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Beaked Whale Strandings and Naval Exercises Angela D’Amico,1 Robert C

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Beaked Whale Strandings and Naval Exercises Angela D’Amico,1 Robert C Aquatic Mammals 2009, 35(4), 452-472, DOI 10.1578/AM.35.4.2009.452 Beaked Whale Strandings and Naval Exercises Angela D’Amico,1 Robert C. Gisiner,2 Darlene R. Ketten,3, 4 Jennifer A. Hammock,5 Chip Johnson,1 Peter L. Tyack,3 and James Mead6 1Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, 53560 Hull Street, San Diego, CA 92152-5001, USA; E-mail: [email protected] 2Office of Naval Research, P.O. Box 3122, Arlington, VA 22203, USA 3Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Department, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1049, USA 4Harvard Medical School, Department of Otology and Laryngology, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA 5Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MCR 163, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA 6National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA Current Address: Marine Mammal Commission, 430 East-West Highway, Room 700, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA (RCG) Abstract Key Words: stranding event, mass stranding event, mid-frequency active sonar, MFAS, beaked Mass strandings of beaked whales (family whale, Navy sonar, Ziphiidae Ziphiidae) have been reported in the scientific liter- ature since 1874. Several recent mass strandings of Introduction beaked whales have been reported to coincide with naval active sonar exercises. To obtain the broad- Several articles have suggested that naval sur- est assessment of surface ship naval active sonar face ship’s use of mid-frequency active sonar operations coinciding with beaked whale mass (MFAS) cause mass strandings of beaked whales strandings, a list of global naval training and anti- (family Ziphiidae) (Frantzis, 1998, 2004; Evans submarine warfare exercises was compiled from & England, 2001; Martín Martel, 2002; Brownell openly available sources and compared by location et al., 2004; Freitas, 2004; Martín et al., 2004). and time with historic stranding records. This list Although different navies have different defi- includes activities of navies of other nations but nitions for MFAS, Jane’s Underwater Warfare emphasizes recent U.S. activities because of what Systems (Watter, 2004) defines these active sonars is available in publicly accessible sources. Of 136 as operating in the frequency range of 3 to 14 beaked whale mass stranding events reported from kHz. Other reports (Evans & England, 2001) note 1874 to 2004, 126 occurred between 1950 and MFAS center frequencies for two tactical sonars 2004, after the introduction and implementation of to be between 2.6 and 8.2 kHz. Most are hull- modern, high-power mid-frequency active sonar mounted or towed variable-depth sonars on anti- (MFAS). Of these 126 reports, only two reported submarine warfare (ASW) naval surface vessels details on the use, timing, and location of sonar in (e.g., frigates and destroyers). Individual system relation to mass strandings. Ten other mass strand- descriptions are available in U.S Naval Weapons ings coincided in space and time with naval exer- (Friedman, 1988) and The Naval Institute Guide cises that may have included MFAS. An additional to World Naval Weapons Systems (Friedman, 27 mass stranding events occurred near a naval 1989). Approximately 632 surface ships from 46 base or ship but with no direct evidence of sonar countries are currently fitted with a hull-mounted use. The remaining 87 mass strandings have no sonar system operating in the medium-frequency evidence for a link with any naval activity. Six of range (Watter, 2004). these 87 cases have evidence for a cause unrelated Recently released U.S. Department of the to active sonar. The large number of global naval Navy Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)/ activities annually with potential MFAS usage in Overseas Environmental Impact Statements comparison to the relative rarity of mass stranding (OEIS) provide detailed descriptions of the types events suggests that most MFAS operations take and amounts of naval training that occur on the place with no reported stranding events and that for U.S. Navy’s Range Complexes. Data from several an MFAS operation to cause a mass stranding of major range complex EIS/OEIS documents avail- beaked whales, a confluence of several risk factors able online have been pooled to provide an esti- is probably required. Identification of these risk mate of active sonar usage per year by U.S. Navy factors will help in the development of measures surface ship (AN/SQS-53C and AN/SQS-56) to reduce the risk of sonar-related strandings. sonars, submarine sonars, and helicopter dipping Beaked Whale Strandings and Naval Activities 453 active sonars. The environmental documents for or more were reported stranded. Whales usually the range complexes—Atlantic Fleet Active Sonar mass strand in the same place and simultaneously; Training Range (AFAST) (U.S. Department of however, recent reports of beaked whale strand- the Navy [U.S. DoN], 2008a), Hawaii Range ings associated with naval exercises (Simmonds & Complex (HRC) (U.S. DoN, 2008b), Northwest Lopez-Jurado, 1991; Frantzis, 1998, 2004; Evans Training Range Complex (NWTRC) (U.S. DoN, & England, 2001; Martín Martel, 2002; Freitas, 2008c), Southern California Range Complex 2004; Martín et al., 2004) have suggested that they (SoCal) (U.S. DoN, 2008d), and the Marianas may occur over more than 1 d and along many km Range Complex (U.S. DoN, 2009)—estimate of coastline. Frantzis (1998) defined an “atypical” 5,969 ping-hours annually for AN/SQS-53C and mass stranding as a stranding event with an unusu- 1,437 ping-hours for AN/SQS-56 sonars. An ally large geographical and time course. In order additional 825 ping-hours are listed for submarine to uncover these atypical mass strandings within BQQ-10 and -15 sonars. Helicopter-deployed dip- the full stranding database, strandings were cat- ping active sonar usage is expressed in dips except egorized as part of a mass stranding event if two in one of the documents that lists 160 ping-hours. or more animals were reported stranded within a It was not possible to determine what fraction 6-d period and 74 km (40 nmi) spread along the of total annual U.S or world. MFAS sonar use is coast. represented by these five major test and training It is difficult to estimate naval MFAS use world- range environmental risk assessments. Sonar use wide over any 1 y. At any given time, a signifi- by other navies, joint international exercises, and cant fraction of ships with active sonars are in port training or engineering trials by vessels outside or otherwise employed with the sonar not in use. the ranges will also add an undetermined amount Even for activities which involve active sonar use, of sonar sound to the world’s oceans each year. the amount of time the sonar is in use may vary Whether the additional sonar use is equal to, from minutes to a few hours or days during an greater than, or less than the documented U.S. exercise spanning many days or weeks (Evans & Navy sonar use on its five major test and training England, 2001). To obtain a measure of reported ranges is, however, at present unknown. use of MFAS in given years, openly available A smaller number of MFAS systems may sources were reviewed, particularly U.S. Navy and also be undergoing testing and development at NATO press releases, as well as public Internet any given time. A new generation of surface news sources. These sources provided a list of ship low-frequency active sonars (LFAS), oper- approximately 121 major exercises over a 13-y ating at 2 kHz or lower, are currently in various period (1992 to 2004). Exercises comprised one stages of technical development and deploy- or more ships with MFAS systems or involved a ment (Pengelley & Scott, 2004). Table IX of multi-ship, multinational exercise in which spe- Jane’s Underwater Warfare Systems (Watter, cific ships were not identified, during which MFAS 2004) summarizes all surface ship sonars (active use for the ASW component of the exercise was and passive) operating very low-frequency (below assumed. This list of naval training and exercises 1 kHz), low-frequency (below 3 kHz), medium- is biased toward U.S. activities and recent years frequency (3 to 14 kHz) and high-frequency since information on U.S. Navy ships was most (above 14 kHz) bands. readily available from publicly accessible sources. It is nearly as difficult to estimate the number It also includes information from navies of other of mass strandings of beaked whales as amount nations. Available information did not always of sonar usage. The true number of mass strand- indicate whether MFAS was actually used during ing events must be greater than reported due to these exercises. The U.S. Department of the Navy unreported events plus variations in the fidelity (U.S. DoN) (2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d, 2009) of historical records from differences in human also maintains at-sea operational training ranges coastal use, survey efforts, and reporting effort. To where active sonar may be used. Some reports provide a database as comprehensive as possible, (e.g., Brownell et al., 2004) assumed that strand- beaked whale stranding reports were collected ings near ranges involved active sonar exposure, from all available sources, including scientific but proximity to a range provides weaker evidence journals, stranding network records, and newspa- for coincidence with active sonar use than proxim- per reports. The analysis presented here follows ity to an ongoing exercise. the convention of Geraci & Lounsbury (1993) As with the stranding data, public reports on which defined a mass stranding as a case involving naval activities may also be affected by uneven two or more animals, excluding mother-calf pairs, reporting effort, varying levels of completeness, unless a third whale strands as well. The definition and inaccuracies in the information provided.
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