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The Role of Cetaceans in the Shelf-Edge Region of the Northeastern United States

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The Role of Cetaceans in the Shelf-Edge Region of the Northeastern United States The Role of Cetaceans in the Shelf-Edge Region of the Northeastern United States JAMES H. W. HAIN, MARTIN A. M. HYMAN, ROBERT D. KENNEY, and HOWARD E. WINN Introduction ploration and development added to from Cape Hatteras, N.C., and the present fishing and shipping ac­ from the center of the Northeast Man has been, and continues to tivities, this role may be on the in­ Channel at the eastern tip of be, a part of the ecosystem along the crease. After 3 years of field studies, Georges Bank (Fig. 1). This region outer margin of the outer continen­ the role of another group of apex straddles the shelf break (200 m tal shelf (OCS). With oil and gas ex- predators, marine mammals, can be depth contour), is about 40 km (21.6 characterized. These findings have n.mi.) wide, and includes about application to decisions about 62,100 km 2 (18,100 n.mi. 2). The authors are with the Graduate School of resource utilization, habitat use, This paper summarizes aspects of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, and the impacts of offshore ac­ the findings from a large and Kingston, RI 02881; the present address of tivities. multifaceted study. Details on J. H. W. Hain is Associated Scientists at Woods Hole, Box 721, Woods Hole, MA 02543. Views In this study, the shelf-edge sampling and data collection not in­ or opinions expressed or implied are those of the region was defined as bounded by cluded here are given in the final authors and do not necessarily reneet the posi­ tion of the National Marine Fisheries Service, the 91 and 2,000 m depth contours, report of the Cetacean and Turtle NOAA. and by lines extending southeast Assessment Program (CETAP), Three sperm whales (two adults and a calf) sighted by survey aircraft in deep water south of Georges Bank. 47(1),1985 13 University of Rhode IslandI. Addi­ tional findings on cetacean biomass and energetics in waters of the northeastern U.S. are reported in Scott et al. (1983). A review of mor­ phology and energetics in relation to the food requirements of marine mammals is provided by Brodie (1984). The principal findings reported here are: 1) Twenty species or species groups were reported in the region. Of these, 12 are common and 8 are uncommon or rare. Three species, the sperm whale, Physeter catodon; fin whale, Ba/aenoptera physa/us; and pilot whales, G/obicepha/a Figure I. - The shelf-edge spp., together constitute 75 per­ > region of the northeaster~5° cent of the cetacean biomass. U.S. outer continental shelf 2) During the season of peak (lined area). Depth contours abundance, spring, a minimum of are labelled in meters. 47,565 cetaceans may inhabit or transit the region. This represents a cumulative biomass of 26,506 metric tons (t). Table l.-Cetaceans reported from the shell edge region of the northeastern U.S. 3) The food requirement of the DCS. Data from CETAP field studies, November 1978-January 1982. shelf-edge cetacean component is Species Common name No. of sightings estimated to be between 64,000 and 960,000 tlyear. The current best Mysticetes-baleen whales Balaenoptera physalus Fin whale 91 estimate within this range is 480,000 B. acutorostrata Minke whale 34 B. borealis Sei whale 27 tlyear. This value converts to a ceta­ Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback whale 6 cean consumption of 9.7 Kcall Eubalaena glacialis Right whale 3 2 m /year, which is in the same range Odontocetes-toothed whales as values reported for the highly Tursiops truncatus Bottlenose dolphin 531 Globicepha/a spp.' Pilot whales 347 productive Georges Bank region. Grampus griseus Grampus 332 4) If our assessment is correct, Delphinus delphis Saddleback dolphin 197 Physeter catodon Sperm whale 156 then cetaceans must be considered a Stenella coeruleoalba Striped dolphin 48 Stenella spp. (spotted)' Spotted dolphin 27 major component of the ecosystem. Lagenorhynchus acutus Whitesided dalphin 22 Their impact on resources of the Phocoena phocoena Harbor porpoise 17 Mesop/odon spp.' Beaked whales 6 region is substantial- perhaps equal Orcinus orca Killer whale 3 to, or comparable to, that of man. Ziphius cavirostris Goosebeaked whale 3 Lagenorhynchus albirostris Whitebeaked dolphin 3 Hyperoodon ampullatus Northern bottlenose whale 1 Species Present Pseudorca crassidens False killer whale 1 In the 39 months of field studies Unidentified large whales' 144 from November 1978 through Unidentified small whales' 520 January 1982, 2,519 cetacean Total sightings 2,519 