ANNUAL REPORT U.S. Metro Economies September 2017

Prepared for: GMP and Employment 2016 The United States Conference of Mayors and The Council on Metro Economies and the New American City Prepared by:

THE UNITED STATES CONFERENCE OF MAYORS THE UNITED STATES CONFERENCE OF MAYORS

Mitchell J. Landrieu Mayor of New Orleans President

Stephen K. Benjamin Mayor of Columbia, SC Vice President

Brian K. Barnett Mayor of Rochester Hills, MI Second Vice President

Greg Fischer Chair, Council on Metro Economies and the New American City Mayor of Louisville

Tom Cochran CEO and Executive Director

Printed on Recycled Paper. do your part! please recycle! ANNUAL REPORT U.S. Metro Economies September 2017

GMP 2016 and Employment Prepared for: The United States Conference of Mayors and The Council on Metro Economies and the New American City Prepared by:

THE UNITED STATES CONFERENCE OF MAYORS

INTRODUCTION

In this Metro Economies report we document the importance of metropolitan areas to the US economy. That influence, and the contribution of metro economies to US economic growth increased again in 2016. We also demonstrate the prominence of US urban economies in the global economy. Current economic conditions across the US metros and the outlook going forward are reviewed, and we discuss the implications for future growth of the now tight labor markets across the country.

METROPOLITAN ECONOMIES AND GROSS METRO PRODUCT

Metropolitan areas dominated US economic growth in 2016. They were home to 85.7% of the nation’s population, and their share of total employment increased to 87.9% as metros added 2.5 million jobs, accounting for all US job gains. The metro shares of US total personal income, 88.9%, wage income, 91.5%, and of real gross domestic product, 91.0%, each increased in 2016. Their share of economic growth in 2016 was even greater – metros contributed 99.7% ($529 billion) of the increase in GDP, its highest contribution in at least 25 years.

Combined, the nation’s 10 highest-producing metro economies generated $6.5 trillion in economic value in 2016, surpassing the output of the sum of 37 US states. Their combined output exceeds all the nations of the world save China, and is 32% greater than that of Japan, the 3rd largest economy of the world (see Appendix Tables).

Many US metros have larger economies than states. New York’s gross metropolitan product (GMP), the largest among metros at $1.66 trillion, exceeds the Gross State Product (GSP) of Texas, and Los Angeles’s exceeds that of Florida, the fourth ranked state in GSP. In many states, metro economies account for almost all of the state economy. In California, for example, the metro share of GSP is 99.0%. In Texas, it is 93.3%; in Florida 98%; and in New York, 97.3%. In 18 states the metro share of GSP exceeds 90%, and in 32 it exceeds 80%. Only in Montana, Wyoming, and Vermont is the metro contribution to GSP lower than 50% of the state economy. (Appendix Tables 3 and 4)

The GMP of 38 US metros surpassed $100 billion in 2016, and we project that Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News will as well in 2017. The $10 billion GMP mark was surpassed by 201 metros (52%) in 2016, with Lafayette, IN, Springfield, IL, and Brownsville- Harlingen, TX, reaching that level last year. We project that five more will do so in 2017. (Appendix Table 2)

Comparing metro economies to the nations of the world provides further evidence of the importance of US metros as drivers of the global economy. New York’s GMP would rank 10th among the nations of the world, ahead of Canada and South Korea. Twelve of the world’s 50 highest-producing economies are US metropolitan areas. Los Angeles would rank 17th,

1 ahead of Indonesia, and Chicago’s metropolitan economy ranks 22nd, larger than Saudi Arabia. Houston, Washington, Dallas, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Boston, Atlanta, Seattle, and Miami all rank among the top 50. Of the largest 100 world economies, 38 are US metros. Our 100th largest metro, Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, is larger than Estonia, the 105th largest country. (Appendix Table 2)

US METROS IN 2016

US GDP growth was weak in early 2016, primarily due to weak investment spending, but by yearend the pace of the economy had rebounded to the 2% pace we have seen since 2014, when the nation had finally regained the employment levels prior to the great recession. Overall, real GDP growth for the year measured 1.5%, while the combined real GMP growth of all metros was 1.6%.

Across the nation, the South and the West saw faster growth than the Northeast and Midwest as the decades long migration pattern to the Sunbelt reasserted itself following the disruption of the housing crises and recession at the end of the last decade. The fastest growing metros were in the Sunbelt, led by those in Florida and Utah. Manchester, NH, and Toledo, OH, ranked 43rd and 44th overall in GMP growth at 3.1%, were the fastest growing northeast or Midwestern metros. (Appendix Table 8)

In 2016, 72 metros (19%), saw job growth of greater than 3.0%; 153 metros (40%) had job growth of 2.0% or more, while 47 (12%) experienced actual job declines. (See Figure 1 and Appendix Table 8)

FIGURE 1: 2016 EMPLOYMENT GROWTH

Highest (%) Lowest (%) St. George, UT 6.6 Longview, TX ‐3.0 Bend‐Redmond, OR 5.9 Beckley, WV ‐3.0 Provo‐Orem, UT 5.6 Williamsport, PA ‐3.9 Madera, CA 5.4 Victoria, TX ‐4.6 Lake Charles, LA 5.1 Farmington, NM ‐4.6 Reno, NV 4.9 Midland, TX ‐5.6 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 4.7 Lafayette, LA ‐5.8 Deltona‐Daytona‐Ormond Beach, FL 4.6 Odessa, TX ‐7.7 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 4.6 Casper, WY ‐8.1 Sebring, FL 4.6 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA ‐8.6

Real gross metropolitan product gains were led by Lake Charles, LA and its booming construction sector, one of 6 metros whose real GMP growth exceeded 5%. There were 16 metros, including San Francisco and Seattle with growth greater than 4%, and gains greater than 3% were generated by 53 metros (14%), Thirty percent of metros (113) grew by more

2 than 2.0%. However, largely due to the low oil prices, almost a quarter (95) of metros, including Houston, Oklahoma City, and Tulsa suffered real GMP declines. (See Figure 2 and Appendix Table 8)

FIGURE 2A: 2016 REAL GMP GROWTH

Highest (%) Lowest (%) Lake Charles, LA 6.6 Fairbanks, AK ‐5.7 Bend‐Redmond, OR 5.9 Victoria, TX ‐5.9 Brunswick, GA 5.6 Anchorage, AK ‐5.9 St. George, UT 5.4 Longview, TX ‐6.4 Albany, OR 5.1 Lafayette, LA ‐6.8 Provo‐Orem, UT 4.9 Farmington, NM ‐7.3 Sebring, FL 4.7 Midland, TX ‐8.5 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 4.6 Casper, WY ‐9.5 Gainesville, GA 4.6 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA ‐10.2 Madera, CA 4.6 Odessa, TX ‐13.2

FIGURE 2B: 2016 REAL GMP GROWTH

Percent

-13.2 to 0.0

0.1 to 0.8

0.9 to 1.8 1.9 to 3.2 3.3 to 6.8

3

THE US ECONOMY IN 2017

In 2017 we see continued strength in consumer spending driven by more-than-adequate income and wealth gains, and elevated levels of consumer confidence. We predict that growth in 2017 will equal 2.1%, thanks to solid contributions from consumer spending, as well as both residential and nonresidential fixed investment. Investment spending has strengthened following a weak 2016, and export demand for US goods will be bolstered by an improved world economy.

Employment gains will drift lower however as the labor markets tighten with the economy near full employment. From 2.5 million new jobs in 2016, employment gains will slow to 2.2 million in 2017, and less than 2 million in 2018. The slowdown in gains has been gradual, as have the turnaround in productivity gains that powered it. As the economy reaches its potential, and the jobless rate hits 4.0%, job growth will cool to 1.8 million in 2019.

METRO ECONOMIES IN 2017

Economic growth will continue to be most robust in the South and the West of the US, with home construction continuing to increase disproportionately there. The auto industry, after gearing up this decade will see softening of sales growth to the detriment of Midwest industry. The top ten growth list, as in 2016, is dominated by Mountain and Coastal metros, but notably includes Orlando as 6th fastest, buoyed by leisure spending and construction. Twenty-eight metros will exceed 3% job growth including Nashville, Las Vegas, and Dallas. A total of 109 (29%) will exceed 2%, as metros generate 2.0 million new jobs. Losses are projected in 58 metros (15%), mainly in the Midwest. (See Figure 3 and Appendix Table 8)

FIGURE 3A: 2017 FORECAST - EMPLOYMENT GROWTH

Highest (%) Lowest (%) St. George, UT 4.9 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN ‐1.3 Sebring, FL 4.6 Farmington, NM ‐1.5 Myrtle Beach‐‐Conway, SC‐NC 4.3 Rockford, IL ‐1.5 The Villages, FL 4.0 Beckley, WV ‐1.5 Lake Charles, LA 3.8 Wheeling, WV‐OH ‐1.5 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 3.7 Fairbanks, AK ‐1.7 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 3.7 Elmira, NY ‐2.0 Boise City, ID 3.7 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH ‐2.1 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 3.6 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA ‐3.3 Provo‐Orem, UT 3.5 Casper, WY ‐3.8

4

FIGURE 3B: 2017 EMPLOYMENT GROWTH

Only 21 metros will see decreases in real GMP in 2017, many of which were dependent upon the oil and gas industry still suffering from energy price declines. Thirty metros will exceed 4% growth, led by Lake Charles amid enormous LNG facility investment, among 94 (25%) which exceed 3%. And 56% (213 metros) will exceed 2%. (See Figure 4 and Appendix Table 8)

FIGURE 4: 2017 REAL GMP GROWTH, %

Highest (%) Lowest (%) Lake Charles, LA 7.1 Cumberland, MD‐WV ‐0.9 Sebring, FL 6.2 California‐Lexington Park, MD ‐0.9 St. George, UT 5.9 Pine Bluff, AR ‐1.1 Punta Gorda, FL 5.4 Fairbanks, AK ‐1.1 Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐NC 5.4 Rockford, IL ‐1.2 Bend‐Redmond, OR 5.2 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA ‐1.4 The Villages, FL 5.2 Elmira, NY ‐1.9 Gainesville, FL 5.1 Casper, WY ‐2.6 Grants Pass, OR 4.9 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA ‐3.5 Provo‐Orem, UT 4.8 Lafayette, LA ‐5.8

5

During 2016, 34 metro areas at long last surpassed their prerecession peak employment level. This brought the total number of metros at record high employment levels to 260, 68% of all 381 metros. In 2017 we estimate that another 14 will reach prerecession peak levels, bringing the total to 274, or 72%. (See Figure 5 and Appendix Table 11)

FIGURE 5: RETURN TO PEAK EMPLOYMENT

Year 2009-2014 2015 2016 2017 2018+

LABOR MARKETS GOING FORWARD

In 2014, national employment finally regained its pre-recession peak job level, and in 2017 so have the job levels in over 70% of metros. The US unemployment rate, at 4.3% in July, reached its lowest level since 2007 prior to the great recession, having declined steadily since its 2009 peak at 10.0%. We project that the rate will fall to 4.0% over the next two years as the good job market lures discouraged workers back into the labor force.

As the economy reaches full employment it also reaches growth constraints defined by labor force growth. Job growth, 1.5% in 2017, will slow to less than 1.0% per year by 2020 as the economy reaches full employment, and then to 0.5% annually by 2025, the projected growth in the labor force per year. This decline is largely due to the aging of the US population, especially as the baby boom generation moves into retirement years. The proportion of adult population which is over 65 years old has increased from 17% to 21% in the past decade, and will increase to 25% in the next. Moreover, US population growth, and hence labor force growth, is projected to slow to 0.6% per year in the next decade, with

6 one-half of this growth coming from immigration. That is, the natural rate of labor force and job growth will soon be less than 0.3% per year.

In the absence of either faster labor force or productivity gains, the nation will be unable to achieve even the modest 2% growth, its current rate, into the future. In order to maintain a 2% rate of growth the US will require a combination of aggressive workforce training for the hard to employ and increased rates of immigration significantly beyond current levels. Unless such is achieved, the nation will be stuck in historic low GDP growth levels.

In 2017 the metro area labor force will grow by 1.3%, and the labor force participation rate for all metros (the proportion of adults working or seeking work) is 62.4%. The participation rate had been as high as 66% in 2007, but it is not expected to rebound, mostly due to the aging population.

The metros with a declining labor force are predominantly in the Northeast and Midwest including Chicago, Buffalo and Milwaukee. The fastest growing labor forces are generally in the South and West, notably Orlando, Nashville, and Salt Lake City. Among large metros labor force participation is especially high in Des Moines, Austin, and Minneapolis, and low in Riverside, Buffalo, and New Orleans. (Figures 6 and 7, and Appendix Table 13)

FIGURE 6: 2017 LABOR FORCE GROWTH, %

Highest (%) Lowest (%) Bowling Green, KY 6.5% Erie, PA ‐2.6% Yuma, AZ 5.7% Joplin, MO ‐2.6% Lake Charles, LA 5.3% Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA ‐2.7% Prescott, AZ 5.2% Elmira, NY ‐2.7% The Villages, FL 5.1% Beckley, WV ‐3.0% Flagstaff, AZ 5.0% Altoona, PA ‐3.0% Owensboro, KY 4.9% Johnstown, PA ‐3.3% Provo‐Orem, UT 4.9% Williamsport, PA ‐3.4% St. George, UT 4.7% Casper, WY ‐3.8% Cleveland, TN 4.6% Houma‐Thibodaux, LA ‐4.0%

7

FIGURE 7: 2017 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE, %

Highest (%) Lowest (%) Sioux Falls, SD 75.0 Pine Bluff, AR 49.1 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 74.0 Grants Pass, OR 48.3 Fargo, ND‐MN 73.9 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ 48.1 Madison, WI 73.5 Ocala, FL 46.4 Salt Lake City, UT 72.0 Beckley, WV 45.7 Iowa City, IA 71.9 Jacksonville, NC 44.9 Appleton, WI 71.9 Punta Gorda, FL 44.0 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 71.7 Sebring, FL 43.4 Ames, IA 71.6 Homosassa Springs, FL 37.6 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 71.3 The Villages, FL 25.0

CONCLUSION

Metro economies in 2016 were more important than ever to US economic growth. Metro job gains overcame rural job losses and their share of GMP increased to 91%, having contributed 99% of GDP growth. The US economy is finally reaching full employment, which is unambiguously good news, but as result GDP growth will decline unless productivity growth increases. Moreover, the aging labor force will itself result in a slowing of growth. Investment, including public investment in new and upgraded infrastructure can raise productivity and forestall the diminishment of real economic gains consequent to declining labor force growth.

8

APPENDIX TABLES

Table of Contents

Table 1: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas ...... 1

Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) ...... 10

Table 3: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas ...... 24 And Gross State Product of U.S. States

Table 4: The Gross Metropolitan Product of the Top 10 Metro Areas ...... 34 in 2016 Exceeded the Combined Output of the Following 37 states

Table 5: Real Average Annual Growth of U.S. Metro Area Economies ...... 35 (2016-2022)

Table 6: Metro Area Shares of U.S. Production (2016) ...... 45

Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product ... 46

Table 7b: Gross Metropolitan Product (Division) as a Share of Gross ...... 59 Metropolitan Product (MSA)

Table 8: Employment Growth, 2016 to 2018 ...... 61

Table 9: Real GMP Growth Rates ...... 71

Table 10: Change in Metro Area Unemployment Rates ...... 81

Table 11: Return to Peak Employment ...... 91

Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output ...... 101

Table 13: Labor Force Growth and Participation ...... 114

Table 1: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas (US$, Billions)

Rank 2016 2015 2016 2017 2018 1 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA 1,606.4 1,655.8 1,705.3 1,784.2 2 Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA 943.4 984.9 1,026.3 1,074.9 3 Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI 638.1 657.4 679.2 707.4 4 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV 492.9 510.8 533.1 561.5 5 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX 493.2 510.1 542.7 576.5 6 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX 511.2 500.5 530.1 564.2 7 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA 437.5 463.3 490.3 518.0 8 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD 419.2 433.0 453.7 474.2 9 Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH 396.9 413.9 433.6 454.7 10 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA 343.2 360.3 374.5 393.3 11 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA 315.6 333.1 348.2 367.4 12 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL 318.4 332.8 349.0 367.8 13 Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI 247.8 257.4 268.4 280.5 14 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 244.0 250.4 263.5 276.7 15 San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA 238.4 249.7 261.4 275.0 16 San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA 223.5 232.8 244.9 258.1 17 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ 220.6 230.3 242.8 258.2 18 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO 192.2 199.6 209.1 220.9 19 Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD 182.6 189.0 196.8 207.0 20 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 159.7 167.5 175.0 186.7 21 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 152.7 160.4 169.5 179.4 22 St. Louis, MO‐IL 154.7 158.6 163.5 170.0 23 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA 142.5 149.2 157.5 166.3 24 Pittsburgh, PA 142.7 144.9 151.9 158.8 25 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 134.0 140.8 148.8 157.5 26 Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN 132.9 137.8 144.5 151.8 27 Cleveland‐Elyria, OH 128.3 131.7 137.5 143.3 28 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 126.6 131.6 138.9 145.3 29 Kansas City, MO‐KS 127.1 130.5 136.5 143.2 30 Columbus, OH 124.2 129.9 137.3 144.0 31 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 121.5 128.4 136.4 144.9 32 Austin‐Round Rock, TX 121.8 126.9 134.2 142.9 33 Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA 120.4 126.5 132.6 140.2 34 Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN 114.6 120.7 127.5 134.9 35 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX 110.6 114.4 120.2 126.9 36 Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV 103.2 108.1 115.3 122.7 37 Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT 100.5 103.4 106.8 111.9 38 Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI 100.8 103.2 106.9 111.9 39 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC 96.1 97.5 101.3 106.1 40 Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT 85.4 87.8 91.1 94.8 41 Salt Lake City, UT 80.0 84.2 89.3 94.7 42 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 78.7 81.2 84.3 87.8 43 Raleigh, NC 75.8 80.0 84.8 90.3 44 Richmond, VA 74.4 76.7 79.9 84.2

