MATTHIESEN, WICKERT & LEHRER, S.C. Hartford, WI ❖ New Orleans, LA ❖ Orange County, CA ❖ Austin, TX ❖ Jacksonville, FL Phone: (800) 637-9176 rschuster@mwl-law.com www.mwl-law.com

PRODUCT LIABILITY IN ALL 50 STATES

Product liability law in the United States of America is determined almost exclusively by each of the individual 50 states. As such, what is law in New York might not be the law in California. While some common principles are seen across the many states, the differences in the states’ laws can have a tremendous effect on the viability of a claim or the availability of a defense. This chart summarizes the various product liability laws in all 50 states, allowing a user to quickly reference product liability topics by state and to compare states’ laws side by side. However, laws are continually changing, and this chart should not be relied on in forming any legal arguments, responding to complaints, or be construed as constituting legal advice in any way. Product liability matters are fact dependent, making each case unique. If you have questions, comments, or require additional information on any of the topics in this chart, we appreciate your feedback and encourage you to contact Attorney Rich Schuster at [email protected].

Non- Statute of Economic Punitive Heeding Innocent Joint and Restatemen Liability Fault STATE Limitations/ Caps/Limits Y/N and Presumption Seller Several Available Defenses t Standards Allocations Repose on Actual Limits ? Statute Liability 2nd or 3rd Damages

Negligence Warranty No Assumption of Risk; 2 Years Other Wrongful Yes, Deere & Co. Preemption; Learned Personal Injury Pure Death Personal v. Grose, 586 Intermediary; Alteration; ALABAMA (Alabama Yes Yes Both Wrongful Death Extended Contributory Purely Injury So.2d 196, Sophisticated User; Misuse; Ala. Code § 6-2-38(1) Manufacturer’s Punitive Limit 198 (Ala. Compliance with Government Liability 1991). Standards; Seatbelts Doctrine)

WORK PRODUCT OF MATTHIESEN, WICKERT & LEHRER, S.C. Page 1 Last Updated 1/5/21 Non- Statute of Economic Punitive Heeding Innocent Joint and Restatemen Liability Fault STATE Limitations/ Caps/Limits Y/N and Presumption Seller Several Available Defenses t Standards Allocations Repose on Actual Limits ? Statute Liability 2nd or 3rd Damages 2 Years Personal Injury Wrongful Death No Alaska Stat. § Negligence 09.10.070 Strict Pure Ellis v. Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Non- Liability Comparative Yes Coleman Co., Alteration; Learned ALASKA Discovery Rule Economic 2000 WL No No Both Consumer Alaska Stat. § (Limits) Intermediary; Seatbelts; State Applies Cap 1131893, at Expectation 09.17.080 of Art; Alcohol/Drugs *2 (9th Cir. 10 Years Warranty Statute of Repose 2000). Alaska Stat. § 09.10.055 (2005)

Yes, Vanishing Presumption Golonka v. General Motors Corp., Negligence Misuse; Alteration; Learned 65 P.3d 956, 2 Years Pure Intermediary; Inherently Strict 968-69 (Ariz. No Personal Injury Comparative Indemnity Unsafe Products; State of Art; ARIZONA Liability No Yes App. 2003); A.R.S. § 12- Both Wrongful Death A.R.S. § 12- Statute Preemption; Seatbelts; Warranty Dole Food Co. 2506 A.R.S. § 12-542 2505. Alcohol/Drugs; Sophisticated Other v. N. Carolina User Foam Industries, Inc., 935 P.2d 876, 883 (Ariz. App. 1996).

Yes 3 Years Negligence Modified Compliance With Government Bushong v. No, Unless Personal Injury Strict Comparative Standards; Government No Yes Garman Co., No “In Both ARKANSAS Wrongful Death Liability Contractor Defense; Learned A.C.A. § 16- 843 S.W.2d Concert” A.C.A. § 16-116-103 Warranty 64-122 807, 811 Intermediary (Ark. 1992).

