Melville’s copy of Thomas Beale’s "The natural history of the sperm whale and the composition of Moby-Dick" The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Olsen-Smith, Steven. 2011. Melville’s copy of Thomas Beale’s "The natural history of the sperm whale and the composition of Moby- Dick". Harvard Library Bulletin 21 (3): 1-78. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37363364 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Melville’s Copy of Tomas Beale’s Te Natural History of the Sperm Whale and the Composition of Moby-Dick Steven Olsen-Smith erman Melville’s copy of Thomas Beale’s Te Natural History of the Sperm Whale, discovered in the 1930s and then owned by successive Hprivate collectors until Houghton Library acquired it in 1960, contains the closest evidence available to the lost manuscript of Moby-Dick and illuminates more fully than any other archival resource Melville’s use of source materials in his writing. Howard P. Vincent frst consulted Melville’s copy for Te Trying-out of Moby-Dick (1949), where he observed that most of Melville’s marginalia had been erased from the book. Judging “not many words were erased,” Vincent expressed hope for “a future examination of the markings under infra-red rays.”1 But in Melville’s Marginalia, Walker Cowen deciphered many of Melville’s erased markings without technical assistance, and although he did not recover many of Melville’s erased words, Cowen showed that the book had once been heavily annotated.2 With fnancial support from the William Reese Company and Boise State University, technical assistance at the Fogg Art Museum, and support from staf at Houghton Library, I worked collaboratively with Dennis C. Marnon to recover all of Melville’s markings and substantial portions of his annotations. Transcriptions of the recovered marginalia in Natural History of the Sperm Whale frst appeared at Melville’s Marginalia Online in 2006 in a digital surrogate format that has since been replaced—with some instances of revised readings—by photographic images of the pages Melville marked and annotated. Made possible by Harvard University’s Open Collections Project, the new virtual record of Melville’s marginalia serves as the present essay’s source for citation.3 Along with illustrating an 1 Howard P. Vincent, Te Trying-out of Moby-Dick (New York: Houghton Mifin, 1949), 129; hereafer cited parenthetically. 2 Wilson Walker Cowen, ed., Melville’s Marginalia, 2 vols., Harvard Dissertations in American and English Literature (New York: Garland, 1987), 1:175-198. Cowen completed his dissertation in 1965. 3 “Melville’s Marginalia in Tomas Beale’s Te Natural History of the Sperm Whale,” Melville’s Marginalia Online, ed. Steven Olsen-Smith, Peter Norberg, and Dennis C. Marnon, <http:// melvillesmarginalia.org/>; Tomas Beale, Te Natural History of the Sperm Whale (London: Van Voorst, 1839), Steven Olsen-Smith 1 Figure 1. Frontispiece of Herman Melville’s copy of Tomas Beale’s Te Natural History of the Sperm Whale. Houghton call number: *AC85.M4977.Zz839b. All illustrations in this article are from Melville’s copy of Beale and are reproduced by permission of Houghton Library. Te volume is 20 cm. tall. 2 Melville’s Copy of Tomas Beale’s Te Natural History of the Sperm Whale array of unexplored source borrowings for Moby-Dick, the recovered marginalia reveal Melville’s original notes for fnely crafed allusions and similes and his development of the book’s romantic and tragic character, including his changing conceptions for the catastrophic ending of Moby-Dick.4 At 191 pages, and combined with a 201-page account of southern whaling experiences, Beale’s 1839 Te Natural History of the Sperm Whale expanded signifcantly upon the author’s earlier 58-page pamphlet, A Few Observations on the Natural History of the Sperm Whale (London: Efngham Wilson, 1835). Te comprehensive sweep of Beale’s intentions for the larger work is indicated by its full title: Te Natural History of the Sperm Whale: Its Anatomy and Physiology— Food—Spermaceti—Ambergris—Rise and Progress of the Fishery—Chase and Capture—“Cutting In” and “Trying Out”—Description of the Ships, Boats, Men, and Instruments Used in the Attack; with an Account of its Favourite Places of Resort. To Which is Added, a Sketch of a South-Sea Whaling Voyage; Embracing a Description of the Extent, as well as the Adventures and Accidents that Occurred During the Voyage in which the Author was Personally Engaged. Melville’s acquisition of this book is documented by two inscriptions in his hand near the tops of the half-title and of the blank facing endpaper: “Herman Melville / New York, July 10th 1850,” in ink (see fgure 2), and “Imported by Putnam for me / $3.38,” in pencil.5 In all probability Melville set about reading and marking the book immediately Houghton call number: *AC85.M4977.Zz839b, by permission of Houghton Library. References to Melville’s copy of Beale are hereafer cited parenthetically by page and line numbers. Unless specifed as unerased, all marginalia cited in this study should be assumed erased. In my transcriptions of Melville’s annotations and notes, unrecovered phrases and words, and unrecovered portions of erased words appear within brackets as a question mark fanked by dashes, thus [—?