1 Table 1: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas (US$, Billions)

Rank 2016 2015 2016 2017 2018 45 New Orleans‐Metairie, LA 76.8 76.7 79.5 82.4 46 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 71.6 73.7 76.2 79.4 47 Oklahoma City, OK 75.1 73.6 77.2 81.4 48 Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 69.8 72.9 76.5 79.9 49 Jacksonville, FL 67.6 70.8 74.8 79.1 50 Urban Honolulu, HI 61.7 64.2 66.2 68.8 51 Birmingham‐Hoover, AL 62.7 64.0 66.2 69.0 52 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 58.9 60.2 62.5 65.6 53 Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY 56.6 58.0 59.2 61.5 54 Rochester, NY 55.6 56.9 57.8 60.1 55 Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI 54.4 56.8 59.4 62.3 56 Tulsa, OK 56.9 55.4 57.4 60.3 57 Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY 51.3 53.0 54.4 56.7 58 Baton Rouge, LA 52.5 52.4 54.1 56.4 59 Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA 48.9 50.2 52.7 55.3 60 Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA 47.0 49.1 51.5 54.3 61 Madison, WI 45.9 47.9 50.4 52.9 62 Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC 44.5 46.1 48.6 51.8 63 New Haven‐Milford, CT 44.7 45.9 47.3 49.4 64 Albuquerque, NM 43.1 43.7 45.2 46.9 65 Knoxville, TN 39.5 40.9 42.6 44.4 66 Fresno, CA 39.4 40.8 42.8 45.0 67 Worcester, MA‐CT 39.2 40.6 42.0 43.7 68 Dayton, OH 39.2 40.4 42.2 43.8 69 Columbia, SC 39.0 40.4 42.0 44.1 70 Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC 38.9 40.3 41.6 43.5 71 Greensboro‐High Point, NC 39.3 40.0 41.5 43.2 72 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ 37.9 39.0 40.4 42.3 73 Charleston‐North Charleston, SC 37.0 38.8 40.9 43.3 74 Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR 37.8 38.4 39.6 41.3 75 Tucson, AZ 36.3 37.3 38.8 40.9 76 Bakersfield, CA 36.3 36.4 38.1 40.2 77 Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA 34.7 35.5 37.2 39.0 78 Toledo, OH 34.0 35.4 36.7 38.5 79 Akron, OH 34.4 35.3 36.6 38.1 80 Syracuse, NY 31.8 32.6 33.4 34.7 81 Wichita, KS 32.3 32.5 33.4 34.7 82 Trenton, NJ 30.8 31.8 33.1 34.5 83 Boise City, ID 30.4 31.7 33.5 35.3 84 Colorado Springs, CO 29.7 30.8 32.2 34.0 85 Portland‐South Portland, ME 29.2 30.5 31.8 33.2 86 El Paso, TX 29.4 30.2 31.7 33.1 87 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 28.4 29.9 31.5 33.5 88 Winston‐Salem, NC 28.6 29.3 30.3 31.7

2 Table 1: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas (US$, Billions)

Rank 2016 2015 2016 2017 2018 89 Jackson, MS 28.7 29.3 30.4 31.9 90 Lexington‐Fayette, KY 28.2 29.1 30.6 32.1 91 Anchorage, AK 29.2 27.9 28.4 29.4 92 Lancaster, PA 26.6 27.5 28.9 30.2 93 Manchester‐Nashua, NH 26.0 27.3 28.6 30.0 94 Santa Rosa, CA 26.4 27.3 28.3 29.6 95 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 25.4 27.0 28.3 30.1 96 Ogden‐Clearfield, UT 25.4 26.4 28.0 29.5 97 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO 25.1 26.2 27.8 29.6 98 Springfield, MA 25.3 26.1 27.1 28.1 99 Stockton‐Lodi, CA 24.9 26.0 27.3 28.8 100 Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA 25.4 25.9 27.1 28.3 101 Chattanooga, TN‐GA 24.5 25.4 26.4 27.6 102 Huntsville, AL 23.7 24.8 26.0 27.3 103 Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA 23.8 24.3 25.2 26.3 104 Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA 23.1 24.1 25.2 26.6 105 Boulder, CO 23.3 24.1 25.3 26.5 106 Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX 24.5 23.8 24.4 25.5 107 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 22.6 23.4 24.1 25.1 108 Reno, NV 22.0 23.4 25.0 26.6 109 Salinas, CA 22.3 22.8 23.7 24.6 110 Corpus Christi, TX 23.5 22.6 23.8 25.2 111 Lafayette, LA 24.2 22.6 21.9 22.9 112 Provo‐Orem, UT 21.0 22.5 24.1 25.8 113 Ann Arbor, MI 21.4 22.1 22.9 24.0 114 Lansing‐East Lansing, MI 21.1 22.0 22.9 23.9 115 Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA 21.5 21.7 22.3 23.1 116 Fort Wayne, IN 21.1 21.4 22.2 23.1 117 Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL 19.8 20.8 22.0 23.4 118 Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA 19.9 20.7 21.8 23.0 119 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA 20.7 20.5 20.6 21.5 120 Peoria, IL 20.3 20.2 20.8 21.7 121 Modesto, CA 19.4 20.2 21.2 22.3 122 Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL 19.1 20.0 21.1 22.3 123 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL 19.6 19.8 20.3 21.0 124 Sioux Falls, SD 18.9 19.6 20.5 21.7 125 McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX 19.1 19.5 20.4 21.4 126 Lincoln, NE 18.7 19.2 20.1 21.0 127 Green Bay, WI 18.4 18.9 19.5 20.4 128 Springfield, MO 18.4 18.8 19.6 20.4 129 Cedar Rapids, IA 18.3 18.5 19.2 20.1 130 Mobile, AL 18.1 18.5 19.0 19.8 131 Reading, PA 18.0 18.3 19.1 20.1 132 York‐Hanover, PA 17.6 18.1 18.9 19.8

3 Table 1: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas (US$, Billions)

Rank 2016 2015 2016 2017 2018 133 Savannah, GA 17.2 18.1 18.8 19.6 134 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 16.8 17.8 18.8 20.1 135 Midland, TX 19.9 17.7 19.2 20.6 136 Canton‐Massillon, OH 17.4 17.7 18.3 19.1 137 Asheville, NC 16.9 17.6 18.5 19.5 138 Fayetteville, NC 17.0 17.6 18.2 18.9 139 Killeen‐Temple, TX 17.0 17.6 18.2 19.0 140 Evansville, IN‐KY 17.2 17.5 18.2 19.0 141 Montgomery, AL 16.7 17.2 17.7 18.4 142 Myrtle Beach‐North Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐NC 16.2 17.0 18.2 19.5 143 Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL 16.2 16.8 17.7 18.6 144 Visalia‐Porterville, CA 16.0 16.6 17.5 18.4 145 Salisbury, MD‐DE 16.1 16.6 17.2 18.0 146 Gulfport‐Biloxi‐Pascagoula, MS 16.5 16.6 17.0 17.8 147 Fort Collins, CO 15.4 16.2 17.3 18.5 148 Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL 15.1 16.0 16.9 17.9 149 Norwich‐New London, CT 15.6 16.0 16.6 17.3 150 Lake Charles, LA 15.0 16.0 17.4 18.5 151 Fargo, ND‐MN 15.6 15.9 16.5 17.5 152 Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI 15.0 15.7 16.3 17.1 153 Tallahassee, FL 14.8 15.4 16.3 17.1 154 Eugene, OR 14.4 15.1 15.7 16.5 155 Spartanburg, SC 14.4 15.0 15.8 16.6 156 Rockford, IL 14.9 15.0 15.1 15.8 157 Salem, OR 14.1 14.9 15.6 16.5 158 Roanoke, VA 14.5 14.7 15.3 16.0 159 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH 14.4 14.5 15.1 15.7 160 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 14.1 14.4 15.2 16.0 161 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 13.9 14.4 14.9 15.5 162 Flint, MI 14.0 14.4 14.6 15.2 163 San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA 13.9 14.3 15.0 15.7 164 Wilmington, NC 13.6 14.2 15.0 15.8 165 Columbus, GA‐AL 13.9 14.1 14.6 15.1 166 Charleston, WV 13.6 13.6 14.4 15.0 167 Lubbock, TX 13.1 13.5 14.0 14.5 168 Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ 13.3 13.5 13.8 14.3 169 Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC 13.1 13.3 13.9 14.5 170 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 12.8 13.2 13.7 14.3 171 Port St. Lucie, FL 12.5 13.1 13.8 14.6 172 Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL 12.6 13.1 13.8 14.5 173 Gainesville, FL 12.1 12.7 13.6 14.3 174 Kennewick‐Richland, WA 12.0 12.6 13.1 13.8 175 Charlottesville, VA 12.2 12.6 13.3 14.0 176 Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA 12.1 12.5 13.2 13.8

4 Table 1: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas (US$, Billions)

Rank 2016 2015 2016 2017 2018 177 Appleton, WI 12.1 12.5 13.1 13.7 178 Amarillo, TX 12.3 12.4 12.9 13.5 179 Duluth, MN‐WI 12.2 12.4 12.9 13.4 180 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA 11.9 12.0 12.2 12.7 181 Waco, TX 11.3 11.6 12.1 12.6 182 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 10.9 11.5 12.1 12.8 183 Barnstable Town, MA 10.9 11.4 11.8 12.3 184 Rochester, MN 11.0 11.4 11.8 12.4 185 Erie, PA 11.2 11.1 11.5 11.9 186 Champaign‐Urbana, IL 10.9 11.0 11.3 11.7 187 Tyler, TX 10.8 11.0 11.6 12.3 188 Utica‐Rome, NY 10.8 11.0 11.3 11.6 189 Tuscaloosa, AL 10.8 10.9 11.3 11.8 190 Clarksville, TN‐KY 10.9 10.9 11.1 11.5 191 Longview, TX 11.3 10.7 11.2 12.0 192 Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.5 193 Bellingham, WA 10.0 10.5 10.9 11.6 194 Fort Smith, AR‐OK 10.4 10.5 10.7 11.2 195 Topeka, KS 10.1 10.4 10.9 11.3 196 Bloomington‐Normal, IL 10.4 10.3 10.7 11.2 197 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA 11.5 10.2 10.1 10.5 198 Greeley, CO 10.4 10.2 10.8 11.6 199 Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN 9.9 10.2 10.6 11.1 200 Springfield, IL 9.9 10.1 10.5 10.9 201 Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX 9.8 10.0 10.4 10.9 202 Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI 9.6 9.9 10.3 10.8 203 Macon‐Bibb County, GA 9.4 9.8 10.1 10.4 204 Billings, MT 9.7 9.8 10.2 10.6 205 Iowa City, IA 9.5 9.7 10.2 10.6 206 Napa, CA 9.5 9.7 10.1 10.6 207 St. Cloud, MN 9.2 9.5 9.9 10.4 208 College Station‐Bryan, TX 9.3 9.5 10.0 10.5 209 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 9.3 9.5 9.8 10.2 210 Yakima, WA 9.1 9.4 9.9 10.4 211 Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA 9.4 9.4 9.7 10.1 212 Binghamton, NY 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.8 213 Lynchburg, VA 9.3 9.3 9.7 10.1 214 Gainesville, GA 8.7 9.2 9.8 10.2 215 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.7 216 Athens‐Clarke County, GA 8.2 8.7 9.1 9.5 217 Merced, CA 8.5 8.7 9.1 9.5 218 State College, PA 8.4 8.6 9.1 9.5 219 Florence, SC 8.3 8.5 8.9 9.3 220 Columbia, MO 8.3 8.5 8.8 9.2

5 Table 1: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas (US$, Billions)

Rank 2016 2015 2016 2017 2018 221 Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI 8.0 8.4 8.7 9.1 222 Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC 8.1 8.3 8.7 9.2 223 Ocala, FL 7.9 8.3 8.8 9.3 224 Panama City, FL 7.9 8.2 8.5 9.0 225 Odessa, TX 9.5 8.1 8.4 8.8 226 Eau Claire, WI 8.0 8.1 8.4 8.8 227 Bismarck, ND 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.7 228 Jacksonville, NC 7.9 8.0 8.4 8.7 229 Bend‐Redmond, OR 7.4 8.0 8.5 9.1 230 Chico, CA 7.7 7.9 8.4 8.8 231 Saginaw, MI 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.3 232 Laredo, TX 7.8 7.8 8.3 8.7 233 Racine, WI 7.7 7.8 8.1 8.4 234 Wausau, WI 7.5 7.7 8.0 8.4 235 Harrisonburg, VA 7.4 7.7 8.1 8.5 236 Medford, OR 7.2 7.6 8.0 8.4 237 Greenville, NC 7.5 7.6 7.8 8.2 238 Santa Fe, NM 7.5 7.6 8.0 8.4 239 Morgantown, WV 7.4 7.5 8.0 8.4 240 Warner Robins, GA 6.9 7.3 7.7 8.0 241 Dover, DE 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.7 242 Wheeling, WV‐OH 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.8 243 Monroe, LA 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.6 244 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.7 245 Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.7 246 Jefferson City, MO 6.7 7.0 7.2 7.5 247 Bowling Green, KY 6.5 6.8 7.2 7.6 248 Joplin, MO 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.3 249 Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.4 250 Johnson City, TN 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 251 Bloomington, IN 6.6 6.7 7.0 7.3 252 Terre Haute, IN 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.1 253 Sheboygan, WI 6.5 6.6 6.9 7.2 254 Rapid City, SD 6.5 6.6 7.0 7.3 255 Abilene, TX 6.7 6.6 6.9 7.2 256 Las Cruces, NM 6.4 6.5 6.9 7.2 257 Rocky Mount, NC 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.9 258 Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI 6.4 6.5 6.7 7.0 259 Pittsfield, MA 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 260 Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.7 261 Wichita Falls, TX 6.5 6.4 6.7 7.0 262 Jackson, TN 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.9 263 Elizabethtown, KY 6.2 6.3 6.6 7.0 264 Dalton, GA 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.8

6 Table 1: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas (US$, Billions)

Rank 2016 2015 2016 2017 2018 265 Decatur, IL 6.2 6.2 6.4 6.6 266 Redding, CA 6.0 6.2 6.6 7.0 267 Lima, OH 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.7 268 California‐Lexington Park, MD 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.3 269 East Stroudsburg, PA 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.7 270 Jackson, MI 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.6 271 El Centro, CA 6.0 6.1 6.4 6.7 272 Janesville‐Beloit, WI 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.6 273 Bangor, ME 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.4 274 Yuba City, CA 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.8 275 Winchester, VA‐WV 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.6 276 Idaho Falls, ID 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.4 277 Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ 5.7 5.9 6.2 6.3 278 Owensboro, KY 5.8 5.9 6.2 6.5 279 Yuma, AZ 5.7 5.9 6.2 6.5 280 Kingston, NY 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.2 281 Battle Creek, MI 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.4 282 Farmington, NM 6.1 5.9 6.1 6.3 283 St. Joseph, MO‐KS 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.3 284 Columbus, IN 5.8 5.8 6.1 6.4 285 Muskegon, MI 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.3 286 Hattiesburg, MS 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.3 287 Casper, WY 6.2 5.7 5.8 6.0 288 Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA 5.4 5.7 5.9 6.3 289 Dubuque, IA 5.6 5.6 5.9 6.1 290 Flagstaff, AZ 5.5 5.6 5.9 6.2 291 Cheyenne, WY 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.9 292 Hanford‐Corcoran, CA 5.5 5.5 5.8 6.1 293 Albany, GA 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.7 294 Prescott, AZ 5.1 5.4 5.7 6.0 295 Coeur d`Alene, ID 5.2 5.4 5.7 6.0 296 Grand Junction, CO 5.4 5.4 5.6 6.0 297 Decatur, AL 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.7 298 Madera, CA 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.9 299 Texarkana, TX‐AR 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.6 300 Fairbanks, AK 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.5 301 Altoona, PA 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.7 302 Missoula, MT 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.8 303 Burlington, NC 5.1 5.2 5.5 5.7 304 Alexandria, LA 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.5 305 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.6 306 Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.5 307 Valdosta, GA 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.6 308 Dothan, AL 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.6

7 Table 1: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas (US$, Billions)

Rank 2016 2015 2016 2017 2018 309 Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.8 310 New Bern, NC 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.5 311 St. George, UT 4.7 5.1 5.5 5.9 312 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.6 313 Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.5 314 Ames, IA 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.5 315 Victoria, TX 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.6 316 Lawton, OK 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.5 317 Ithaca, NY 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.4 318 Carbondale‐Marion, IL 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.3 319 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.4 320 Pueblo, CO 4.8 4.9 5.2 5.5 321 Williamsport, PA 5.1 4.9 5.0 5.3 322 San Angelo, TX 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.4 323 Lebanon, PA 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 324 Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.2 325 Jonesboro, AR 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.2 326 Glens Falls, NY 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.1 327 Ocean City, NJ 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.2 328 Monroe, MI 4.7 4.7 4.8 5.1 329 Logan, UT‐ID 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.2 330 Cleveland, TN 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.2 331 Fond du Lac, WI 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.1 332 Wenatchee, WA 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 333 Kokomo, IN 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 334 Corvallis, OR 4.4 4.6 4.7 5.0 335 Goldsboro, NC 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 336 Beckley, WV 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.8 337 Lawrence, KS 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.7 338 Lewiston‐Auburn, ME 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.6 339 Mansfield, OH 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 340 Johnstown, PA 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.6 341 Springfield, OH 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.6 342 Midland, MI 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.4 343 Sherman‐Denison, TX 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.5 344 Grand Island, NE 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.5 345 Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.4 346 Punta Gorda, FL 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.6 347 Morristown, TN 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.3 348 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.3 349 Kankakee, IL 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.3 350 Muncie, IN 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.2 351 Brunswick, GA 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.2 352 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.2

8 Table 1: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas (US$, Billions)

Rank 2016 2015 2016 2017 2018 353 Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.2 354 Longview, WA 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.1 355 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.1 356 Rome, GA 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.1 357 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.1 358 Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 359 Albany, OR 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 360 Sumter, SC 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.0 361 Hammond, LA 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.1 362 Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9 363 Hinesville, GA 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.7 364 Manhattan, KS 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.7 365 Great Falls, MT 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.7 366 Elmira, NY 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 367 Hot Springs, AR 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 368 Gettysburg, PA 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.6 369 Bay City, MI 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 370 Cumberland, MD‐WV 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 371 Carson City, NV 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.4 372 Homosassa Springs, FL 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 373 Pine Bluff, AR 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 374 Gadsden, AL 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 375 Walla Walla, WA 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.0 376 Danville, IL 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 377 Pocatello, ID 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 378 The Villages, FL 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.8 379 Lewiston, ID‐WA 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 380 Grants Pass, OR 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4 381 Sebring, FL 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4

9 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 1 United States 18,569.1 2 China 11,180.5 3 Japan 4,933.1 4 Germany 3,460.8 5 United Kingdom 2,618.9 6 France 2,463.6 7 India 2,259.7 8 Italy 1,850.9 9 Brazil 1,794.5 10 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA 1,655.8 11 Canada 1,529.5 12 South Korea 1,411.2 13 Russia 1,280.0 14 Australia 1,258.0 15 Spain 1,232.1 16 Mexico 1,045.0 17 Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA 984.9 18 Indonesia 932.3 19 Turkey 856.1 20 Netherlands 771.0 21 Switzerland 660.2 22 Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI 657.4 23 Saudi Arabia 639.6 24 Argentina 544.9 25 Taiwan 529.6 26 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV 510.8 27 Sweden 510.3 28 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX 510.1 29 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX 500.5 30 Poland 470.0 31 Belgium 466.4 32 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA 463.3 33 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD 433.0 34 Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH 413.9 35 Iran 408.3 36 Nigeria 407.2 37 Thailand 407.1 38 Austria 386.4 39 United Arab Emirates 371.4 40 Norway 369.8 41 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA 360.3 42 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA 333.1 43 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL 332.8