WORK PRODUCT OF MATTHIESEN, WICKERT & LEHRER, S.C. Page 2 Last Updated 1/5/21 Non- Statute of Economic Punitive Heeding Innocent Joint and Restatemen Liability Fault STATE Limitations/ Caps/Limits Y/N and Presumption Seller Several Available Defenses t Standards Allocations Repose on Actual Limits ? Statute Liability 2nd or 3rd Damages 2 Years Personal Injury No Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Wrongful Death Negligence Government Contractor Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § Huitt v. Yes, for Strict Defense; Alteration; Learned 335.1 Southern Economic Liability Intermediary; Inherently Pure California Damage CALIFORNIA Discovery Rule Consumer Yes Yes Gas Co., 116 No Unsafe Products; State of Art; Both Comparative Cal. Civ. Applies Expectation Cal. Rptr.3d Presumption; Compliance with Code § Government Standards; 4/10 Years Warranty 453, 467-68 1431.2. Seatbelts; Alcohol/Drugs; Statute of Repose Other (Cal. App. Sophisticated User Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 2010). 337.15

3 Years Personal Injury Yes Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Wrongful Death Staley v. Yes Alteration; Learned C.R.S. § 4-2-725 Negligence Pure Bridgestone/ Non- C.R.S. § No Intermediary; Inherently Strict Comparative Yes Firestone, Restatement COLORADO Discovery Rule Economic 13-21- C.R.S. § 13- Unsafe Products; State of Art; Liability C.R.S. § 13- (Limits) Inc., 106 F.3d 3rd Applies Cap 402(1), 21-111.5 Presumption; Compliance with 21-406(1) 1504, 1509 Warranty (2) Government Standards; 10 Years th (10 Cir. Seatbelts; Alcohol/Drugs Statute of Repose 1997). C.R.S. § 13-21-403(3)

3 Years Negligence Personal Injury No Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Wrongful Death Strict Alteration; Learned C.G.S.A. § 52-577a Liability Pure DeJesus v. No Craftsman Yes Intermediary; Inherently Warranty Comparative C.G.S.A. § CONNECTICUT Discovery Rule No No Machine Co., C.G.S.A. § Unsafe Products; State of the Both C.G.S.A. § 52- 52- Applies Other 548 A.2d 736 52-572o Art; Government Contractor C.G.S.A. 52- 572(h) 572m(b) Defense; Presumption; 10 Years (Conn. App. 572m, et Sophisticated User Statute of Repose 1988). seq. C.G.S.A. § 52-577a(a)

WORK PRODUCT OF MATTHIESEN, WICKERT & LEHRER, S.C. Page 3 Last Updated 1/5/21 Non- Statute of Economic Punitive Heeding Innocent Joint and Restatemen Liability Fault STATE Limitations/ Caps/Limits Y/N and Presumption Seller Several Available Defenses t Standards Allocations Repose on Actual Limits ? Statute Liability 2nd or 3rd Damages No 2 Years Never Personal Injury Modified adopted Yes Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Wrongful Death strict liability Yes Alteration; Learned Negligence Comparative 10 Del. C. § DELAWARE 10 Del. C. § 8119 No Yes or 18 Del. C. Intermediary; Inherently Neither Warranty 10 Del. C. § 6301, et Restatement § 7001 Unsafe Products; Presumption; 6 Years 8132 seq. Statute of Repose (Second) of Sophisticated User 10 Del. C. § 8127 Torts § 402A (1965).

3 Years Personal Injury Assumption of Risk; Misuse; D.C. Code § 12-301 Negligence Pure Alteration; Learned DISTRICT OF 1 Year Strict Contributory Intermediary; State of the Art; No Yes Yes No Yes Both COLUMBIA Wrongful Death Liability Except Strict Government Contractor D.C. Code § 12-301 Warranty Liability Defense; Presumption; Sophisticated User Discovery Rule Applies

Assumption of Risk; Misuse; 4 Years Learned Intermediary; Personal Injury Pure No Inherently Unsafe Products; F.S.A. § 95.11 (3)(e) Strict Comparative Yes State of the Art; Presumption; Restatement FLORIDA Paid Meds No Yes F.S.A. § Liability F.S.A. § (Limits) Seatbelts; Government 3rd 12 Years 768.81 Statute of Repose 768.81(2) Contractor Defense; F.S.A. § 95.031(b) Compliance with Government Standards