sightings were reported from the 'Identification to genus level only due to difficulty in field identification and/or defined shelf-edge region. These unresolved taxonomy. , Categories used to group unidentified or partially·identified sightings: Large whales, sightings are listed in Table 1 by ,,25 feet (7.6 m) in length; small whales, < 25 feet (7.6 m) in length. species or species groups, along with two categories into which unidentified I Final Report of the Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program, University of Rhode or partially identified sightings were were common (10 or more sightings) Island, to the Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior. Ref. No. grouped. Twenty species or species and 8 were uncommon or rare ( < 10 AA551-CT8-48, 568 p. groups were reported. Of these, 12 sightings). Sperm whales and fin 14 Marine Fisheries Review Table 2.-Estimated abundance, biomass, and food requirements for cetaceans in the shelf edge region of the northeastern U.S. OCS. species groups, B. borealis, T. trun­ catus, Grampus griseus, D. delphis, Percent Food Total of total require- and Stenel/a spp., each accounting for 4 Abundance estimate' 1 biomass cetacean Weight' ment 3-9 percent of the total biomass, bring Species (No. +/- 95% GI) (t) biomass (t) (tlyear) the total to 99 percent. The remaining P. calodon sp 215 +/- 256 4,300 16 20.0 6,016 species together account for about 1 wi 65 +/- 197 1,300 18 percent of the total biomass. (This B. physa/us sp 292 +/- 426 8,760 33 30.0 10,250 wi 60 +/- 102 1,800 24 treatment does not include the two B. borealis sp 237 +1- 327 3,081 12 13.0 3,686 unidentified whale categories.) wi 0 0 0 Therefore, of the 20 species reported, B. acutorostrata sp 47 +/- 57 212 1 4.5 330 wi 0 0 0 three species form the principal com­ H. ampullatus sp 9 na 42 < 1 4.7 65 ponent of the cetacean biomass, and wi 0 0 0 Unidentified sp 2 +/- 6 41 <1 '20.5 44 eight species account for nearly the large whales wi 0 0 0 entire biomass. T. truncatU$ sp 6,431 +1- 4,001 965 4 0.15 4,320 wi 1,458 +1- 1,885 219 3 G/ob/cephala spp. sp 6,823 +1- 6,934 5,800 22 0.85 19,137 wi 2,693 +1- 3,817 2,289 31 Food Requirements: Grampus griseus sp 3,543 +1- 4,350 1,205 5 0.34 3,952 wi 364 +/- 1,254 124 2 Estimated Minimum Values D. de/phis sp 13,881 +/- 19,734 902 3 0.07 8,652 wi 15,703 +1- 24,071 1,021 14 The role of cetaceans in the shelf­ Slenella spp. sp 13,210 +/- 11,334 713 3 0.05 4,317 edge ecosystem can be further wi 3,754 +1- 3,004 203 3 described through the calculation of L. acutus sp 1,231 +1- 1,931 148 < 1 0.12 570 wi 0 0 0 the food requirements of this compo­ P. phocoena sp 140 +1- 163 6 <1 0.05 34 nent. Following the methods of Brody wi 15 +1- 34 1 <1 Unidentified sp 1,504 +1- 2,206 331 1 '0.22 2,593 (1945) and Hinga (1979), the small whales wi 2,050 +1- 7,529 451 6 minimum metabolic demands, and Total sp 47,565 26.506 63,966 thus the minimum food requirements, wi 26,162 7,408 can be calculated from the following , Estimates based on individuals sighted at or near the surface and do not account for animals missed due to equation: submergence. Additional discussion in text. 2 Estimates and biomass data shown for peak values in spring (sp) and minimum values in winter (wi). 'Weight values are from Kenney et ai. (text footnote 3). Resting or basal metabolism (~:l) • Calculation based on 6 months at high spring abundance and 6 months at low winter abundance. Definition of seasons follows calendar conventions, e.g., spring = 20 March-20 June. , Estimated body weight for this grouping is a weighted mean from the identified large or small whales. = 70 x (body wt. in kg)o.75. The conversion of caloric demand to whales were the most common large sightings within the genus Stenel/a, weight value of prey species is from whales present. The majority of small since species were virtually in­ Sissenwine et al. (1984a): whale sightings were made up of four distinguishable in the field. Also, species (or species groups): Tursiops while humpback whales, Megaptera 1 Kcal/g wet weight. truncatus, Globicephala spp., Gram­ novaeangliae, and right whales, pus griseus, and Delphinus delphis. Eubalaena glacialis, are known to oc­ The calculated annual food re­ Together these six taxa made up 89 cur in the area (Table 1), none were quirements are given in the righthand percent of the identified sightings. sighted on census tracks, and are column of Table 2. Here, individual therefore not included in Table 2. food requirements have been Abundance and Biomass These data suggest that during the multiplied by the estimated abun­ Table 2 summarizes abundance and season of peak abundance, spring, the dance.
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