10 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 44 Hong Kong 320.7 45 Israel 318.7 46 Denmark 306.1 47 Philippines 304.9 48 Singapore 297.0 49 Malaysia 296.5 50 South Africa 295.1 51 Ireland 293.6 52 Pakistan 286.1 53 Colombia 282.5 54 Egypt 266.0 55 Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI 257.4 56 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 250.4 57 San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA 249.7 58 Chile 247.1 59 Finland 237.0 60 San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA 232.8 61 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ 230.3 62 Bangladesh 220.4 63 Vietnam 207.9 64 Portugal 204.6 65 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO 199.6 66 Peru 195.0 67 Greece 194.2 68 Czech Republic 192.8 69 Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD 189.0 70 Romania 187.1 71 New Zealand 181.8 72 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 167.5 73 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 160.4 74 Qatar 160.2 75 Algeria 159.9 76 Iraq 159.9 77 St. Louis, MO‐IL 158.6 78 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA 149.2 79 Pittsburgh, PA 144.9 80 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 140.8 81 Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN 137.8 82 Kazakhstan 135.1 83 Cleveland‐Elyria, OH 131.7 84 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 131.6 85 Kansas City, MO‐KS 130.5

11 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 86 Columbus, OH 129.9 87 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 128.4 88 Austin‐Round Rock, TX 126.9 89 Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA 126.5 90 Hungary 124.4 91 Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN 120.7 92 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX 114.4 93 Kuwait 109.4 94 Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV 108.1 95 Puerto Rico 105.0 96 Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT 103.4 97 Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI 103.2 98 Morocco 102.4 99 Angola 101.8 100 Ecuador 97.8 101 Sudan 97.7 102 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC 97.5 103 Ukraine 93.3 104 Slovakia 89.6 105 Cuba 89.1 106 Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT 87.8 107 Salt Lake City, UT 84.2 108 Sri Lanka 83.9 109 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 81.2 110 Raleigh, NC 80.0 111 Richmond, VA 76.7 112 New Orleans‐Metairie, LA 76.7 113 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 73.7 114 Oklahoma City, OK 73.6 115 Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 72.9 116 Dominican Republic 71.6 117 Jacksonville, FL 70.8 118 Ethiopia 69.6 119 Kenya 68.9 120 Guatemala 68.8 121 Myanmar 68.0 122 Oman 67.1 123 Uzbekistan 67.0 124 Urban Honolulu, HI 64.2 125 Birmingham‐Hoover, AL 64.0 126 Venezuela 63.5 127 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 60.2

12 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 128 Luxembourg 59.9 129 Costa Rica 58.1 130 Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY 58.0 131 Rochester, NY 56.9 132 Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI 56.8 133 Tulsa, OK 55.4 134 Panama 55.2 135 Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY 53.0 136 Uruguay 52.4 137 Baton Rouge, LA 52.4 138 Bulgaria 52.3 139 Lebanon 51.3 140 Croatia 50.7 141 Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA 50.2 142 Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA 49.1 143 Madison, WI 47.9 144 Belarus 47.4 145 Tanzania 47.0 146 Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC 46.1 147 New Haven‐Milford, CT 45.9 148 Macau 44.8 149 Bolivia 44.7 150 Slovenia 44.0 151 Albuquerque, NM 43.7 152 Ghana 42.8 153 Lithuania 42.7 154 Tunisia 41.3 155 Knoxville, TN 40.9 156 Fresno, CA 40.8 157 Worcester, MA‐CT 40.6 158 Dayton, OH 40.4 159 Columbia, SC 40.4 160 Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC 40.3 161 Greensboro‐High Point, NC 40.0 162 Jordan 39.4 163 Turkmenistan 39.1 164 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ 39.0 165 Charleston‐North Charleston, SC 38.8 166 Democratic Republic of Congo 38.7 167 Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR 38.4 168 Serbia 37.8 169 Tucson, AZ 37.3

13 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 170 Bakersfield, CA 36.4 171 Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA 35.5 172 Toledo, OH 35.4 173 Akron, OH 35.3 174 Cote d Ivoire 35.3 175 North Korea 34.3 176 Syracuse, NY 32.6 177 Wichita, KS 32.5 178 Trenton, NJ 31.8 179 Boise City, ID 31.7 180 Bahrain 31.6 181 Colorado Springs, CO 30.8 182 Cameroon 30.6 183 Portland‐South Portland, ME 30.5 184 Azerbaijan 30.4 185 El Paso, TX 30.2 186 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 29.9 187 Winston‐Salem, NC 29.3 188 Jackson, MS 29.3 189 Lexington‐Fayette, KY 29.1 190 Anchorage, AK 27.9 191 Latvia 27.6 192 Lancaster, PA 27.5 193 Paraguay 27.4 194 Trinidad and Tobago 27.4 195 Manchester‐Nashua, NH 27.3 196 Santa Rosa, CA 27.3 197 Uganda 27.3 198 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 27.0 199 El Salvador 26.8 200 Ogden‐Clearfield, UT 26.4 201 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO 26.2 202 Springfield, MA 26.1 203 Stockton‐Lodi, CA 26.0 204 Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA 25.9 205 Chattanooga, TN‐GA 25.4 206 Huntsville, AL 24.8 207 Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA 24.3 208 Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA 24.1 209 Boulder, CO 24.1 210 Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX 23.8 211 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 23.4

14 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 212 Reno, NV 23.4 213 Estonia 23.1 214 Salinas, CA 22.8 215 Corpus Christi, TX 22.6 216 Yemen 22.6 217 Lafayette, LA 22.6 218 Provo‐Orem, UT 22.5 219 Ann Arbor, MI 22.1 220 Lansing‐East Lansing, MI 22.0 221 Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA 21.7 222 Zambia 21.6 223 Honduras 21.5 224 Fort Wayne, IN 21.4 225 Nepal 21.4 226 Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL 20.8 227 Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA 20.7 228 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA 20.5 229 Peoria, IL 20.2 230 Modesto, CA 20.2 231 Iceland 20.1 232 Reunion 20.1 233 Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL 20.0 234 Cyprus 19.8 235 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL 19.8 236 Cambodia 19.8 237 Sioux Falls, SD 19.6 238 McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX 19.5 239 Afghanistan 19.4 240 Syria 19.2 241 Lincoln, NE 19.2 242 Green Bay, WI 18.9 243 Springfield, MO 18.8 244 Cedar Rapids, IA 18.5 245 Mobile, AL 18.5 246 Reading, PA 18.3 247 Papua New Guinea 18.2 248 York‐Hanover, PA 18.1 249 Savannah, GA 18.1 250 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 17.8 251 Midland, TX 17.7 252 Canton‐Massillon, OH 17.7 253 Asheville, NC 17.6

15 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 254 Fayetteville, NC 17.6 255 Killeen‐Temple, TX 17.6 256 Evansville, IN‐KY 17.5 257 Montgomery, AL 17.2 258 Myrtle Beach‐North Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐NC 17.0 259 Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL 16.8 260 Jamaica 16.8 261 Bosnia and Herzegovina 16.8 262 Visalia‐Porterville, CA 16.6 263 Salisbury, MD‐DE 16.6 264 Gulfport‐Biloxi‐Pascagoula, MS 16.6 265 Fort Collins, CO 16.2 266 Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL 16.0 267 Norwich‐New London, CT 16.0 268 Lake Charles, LA 16.0 269 Fargo, ND‐MN 15.9 270 Senegal 15.7 271 Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI 15.7 272 Tallahassee, FL 15.4 273 Zimbabwe 15.3 274 Eugene, OR 15.1 275 Spartanburg, SC 15.0 276 Rockford, IL 15.0 277 Salem, OR 14.9 278 Roanoke, VA 14.7 279 Botswana 14.7 280 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH 14.5 281 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 14.4 282 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 14.4 283 Flint, MI 14.4 284 San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA 14.3 285 Wilmington, NC 14.2 286 Columbus, GA‐AL 14.1 287 Gabon 13.9 288 Georgia 13.8 289 Laos 13.8 290 Charleston, WV 13.6 291 Equatorial Guinea 13.6 292 Lubbock, TX 13.5 293 Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ 13.5 294 Palestinian Authority 13.4 295 Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC 13.3

16 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 296 Nicaragua 13.2 297 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 13.2 298 Libya 13.1 299 Port St. Lucie, FL 13.1 300 Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL 13.1 301 Gainesville, FL 12.7 302 Kennewick‐Richland, WA 12.6 303 Charlottesville, VA 12.6 304 Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA 12.5 305 Appleton, WI 12.5 306 Amarillo, TX 12.4 307 Brunei 12.4 308 Duluth, MN‐WI 12.4 309 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA 12.0 310 Albania 11.9 311 Mauritius 11.9 312 Waco, TX 11.6 313 Armenia 11.6 314 Burkina Faso 11.6 315 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 11.5 316 Barnstable Town, MA 11.4 317 Rochester, MN 11.4 318 Mali 11.3 319 Namibia 11.3 320 Mongolia 11.1 321 Erie, PA 11.1 322 Champaign‐Urbana, IL 11.0 323 Congo 11.0 324 Tyler, TX 11.0 325 Mozambique 11.0 326 Utica‐Rome, NY 11.0 327 Malta 11.0 328 Tuscaloosa, AL 10.9 329 Macedonia 10.9 330 Clarksville, TN‐KY 10.9 331 Longview, TX 10.7 332 Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA 10.6 333 Bellingham, WA 10.5 334 Fort Smith, AR‐OK 10.5 335 Topeka, KS 10.4 336 Bloomington‐Normal, IL 10.3 337 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA 10.2

17 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 338 Greeley, CO 10.2 339 Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN 10.2 340 Springfield, IL 10.1 341 Chad 10.1 342 Martinique 10.1 343 Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX 10.0 344 Madagascar 10.0 345 Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI 9.9 346 Macon‐Bibb County, GA 9.8 347 Billings, MT 9.8 348 Iowa City, IA 9.7 349 Napa, CA 9.7 350 St. Cloud, MN 9.5 351 College Station‐Bryan, TX 9.5 352 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 9.5 353 Yakima, WA 9.4 354 Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA 9.4 355 Binghamton, NY 9.4 356 Lynchburg, VA 9.3 357 Gainesville, GA 9.2 358 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV 9.2 359 Guinea 9.1 360 Benin 8.9 361 Bahamas 8.7 362 Athens‐Clarke County, GA 8.7 363 Merced, CA 8.7 364 State College, PA 8.6 365 Florence, SC 8.5 366 Columbia, MO 8.5 367 Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI 8.4 368 Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC 8.3 369 Ocala, FL 8.3 370 Rwanda 8.2 371 Panama City, FL 8.2 372 Odessa, TX 8.1 373 Eau Claire, WI 8.1 374 Bismarck, ND 8.0 375 Jacksonville, NC 8.0 376 Bend‐Redmond, OR 8.0 377 Chico, CA 7.9 378 Saginaw, MI 7.8 379 Laredo, TX 7.8

18 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 380 Racine, WI 7.8 381 Wausau, WI 7.7 382 Harrisonburg, VA 7.7 383 Medford, OR 7.6 384 Greenville, NC 7.6 385 Santa Fe, NM 7.6 386 Niger 7.6 387 Morgantown, WV 7.5 388 Warner Robins, GA 7.3 389 Dover, DE 7.3 390 Wheeling, WV‐OH 7.2 391 Monroe, LA 7.1 392 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 7.1 393 Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL 7.0 394 Jefferson City, MO 7.0 395 Tajikistan 7.0 396 Bowling Green, KY 6.8 397 Joplin, MO 6.8 398 Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA 6.8 399 Johnson City, TN 6.8 400 Moldova 6.8 401 Bloomington, IN 6.7 402 Terre Haute, IN 6.7 403 Haiti 6.7 404 Sheboygan, WI 6.6 405 Rapid City, SD 6.6 406 Kosovo 6.6 407 Abilene, TX 6.6 408 Kyrgyzstan 6.6 409 Las Cruces, NM 6.5 410 Rocky Mount, NC 6.5 411 Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI 6.5 412 Pittsfield, MA 6.5 413 Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY 6.5 414 Wichita Falls, TX 6.4 415 Jackson, TN 6.3 416 Elizabethtown, KY 6.3 417 Liechtenstein 6.3 418 Dalton, GA 6.3 419 Decatur, IL 6.2 420 Redding, CA 6.2 421 Lima, OH 6.2

19 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 422 California‐Lexington Park, MD 6.2 423 Guam 6.2 424 East Stroudsburg, PA 6.1 425 Jackson, MI 6.1 426 El Centro, CA 6.1 427 Janesville‐Beloit, WI 6.1 428 Bangor, ME 6.1 429 Yuba City, CA 6.1 430 Winchester, VA‐WV 6.1 431 Idaho Falls, ID 5.9 432 Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ 5.9 433 Bermuda 5.9 434 Owensboro, KY 5.9 435 Yuma, AZ 5.9 436 Kingston, NY 5.9 437 Battle Creek, MI 5.9 438 Farmington, NM 5.9 439 St. Joseph, MO‐KS 5.8 440 Columbus, IN 5.8 441 Muskegon, MI 5.8 442 Hattiesburg, MS 5.7 443 Casper, WY 5.7 444 Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA 5.7 445 Dubuque, IA 5.6 446 Flagstaff, AZ 5.6 447 Malawi 5.6 448 Cheyenne, WY 5.6 449 Hanford‐Corcoran, CA 5.5 450 Mauritania 5.5 451 Albany, GA 5.4 452 Prescott, AZ 5.4 453 Coeur d`Alene, ID 5.4 454 Grand Junction, CO 5.4 455 Decatur, AL 5.4 456 Madera, CA 5.3 457 Texarkana, TX‐AR 5.3 458 Fairbanks, AK 5.3 459 Altoona, PA 5.3 460 Eritrea 5.3 461 Missoula, MT 5.2 462 Burlington, NC 5.2 463 Alexandria, LA 5.2

20 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 464 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 5.2 465 Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA 5.2 466 Valdosta, GA 5.1 467 Dothan, AL 5.1 468 Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL 5.1 469 New Bern, NC 5.1 470 St. George, UT 5.1 471 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 5.1 472 Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA 5.1 473 Ames, IA 5.1 474 Victoria, TX 5.1 475 Lawton, OK 5.1 476 Ithaca, NY 5.0 477 Carbondale‐Marion, IL 5.0 478 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 5.0 479 Pueblo, CO 4.9 480 Williamsport, PA 4.9 481 San Angelo, TX 4.9 482 Lebanon, PA 4.9 483 Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL 4.9 484 Jonesboro, AR 4.8 485 Glens Falls, NY 4.8 486 Ocean City, NJ 4.8 487 Monroe, MI 4.7 488 Logan, UT‐ID 4.7 489 Cleveland, TN 4.7 490 Fond du Lac, WI 4.7 491 Sierra Leone 4.7 492 Maldives 4.6 493 Wenatchee, WA 4.6 494 Fiji 4.6 495 French Guiana 4.6 496 Barbados 4.6 497 Kokomo, IN 4.6 498 Corvallis, OR 4.6 499 Goldsboro, NC 4.5 500 Beckley, WV 4.4 501 Lawrence, KS 4.3 502 Lewiston‐Auburn, ME 4.3 503 Mansfield, OH 4.3 504 Johnstown, PA 4.3 505 Springfield, OH 4.2

21 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 506 Montenegro 4.2 507 Togo 4.2 508 Midland, MI 4.1 509 Sherman‐Denison, TX 4.1 510 Grand Island, NE 4.1 511 Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA 4.1 512 Punta Gorda, FL 4.0 513 Morristown, TN 4.0 514 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ 4.0 515 Kankakee, IL 3.9 516 Muncie, IN 3.9 517 Brunswick, GA 3.9 518 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH 3.9 519 Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ 3.9 520 Swaziland 3.9 521 Longview, WA 3.9 522 US Virgin Islands 3.9 523 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN 3.8 524 Rome, GA 3.8 525 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL 3.8 526 Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL 3.8 527 Albany, OR 3.8 528 Sumter, SC 3.7 529 Hammond, LA 3.7 530 Cayman Islands 3.6 531 Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV 3.6 532 Hinesville, GA 3.5 533 Manhattan, KS 3.4 534 Great Falls, MT 3.4 535 Elmira, NY 3.4 536 Burundi 3.3 537 Hot Springs, AR 3.3 538 Gettysburg, PA 3.2 539 Bay City, MI 3.2 540 Cumberland, MD‐WV 3.2 541 Carson City, NV 3.1 542 Homosassa Springs, FL 3.1 543 Guyana 3.0 544 Pine Bluff, AR 2.9 545 Gadsden, AL 2.9 546 Walla Walla, WA 2.7 547 Danville, IL 2.7

22 Table 2: Gross Product of Countries (GDP) and Metro Areas (GMP) (US$, Billions)

Rank Country or Metro Area 2016 548 Aruba 2.7 549 Suriname 2.6 550 Pocatello, ID 2.6 551 Andorra 2.5 552 The Villages, FL 2.4 553 Lewiston, ID‐WA 2.3 554 Liberia 2.2 555 Bhutan 2.2 556 Grants Pass, OR 2.1 557 Sebring, FL 2.1 558 Djibouti 1.9 559 Lesotho 1.9 560 Cape Verde 1.8 561 Central African Republic 1.8 562 Belize 1.8 563 East Timor 1.5 564 Antigua and Barbuda 1.4 565 Seychelles 1.4 566 St Lucia 1.4 567 Somalia 1.4 568 Solomon Islands 1.2 569 Grenada 1.0 570 Guinea‐Bissau 1.0 571 St Kitts and Nevis 0.9 572 Gambia 0.9 573 Samoa 0.8 574 Vanuatu 0.8 575 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.8 576 American Samoa 0.6 577 Comoros 0.6 578 Dominica 0.5 579 Tonga 0.4 580 Sao Tome and Principe 0.4 581 Anguilla 0.3 582 Micronesia 0.3 583 Kiribati 0.2 584 Tuvalu 0.0

23 Table 3: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas and Gross State Product of U.S. States (US$, Billions)

Rank State or Metro Area 2016 1 California 2,602.7 2 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA 1,655.8 3 Texas 1,616.8 4 New York 1,488.0 5 Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA 984.9 6 Florida 926.8 7 Illinois 791.6 8 Pennsylvania 724.9 9 Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI 657.4 10 Ohio 625.7 11 New Jersey 581.1 12 Georgia 525.4 13 North Carolina 517.9 14 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV 510.8 15 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX 510.1 16 Massachusetts 507.9 17 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX 500.5 18 Virginia 494.3 19 Michigan 487.2 20 Washington 469.7 21 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA 463.3 22 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD 433.0 23 Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH 413.9 24 Maryland 378.3 25 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA 360.3 26 Indiana 341.9 27 Minnesota 335.1 28 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA 333.1 29 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL 332.8 30 Tennessee 328.8 31 Colorado 323.7 32 Wisconsin 309.5 33 Arizona 303.0 34 Missouri 300.9 35 Connecticut 263.4 36 Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI 257.4 37 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 250.4 38 San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA 249.7 39 Louisiana 235.1 40 San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA 232.8 41 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ 230.3 42 Oregon 226.8