WORK PRODUCT OF MATTHIESEN, WICKERT & LEHRER, S.C. Page 4 Last Updated 1/5/21 Non- Statute of Economic Punitive Heeding Innocent Joint and Restatemen Liability Fault STATE Limitations/ Caps/Limits Y/N and Presumption Seller Several Available Defenses t Standards Allocations Repose on Actual Limits ? Statute Liability 2nd or 3rd Damages 2 Years Personal Injury Wrongful Death Assumption of Risk; Misuse; O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33 Negligence Modified Comparative No Alteration; Learned Discovery Rule Strict Yes Yes. Intermediary; State of the Art; Restatement GEORGIA O.C.G.A. §§ No Unresolved O.C.G.A. § Applies Liability (Limits) 51-1-11.1 Compliance with Government 3rd 51-12-31, 51- 51-12-33 Standards; Presumption; 10 Years Warranty 12-33 (2011) Sophisticated User Statute of Repose O.C.G.A. § 51-1- 11(b)(2)

2 Years Modified Personal Injury Comparative (Pure For No Wrongful Death Negligence Misuse; Government Haw. Rev. Stat. § Strict Haw. Rev. Contractor Defense; HAWAII Strict No Yes No No Both 657-13 Liability) Stat. § Alteration; Inherently Unsafe Liability Haw. Rev. 663-10.9 Products Discovery Rule Stat. § 663- Applies 31

2 Years Personal Injury Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Wrongful Death Negligence Modified Yes Alteration; Learned Idaho Code § 6- Non- No Intermediary; Inherently Strict Comparative Yes Idaho Restatement IDAHO 1403(3) Economic Limited Idaho Code Unsafe Products; State of the Liability Idaho Code § (Limits) Code § 6- 2nd 10 Years Cap § 6-803 Art; Presumption; Warranty 6-1404 1407 Statute of Repose Alcohol/Drugs; Seatbelts; Idaho Code § 6- Sophisticated User 1403(2)

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2 Years Yes Personal Injury Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Wrongful Death Ortho Alteration; Learned I.C. § 34-20-3-1(b) Negligence Modified Pharmaceuti No No Intermediary; State of the Art; Strict Comparative Yes cal Corp. v. INDIANA Discovery Rule No Chapman, I.C. § 34- I.C. § 34- Government Contractor Neither Liability I.C. § 34-51- (Limits) Applies 388 N.E.2d 20-2-3 51-2-8 Defense; Presumption; Warranty 2-7, 8, and 9 Compliance with Government 10 Years 541, 555 Standards; Sophisticated User Statute of Repose (Ind. App. I.C. § 34-20-3-1(b)(2) 1979).

2 Years Personal Injury Wrongful Death Yes, if > I.C.A. § 614.1 Negligence Modified Yes 50%. Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Discovery Rule Strict Comparative Restatement IOWA No Yes No I.C.A. § I.C.A. § Alteration; State of the Art; Applies Liability I.C.A. § 3rd 613.18 668.4 Presumption; Seatbelts 668.3(1)(b). 15 Years Warranty (2011). Statute of Repose I.C.A. § 614.1(2)(A) (2011)

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Misuse; Alteration; Learned 1 Year Yes Intermediary; Inherently Personal Injury Negligence Pure Snawder v. Unsafe Products; State of the No Art; Government Contractor Wrongful Death Strict Comparative Cohen, 749 F. KENTUCKY No Yes Supp. 1473, Yes K.R.S. § Defense; Presumption; Both K.R.S. § 413.140 Liability K.R.S. § 1479-80 411.182 Compliance with Government 411.182 Discovery Rule Warranty (W.D. Ky. Standards; Seatbelts; Applies 1990). Alcohol/Drugs; Sophisticated User

Yes 1 Year Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Personal Injury Pure Rebuttable Yes Alteration; Learned Yes Intermediary; Inherently Wrongful Death Comparative Bloxom v. La. Civ. Restatement LOUISIANA Other No No L.S.A.-C.C. Unsafe Products; State of the L.S.A.-C.C. Art. 3492 L.S.A.-C.C. Bloxom, 512 Code Art. 3rd So.2d 839, Art. 2531 Art; Presumption; Discovery Rule Art. 2323 2324 850 (La. Alcohol/Drugs; Sophisticated Applies 1987). User