—]; highly likely readings appear within brackets, thus [word], with conjectural readings preceded by question marks, thus [?word]; editorial commentary in brackets is italicized, thus [word]. Recovery methods included magnifcation of the marginalia under varying degrees of light and enhancement of high-resolution photographs using layering and sharpening features of Adobe Photoshop. At an early stage of recovery, infra-red photography performed at Fogg Art Museum helped to confrm or disqualify some readings of erasures that display vestiges of graphite, but the technology proved less efective than Vincent had hoped. 4 I am indebted to Melville’s Marginalia Online student interns Scott Clark, Dustin N. Hunt, Joshua Preminger, and Nathan Spann for assistance in verifying and documenting late versions of this essay, to Jeremy Jensen for web development at melvillesmarginalia.org, and to Shawna Hanel, of the Boise State University Department of Art, for guidance with imaging sofware. 5 Melville presumably began writing Moby-Dick the preceding February, but no published record indicates exactly when he placed his order with the Manhattan bookstore of George Palmer Putnam at 155 Steven Olsen-Smith 3 Figure 2. Melville’s signature and date of acquisition, July 10, 1850, inscribed in ink on the half-title. afer acquiring it on July 10, 1850. By July 16 he lef New York City on vacation with his family and arrived at the Melville family farm in Pittsfeld, Massachusetts; and three weeks later on August 7 Melville’s invited guest Evert Duyckinck wrote from Pittsfeld to his brother George that “Melville has a new book mostly done—a romantic, fanciful & literal & most enjoyable presentment of the Whale Fishery—something quite new.”6 Duyckinck’s report of Melville’s progress coincides with a projection Melville had made in June to his London publisher Richard Bentley that the new work would be completed by “the latter part of the coming autumn” (Correspondence, 163). But in fact Moby-Dick was not completed until June of the following year. Te prolonged delay began with Melville’s purchase in September of an adjacent farm, which he named Arrowhead, and the subsequent removal of the Melville family from New York to their new permanent residence. As Hershel Parker observes, Melville’s spontaneous decision to relocate seems to have originated in his elation at revisiting the Berkshires for the frst time since his youth, combined with his exhilaration at befriending Nathaniel Hawthorne, then a resident of nearby Lenox.7 Melville’s likely suspension of manuscript Broadway, New York City, which Melville had begun frequenting as early as March 1849; see Melville to Evert A. Duyckinck, Boston, March 3, 1849, in Correspondence, ed. Lynn Horth, vol. 14 in Te Writings of Herman Melville, eds. Harrison Hayford, Hershel Parker, and G. Tomas Tanselle (Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press and the Newberry Library, 1994), 120-121; hereafer cited parenthetically. Melville may have placed the order around April 29, for on that date he borrowed from the New York Society Library two other titles for use in his manuscript, both by William Scoresby: An Account of the Arctic Regions, 2 vols. (Edinburgh: Constable, 1820), and A Journal of a Voyage to the Northern Whale Fishery (Edinburgh: Constable, 1823). For other books on whales and whaling owned or borrowed by Melville, see Vincent, 128. 6 Jay Leyda, Te Melville Log: A Documentary Life of Herman Melville, 1819–1891, With a Supplementary Chapter, 2 vols. paged consecutively (New York: Gordian Press, 1969), 385; hereafer cited parenthetically. 7 Hershel Parker, Herman Melville: A Biography, Volume 1, 1819–1851 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 779; hereafer cited parenthetically. 4 Melville’s Copy of Tomas Beale’s Te Natural History of the Sperm Whale composition during this period of domestic upheaval and relocation—a period that might nonetheless have allowed pockets of reading time—may account in some degree for the substantial amount and genetic character of the marginalia in his copy of Beale’s book. Melville’s copy of Natural History of the Sperm Whale is bound in dark green publisher’s cloth and housed in a later green cloth slipcase.