24 Rank State or Metro Area 2016 43 South Carolina 209.7 44 Alabama 204.9 45 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO 199.6 46 Kentucky 197.0 47 Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD 189.0 48 Oklahoma 182.9 49 Iowa 178.8 50 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 167.5 51 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 160.4 52 St. Louis, MO‐IL 158.6 53 Utah 156.4 54 Kansas 153.3 55 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA 149.2 56 Nevada 147.5 57 Pittsburgh, PA 144.9 58 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 140.8 59 Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN 137.8 60 Cleveland‐Elyria, OH 131.7 61 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 131.6 62 Kansas City, MO‐KS 130.5 63 Columbus, OH 129.9 64 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 128.4 65 Austin‐Round Rock, TX 126.9 66 District of Columbia 126.8 67 Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA 126.5 68 Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN 120.7 69 Arkansas 120.7 70 Nebraska 115.3 71 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX 114.4 72 Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV 108.1 73 Mississippi 107.7 74 Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT 103.4 75 Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI 103.2 76 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC 97.5 77 New Mexico 93.3 78 Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT 87.8 79 Salt Lake City, UT 84.2 80 Hawaii 83.9 81 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 81.2 82 Raleigh, NC 80.0 83 New Hampshire 77.9 84 Richmond, VA 76.7 85 New Orleans‐Metairie, LA 76.7 86 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 73.7 87 Oklahoma City, OK 73.6

25 Rank State or Metro Area 2016 88 West Virginia 73.4 89 Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 72.9 90 Jacksonville, FL 70.8 91 Delaware 70.4 92 Idaho 67.3 93 Urban Honolulu, HI 64.2 94 Birmingham‐Hoover, AL 64.0 95 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 60.2 96 Maine 59.3 97 Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY 58.0 98 Rhode Island 57.4 99 Rochester, NY 56.9 100 Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI 56.8 101 Tulsa, OK 55.4 102 Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY 53.0 103 Baton Rouge, LA 52.4 104 North Dakota 52.1 105 Alaska 50.7 106 Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA 50.2 107 Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA 49.1 108 South Dakota 48.1 109 Madison, WI 47.9 110 Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC 46.1 111 Montana 46.0 112 New Haven‐Milford, CT 45.9 113 Albuquerque, NM 43.7 114 Knoxville, TN 40.9 115 Fresno, CA 40.8 116 Worcester, MA‐CT 40.6 117 Dayton, OH 40.4 118 Columbia, SC 40.4 119 Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC 40.3 120 Greensboro‐High Point, NC 40.0 121 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ 39.0 122 Charleston‐North Charleston, SC 38.8 123 Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR 38.4 124 Wyoming 37.9 125 Tucson, AZ 37.3 126 Bakersfield, CA 36.4 127 Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA 35.5 128 Toledo, OH 35.4 129 Akron, OH 35.3 130 Syracuse, NY 32.6 131 Wichita, KS 32.5 132 Trenton, NJ 31.8

26 Rank State or Metro Area 2016 133 Boise City, ID 31.7 134 Vermont 31.1 135 Colorado Springs, CO 30.8 136 Portland‐South Portland, ME 30.5 137 El Paso, TX 30.2 138 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 29.9 139 Winston‐Salem, NC 29.3 140 Jackson, MS 29.3 141 Lexington‐Fayette, KY 29.1 142 Anchorage, AK 27.9 143 Lancaster, PA 27.5 144 Manchester‐Nashua, NH 27.3 145 Santa Rosa, CA 27.3 146 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 27.0 147 Ogden‐Clearfield, UT 26.4 148 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO 26.2 149 Springfield, MA 26.1 150 Stockton‐Lodi, CA 26.0 151 Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA 25.9 152 Chattanooga, TN‐GA 25.4 153 Huntsville, AL 24.8 154 Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA 24.3 155 Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA 24.1 156 Boulder, CO 24.1 157 Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX 23.8 158 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 23.4 159 Reno, NV 23.4 160 Salinas, CA 22.8 161 Corpus Christi, TX 22.6 162 Lafayette, LA 22.6 163 Provo‐Orem, UT 22.5 164 Ann Arbor, MI 22.1 165 Lansing‐East Lansing, MI 22.0 166 Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA 21.7 167 Fort Wayne, IN 21.4 168 Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL 20.8 169 Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA 20.7 170 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA 20.5 171 Peoria, IL 20.2 172 Modesto, CA 20.2 173 Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL 20.0 174 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL 19.8 175 Sioux Falls, SD 19.6 176 McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX 19.5 177 Lincoln, NE 19.2

27 Rank State or Metro Area 2016 178 Green Bay, WI 18.9 179 Springfield, MO 18.8 180 Cedar Rapids, IA 18.5 181 Mobile, AL 18.5 182 Reading, PA 18.3 183 York‐Hanover, PA 18.1 184 Savannah, GA 18.1 185 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 17.8 186 Midland, TX 17.7 187 Canton‐Massillon, OH 17.7 188 Asheville, NC 17.6 189 Fayetteville, NC 17.6 190 Killeen‐Temple, TX 17.6 191 Evansville, IN‐KY 17.5 192 Montgomery, AL 17.2 193 Myrtle Beach‐North Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐NC 17.0 194 Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL 16.8 195 Visalia‐Porterville, CA 16.6 196 Salisbury, MD‐DE 16.6 197 Gulfport‐Biloxi‐Pascagoula, MS 16.6 198 Fort Collins, CO 16.2 199 Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL 16.0 200 Norwich‐New London, CT 16.0 201 Lake Charles, LA 16.0 202 Fargo, ND‐MN 15.9 203 Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI 15.7 204 Tallahassee, FL 15.4 205 Eugene, OR 15.1 206 Spartanburg, SC 15.0 207 Rockford, IL 15.0 208 Salem, OR 14.9 209 Roanoke, VA 14.7 210 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH 14.5 211 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 14.4 212 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 14.4 213 Flint, MI 14.4 214 San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA 14.3 215 Wilmington, NC 14.2 216 Columbus, GA‐AL 14.1 217 Charleston, WV 13.6 218 Lubbock, TX 13.5 219 Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ 13.5 220 Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC 13.3 221 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 13.2 222 Port St. Lucie, FL 13.1

28 Rank State or Metro Area 2016 223 Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL 13.1 224 Gainesville, FL 12.7 225 Kennewick‐Richland, WA 12.6 226 Charlottesville, VA 12.6 227 Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA 12.5 228 Appleton, WI 12.5 229 Amarillo, TX 12.4 230 Duluth, MN‐WI 12.4 231 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA 12.0 232 Waco, TX 11.6 233 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 11.5 234 Barnstable Town, MA 11.4 235 Rochester, MN 11.4 236 Erie, PA 11.1 237 Champaign‐Urbana, IL 11.0 238 Tyler, TX 11.0 239 Utica‐Rome, NY 11.0 240 Tuscaloosa, AL 10.9 241 Clarksville, TN‐KY 10.9 242 Longview, TX 10.7 243 Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA 10.6 244 Bellingham, WA 10.5 245 Fort Smith, AR‐OK 10.5 246 Topeka, KS 10.4 247 Bloomington‐Normal, IL 10.3 248 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA 10.2 249 Greeley, CO 10.2 250 Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN 10.2 251 Springfield, IL 10.1 252 Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX 10.0 253 Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI 9.9 254 Macon‐Bibb County, GA 9.8 255 Billings, MT 9.8 256 Iowa City, IA 9.7 257 Napa, CA 9.7 258 St. Cloud, MN 9.5 259 College Station‐Bryan, TX 9.5 260 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 9.5 261 Yakima, WA 9.4 262 Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA 9.4 263 Binghamton, NY 9.4 264 Lynchburg, VA 9.3 265 Gainesville, GA 9.2 266 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV 9.2 267 Athens‐Clarke County, GA 8.7

29 Rank State or Metro Area 2016 268 Merced, CA 8.7 269 State College, PA 8.6 270 Florence, SC 8.5 271 Columbia, MO 8.5 272 Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI 8.4 273 Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC 8.3 274 Ocala, FL 8.3 275 Panama City, FL 8.2 276 Odessa, TX 8.1 277 Eau Claire, WI 8.1 278 Bismarck, ND 8.0 279 Jacksonville, NC 8.0 280 Bend‐Redmond, OR 8.0 281 Chico, CA 7.9 282 Saginaw, MI 7.8 283 Laredo, TX 7.8 284 Racine, WI 7.8 285 Wausau, WI 7.7 286 Harrisonburg, VA 7.7 287 Medford, OR 7.6 288 Greenville, NC 7.6 289 Santa Fe, NM 7.6 290 Morgantown, WV 7.5 291 Warner Robins, GA 7.3 292 Dover, DE 7.3 293 Wheeling, WV‐OH 7.2 294 Monroe, LA 7.1 295 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 7.1 296 Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL 7.0 297 Jefferson City, MO 7.0 298 Bowling Green, KY 6.8 299 Joplin, MO 6.8 300 Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA 6.8 301 Johnson City, TN 6.8 302 Bloomington, IN 6.7 303 Terre Haute, IN 6.7 304 Sheboygan, WI 6.6 305 Rapid City, SD 6.6 306 Abilene, TX 6.6 307 Las Cruces, NM 6.5 308 Rocky Mount, NC 6.5 309 Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI 6.5 310 Pittsfield, MA 6.5 311 Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY 6.5 312 Wichita Falls, TX 6.4

30 Rank State or Metro Area 2016 313 Jackson, TN 6.3 314 Elizabethtown, KY 6.3 315 Dalton, GA 6.3 316 Decatur, IL 6.2 317 Redding, CA 6.2 318 Lima, OH 6.2 319 California‐Lexington Park, MD 6.2 320 East Stroudsburg, PA 6.1 321 Jackson, MI 6.1 322 El Centro, CA 6.1 323 Janesville‐Beloit, WI 6.1 324 Bangor, ME 6.1 325 Yuba City, CA 6.1 326 Winchester, VA‐WV 6.1 327 Idaho Falls, ID 5.9 328 Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ 5.9 329 Owensboro, KY 5.9 330 Yuma, AZ 5.9 331 Kingston, NY 5.9 332 Battle Creek, MI 5.9 333 Farmington, NM 5.9 334 St. Joseph, MO‐KS 5.8 335 Columbus, IN 5.8 336 Muskegon, MI 5.8 337 Hattiesburg, MS 5.7 338 Casper, WY 5.7 339 Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA 5.7 340 Dubuque, IA 5.6 341 Flagstaff, AZ 5.6 342 Cheyenne, WY 5.6 343 Hanford‐Corcoran, CA 5.5 344 Albany, GA 5.4 345 Prescott, AZ 5.4 346 Coeur d`Alene, ID 5.4 347 Grand Junction, CO 5.4 348 Decatur, AL 5.4 349 Madera, CA 5.3 350 Texarkana, TX‐AR 5.3 351 Fairbanks, AK 5.3 352 Altoona, PA 5.3 353 Missoula, MT 5.2 354 Burlington, NC 5.2 355 Alexandria, LA 5.2 356 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 5.2 357 Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA 5.2

31 Rank State or Metro Area 2016 358 Valdosta, GA 5.1 359 Dothan, AL 5.1 360 Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL 5.1 361 New Bern, NC 5.1 362 St. George, UT 5.1 363 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 5.1 364 Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA 5.1 365 Ames, IA 5.1 366 Victoria, TX 5.1 367 Lawton, OK 5.1 368 Ithaca, NY 5.0 369 Carbondale‐Marion, IL 5.0 370 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 5.0 371 Pueblo, CO 4.9 372 Williamsport, PA 4.9 373 San Angelo, TX 4.9 374 Lebanon, PA 4.9 375 Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL 4.9 376 Jonesboro, AR 4.8 377 Glens Falls, NY 4.8 378 Ocean City, NJ 4.8 379 Monroe, MI 4.7 380 Logan, UT‐ID 4.7 381 Cleveland, TN 4.7 382 Fond du Lac, WI 4.7 383 Wenatchee, WA 4.6 384 Kokomo, IN 4.6 385 Corvallis, OR 4.6 386 Goldsboro, NC 4.5 387 Beckley, WV 4.4 388 Lawrence, KS 4.3 389 Lewiston‐Auburn, ME 4.3 390 Mansfield, OH 4.3 391 Johnstown, PA 4.3 392 Springfield, OH 4.2 393 Midland, MI 4.1 394 Sherman‐Denison, TX 4.1 395 Grand Island, NE 4.1 396 Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA 4.1 397 Punta Gorda, FL 4.0 398 Morristown, TN 4.0 399 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ 4.0 400 Kankakee, IL 3.9 401 Muncie, IN 3.9 402 Brunswick, GA 3.9

32 Rank State or Metro Area 2016 403 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH 3.9 404 Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ 3.9 405 Longview, WA 3.9 406 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN 3.8 407 Rome, GA 3.8 408 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL 3.8 409 Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL 3.8 410 Albany, OR 3.8 411 Sumter, SC 3.7 412 Hammond, LA 3.7 413 Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV 3.6 414 Hinesville, GA 3.5 415 Manhattan, KS 3.4 416 Great Falls, MT 3.4 417 Elmira, NY 3.4 418 Hot Springs, AR 3.3 419 Gettysburg, PA 3.2 420 Bay City, MI 3.2 421 Cumberland, MD‐WV 3.2 422 Carson City, NV 3.1 423 Homosassa Springs, FL 3.1 424 Pine Bluff, AR 2.9 425 Gadsden, AL 2.9 426 Walla Walla, WA 2.7 427 Danville, IL 2.7 428 Pocatello, ID 2.6 429 The Villages, FL 2.4 430 Lewiston, ID‐WA 2.3 431 Grants Pass, OR 2.1 432 Sebring, FL 2.1

33 Table 4: The Gross Metropolitan Product of the Top 10 Metro Areas in 2016 Exceeded the Combined Output of the Following 37 States

Total Gross Metro Product: Total Gross State Product: 6.49 trillion $6.10 trillion

 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA  Maryland Is greater  Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA than  Indiana  Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI  Minnesota  Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV >  Tennessee  Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX  Colorado  Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX  Wisconsin  San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA  Arizona  Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD  Missouri  Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH  Connecticut  Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA  Louisiana  Oregon  South Carolina  Alabama  Kentucky  Oklahoma  Iowa  Utah  Kansas  Nevada  District of Columbia  Arkansas  Nebraska  Mississippi  New Mexico  Hawaii  New Hampshire  West Virginia  Delaware  Idaho  Maine  Rhode Island  North Dakota  Alaska  South Dakota  Montana  Wyoming  Vermont

34 Table 5: Real Average Annual Growth of U.S. Metro Area Economies (2016-2022)

Average Annual Ranked by Growth 2016 2022 Growth Rate US$ Billions % 1 The Villages, FL 2.1 2.8 4.6 2 St. George, UT 4.4 5.7 4.3 3 Provo‐Orem, UT 19.9 25.1 4.0 4 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO 23.7 29.8 3.9 5 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 15.5 19.5 3.8 6 Punta Gorda, FL 3.5 4.4 3.8 7 Midland, TX 21.7 27.1 3.8 8 Sebring, FL 1.8 2.3 3.8 9 Fort Collins, CO 14.4 18.0 3.8 10 Raleigh, NC 70.6 87.7 3.7 11 Ocala, FL 7.3 9.0 3.6 12 Lake Charles, LA 12.9 16.0 3.6 13 Bend‐Redmond, OR 7.1 8.8 3.6 14 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX 464.8 572.6 3.5 15 Myrtle Beach‐North Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐NC 14.9 18.3 3.5 16 Austin‐Round Rock, TX 116.2 142.8 3.5 17 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 23.7 29.1 3.5 18 Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC 40.1 49.3 3.5 19 Grants Pass, OR 1.9 2.3 3.5 20 Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL 18.6 22.8 3.5 21 Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL 4.5 5.5 3.4 22 Greeley, CO 9.1 11.1 3.4 23 Albany, OR 3.4 4.2 3.4 24 Laredo, TX 7.1 8.6 3.4 25 Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV 94.0 114.7 3.4 26 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 113.5 137.6 3.3 27 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ 203.4 246.8 3.3 28 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX 467.5 565.1 3.2 29 Grand Junction, CO 4.8 5.8 3.2 30 Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL 14.1 17.0 3.2 31 Odessa, TX 7.7 9.3 3.2 32 Reno, NV 20.6 24.8 3.2 33 Salt Lake City, UT 73.4 88.4 3.1 34 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 139.4 167.4 3.1 35 Coeur d`Alene, ID 4.8 5.7 3.1 36 Medford, OR 6.7 8.0 3.1 37 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA 131.0 157.0 3.1 38 Homosassa Springs, FL 2.7 3.2 3.1 39 Prescott, AZ 4.8 5.7 3.1 40 Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN 106.6 127.6 3.1 41 Madera, CA 4.7 5.6 3.0

35 Table 5: Real Average Annual Growth of U.S. Metro Area Economies (2016-2022)

Average Annual Ranked by Growth 2016 2022 Growth Rate US$ Billions % 42 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA 399.9 478.3 3.0 43 Port St. Lucie, FL 11.5 13.7 3.0 44 Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA 111.0 132.4 3.0 45 Visalia‐Porterville, CA 14.9 17.8 3.0 46 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ 3.5 4.2 3.0 47 Jacksonville, FL 62.1 73.9 2.9 48 San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA 233.8 278.2 2.9 49 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 124.2 147.8 2.9 50 Tyler, TX 10.7 12.8 2.9 51 Longview, TX 10.1 12.0 2.9 52 Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA 17.5 20.7 2.9 53 Charleston‐North Charleston, SC 34.1 40.5 2.9 54 Logan, UT‐ID 4.1 4.9 2.9 55 Merced, CA 7.7 9.2 2.9 56 Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ 3.5 4.1 2.9 57 Bakersfield, CA 32.6 38.7 2.9 58 Bellingham, WA 8.7 10.3 2.9 59 Ogden‐Clearfield, UT 23.0 27.3 2.9 60 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 26.2 31.1 2.9 61 Yuma, AZ 5.1 6.0 2.9 62 Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL 11.6 13.7 2.8 63 Charlottesville, VA 11.0 13.0 2.8 64 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 154.3 182.1 2.8 65 Panama City, FL 7.1 8.4 2.8 66 Pueblo, CO 4.3 5.1 2.8 67 Gainesville, FL 11.1 13.1 2.8 68 Boise City, ID 28.3 33.2 2.7 69 College Station‐Bryan, TX 8.6 10.1 2.7 70 Hanford‐Corcoran, CA 5.0 5.8 2.7 71 Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA 4.5 5.3 2.7 72 Wilmington, NC 12.3 14.5 2.7 73 Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA 43.1 50.6 2.7 74 San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA 206.0 241.8 2.7 75 Walla Walla, WA 2.4 2.8 2.7 76 Yuba City, CA 5.2 6.1 2.7 77 El Centro, CA 5.3 6.2 2.7 78 Sioux Falls, SD 16.8 19.7 2.7 79 Victoria, TX 4.8 5.6 2.7 80 Corpus Christi, TX 20.5 24.0 2.7 81 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA 297.2 348.0 2.7 82 Gettysburg, PA 2.8 3.3 2.7