6 Years Personal Injury Negligence Modified Yes Assumption of Risk; Misuse; 14 M.R.S.A. § 752 Strict Alteration; Learned Comparative 14 Restatement MAINE Liability Yes Yes No No Intermediary; State of the Art; 2 Years 14 M.R.S.A. § M.R.S.A. § 3rd Warranty Government Contractor Wrongful Death 156 156-A 18-A M.R.S.A. § 2- Other Defense; Sophisticated User 804(b)

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Yes 3 Years Evans v. Personal Injury Lorillard Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Wrongful Death Tobacco Co., Alteration; Learned M.G.L.A. 260 § 2A Modified 990 N.E.2d Yes 997, 1023-24 Intermediary; Inherently Comparative Ann L. MASSACHUSETTS Discovery Rule Negligence No Yes (Mass. 2013) No Unsafe Products; State of the Both M.G.L.A. 231 Mass. Ch. Applies (following Art; Presumption; § 85 231B, § 1 Alcohol/Drugs; Sophisticated 7 Years Harlow v. User Statute of Repose Chin, 545 M.G.L.A. 260 § 2B N.E.2d 602, 606 (Mass. 1989)).

3 Years Personal Injury Wrongful Death Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Pure Yes Alteration; State of the Art; M.C.L.A. §ֻ Negligence Non- No Comparative M.C.L.A. § Presumption; Compliance with Restatement MICHIGAN 600.5805(13) Wrongful Economic No No M.C.L.A. § M.C.L.A. § 600.2947 Government Standards; 3rd Death Cap 600.6304 6/10 Years 600.2959 (6) Seatbelts; Alcohol/Drugs; Statute of Repose Sophisticated User M.C.L.A. § 600.5839(1)(a),(b)

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3 Years Yes Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Personal Injury Negligence Pure Thomas v. Yes Alteration; Learned Hoffman–La- No Intermediary; Inherently Wrongful Death Strict Comparative Yes M.C.A. § Restatement MISSISSIPPI Yes Roche, Inc., M.C.A. § Unsafe Products; State of the M.C.A. § 15-1-49 Liability M.C.A. § 11- (Limits) 11-1- 3rd 949 F.2d 806 85-5-7 Art; Presumption; 7-15 63(h) Discovery Rule Warranty (5th Cir. Alcohol/Drugs; Sophisticated Applies 1992). User

Yes 5 Years Personal Injury Moore v. Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Mo. Rev. Stat. § Ford Motor Pure Yes Alteration; Learned 516.120(4) (2002) Co., 332 Negligence Comparative S.W.3d 749, Mo. Rev. Yes Intermediary; Inherently 3 Years Strict Mo. Rev. 762-63 (Mo. Stat. § Mo. Rev. Unsafe Products; State of the MISSOURI No Yes Both Wrongful Death Liability Stat. § 2011); Arnold 537.762.1 Stat. § Art; Government Contractor Mo. Rev. Stat. § Warranty 537.765.1 v. Ingersoll- and .2 537.067 Defense; Presumption; 537.100 (2000) (2000) Rand Co., (2000) Alcohol/Drugs; Sophisticated User Discovery Rule 834 S.W.2d Applies 192, 194 (Mo. 1992).

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4 Years Personal Injury Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25- 224 (Reissue 1995) Modified Assumption of Risk; State of 2 Years Negligence Comparative Yes Yes Yes the Art; Misuse; Learned Wrongful Death Strict Restatement Neb. Rev. No No Neb. Rev. Neb. Rev. Intermediary; Inherently NEBRASKA Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 30- Liability (Competing 2nd Stat. §§ 25- Stat. § 25- Stat. §§ 25- Unsafe Products; Presumption; 809, 30-810 Authorities) Warranty 21 and 21,181 21, 185.10 Sophisticated User; Alteration 10 Years 185.11. Statute of Repose Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25- 224(2)

