and gas in 30 countries, spread over the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Challenges in Post-Conflict Iraq
    ECONOMIC CHALLENGES IN POST-CONFLICT IRAQ Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, with the assistance of Adam Mausner and Elena Derby March 17, 2010 Cordesman: Iraq - Creating a Strategic Partnership 3/17/10 Page 2 Table of Contents Economic Challenges in Post-Conflict Iraq........................................................................ 4 1. The Costs and Risks of Dependence on the Petroleum Sector ....................................... 6 The Uncertain Status of Oil Export Revenues ................................................................ 6 The Lagging Development of the Petroleum Sector ..................................................... 10 Iraq’s More Recent Oil Deals and Securing Foreign Investment ................................ 14 Uncertain Iraqi Progress in Creating the Right Climate for Investment ..................... 16 Violence and the Lack of Suitable Legal Protection and a Hydrocarbons Law........... 17 Petroleum Security in the North ................................................................................... 20 Petroleum Security in the South.................................................................................... 21 Some Improvements in Investment Laws But More Is Needed ..................................... 21 Developments in Natural Gas....................................................................................... 22 Popular Reactions, Resentments, and the “China Syndrome”..................................... 22 Kurdish-Arab Tensions ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]