36 Table 5: Real Average Annual Growth of U.S. Metro Area Economies (2016-2022)

Average Annual Ranked by Growth 2016 2022 Growth Rate US$ Billions % 83 Modesto, CA 17.8 20.9 2.7 84 Salem, OR 13.1 15.3 2.7 85 Tallahassee, FL 13.4 15.7 2.7 86 Lewiston, ID‐WA 2.0 2.3 2.6 87 Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX 8.8 10.3 2.6 88 Madison, WI 42.4 49.5 2.6 89 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL 291.5 340.2 2.6 90 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO 181.2 211.4 2.6 91 Hammond, LA 3.2 3.8 2.6 92 Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN 120.1 140.1 2.6 93 Stockton‐Lodi, CA 23.0 26.8 2.6 94 Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC 7.3 8.5 2.6 95 Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL 17.5 20.4 2.6 96 Grand Island, NE 3.6 4.2 2.6 97 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 10.1 11.7 2.6 98 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX 104.5 121.6 2.6 99 Chico, CA 6.9 8.1 2.6 100 Columbus, OH 114.4 132.9 2.5 101 Colorado Springs, CO 27.6 32.0 2.5 102 Flagstaff, AZ 5.0 5.8 2.5 103 Wenatchee, WA 4.1 4.7 2.5 104 Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA 21.2 24.6 2.5 105 Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA 43.6 50.5 2.5 106 Rapid City, SD 5.8 6.7 2.5 107 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 222.1 257.1 2.5 108 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA 317.6 367.4 2.5 109 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 12.9 14.9 2.5 110 Las Cruces, NM 5.6 6.4 2.5 111 Fresno, CA 35.3 40.8 2.5 112 Huntsville, AL 22.2 25.6 2.4 113 Idaho Falls, ID 5.2 6.0 2.4 114 Kennewick‐Richland, WA 10.9 12.6 2.4 115 McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX 17.3 19.9 2.4 116 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 4.4 5.1 2.4 117 Yakima, WA 8.2 9.5 2.4 118 St. Cloud, MN 8.3 9.6 2.4 119 Boulder, CO 21.8 25.1 2.4 120 Bowling Green, KY 6.0 6.9 2.4 121 Lincoln, NE 16.8 19.3 2.4 122 Kansas City, MO‐KS 115.6 133.0 2.4 123 Columbia, SC 35.4 40.7 2.4

37 Table 5: Real Average Annual Growth of U.S. Metro Area Economies (2016-2022)

Average Annual Ranked by Growth 2016 2022 Growth Rate US$ Billions % 124 Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL 6.1 7.0 2.4 125 Napa, CA 8.4 9.7 2.4 126 Oklahoma City, OK 70.3 80.9 2.4 127 San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA 12.4 14.2 2.4 128 Killeen‐Temple, TX 15.6 18.0 2.4 129 Redding, CA 5.4 6.3 2.4 130 Cleveland, TN 4.1 4.7 2.3 131 Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD 165.8 190.2 2.3 132 Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA 3.6 4.2 2.3 133 Eugene, OR 13.3 15.3 2.3 134 Gainesville, GA 8.0 9.2 2.3 135 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV 450.7 517.0 2.3 136 Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI 50.3 57.7 2.3 137 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 4.5 5.1 2.3 138 Manchester‐Nashua, NH 24.4 28.0 2.3 139 Tucson, AZ 32.9 37.7 2.3 140 Warner Robins, GA 6.3 7.2 2.3 141 Asheville, NC 15.4 17.6 2.3 142 Columbia, MO 7.4 8.5 2.2 143 Sherman‐Denison, TX 3.7 4.2 2.2 144 Morristown, TN 3.5 4.0 2.2 145 Baton Rouge, LA 44.7 50.9 2.2 146 Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH 364.5 415.3 2.2 147 Harrisonburg, VA 6.6 7.5 2.2 148 Hattiesburg, MS 5.0 5.7 2.2 149 San Angelo, TX 4.5 5.2 2.2 150 Spartanburg, SC 13.2 15.0 2.2 151 Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT 89.5 101.9 2.2 152 Kankakee, IL 3.4 3.9 2.2 153 Knoxville, TN 36.3 41.3 2.2 154 Richmond, VA 66.8 76.0 2.2 155 Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA 873.4 993.4 2.2 156 Missoula, MT 4.6 5.2 2.2 157 Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL 14.7 16.7 2.2 158 Kokomo, IN 4.1 4.7 2.2 159 Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA 10.9 12.4 2.2 160 Waco, TX 10.4 11.8 2.2 161 Amarillo, TX 11.1 12.6 2.1 162 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 116.1 131.9 2.1 163 Corvallis, OR 4.3 4.9 2.1 164 Iowa City, IA 8.5 9.6 2.1

38 Table 5: Real Average Annual Growth of U.S. Metro Area Economies (2016-2022)

Average Annual Ranked by Growth 2016 2022 Growth Rate US$ Billions % 165 Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA 31.6 35.8 2.1 166 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 52.9 60.0 2.1 167 Reading, PA 16.3 18.5 2.1 168 Springfield, MO 16.6 18.8 2.1 169 Joplin, MO 5.9 6.7 2.1 170 Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA 23.2 26.3 2.1 171 Abilene, TX 6.2 7.0 2.1 172 East Stroudsburg, PA 5.3 6.0 2.1 173 Lancaster, PA 24.5 27.7 2.1 174 Jackson, MS 26.0 29.4 2.1 175 Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI 8.8 10.0 2.1 176 Salisbury, MD‐DE 14.5 16.4 2.1 177 Ames, IA 4.4 4.9 2.1 178 Jackson, TN 5.5 6.3 2.1 179 Santa Fe, NM 6.7 7.6 2.1 180 Wausau, WI 6.8 7.6 2.1 181 York‐Hanover, PA 16.1 18.1 2.1 182 Appleton, WI 11.0 12.4 2.0 183 Elizabethtown, KY 5.6 6.3 2.0 184 Winchester, VA‐WV 5.3 5.9 2.0 185 Ann Arbor, MI 19.7 22.2 2.0 186 Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA 9.3 10.5 2.0 187 Fargo, ND‐MN 14.1 15.9 2.0 188 Jefferson City, MO 6.1 6.9 2.0 189 Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI 13.7 15.4 2.0 190 Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN 8.9 10.0 2.0 191 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD 381.8 430.2 2.0 192 Salinas, CA 19.9 22.5 2.0 193 Chattanooga, TN‐GA 22.3 25.1 2.0 194 Owensboro, KY 5.2 5.8 2.0 195 Tulsa, OK 51.8 58.3 2.0 196 Muskegon, MI 5.2 5.9 2.0 197 Rochester, MN 10.3 11.5 2.0 198 Valdosta, GA 4.5 5.1 2.0 199 Battle Creek, MI 5.2 5.8 2.0 200 Fond du Lac, WI 4.1 4.6 2.0 201 Burlington, NC 4.6 5.2 2.0 202 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL 3.4 3.8 2.0 203 Cedar Rapids, IA 16.7 18.7 2.0 204 Columbus, IN 5.1 5.8 2.0 205 Lexington‐Fayette, KY 25.9 29.1 2.0

39 Table 5: Real Average Annual Growth of U.S. Metro Area Economies (2016-2022)

Average Annual Ranked by Growth 2016 2022 Growth Rate US$ Billions % 206 Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 64.1 72.0 2.0 207 Morgantown, WV 6.5 7.3 1.9 208 Pocatello, ID 2.3 2.6 1.9 209 Billings, MT 8.7 9.8 1.9 210 Santa Rosa, CA 24.2 27.1 1.9 211 State College, PA 7.7 8.6 1.9 212 Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC 35.5 39.8 1.9 213 Dubuque, IA 5.0 5.6 1.9 214 Sheboygan, WI 5.8 6.5 1.9 215 Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA 4.6 5.1 1.9 216 Green Bay, WI 16.6 18.6 1.9 217 Florence, SC 7.4 8.3 1.9 218 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC 85.5 95.6 1.9 219 Hinesville, GA 3.1 3.4 1.9 220 New Orleans‐Metairie, LA 66.9 74.7 1.9 221 Pittsburgh, PA 134.1 149.8 1.9 222 El Paso, TX 26.8 29.9 1.9 223 Janesville‐Beloit, WI 5.4 6.0 1.9 224 Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI 7.3 8.1 1.9 225 Carson City, NV 2.7 3.1 1.8 226 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 64.1 71.5 1.8 227 St. Joseph, MO‐KS 5.0 5.6 1.8 228 Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA 4.4 4.9 1.8 229 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ 34.8 38.8 1.8 230 Dothan, AL 4.5 5.0 1.8 231 Trenton, NJ 27.7 30.9 1.8 232 Fairbanks, AK 4.6 5.1 1.8 233 Lubbock, TX 12.1 13.5 1.8 234 Ocean City, NJ 4.2 4.6 1.8 235 Athens‐Clarke County, GA 7.6 8.4 1.8 236 Bloomington‐Normal, IL 9.1 10.1 1.8 237 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 11.7 13.1 1.8 238 Evansville, IN‐KY 15.1 16.8 1.8 239 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 8.3 9.2 1.8 240 Gulfport‐Biloxi‐Pascagoula, MS 14.3 15.9 1.8 241 Winston‐Salem, NC 25.5 28.3 1.8 242 Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI 228.2 253.3 1.8 243 Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX 19.6 21.8 1.7 244 Bloomington, IN 5.9 6.5 1.7 245 Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT 77.5 85.9 1.7 246 New Haven‐Milford, CT 40.4 44.8 1.7

40 Table 5: Real Average Annual Growth of U.S. Metro Area Economies (2016-2022)

Average Annual Ranked by Growth 2016 2022 Growth Rate US$ Billions % 247 Norwich‐New London, CT 14.0 15.5 1.7 248 Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR 34.3 37.9 1.7 249 Tuscaloosa, AL 9.5 10.5 1.7 250 Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA 8.2 9.1 1.7 251 Dalton, GA 5.5 6.1 1.7 252 Decatur, AL 4.7 5.2 1.7 253 Fort Wayne, IN 19.2 21.3 1.7 254 Jackson, MI 5.4 5.9 1.7 255 Lansing‐East Lansing, MI 19.4 21.4 1.7 256 Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA 5.8 6.5 1.7 257 Eau Claire, WI 7.2 8.0 1.7 258 Jacksonville, NC 7.1 7.9 1.7 259 Lima, OH 5.3 5.8 1.7 260 Monroe, LA 6.4 7.1 1.7 261 Toledo, OH 30.8 34.1 1.7 262 Barnstable Town, MA 9.9 10.9 1.7 263 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 6.2 6.9 1.7 264 Longview, WA 3.4 3.7 1.7 265 Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI 91.2 100.6 1.7 266 New Bern, NC 4.5 5.0 1.7 267 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA 1428.6 1577.7 1.7 268 Wichita Falls, TX 6.4 7.0 1.7 269 Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA 21.7 23.9 1.7 270 Greenville, NC 6.5 7.2 1.7 271 Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC 11.7 12.9 1.7 272 Racine, WI 6.7 7.4 1.7 273 Birmingham‐Hoover, AL 56.6 62.4 1.6 274 Bismarck, ND 7.2 7.9 1.6 275 Jonesboro, AR 4.2 4.6 1.6 276 Lynchburg, VA 8.1 9.0 1.6 277 Savannah, GA 15.6 17.2 1.6 278 Cheyenne, WY 4.8 5.3 1.6 279 Greensboro‐High Point, NC 34.8 38.3 1.6 280 Lebanon, PA 4.3 4.7 1.6 281 Albuquerque, NM 39.0 42.9 1.6 282 Canton‐Massillon, OH 16.1 17.7 1.6 283 Cleveland‐Elyria, OH 116.8 128.5 1.6 284 Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI 5.8 6.3 1.6 285 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 12.5 13.8 1.6 286 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA 9.2 10.2 1.6 287 Monroe, MI 4.2 4.6 1.6

41 Table 5: Real Average Annual Growth of U.S. Metro Area Economies (2016-2022)

Average Annual Ranked by Growth 2016 2022 Growth Rate US$ Billions % 288 Roanoke, VA 12.9 14.2 1.6 289 Mobile, AL 16.4 18.0 1.6 290 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 71.4 78.3 1.6 291 Fort Smith, AR‐OK 9.4 10.3 1.6 292 Montgomery, AL 15.1 16.6 1.6 293 Springfield, OH 3.7 4.1 1.6 294 Altoona, PA 4.6 5.1 1.5 295 Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI 575.8 631.2 1.5 296 Sumter, SC 3.3 3.6 1.5 297 Alexandria, LA 4.6 5.1 1.5 298 Clarksville, TN‐KY 9.6 10.5 1.5 299 Portland‐South Portland, ME 26.8 29.4 1.5 300 Dayton, OH 35.6 39.0 1.5 301 Lawrence, KS 3.9 4.2 1.5 302 Dover, DE 6.3 6.9 1.5 303 Akron, OH 31.6 34.6 1.5 304 Peoria, IL 17.7 19.4 1.5 305 Midland, MI 3.6 3.9 1.5 306 Williamsport, PA 4.4 4.8 1.5 307 Columbus, GA‐AL 12.3 13.4 1.5 308 Fayetteville, NC 15.4 16.9 1.5 309 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 20.4 22.2 1.5 310 Charleston, WV 12.2 13.3 1.5 311 Worcester, MA‐CT 35.8 39.1 1.5 312 Beckley, WV 4.1 4.5 1.5 313 Rockford, IL 13.2 14.4 1.5 314 St. Louis, MO‐IL 139.3 151.9 1.5 315 Anchorage, AK 25.3 27.6 1.4 316 Erie, PA 9.8 10.7 1.4 317 Great Falls, MT 3.0 3.3 1.4 318 Wheeling, WV‐OH 6.4 6.9 1.4 319 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA 10.3 11.2 1.4 320 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV 8.0 8.7 1.4 321 Hot Springs, AR 2.9 3.1 1.4 322 Duluth, MN‐WI 10.9 11.9 1.4 323 Farmington, NM 5.8 6.3 1.4 324 Lawton, OK 4.5 4.9 1.4 325 Texarkana, TX‐AR 4.6 5.0 1.3 326 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 4.5 4.9 1.3 327 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH 12.9 14.0 1.3 328 Gadsden, AL 2.6 2.8 1.3

42 Table 5: Real Average Annual Growth of U.S. Metro Area Economies (2016-2022)

Average Annual Ranked by Growth 2016 2022 Growth Rate US$ Billions % 329 Urban Honolulu, HI 55.9 60.4 1.3 330 Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY 45.9 49.6 1.3 331 Casper, WY 5.2 5.6 1.3 332 Ithaca, NY 4.3 4.6 1.3 333 Manhattan, KS 3.0 3.3 1.3 334 Brunswick, GA 3.4 3.7 1.2 335 Mansfield, OH 3.8 4.1 1.2 336 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN 3.4 3.6 1.2 337 Wichita, KS 29.3 31.5 1.2 338 Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL 4.3 4.6 1.2 339 Johnson City, TN 5.9 6.4 1.2 340 Johnstown, PA 3.8 4.1 1.2 341 Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL 3.4 3.6 1.2 342 Lewiston‐Auburn, ME 3.8 4.0 1.2 343 Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV 3.2 3.4 1.2 344 Bay City, MI 2.9 3.1 1.1 345 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA 18.6 19.9 1.1 346 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL 17.5 18.7 1.1 347 Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ 11.7 12.5 1.1 348 Rocky Mount, NC 5.6 6.0 1.1 349 Rome, GA 3.4 3.6 1.1 350 Springfield, MA 22.8 24.4 1.1 351 Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ 5.1 5.5 1.1 352 Glens Falls, NY 4.2 4.5 1.1 353 Lafayette, LA 20.8 22.3 1.1 354 Carbondale‐Marion, IL 4.4 4.7 1.1 355 Springfield, IL 8.9 9.5 1.1 356 Goldsboro, NC 3.9 4.1 1.1 357 Albany, GA 4.7 5.0 1.1 358 Champaign‐Urbana, IL 9.7 10.3 1.1 359 Saginaw, MI 6.9 7.4 1.0 360 Decatur, IL 5.4 5.8 1.0 361 Muncie, IN 3.5 3.7 1.0 362 Danville, IL 2.4 2.5 1.0 363 Topeka, KS 9.1 9.7 1.0 364 California‐Lexington Park, MD 5.5 5.8 1.0 365 Terre Haute, IN 5.9 6.2 1.0 366 Syracuse, NY 28.6 30.2 1.0 367 Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA 19.3 20.4 1.0 368 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH 3.5 3.7 0.9 369 Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY 50.2 52.9 0.9

43 Table 5: Real Average Annual Growth of U.S. Metro Area Economies (2016-2022)

Average Annual Ranked by Growth 2016 2022 Growth Rate US$ Billions % 370 Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY 5.7 6.0 0.9 371 Rochester, NY 49.6 52.1 0.8 372 Cumberland, MD‐WV 2.8 2.9 0.8 373 Flint, MI 12.7 13.4 0.8 374 Kingston, NY 5.1 5.3 0.8 375 Pittsfield, MA 5.6 5.9 0.7 376 Macon‐Bibb County, GA 8.6 8.9 0.7 377 Utica‐Rome, NY 9.6 10.0 0.6 378 Bangor, ME 5.3 5.5 0.6 379 Binghamton, NY 8.4 8.6 0.4 380 Elmira, NY 2.9 3.0 0.4 381 Pine Bluff, AR 2.6 2.6 0.3

44 Table 6: Metro Area Shares of U.S. Production (2016) (US$, Billions)

Rest of Metro AreasUnited States United States Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting $39 $119 $158 Percentage 25% 75% Construction, Nat. Resources, Mining $902 $146 $1,048 Percentage 86% 14% Manufacturing $1,749 $426 $2,175 Percentage 80% 20% Trade, Transportation, Utilities $2,658 $377 $3,035 Percentage 88% 12% Information Services $829 $55 $884 Percentage 94% 6% Financial Activities $3,506 $311 $3,817 Percentage 92% 8% Professional & Business Services $2,149 $158 $2,307 Percentage 93% 7% Education & Health Services $1,410 $165 $1,575 Percentage 89% 11% Leisure & Hospitality $666 $82 $748 Percentage 89% 11% Other Services $368 $51 $419 Percentage 88% 12% Government $1,914 $364 $2,278 Percentage 84% 16% Total $16,190 $2,254 $18,444 Percentage 88% 12%