Assumption of Risk; Misuse; 2 Years No Alteration; Learned Personal Injury Negligence Modified Comparative Rivera v. Yes Intermediary; Inherently Wrongful Death Strict Yes Philip Morris, Unsafe Products; State of the NEVADA N.R.S. § 41- No No N.R.S. § Both N.R.S. § 11.190(4)(e) Liability (Limits) Inc., 209 P.3d Art; Government Contractor 141(5)(a) and 41-141 271 (Nev. Defense; Presumption; Discovery Rule Warranty (3) Applies 2009) Compliance with Government Standards; Alcohol/Drugs

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2 Years Personal Injury Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Wrongful Death Strict Alteration; Learned N.J.S.A. § 2A:14-2 Liability Modified Yes Yes, if > Intermediary; Inherently Comparative Yes Yes, 60%. Unsafe Products; State of the Restatement Discovery Rule Consumer Yes N.J.S.A. NEW JERSEY (Limits) Rebuttable Art; Government Contractor 3rd Applies Expectation N.J.S.A. § 2A:58C- N.J.S.A. § 2A:15-5.1. 9(b) 2A:15-5.3 Defense; Presumption; 10 Years Warranty Seatbelts; Alcohol/Drugs; Statute of Repose Sophisticated User N.J.S.A. § 2A:14-1.1

Yes, in Negligence Chain of Assumption of Risk; Misuse; 3 Years From Injury Alteration; Learned Strict Pure Distributio Restatement N.M.S.A. § 37-1-8 No Yes No No Intermediary; State of the Art; NEW MEXICO Liability Comparative n 3rd (1978) Sophisticated User; Warranty N.M.S.A. § Presumption 41-3A-1

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3 Years Personal Injury N.C.G.S.A. § 1-52(1) 2 Years Wrongful Death No N.C.G.S.A. § 1-53(4) Never Yes Pure adopted Yes Assumption of Risk; Misuse; 4 Years (Paid/ strict liability Yes NORTH Negligence Contributory Yes N.C.G.S.A. Alteration; Learned Restatement Uniform Commercial Incurred or N.C.G.S.A§ CAROLINA Warranty N.D.C.C. § (Limits) § 99B- Intermediary; Presumption; 3rd Code Medical Restatement 1B-2 32-03.2-02 2(a) Sophisticated User Unfair and Deceptive Expenses) (Second) of Trade Practices Torts § 402A N.C.G.S.A. § 25-2- (1965). 725(1) 12 Years Statute of Repose N.C.G.S.A. § 1-46.1(1)

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2 Years Personal Injury Wrongful Death Yes Assumption of Risk; O.R.C.A. § 2305.10(A) Modified Rebuttable Yes Unforeseeable Misuse; Discovery Rule Strict Comparative Yes (With Seley v. G.D. Alteration; Learned OHIO Yes Yes O.R.C.A. § Both Applies Liability O.R.C.A. § Exceptions) Searle Co., Intermediary; Inherently 423 N.E.2d 2307.22 Unsafe Products; Sophisticated 10 Years 2315.33 831, 838 User Statute of Repose (Ohio 1981). O.R.C.A. § 2305.10(C)(1)

2 Years Personal Injury Wrongful Death Yes Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Okla. Stat. Ann. Tit. Alteration; Learned Modified Cunningham Several 12 § 95(3) Comparative Only Intermediary; Inherently Yes (With Yes v. Charles Unsafe Products; State of the Discovery Rule Negligence Yes Both OKLAHOMA Okla. Stat. Exceptions) (Limits) Pfizer & Co., 23 Okla. Art; Government Contractor Applies Ann. Tit. 23 § 532 P.2d Stat. Ann. Defense; Presumption; 10 Years 13 1377, 1382 § 15 Alcohol/Drugs; Sophisticated Statute of Repose (Okla. 1974). User Okla. Stat. Ann. Tit. 12 § 109

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Yes 2 Years Coward v. Personal Injury Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Modified Owens- Yes, if > Wrongful Death Strict Alteration; Learned Comparative Corning 60%. Intermediary; Government Restatement PENNSYLVANIA 42 Pa. C.S.A. § Liability No Yes Fiberglas No 42 P.S. § 42 P.S. § Contractor Defense; 3rd 5524(2) Warranty Corp., 729 7102 7102 Presumption; Sophisticated Discovery Rule A.2d 614, User Applies 620-21 (Pa. Super. 1999).