45 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP Alaska Anchorage, AK $27.9 55.1% Fairbanks, AK $5.3 10.4% Sum of Metro Areas $33.2 65.5% Alabama Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL $3.8 1.9% Auburn‐Opelika, AL $5.1 2.5% Birmingham‐Hoover, AL $64.0 31.2% Columbus, GA‐AL $1.1 0.5% Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL $7.0 3.4% Decatur, AL $5.4 2.6% Dothan, AL $5.1 2.5% Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL $4.9 2.4% Gadsden, AL $2.9 1.4% Huntsville, AL $24.8 12.1% Mobile, AL $18.5 9.0% Montgomery, AL $17.2 8.4% Tuscaloosa, AL $10.9 5.3% Sum of Metro Areas $170.6 83.3% Arkansas Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, MO‐AR $25.7 21.3% Fort Smith, OK‐AR $8.5 7.1% Hot Springs, AR $3.3 2.7% Jonesboro, AR $4.8 4.0% Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR $38.4 31.8% Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR $1.5 1.2% Pine Bluff, AR $2.9 2.4% Texarkana, TX‐AR $1.5 1.2% Sum of Metro Areas $86.5 71.7% Arizona Flagstaff, AZ $5.6 1.9% Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ $4.0 1.3% Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ $230.3 76.0% Prescott, AZ $5.4 1.8% Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ $3.9 1.3% Tucson, AZ $37.3 12.3% Yuma, AZ $5.9 1.9% Sum of Metro Areas $292.5 96.5% California Bakersfield, CA $36.4 1.4% Chico, CA $7.9 0.3% El Centro, CA $6.1 0.2% Fresno, CA $40.8 1.6%

46 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP Hanford‐Corcoran, CA $5.5 0.2% Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA (MSA) $984.9 37.8% Madera, CA $5.3 0.2% Merced, CA $8.7 0.3% Modesto, CA $20.2 0.8% Napa, CA $9.7 0.4% Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA $50.2 1.9% Redding, CA $6.2 0.2% Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA $149.2 5.7% Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA $25.9 1.0% Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA $126.5 4.9% Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA $12.5 0.5% San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA $232.8 8.9% San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA $249.7 9.6% Salinas, CA $22.8 0.9% San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA $14.3 0.5% Santa Rosa, CA $27.3 1.0% San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA (MSA) $463.3 17.8% Stockton‐Lodi, CA $26.0 1.0% Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA $20.7 0.8% Visalia‐Porterville, CA $16.6 0.6% Yuba City, CA $6.1 0.2% Sum of Metro Areas $2,575.6 99.0% Colorado Boulder, CO $24.1 7.4% Colorado Springs, CO $30.8 9.5% Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO $199.6 61.7% Fort Collins, CO $16.2 5.0% Greeley, CO $10.2 3.1% Grand Junction, CO $5.4 1.7% Pueblo, CO $4.9 1.5% Sum of Metro Areas $291.2 90.0% Connecticut Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT $103.4 39.2% Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT $87.8 33.3% New Haven‐Milford, CT $45.9 17.4% Norwich‐New London, CT $16.0 6.1% Worcester, MA‐CT $3.4 1.3% Sum of Metro Areas $256.5 97.4% District of Columbia Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV (MSA) $126.8 100.0% Sum of Metro Areas

47 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP Delaware Dover, DE $7.3 10.3% Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD (MSA) $54.4 77.2% Salisbury, MD‐DE $8.8 12.5% Sum of Metro Areas $70.4 100.0% Florida Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL $27.0 2.9% Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL $16.0 1.7% Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL $13.1 1.4% Gainesville, FL $12.7 1.4% Homosassa Springs, FL $3.1 0.3% Jacksonville, FL $70.8 7.6% Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL $20.0 2.2% Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL (MSA) $332.8 35.9% Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL $17.8 1.9% Ocala, FL $8.3 0.9% Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL $128.4 13.9% Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL $20.8 2.2% Panama City, FL $8.2 0.9% Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL $16.8 1.8% Port St. Lucie, FL $13.1 1.4% Punta Gorda, FL $4.0 0.4% Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL $5.1 0.6% Sebring, FL $2.1 0.2% North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL $29.9 3.2% Tallahassee, FL $15.4 1.7% Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL $140.8 15.2% The Villages, FL $2.4 0.3% Sum of Metro Areas $908.6 98.0% Georgia Albany, GA $5.4 1.0% Athens‐Clarke County, GA $8.7 1.7% Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA $360.3 68.6% Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC $16.5 3.1% Brunswick, GA $3.9 0.7% Chattanooga, GA‐TN $2.6 0.5% Columbus, GA‐AL $13.0 2.5% Dalton, GA $6.3 1.2% Gainesville, GA $9.2 1.8% Hinesville, GA $3.5 0.7% Macon, GA $9.8 1.9% Rome, GA $3.8 0.7%

48 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP Savannah, GA $18.1 3.4% Valdosta, GA $5.1 1.0% Warner Robins, GA $7.3 1.4% Sum of Metro Areas $473.6 90.2% Hawaii Urban Honolulu, HI $64.2 76.5% Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI $8.4 10.0% Sum of Metro Areas $72.6 86.5% Iowa Ames, IA $5.1 2.8% Cedar Rapids, IA $18.5 10.4% Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL $8.9 5.0% Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA $49.1 27.5% Dubuque, IA $5.6 3.2% Iowa City, IA $9.7 5.4% Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA $4.6 2.6% Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD $6.8 3.8% Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA $9.4 5.3% Sum of Metro Areas $117.8 65.9% Idaho Boise City, ID $31.7 47.1% Coeur d`Alene, ID $5.4 8.0% Idaho Falls, ID $5.9 8.8% Lewiston, NE‐WA $1.8 2.7% Logan, UT‐ID $0.2 0.4% Pocatello, ID $2.6 3.9% Sum of Metro Areas $47.7 70.8% Illinois Bloomington‐Normal, IL $10.3 1.3% Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL $0.2 0.0% Carbondale‐Marion, IL $5.0 0.6% Champaign‐Urbana, IL $11.0 1.4% Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL (MSA) $622.3 78.6% Danville, IL $2.7 0.3% Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL $10.9 1.4% Decatur, IL $6.2 0.8% Kankakee, IL $3.9 0.5% Peoria, IL $20.2 2.6% Rockford, IL $15.0 1.9% Springfield, IL $10.1 1.3% St. Louis, MO‐IL $23.4 3.0% Sum of Metro Areas $741.4 93.7%

49 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP Indiana Bloomington, IN $6.7 2.0% Gary, IN $28.5 8.3% Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN $1.5 0.4% Columbus, IN $5.8 1.7% Elkhart‐Goshen, IN $14.4 4.2% Evansville, IN‐KY $15.5 4.5% Fort Wayne, IN $21.4 6.3% Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN $137.8 40.3% Kokomo, IN $4.6 1.3% Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN $10.2 3.0% Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN $10.1 2.9% Michigan City‐La Porte, IN $3.8 1.1% Muncie, IN $3.9 1.2% South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI $13.5 3.9% Terre Haute, IN $6.7 2.0% Sum of Metro Areas $284.5 83.2% Kansas Kansas City, MO‐KS $61.1 39.9% Lawrence, KS $4.3 2.8% Manhattan, KS $3.4 2.2% St. Joseph, MO‐KS $0.2 0.1% Topeka, KS $10.4 6.8% Wichita, KS $32.5 21.2% Sum of Metro Areas $112.0 73.1% Kentucky Bowling Green, KY $6.8 3.4% Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN $20.7 10.5% Clarksville, TN‐KY $6.6 3.3% Elizabethtown, KY $6.3 3.2% Evansville, IN‐KY $2.0 1.0% Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH $3.7 1.9% Lexington‐Fayette, KY $29.1 14.8% Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN $62.8 31.9% Owensboro, KY $5.9 3.0% Sum of Metro Areas $144.0 73.1% Louisiana Alexandria, LA $5.2 2.2% Baton Rouge, LA $52.4 22.3% Hammond, LA $3.7 1.6% Houma‐Thibodaux, LA $10.2 4.4% Lake Charles, LA $16.0 6.8%

50 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP Lafayette, LA $22.6 9.6% Monroe, LA $7.1 3.0% New Orleans‐Metairie, LA $76.7 32.6% Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA $20.5 8.7% Sum of Metro Areas $214.3 91.2% Massachusetts Barnstable Town, MA $11.4 2.2% Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH (MSA) $398.9 78.5% Pittsfield, MA $6.5 1.3% Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA $23.7 4.7% Springfield, MA $26.1 5.1% Worcester, MA‐CT $37.1 7.3% Sum of Metro Areas $503.7 99.2% Maryland Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD $189.0 50.0% California‐Lexington Park, MD $6.2 1.6% Cumberland, MD‐WV $2.5 0.7% Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV $6.3 1.7% Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD (MSA) $3.8 1.0% Salisbury, MD‐DE $7.8 2.1% Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV (MSA) $142.9 37.8% Sum of Metro Areas $358.6 94.8% Maine Bangor, ME $6.1 10.2% Lewiston‐Auburn, ME $4.3 7.3% Portland‐South Portland, ME $30.5 51.5% Sum of Metro Areas $40.9 69.0% Michigan Ann Arbor, MI $22.1 4.5% Battle Creek, MI $5.9 1.2% Bay City, MI $3.2 0.7% Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI (MSA) $257.4 52.8% Flint, MI $14.4 2.9% Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI $56.8 11.7% Jackson, MI $6.1 1.3% Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI $15.7 3.2% Lansing‐East Lansing, MI $22.0 4.5% Midland, MI $4.1 0.9% Monroe, MI $4.7 1.0% Muskegon, MI $5.8 1.2% Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI $6.5 1.3% Saginaw, MI $7.8 1.6%

51 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI $0.9 0.2% Sum of Metro Areas $433.4 88.9% Minnesota Duluth, MN‐WI $10.8 3.2% Mankato‐North Mankato, MN $5.0 1.5% Fargo, ND‐MN $1.9 0.6% Grand Forks, ND‐MN $1.0 0.3% La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN $0.4 0.1% Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI $246.5 73.5% Rochester, MN $11.4 3.4% St. Cloud, MN $9.5 2.8% Sum of Metro Areas $286.4 85.4% Missouri Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL $3.7 1.2% Columbia, MO $8.5 2.8% Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO $0.5 0.2% Jefferson City, MO $7.0 2.3% Joplin, MO $6.8 2.3% Kansas City, MO‐KS $69.4 23.1% Springfield, MO $18.8 6.3% St. Joseph, MO‐KS $5.6 1.9% St. Louis, MO‐IL $135.2 44.9% Sum of Metro Areas $255.4 84.9% Mississippi Gulfport‐Biloxi, MS $16.6 15.4% Hattiesburg, MS $5.7 5.3% Jackson, MS $29.3 27.2% Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR $6.9 6.4% Sum of Metro Areas $58.5 54.4% Montana Billings, MT $9.8 21.2% Great Falls, MT $3.4 7.4% Missoula, MT $5.2 11.4% Sum of Metro Areas $18.4 40.1% North Carolina Asheville, NC $17.6 3.4% Burlington, NC $5.2 1.0% Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC $146.7 28.3% Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC $46.1 8.9% Fayetteville, NC $17.6 3.4% Goldsboro, NC $4.5 0.9% Greensboro‐High Point, NC $40.0 7.7%

52 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP Greenville, NC $7.6 1.5% Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC $13.3 2.6% Jacksonville, NC $8.0 1.5% New Bern, NC $5.1 1.0% Myrtle Beach‐Conway‐North Myrtle Beach, SC‐NC $3.7 0.7% Raleigh, NC $80.0 15.4% Rocky Mount, NC $6.5 1.3% Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC $0.7 0.1% Wilmington, NC $14.2 2.7% Winston‐Salem, NC $29.3 5.7% Sum of Metro Areas $446.3 86.2% North Dakota Bismarck, ND $8.0 15.4% Fargo, ND‐MN $14.0 26.8% Grand Forks, ND‐MN $4.2 8.0% Sum of Metro Areas $26.2 50.3% Nebraska Grand Island, NE $4.1 3.6% Lincoln, NE $19.2 16.6% Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA $55.6 48.2% Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD $1.4 1.2% Sum of Metro Areas $80.3 69.6% New Hampshire Rockingham County‐Strafford County, NH $15.1 19.4% Manchester‐Nashua, NH $27.3 35.1% Sum of Metro Areas $42.4 54.5% New Jersey Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ $3.7 0.6% Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ $13.5 2.3% New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA $453.9 78.1% Ocean City, NJ $4.8 0.8% Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD $67.7 11.6% Trenton, NJ $31.8 5.5% Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ $5.9 1.0% Sum of Metro Areas $581.1 100.0% New Mexico Albuquerque, NM $43.7 46.8% Farmington, NM $5.9 6.3% Las Cruces, NM $6.5 7.0% Santa Fe, NM $7.6 8.1% Sum of Metro Areas $63.7 68.2% Nevada

53 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP Carson City, NV $3.1 2.1% Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV $108.1 73.3% Reno, NV $23.4 15.9% Sum of Metro Areas $134.6 91.3% New York Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY $53.0 3.6% Binghamton, NY $9.4 0.6% Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY $58.0 3.9% Elmira, NY $3.4 0.2% Glens Falls, NY $4.8 0.3% Ithaca, NY $5.0 0.3% Kingston, NY $5.9 0.4% New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA $1,200.9 80.7% Rochester, NY $56.9 3.8% Syracuse, NY $32.6 2.2% Utica‐Rome, NY $11.0 0.7% Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY $6.5 0.4% Sum of Metro Areas $1,447.3 97.3% Ohio Akron, OH $35.3 5.6% Canton‐Massillon, OH $17.7 2.8% Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN $109.4 17.5% Cleveland‐Elyria, OH $131.7 21.0% Columbus, OH $129.9 20.8% Dayton, OH $40.4 6.5% Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH $1.2 0.2% Lima, OH $6.2 1.0% Mansfield, OH $4.3 0.7% Springfield, OH $4.2 0.7% Toledo, OH $35.4 5.7% Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH $2.1 0.3% Wheeling, WV‐OH $2.6 0.4% Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA $16.8 2.7% Sum of Metro Areas $537.2 85.9% Oklahoma Fort Smith, AR‐OK $1.9 1.0% Lawton, OK $5.1 2.8% Oklahoma City, OK $73.6 40.2% Tulsa, OK $55.4 30.3% Sum of Metro Areas $135.9 74.3% Oregon Albany, OR $3.8 1.7%

54 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP Bend‐Redmond, OR $8.0 3.5% Corvallis, OR $4.6 2.0% Eugene, OR $15.1 6.7% Grants Pass, OR $2.1 0.9% Medford, OR $7.6 3.3% Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA $147.5 65.0% Salem, OR $14.9 6.6% Sum of Metro Areas $203.6 89.8% Pennsylvania Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ $35.3 4.9% Altoona, PA $5.3 0.7% Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA $4.1 0.6% Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA $5.2 0.7% East Stroudsburg, PA $6.1 0.8% Erie, PA $11.1 1.5% Gettysburg, PA $3.2 0.4% Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA $35.5 4.9% Johnstown, PA $4.3 0.6% Lancaster, PA $27.5 3.8% Lebanon, PA $4.9 0.7% New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA $1.0 0.1% Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD $307.1 42.4% Pittsburgh, PA $144.9 20.0% Reading, PA $18.3 2.5% Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA $24.3 3.4% State College, PA $8.6 1.2% Williamsport, PA $4.9 0.7% York‐Hanover, PA $18.1 2.5% Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA $4.9 0.7% Sum of Metro Areas $674.5 93.0% Rhode Island Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA $57.4 100.0% Sum of Metro Areas South Carolina Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC $6.9 3.3% Charleston‐North Charleston, SC $38.8 18.5% Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC $13.7 6.5% Columbia, SC $40.4 19.3% Florence, SC $8.5 4.1% Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC $40.3 19.2% Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC $8.3 4.0% Myrtle Beach‐Conway‐North Myrtle Beach, SC‐NC $13.3 6.4%

55 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP Spartanburg, SC $15.0 7.2% Sumter, SC $3.7 1.8% Sum of Metro Areas $189.1 90.2% South Dakota Rapid City, SD $6.6 13.8% Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD $1.2 2.5% Sioux Falls, SD $19.6 40.6% Sum of Metro Areas $27.4 57.0% Tennessee Chattanooga, TN‐GA $22.8 6.9% Clarksville, TN‐KY $4.3 1.3% Cleveland, TN $4.7 1.4% Jackson, TN $6.3 1.9% Johnson City, TN $6.8 2.1% Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA $8.8 2.7% Knoxville, TN $40.9 12.4% Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR $65.3 19.9% Morristown, TN $4.0 1.2% Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN $120.7 36.7% Sum of Metro Areas $284.6 86.6% Texas Abilene, TX $6.6 0.4% Amarillo, TX $12.4 0.8% Austin‐Round Rock, TX $126.9 7.9% Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX $23.8 1.5% Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX $10.0 0.6% College Station‐Bryan, TX $9.5 0.6% Corpus Christi, TX $22.6 1.4% Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX (MSA) $510.1 31.5% El Paso, TX $30.2 1.9% Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX $500.5 31.0% Killeen‐Temple, TX $17.6 1.1% Laredo, TX $7.8 0.5% Longview, TX $10.7 0.7% Lubbock, TX $13.5 0.8% McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX $19.5 1.2% Midland, TX $17.7 1.1% Odessa, TX $8.1 0.5% San Angelo, TX $4.9 0.3% San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX $114.4 7.1% Sherman‐Denison, TX $4.1 0.3% Texarkana, TX‐AR $3.8 0.2%

56 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP Tyler, TX $11.0 0.7% Victoria, TX $5.1 0.3% Waco, TX $11.6 0.7% Wichita Falls, TX $6.4 0.4% Sum of Metro Areas $1,508.9 93.3% Utah Logan, UT‐ID $4.5 2.9% Ogden‐Clearfield, UT $26.4 16.9% Provo‐Orem, UT $22.5 14.4% Salt Lake City, UT $84.2 53.9% St. George, UT $5.1 3.3% Sum of Metro Areas $142.8 91.3% Virginia Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA $6.8 1.4% Charlottesville, VA $12.6 2.5% Harrisonburg, VA $7.7 1.6% Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA $3.1 0.6% Lynchburg, VA $9.3 1.9% Richmond, VA $76.7 15.5% Roanoke, VA $14.7 3.0% Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA $5.1 1.0% Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC $96.8 19.6% Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV $239.4 48.4% Winchester, VA‐WV $5.7 1.2% Sum of Metro Areas $478.0 96.7% Vermont Burlington‐South Burlington, VT $13.2 42.5% Sum of Metro Areas Washington Bellingham, WA $10.5 2.2% Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA $10.6 2.3% Kennewick‐Richland, WA $12.6 2.7% Lewiston, ID‐WA $0.5 0.1% Longview, WA $3.9 0.8% Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA $5.7 1.2% Olympia‐Tumwater, WA $11.5 2.5% Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA $19.9 4.2% Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA (MSA) $333.1 70.9% Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA $24.1 5.1% Walla Walla, WA $2.7 0.6% Wenatchee, WA $4.6 1.0% Yakima, WA $9.4 2.0%

57 Table 7: Gross Metropolitan Product as a Share of Gross State Product (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GSP Sum of Metro Areas $449.2 95.6% Wisconsin Appleton, WI $12.5 4.0% Lake County‐Kenosha County, IL‐WI $6.6 2.1% Duluth, MN‐WI $1.6 0.5% Eau Claire, WI $8.1 2.6% Fond du Lac, WI $4.7 1.5% Green Bay, WI $18.9 6.1% Janesville‐Beloit, WI $6.1 2.0% La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN $6.7 2.2% Madison, WI $47.9 15.5% Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI $103.2 33.4% Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI $3.9 1.3% Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI $9.9 3.2% Racine, WI $7.8 2.5% Sheboygan, WI $6.6 2.1% Wausau, WI $7.7 2.5% Sum of Metro Areas $252.3 81.5% West Virginia Beckley, WV $4.4 6.0% Charleston, WV $13.6 18.6% Cumberland, MD‐WV $0.6 0.9% Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV $2.9 3.9% Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH $9.6 13.0% Morgantown, WV $7.5 10.2% Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV $3.6 4.9% Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV $1.6 2.1% Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH $1.8 2.4% Wheeling, WV‐OH $4.6 6.3% Winchester, VA‐WV $0.3 0.4% Sum of Metro Areas $50.5 68.9% Wyoming Casper, WY $5.7 15.1% Cheyenne, WY $5.6 14.7% Sum of Metro Areas $11.3 29.8%

58 Table 7b: Gross Metropolitan Product (Division) as a Share of Gross Metropolitan Product (MSA) (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GMP Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Boston, MA 202.26 48.9% Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA 196.61 47.5% Rockingham County-Strafford County, NH 15.07 3.6% Sum of Metro Divisions 413.95

Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL 533.50 81.2% Elgin, IL 27.84 4.2% Gary, IN 28.53 4.3% Lake County-Kenosha County, IL-WI 67.48 10.3% Sum of Metro Divisions 657.35

Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX 379.29 74.4% Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 130.77 25.6% Sum of Metro Divisions 510.06

Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Detroit-Dearborn-Livonia, MI 100.18 38.9% Warren-Troy-Farmington Hills, MI 157.18 61.1% Sum of Metro Divisions 257.37

Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA 722.49 73.4% Anaheim-Santa Ana-Irvine, CA 262.40 26.6% Sum of Metro Divisions 984.89

Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Bch-Deerfield Bch, FL 102.47 30.8% Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall, FL 149.71 45.0% West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach, FL 80.60 24.2% Sum of Metro Divisions 332.77

New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Nassau County-Suffolk County, NY 185.23 11.2% Newark, NJ-PA 200.52 12.1% New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ 1,252.80 75.7% Dutchess County-Putnam County, NY 17.22 1.0% Sum of Metro Divisions 1,655.78

59 Table 7b: Gross Metropolitan Product (Division) as a Share of Gross Metropolitan Product (MSA) (US$, Billions)

2016 GMP % of GMP Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD Camden, NJ $64.6 14.9% Montgomery County‐Bucks County‐Chester County, PA $168.0 38.8% Philadelphia, PA $139.1 32.1% Wilmington, DE‐MD‐NJ $61.3 14.2% Sum of Metro Divisions $433.0

San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA Oakland‐Hayward‐Berkeley, CA $181.8 39.2% San Francisco‐Redwood City‐South San Francisco, CA $263.4 56.8% San Rafael, CA $18.1 3.9% Sum of Metro Divisions $463.3

Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA Seattle‐Bellevue‐Everett, WA $291.7 87.5% Tacoma‐Lakewood, WA $41.5 12.5% Sum of Metro Divisions $333.1

Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV Silver Springs‐Frederick‐Rockville, MD $93.2 18.2% Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV $417.6 81.8% Sum of Metro Divisions $510.8

60 Table 8: Employment Growth , 2016 to 2018 (% Annual Change, Thousands)

% ch Employment Job Gains (000s) Ranked by 2016 Employment Growth 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 1 St. George, UT 6.6 4.9 3.2 3.8 3.0 2.1 2 Bend‐Redmond, OR 6.0 3.5 2.9 4.4 2.7 2.3 3 Provo‐Orem, UT 5.6 3.5 2.6 12.7 8.4 6.4 4 Madera, CA 5.5 3.1 1.2 1.9 1.1 0.4 5 Lake Charles, LA 5.2 3.8 2.2 5.3 4.2 2.5 6 Reno, NV 4.9 2.7 2.4 10.3 6.0 5.5 7 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 4.7 1.5 2.9 6.3 2.1 4.2 8 Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL 4.6 1.7 1.5 8.7 3.4 3.0 9 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 4.6 0.4 2.4 11.3 0.9 6.2 10 Sebring, FL 4.6 4.6 1.6 1.1 1.2 0.4 11 Boise City, ID 4.5 3.7 1.8 13.3 11.2 5.8 12 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 4.2 3.7 2.7 48.8 45.1 33.2 13 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO 4.2 3.2 2.4 9.8 7.9 6.0 14 Prescott, AZ 4.0 2.4 2.0 2.4 1.5 1.2 15 Port St. Lucie, FL 4.0 2.2 1.8 5.5 3.2 2.7 16 Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN 4.0 3.4 2.4 36.4 32.4 23.8 17 Brunswick, GA 4.0 0.1 1.0 1.7 0.1 0.4 18 Austin‐Round Rock, TX 3.9 2.8 2.6 37.3 28.1 26.6 19 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 3.8 3.6 2.6 10.9 10.6 7.9 20 Fort Collins, CO 3.8 3.4 2.8 5.8 5.5 4.6 21 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 3.7 2.3 1.4 4.1 2.6 1.6 22 Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL 3.7 2.8 1.8 7.5 5.8 3.9 23 Salt Lake City, UT 3.7 2.5 2.0 25.2 17.4 14.3 24 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 3.7 2.6 2.1 41.2 30.3 24.4 25 Killeen‐Temple, TX 3.7 2.6 1.8 5.2 3.7 2.6 26 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 3.7 2.8 2.1 46.5 36.2 28.5 27 Bowling Green, KY 3.7 3.1 1.4 2.7 2.3 1.1 28 Raleigh, NC 3.7 2.6 2.3 21.5 15.5 14.4 29 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA 3.7 2.7 2.0 50.0 37.5 28.5 30 Charleston‐North Charleston, SC 3.6 2.4 1.9 12.2 8.4 6.8 31 Coeur d`Alene, ID 3.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 1.1 1.3 32 Medford, OR 3.6 2.5 1.2 11.5 7.4 6.2 33 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA 3.6 2.2 1.8 81.1 51.7 42.8 34 Yuba City, CA 3.6 2.8 0.8 1.5 1.2 0.3 35 Punta Gorda, FL 3.5 3.4 2.6 1.6 1.6 1.3 36 Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL 3.5 2.8 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.0 37 Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA 3.5 1.4 1.5 32.4 13.0 14.7 38 Asheville, NC 3.5 1.9 1.2 6.3 3.5 2.3 39 Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL 3.5 2.6 1.8 2.4 1.9 1.4 40 Albany, OR 3.5 2.0 1.4 1.5 0.9 0.6 41 Fresno, CA 3.5 2.0 1.4 11.2 6.9 4.8

61 Table 8: Employment Growth , 2016 to 2018 (% Annual Change, Thousands)

% ch Employment Job Gains (000s) Ranked by 2016 Employment Growth 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 42 Visalia‐Porterville, CA 3.5 2.3 1.4 4.1 2.9 1.7 43 Stockton‐Lodi, CA 3.4 1.8 1.6 7.5 4.0 3.6 44 The Villages, FL 3.4 4.0 3.2 0.9 1.1 0.9 45 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA 3.4 2.9 1.6 87.6 77.0 44.6 46 Gainesville, GA 3.4 2.6 1.4 2.8 2.2 1.2 47 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA 3.4 2.5 1.7 64.0 48.0 33.3 48 Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL 3.4 1.8 1.4 3.6 2.0 1.6 49 Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV 3.4 3.0 2.7 31.0 28.9 26.4 50 Ocala, FL 3.4 2.7 2.1 3.3 2.7 2.2 51 Jacksonville, FL 3.4 3.3 2.3 21.8 21.7 15.7 52 Modesto, CA 3.3 2.4 1.5 5.5 4.2 2.6 53 Salem, OR 3.3 1.6 1.1 5.2 2.5 1.7 54 Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL 3.3 2.8 1.7 6.8 6.0 3.8 55 Spartanburg, SC 3.3 2.5 1.1 4.7 3.6 1.6 56 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ 3.3 2.3 2.4 62.3 45.6 48.2 57 Kennewick‐Richland, WA 3.3 1.6 1.1 3.5 1.7 1.3 58 Gainesville, FL 3.2 3.2 0.9 4.4 4.4 1.2 59 Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL 3.2 2.4 1.1 5.4 4.2 2.0 60 Wenatchee, WA 3.2 3.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 0.6 61 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX 3.2 3.0 2.1 109.8 105.6 76.6 62 Myrtle Beach‐North Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐NC 3.2 4.3 3.4 4.9 6.9 5.7 63 Kokomo, IN 3.2 2.4 0.4 1.3 1.0 0.2 64 Harrisonburg, VA 3.1 2.0 1.1 2.0 1.3 0.7 65 Ogden‐Clearfield, UT 3.1 2.8 1.7 7.5 7.0 4.4 66 Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI 3.1 2.2 1.1 16.2 11.8 5.8 67 San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA 3.1 1.4 1.6 32.0 15.1 17.0 68 Lewiston, ID‐WA 3.1 2.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.2 69 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL 3.1 2.4 1.9 ‐0.2 ‐0.5 0.0 70 Eugene, OR 3.1 1.3 1.1 4.7 2.0 1.7 71 Jonesboro, AR 3.0 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.1 0.7 72 Wilmington, NC 3.0 2.7 1.8 3.6 3.3 2.3 73 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 3.0 1.6 1.9 33.3 18.5 21.6 74 Bellingham, WA 3.0 1.9 1.5 2.6 1.7 1.4 75 Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA 3.0 1.4 1.3 3.9 1.9 1.8 76 Colorado Springs, CO 2.9 2.0 1.8 8.0 5.6 5.2 77 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX 2.9 2.2 1.8 29.0 21.9 18.7 78 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 2.9 3.4 1.0 3.7 4.4 1.4 79 Walla Walla, WA 2.9 2.8 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.0 80 Waco, TX 2.8 1.4 1.3 3.3 1.6 1.6 81 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 2.8 3.7 1.4 1.7 2.3 0.9 82 Jackson, TN 2.8 1.8 1.4 1.9 1.2 1.0

62 Table 8: Employment Growth , 2016 to 2018 (% Annual Change, Thousands)

% ch Employment Job Gains (000s) Ranked by 2016 Employment Growth 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 83 Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI 2.8 1.9 0.9 4.0 2.7 1.3 84 Athens‐Clarke County, GA 2.8 2.5 1.3 2.6 2.3 1.3 85 Elizabethtown, KY 2.8 1.2 1.1 1.6 0.7 0.7 86 Chico, CA 2.8 3.3 1.1 2.2 2.6 0.9 87 Tallahassee, FL 2.8 2.5 1.3 4.8 4.4 2.4 88 Idaho Falls, ID 2.8 1.4 1.3 1.7 0.9 0.8 89 Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 2.8 1.9 1.0 17.7 12.4 6.7 90 El Paso, TX 2.7 2.6 1.2 8.2 7.9 3.6 91 Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA 2.7 1.1 1.1 6.4 2.7 2.7 92 Warner Robins, GA 2.7 1.9 0.8 1.9 1.4 0.6 93 Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC 2.6 1.8 1.7 7.8 5.5 5.1 94 Merced, CA 2.6 1.5 1.4 77.1 63.2 49.8 95 San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA 2.6 1.6 1.4 36.3 22.9 19.6 96 Chattanooga, TN‐GA 2.6 2.3 1.1 6.4 5.8 2.8 97 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO 2.6 2.1 1.9 36.3 29.4 28.4 98 Lansing‐East Lansing, MI 2.6 1.9 0.6 5.8 4.4 1.5 99 Boulder, CO 2.6 2.7 1.5 4.6 5.0 2.9 100 Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA 2.6 1.2 1.0 149.5 70.7 57.2 101 Lubbock, TX 2.6 1.3 1.1 3.7 2.0 1.6 102 Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN 2.6 1.9 1.4 26.1 19.6 14.9 103 Redding, CA 2.6 3.2 0.6 1.6 2.1 0.4 104 Salinas, CA 2.5 1.2 0.4 3.4 1.6 0.5 105 Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA 2.5 2.1 0.7 2.5 2.1 0.7 106 Huntsville, AL 2.5 2.1 1.3 5.5 4.8 3.1 107 Santa Rosa, CA 2.5 0.9 0.9 4.9 1.7 1.8 108 Grants Pass, OR 2.5 3.3 1.4 0.6 0.8 0.4 109 Jackson, MI 2.5 0.4 0.7 1.4 0.2 0.4 110 San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA 2.5 2.0 1.1 2.8 2.3 1.3 111 Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA 2.4 2.2 1.9 8.5 7.9 7.1 112 Burlington, NC 2.4 1.1 0.7 1.4 0.7 0.4 113 Toledo, OH 2.4 0.0 0.5 7.4 0.0 1.4 114 Columbus, OH 2.4 1.6 1.1 24.9 17.1 12.2 115 Trenton, NJ 2.4 1.9 0.8 6.2 5.1 2.0 116 Savannah, GA 2.4 2.1 0.8 4.1 3.8 1.4 117 Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC 2.3 1.4 0.6 3.4 2.1 0.8 118 Yakima, WA 2.3 3.0 0.6 1.9 2.5 0.5 119 Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC 2.3 1.6 2.2 1.7 1.2 1.7 120 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 2.3 0.7 0.3 3.1 1.0 0.5 121 Kansas City, MO‐KS 2.2 2.3 1.4 23.3 24.0 15.6 122 Knoxville, TN 2.2 0.4 1.0 8.6 1.6 4.0 123 East Stroudsburg, PA 2.2 1.0 0.3 1.2 0.6 0.2

63 Table 8: Employment Growth , 2016 to 2018 (% Annual Change, Thousands)

% ch Employment Job Gains (000s) Ranked by 2016 Employment Growth 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 124 Logan, UT‐ID 2.2 2.4 2.0 1.3 1.5 1.2 125 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 2.2 1.4 0.9 4.9 3.3 2.1 126 Columbia, SC 2.2 1.0 1.2 8.3 4.0 4.6 127 Morristown, TN 2.2 1.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.5 128 Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX 2.1 1.6 1.6 2.9 2.3 2.3 129 Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI 2.1 0.8 1.3 2.0 0.8 1.2 130 Richmond, VA 2.1 1.3 1.5 13.6 8.7 10.0 131 Lancaster, PA 2.1 2.0 1.0 5.1 5.0 2.5 132 Cleveland, TN 2.1 3.4 1.0 1.0 1.7 0.5 133 Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI 2.1 1.7 0.9 39.7 34.2 18.5 134 Lexington‐Fayette, KY 2.1 2.1 1.2 5.6 5.7 3.4 135 Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA 2.0 2.4 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.6 136 Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC 2.0 0.9 1.4 8.1 3.7 5.6 137 Gadsden, AL 2.0 1.7 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.1 138 Las Cruces, NM 2.0 1.1 1.4 1.4 0.8 1.1 139 Salisbury, MD‐DE 2.0 2.0 1.3 3.0 3.2 2.1 140 Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH 1.9 1.4 1.0 51.3 36.4 27.2 141 Yuma, AZ 1.9 2.9 1.5 1.0 1.6 0.8 142 Manchester‐Nashua, NH 1.9 2.5 1.1 0.0 0.9 ‐0.2 143 Tyler, TX 1.9 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.4 2.0 144 Lawrence, KS 1.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.5 145 Montgomery, AL 1.9 0.7 0.5 3.2 1.2 0.8 146 Ann Arbor, MI 1.9 1.9 1.1 4.0 4.1 2.4 147 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD 1.9 1.5 0.7 52.4 42.0 20.5 148 Sioux Falls, SD 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 149 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 1.8 1.8 0.7 19.5 19.2 7.8 150 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 1.8 1.2 1.0 1.7 1.0 0.9 151 Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA 1.8 1.7 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.3 152 Madison, WI 1.8 1.5 1.2 7.0 5.9 4.6 153 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV 1.8 1.7 1.2 57.3 53.3 39.8 154 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ 1.8 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 155 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA 1.8 1.1 0.7 168.1 107.7 65.8 156 Pueblo, CO 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.1 1.2 0.9 157 Rochester, MN 1.8 1.4 1.2 2.1 1.7 1.4 158 College Station‐Bryan, TX 1.8 2.7 1.6 2.0 3.0 1.8 159 Iowa City, IA 1.8 2.7 1.0 1.8 2.7 1.0 160 Portland‐South Portland, ME 1.8 1.7 0.7 4.8 4.7 1.8 161 McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX 1.8 2.2 1.8 3.0 2.1 1.1 162 Corvallis, OR 1.8 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 163 Winchester, VA‐WV 1.8 1.4 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.5 164 Springfield, MA 1.7 1.3 0.3 4.8 3.5 0.8