3 Years Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Personal Injury Negligence Pure Yes Alteration; Learned Wrongful Death Strict Comparative Intermediary; Government Restatement RHODE ISLAND No Yes Yes No R.I.G.L. § R.I.G.L. § 9-1-14(b) Liability R.I.G.L. § 9- Contractor Defense; 2nd 10-6-2 Discovery Rule Warranty 20-4 Presumption; Sophisticated Applies User

WORK PRODUCT OF MATTHIESEN, WICKERT & LEHRER, S.C. Page 14 Last Updated 1/5/21 Non- Statute of Economic Punitive Heeding Innocent Joint and Restatemen Liability Fault STATE Limitations/ Caps/Limits Y/N and Presumption Seller Several Available Defenses t Standards Allocations Repose on Actual Limits ? Statute Liability 2nd or 3rd Damages 3 Years Personal Injury Wrongful Death S.C. Code Ann. §§ 15- No 3-530, 535, 545 Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Branham v. Yes, if > (1976) Negligence Alteration; Learned Yes Ford Motor 50%. SOUTH Strict Modified Intermediary; Inherently Restatement No (Qualified No Discovery Rule Liability Comparative Co., 701 S.C. Code Unsafe Products; State of the 3rd CAROLINA Limits) Applies S.E.2d 5, 14- Ann. § 15- Art; Presumption; Warranty 16 (S.C. 38-15 8 Years Sophisticated User 2010). Statute of Repose (Improvements) S.C. Code Ann. § 15- 3-640

3 Years Personal Injury Negligence Modified Yes Yes Assumption of Risk; Misuse; SOUTH Wrongful Death Strict Comparative No Yes No S.D.C.L. § S.D.C.L. § Alteration; State of the Art; Neither DAKOTA S.D.C.L. § 15-2-12.2 Liability S.D.C.L. § 20- 20-9-9 15-8-11 Presumption Discovery Rule Warranty 9-2 Applies

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3 Years Modified No Property Damage Comparative Misuse; Alteration; Learned T.C.A. § 28-3-105 Negligence Payne v. Yes McIntyre v. Novartis Intermediary; State of the Art; Strict Yes T.C.A. § Restatement TENNESSEE 4 Years Balentine, Yes Pharmaceuti Limited Compliance with Government Liability (Limits) 29-28- 2nd Breach of Warranty 833 S.W.2d cal Corp., 767 Standards; Seatbelts; 106 T.C.A. § 47-2-725(1) Warranty 52 (Tenn. F.3d 526 (6th Alcohol/Drugs Discovery Rule 1992). Cir. 2014). Applies 10 Years Statute of Repose T.C.A.§ 29-28-103

2 Years Personal Injury Wrongful Death Assumption of Risk; Misuse; Yes Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Modified Alteration; Learned Code Ann. § Comparative Tex. Civ. Yes, if > Intermediary; Inherently 16.003(a) (Vernon Negligence Prac. & Unsafe Products; State of the Tex. Civ. 50%. 2006) Strict Yes Rem. Art; Government Contractor Restatement TEXAS Prac. & Rem. Yes Limited Tex. Civ. Liability (Limits) Code Defense; Presumption; 3rd Discovery Rule Code Ann. §§ Prac. § Ann. Compliance with Government Applies Warranty 33.001- 33.013 §82.002 Standards; Seatbelts; 33.017 15 Years (a) Alcohol/Drugs; Sophisticated Statute of Repose User Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.012

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Yes Assumption of Risk; Misuse; House v. Alteration; Learned 2 Years Negligence Modified Armour of No Intermediary; Inherently Personal Injury Strict Comparative Restatement UTAH No Yes America, Inc., Yes U.C.A. § Unsafe Products; State of the Wrongful Death Liability U.C.A. § 78B- 2nd 929 P.2d 340, 78B-5-818 Art; Presumption; Compliance U.C.A. § 78B-6-706 5-818(2) Warranty 347 (Utah with Government Standards; 1996). Sophisticated User

3 Years Personal Injury Yes Vt. Stat. Ann. Tit. 12, Rebuttable § 512(4) Needham v. Assumption of Risk; 2 Years Coordinated Presumption; Misuse; Modified Wrongful Death Negligence Apparel Yes Alteration; Learned Comparative Intermediary; Inherently Vt. Stat. Ann. Tit. 14, Strict Group, 811 12 Vt. Stat. Restatement VERMONT Vt. Stat. Ann. No Yes No Unsafe Products; State of the § 1492 Liability A.2d 124, Ann. § 2nd Tit. 12, § 129 (2002); Art; Government Contractor Discovery Rule Warranty 1036 1036 Menard v. Defense; Compliance with Applies Newhall, 373 Government Standards; 4 Years A.2d 505, Alcohol/Drugs U.C.C. Warranty 506 (Vt. Vt. Stat. Ann. Tit. 9A, 1977). § 2-725

2 Years Personal Injury Assumption of Risk; Yes Presumption; Misuse; Wrongful Death Negligence Pure Yes VIRGINIA No Yes No Va. St. § Alteration; Learned Neither Va. St. § 8.01-243(A) Warranty Contributory (Limits) 8.01-443 Intermediary; Sophisticated Discovery Rule User Applies

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No Several Only (With Assumption of Risk; 2 Years Modified Muzichuck v. Exceptions Presumption; Misuse; Personal Injury Comparative Forest Alteration; Learned Negligence Laboratories, ) Wrongful Death W. Va. Code Intermediary; Inherently Strict Yes Inc., C.A. No. W. Va. WEST VIRGINIA W. Va. Code § 55-2- § 55-7-13a to No No Unsafe Products; State of the Undecided Liability (Limits) 1:07CV16, Code § 55- 12 § 55-7-13d Art; Government Contractor slip op. at 30 7-13a to § Warranty (effective Defense; Compliance with Discovery Rule (N.D.W. Va. 55-7-13d Applies 5/15/15) Government Standards; Jan. 13, (amended Seatbelts; Sophisticated User 2015). 3/5/15)

3 Years Personal Injury with Discovery Rule Applies Wis. Stat. § Alcohol/Drugs; Alteration; 893.54(1m) Negligence Modified No Yes, if > Assumption of Risk (Contrib.); Strict Comparative Yes 50%. Inherently Unsafe Products; Restatement 3 Years Yes Wis. Stat. § Yes WISCONSIN Liability (Limits) Presumption; Misuse; 3rd Wrongful Death Wis. Stat. § 895.047(1)(e) Wis. Stat. Seatbelts; State of the Art; Wis. Stat. § 893.54(2) Other 895.045(1) . §895.045 Sophisticated User 15 Years Statute of Repose Wis. Stat. § 895.047(5)

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Assumption of Risk; Misuse; 2 Years Negligence Alteration; Learned Personal Injury Intermediary; Inherently Strict Pure Yes Varies by Wrongful Death Yes No Yes Unsafe Products; State of the CANADA Liability Contributory (Limits) Province Discovery Rule Art; Compliance with Warranty COMMON LAW Applies Government Standards; Seatbelts; Alcohol/Drugs

Important Caveat/ Laws vary by province. This is a generalization of the law in the common law provinces. Aside from the province of Quebec, all provinces follow the Distinction common law. Quebec follows the civil code; laws can be substantially different under the civil code.

These materials and other materials promulgated by Matthiesen, Wickert & Lehrer, S.C. may become outdated or superseded as time goes by. If you should have questions regarding the current applicability of any topics contained in this publication or any publications distributed by Matthiesen, Wickert & Lehrer, S.C., please contact Rich Schuster at [email protected]. This publication is intended for the clients and friends of Matthiesen, Wickert & Lehrer, S.C. This information should not be construed as legal advice concerning any factual situation and representation of insurance companies and\or individuals by Matthiesen, Wickert & Lehrer, S.C. on specific facts disclosed within the attorney\client relationship. These materials should not be used in lieu thereof in anyway.

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