64 Table 8: Employment Growth , 2016 to 2018 (% Annual Change, Thousands)

% ch Employment Job Gains (000s) Ranked by 2016 Employment Growth 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 165 Pocatello, ID 1.7 1.3 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 166 Albuquerque, NM 1.7 0.4 1.0 6.6 1.6 3.7 167 Missoula, MT 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.0 168 Panama City, FL 1.7 1.0 1.3 1.4 0.8 1.1 169 Appleton, WI 1.7 2.0 1.3 2.1 2.4 1.6 170 Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.0 171 Fayetteville, NC 1.7 ‐0.4 0.1 2.1 ‐0.5 0.1 172 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 1.7 1.0 1.1 0.4 ‐0.2 0.2 173 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 1.6 1.5 1.1 31.6 29.9 21.9 174 State College, PA 1.6 1.3 0.7 1.2 1.0 0.6 175 Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN 1.6 2.3 0.8 1.6 2.4 0.9 176 Carson City, NV 1.6 1.9 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.0 177 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ 1.6 0.1 0.8 5.7 0.3 2.9 178 Charlottesville, VA 1.6 2.0 0.9 1.8 2.3 1.0 179 Winston‐Salem, NC 1.6 0.6 0.9 4.0 1.5 2.2 180 Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA 1.5 0.3 0.2 1.3 0.2 0.2 181 Hattiesburg, MS 1.5 2.1 1.3 0.9 1.4 0.8 182 St. Louis, MO‐IL 1.5 1.0 0.4 20.0 13.1 5.3 183 Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY 1.5 0.8 0.3 6.8 3.6 1.5 184 Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL 1.5 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.2 185 Lincoln, NE 1.5 1.4 1.1 2.7 2.7 2.2 186 Jefferson City, MO 1.5 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.5 0.2 187 Dalton, GA 1.5 0.2 0.7 1.0 0.2 0.5 188 Gettysburg, PA 1.5 1.9 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.2 189 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 1.5 ‐0.3 1.1 0.8 ‐0.2 0.6 190 Rome, GA 1.5 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.2 191 Laredo, TX 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.7 192 Springfield, MO 1.4 1.7 0.4 2.9 3.6 0.8 193 Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD 1.4 1.0 1.0 19.4 13.4 13.7 194 Barnstable Town, MA 1.4 2.4 0.7 1.4 2.4 0.7 195 Janesville‐Beloit, WI 1.4 1.8 0.9 0.9 1.2 0.6 196 Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA 1.4 2.3 1.2 4.2 6.8 3.6 197 Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ 1.4 1.7 ‐0.3 0.8 1.0 ‐0.2 198 Jackson, MS 1.4 0.8 0.9 3.8 2.3 2.6 199 New Bern, NC 1.4 1.1 ‐0.1 0.6 0.5 0.0 200 Valdosta, GA 1.4 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.7 201 Fargo, ND‐MN 1.4 1.6 2.1 1.9 2.8 4.5 202 Florence, SC 1.4 2.3 0.8 1.2 2.0 0.7 203 Macon‐Bibb County, GA 1.4 0.6 0.2 1.4 0.6 0.2 204 Hammond, LA 1.4 1.6 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.5 205 Topeka, KS 1.4 1.4 0.1 1.5 1.6 0.1

65 Table 8: Employment Growth , 2016 to 2018 (% Annual Change, Thousands)

% ch Employment Job Gains (000s) Ranked by 2016 Employment Growth 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 206 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.7 207 Lebanon, PA 1.4 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.3 208 York‐Hanover, PA 1.4 0.7 0.8 2.5 1.3 1.4 209 Tucson, AZ 1.3 0.2 1.1 4.9 0.7 3.9 210 Urban Honolulu, HI 1.3 0.6 0.6 6.3 3.0 3.0 211 Flagstaff, AZ 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 212 Worcester, MA‐CT 1.3 0.9 0.7 5.1 3.5 2.9 213 Homosassa Springs, FL 1.3 0.2 2.0 0.4 0.1 0.7 214 Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI 1.3 0.7 0.8 59.8 33.7 37.1 215 Kingston, NY 1.3 0.4 ‐0.1 0.8 0.2 ‐0.1 216 Dayton, OH 1.3 0.7 0.2 4.9 2.8 0.7 217 Rapid City, SD 1.3 2.2 1.7 0.8 1.4 1.2 218 Albany, GA 1.3 0.8 ‐0.1 0.8 0.5 ‐0.1 219 Columbus, IN 1.3 3.0 1.0 0.6 1.6 0.5 220 Dover, DE 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.5 221 Sheboygan, WI 1.2 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.6 222 Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA 1.2 1.8 1.0 4.1 5.9 3.3 223 Owensboro, KY 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.5 224 Mobile, AL 1.2 ‐0.3 0.8 2.1 ‐0.6 1.4 225 Saginaw, MI 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.5 226 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 1.2 1.6 0.8 8.6 11.7 6.1 227 Johnson City, TN 1.2 1.1 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.0 228 St. Cloud, MN 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.5 229 Green Bay, WI 1.1 0.3 1.4 2.0 0.5 2.5 230 Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR 1.1 0.1 0.4 4.0 0.5 1.6 231 Fort Wayne, IN 1.1 1.6 0.6 2.4 3.4 1.3 232 Longview, WA 1.1 ‐0.2 0.8 0.4 ‐0.1 0.3 233 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 1.1 1.1 1.1 5.5 5.7 5.4 234 Sherman‐Denison, TX 1.1 2.2 1.8 0.5 1.0 0.8 235 Springfield, IL 1.1 0.9 0.3 1.3 1.0 0.3 236 Roanoke, VA 1.1 0.9 0.3 1.7 1.4 0.5 237 Texarkana, TX‐AR 1.1 ‐0.6 0.4 0.7 ‐0.3 0.2 238 Amarillo, TX 1.1 1.7 1.4 1.3 2.0 1.7 239 Ithaca, NY 1.1 1.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.4 240 Cumberland, MD‐WV 1.1 ‐0.1 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.2 241 Hinesville, GA 1.1 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 242 Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY 1.1 0.4 0.1 5.9 2.1 0.4 243 Clarksville, TN‐KY 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.9 244 Greensboro‐High Point, NC 1.0 1.1 1.0 3.7 4.0 3.6 245 Flint, MI 1.0 ‐0.4 0.4 1.4 ‐0.5 0.5 246 Battle Creek, MI 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4

66 Table 8: Employment Growth , 2016 to 2018 (% Annual Change, Thousands)

% ch Employment Job Gains (000s) Ranked by 2016 Employment Growth 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 247 Cleveland‐Elyria, OH 1.0 0.8 0.4 10.7 8.4 4.4 248 Rochester, NY 1.0 ‐0.2 0.2 5.3 ‐1.1 1.1 249 Lima, OH 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 250 Birmingham‐Hoover, AL 0.9 0.7 0.8 4.8 3.7 4.0 251 St. Joseph, MO‐KS 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 252 Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA 0.9 1.8 0.8 1.7 3.2 1.6 253 Bloomington, IN 0.9 1.2 1.0 ‐2.0 1.0 1.1 254 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV 0.9 ‐0.1 0.8 0.9 ‐0.1 0.8 255 Dothan, AL 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.4 256 Lewiston‐Auburn, ME 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 257 Sumter, SC 0.9 ‐0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 258 Hot Springs, AR 0.9 2.0 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.2 259 Norwich‐New London, CT 0.8 0.5 0.0 1.1 0.7 0.1 260 Syracuse, NY 0.8 0.9 0.3 2.6 2.8 1.0 261 Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 262 Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA 0.8 0.2 0.5 2.1 0.5 1.4 263 Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI 0.8 0.3 0.6 6.9 2.7 5.3 264 Akron, OH 0.8 0.1 0.5 2.7 0.2 1.6 265 Napa, CA 0.8 2.0 1.5 0.6 1.4 1.1 266 Reading, PA 0.8 1.3 0.9 1.3 2.3 1.6 267 Billings, MT 0.8 1.6 1.0 0.6 1.3 0.8 268 El Centro, CA 0.8 1.6 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.5 269 Mansfield, OH 0.8 ‐0.3 0.4 4.4 5.5 4.7 270 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.9 271 Utica‐Rome, NY 0.7 0.5 ‐0.4 0.9 0.6 ‐0.5 272 Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.0 273 Eau Claire, WI 0.7 ‐0.2 1.1 0.6 ‐0.2 1.0 274 Fort Smith, AR‐OK 0.7 ‐0.3 0.8 0.8 ‐0.4 0.9 275 Greenville, NC 0.7 ‐0.1 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.6 276 New Haven‐Milford, CT 0.7 0.2 0.4 2.5 0.8 1.5 277 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 0.7 ‐0.1 0.9 0.6 ‐0.1 0.8 278 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA 0.7 ‐0.2 0.5 0.8 ‐0.2 0.6 279 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC 0.7 0.3 0.7 5.0 2.5 5.4 280 Wichita, KS 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.9 2.3 3.4 281 Wausau, WI 0.6 1.3 1.2 0.4 1.0 0.9 282 Columbia, MO 0.6 1.3 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.5 283 Joplin, MO 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.3 284 Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA 0.6 1.5 0.7 0.4 1.2 0.5 285 Evansville, IN‐KY 0.5 1.3 0.7 0.8 2.1 1.1 286 Grand Island, NE 0.5 2.2 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.3 287 Hanford‐Corcoran, CA 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.4

67 Table 8: Employment Growth , 2016 to 2018 (% Annual Change, Thousands)

% ch Employment Job Gains (000s) Ranked by 2016 Employment Growth 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 288 Binghamton, NY 0.4 0.1 ‐0.3 0.5 0.1 ‐0.3 289 Gulfport‐Biloxi‐Pascagoula, MS 0.4 ‐0.3 1.1 0.7 ‐0.4 1.6 290 Tuscaloosa, AL 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.5 1.1 0.8 291 Champaign‐Urbana, IL 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 292 Muncie, IN 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 293 Morgantown, WV 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.5 294 Rocky Mount, NC 0.3 ‐1.0 0.2 0.2 ‐0.6 0.1 295 Santa Fe, NM 0.3 0.5 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.7 296 Carbondale‐Marion, IL 0.3 ‐0.5 0.7 0.2 ‐0.3 0.4 297 Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT 0.3 ‐0.1 0.5 1.4 ‐0.4 2.2 298 Monroe, LA 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.5 299 Racine, WI 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 300 Terre Haute, IN 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.0 301 Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.5 302 Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT 0.2 1.1 0.3 1.5 7.2 2.2 303 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL 0.2 ‐1.0 ‐0.1 0.1 ‐0.4 ‐0.1 304 Monroe, MI 0.2 ‐0.3 0.9 0.1 ‐0.1 0.4 305 Cedar Rapids, IA 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.9 306 Pine Bluff, AR 0.2 ‐0.6 ‐0.9 0.0 ‐0.2 ‐0.3 307 Canton‐Massillon, OH 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.3 308 Fond du Lac, WI 0.1 1.8 1.1 0.1 0.9 0.5 309 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX 0.1 1.8 2.2 4.1 53.4 68.0 310 Baton Rouge, LA 0.1 1.5 1.3 0.5 6.2 5.4 311 Ames, IA 0.1 1.7 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.2 312 Pittsburgh, PA 0.1 1.2 0.5 1.3 13.7 6.2 313 Lynchburg, VA 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.5 314 Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 315 California‐Lexington Park, MD 0.1 ‐0.2 0.0 0.0 ‐0.1 0.0 316 Bangor, ME 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 317 New Orleans‐Metairie, LA 0.0 0.4 1.0 0.1 2.0 5.8 318 Decatur, AL 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.4 319 Manhattan, KS 0.0 2.1 ‐0.4 0.9 0.6 0.7 320 Altoona, PA 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.3 321 Bay City, MI ‐0.1 ‐1.0 0.0 0.0 ‐0.4 0.0 322 Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA ‐0.1 0.0 0.5 ‐0.1 0.0 0.3 323 Oklahoma City, OK ‐0.1 0.9 1.5 ‐0.8 5.9 9.5 324 Glens Falls, NY ‐0.2 2.4 0.2 ‐0.1 1.3 0.1 325 Duluth, MN‐WI ‐0.2 1.1 0.4 ‐0.2 1.5 0.6 326 Rockford, IL ‐0.2 ‐1.5 1.1 ‐0.3 ‐2.2 1.7 327 Muskegon, MI ‐0.2 0.0 0.6 ‐0.1 0.0 0.4 328 Dubuque, IA ‐0.3 0.3 0.6 ‐0.2 0.2 0.4

68 Table 8: Employment Growth , 2016 to 2018 (% Annual Change, Thousands)

% ch Employment Job Gains (000s) Ranked by 2016 Employment Growth 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 329 Kankakee, IL ‐0.3 1.8 1.0 ‐0.1 0.8 0.4 330 Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA ‐0.3 ‐0.1 0.5 ‐0.3 ‐0.1 0.4 331 Columbus, GA‐AL ‐0.3 0.0 0.1 ‐0.4 0.0 0.1 332 Decatur, IL ‐0.3 0.3 0.1 ‐0.2 0.2 0.1 333 Grand Junction, CO ‐0.3 0.0 2.1 ‐0.2 0.0 1.3 334 Jacksonville, NC ‐0.3 0.8 0.3 ‐0.2 0.4 0.1 335 Pittsfield, MA ‐0.4 1.4 0.1 ‐0.2 0.9 0.1 336 Abilene, TX ‐0.4 0.1 0.9 ‐0.3 0.0 0.6 337 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL ‐0.4 0.3 0.4 ‐0.8 0.5 0.7 338 Goldsboro, NC ‐0.4 ‐0.8 0.1 ‐0.2 ‐0.3 0.0 339 Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY ‐0.4 0.7 ‐1.8 ‐0.2 0.3 ‐0.8 340 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH ‐0.4 0.4 0.4 ‐0.6 0.5 0.5 341 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN ‐0.5 ‐1.3 0.1 21.5 12.4 5.9 342 Ocean City, NJ ‐0.5 ‐0.1 0.7 ‐0.2 0.0 0.3 343 Alexandria, LA ‐0.5 ‐0.4 0.3 ‐0.3 ‐0.3 0.2 344 Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA ‐0.5 ‐0.5 0.0 ‐1.2 ‐1.2 0.1 345 Lawton, OK ‐0.6 0.0 ‐0.2 ‐0.3 0.0 ‐0.1 346 Great Falls, MT ‐0.6 1.2 0.4 ‐0.2 0.4 0.1 347 Tulsa, OK ‐0.7 ‐0.3 1.2 ‐3.0 ‐1.4 5.3 348 Bismarck, ND ‐0.7 0.1 2.6 ‐0.5 0.0 1.9 349 San Angelo, TX ‐0.8 ‐0.3 1.2 ‐0.4 ‐0.1 0.6 350 Bakersfield, CA ‐0.8 1.0 1.0 ‐2.1 2.7 2.5 351 Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ ‐0.9 0.2 ‐0.2 ‐0.3 0.1 ‐0.1 352 Midland, MI ‐0.9 0.4 0.8 ‐0.3 0.2 0.3 353 Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX ‐1.0 ‐0.1 1.3 ‐1.6 ‐0.2 2.1 354 Corpus Christi, TX ‐1.1 1.7 1.7 ‐2.1 3.2 3.2 355 Wichita Falls, TX ‐1.1 0.0 0.6 ‐0.6 0.0 0.4 356 Johnstown, PA ‐1.3 ‐0.1 0.3 ‐0.7 ‐0.1 0.2 357 Anchorage, AK ‐1.3 ‐0.6 1.4 ‐2.3 ‐1.1 2.5 358 Erie, PA ‐1.3 ‐0.1 0.3 ‐1.8 ‐0.1 0.4 359 Greeley, CO ‐1.3 2.5 2.6 ‐1.4 2.4 2.6 360 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA ‐1.5 ‐0.9 0.3 ‐2.7 ‐1.6 0.5 361 Peoria, IL ‐1.5 0.0 1.1 ‐2.6 0.1 1.9 362 Cheyenne, WY ‐1.5 1.0 1.6 ‐0.7 0.4 0.8 363 Fairbanks, AK ‐1.6 ‐1.7 1.3 ‐0.6 ‐0.6 0.5 364 Wheeling, WV‐OH ‐1.6 ‐1.5 0.2 ‐1.1 ‐1.0 0.1 365 Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV ‐1.7 ‐1.1 0.1 ‐0.7 ‐0.5 0.0 366 Springfield, OH ‐1.7 0.3 0.3 ‐0.9 0.1 0.2 367 Charleston, WV ‐1.8 ‐0.1 0.4 ‐2.2 ‐0.1 0.4 368 Bloomington‐Normal, IL ‐2.1 1.0 1.2 0.7 0.9 0.8 369 Elmira, NY ‐2.2 ‐2.0 ‐0.6 ‐0.8 ‐0.7 ‐0.2

69 Table 8: Employment Growth , 2016 to 2018 (% Annual Change, Thousands)

% ch Employment Job Gains (000s) Ranked by 2016 Employment Growth 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 370 Danville, IL ‐2.3 ‐0.7 ‐0.3 ‐0.7 ‐0.2 ‐0.1 371 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH ‐2.7 ‐2.1 ‐0.1 ‐1.2 ‐0.9 ‐0.1 372 Longview, TX ‐3.0 ‐0.1 1.9 ‐3.0 ‐0.1 1.8 373 Beckley, WV ‐3.0 ‐1.5 0.2 ‐1.4 ‐0.7 0.1 374 Williamsport, PA ‐3.9 ‐1.1 0.1 ‐2.2 ‐0.6 0.0 375 Victoria, TX ‐4.6 0.1 1.2 ‐2.0 0.0 0.5 376 Farmington, NM ‐4.6 ‐1.5 ‐0.7 ‐2.4 ‐0.7 ‐0.4 377 Midland, TX ‐5.6 0.7 1.4 ‐5.2 0.6 1.2 378 Lafayette, LA ‐5.8 ‐1.0 1.2 ‐12.3 ‐2.0 2.4 379 Odessa, TX ‐7.7 0.0 ‐0.3 ‐5.8 0.0 ‐0.2 380 Casper, WY ‐8.1 ‐3.8 1.0 ‐3.4 ‐1.5 0.4 381 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA ‐8.6 ‐3.3 0.8 ‐8.3 ‐2.9 0.7

70 Table 9: Real GMP Growth Rates (Annual average percent change) 2013- Rank 2015 2016 2017 2018 U.S Real GDP 2.4 1.5 2.2 2.7 381 Metros Real GMP 2.6 1.6 2.3 2.7 Ranked by 2015 2-Year Average Annual Percent Change 1 Lake Charles, LA 8.9 6.8 7.1 3.7 2 San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA 8.7 3.4 2.9 3.1 3 Visalia‐Porterville, CA 8.4 3.4 4.3 2.9 4 Midland, TX 7.9 ‐8.5 4.1 4.6 5 Greeley, CO 7.8 ‐4.5 2.7 4.5 6 Provo‐Orem, UT 6.8 5.2 4.8 4.3 7 Merced, CA 6.4 2.5 4.0 2.7 8 Santa Rosa, CA 5.9 1.8 1.7 2.4 9 Bend‐Redmond, OR 5.9 6.6 5.2 5.1 10 Austin‐Round Rock, TX 5.8 3.4 3.5 4.1 11 Bismarck, ND 5.8 ‐0.5 0.6 3.3 12 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX 5.7 2.4 2.8 3.1 13 Billings, MT 5.3 ‐0.6 2.2 2.5 14 Raleigh, NC 5.3 3.6 4.1 4.1 15 Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL 5.3 2.9 3.9 3.9 16 Fort Collins, CO 5.1 3.1 4.6 4.4 17 Lima, OH 5.0 1.2 1.4 2.3 18 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 4.9 4.2 3.6 4.7 19 College Station‐Bryan, TX 4.8 0.2 3.2 2.6 20 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 4.8 4.2 2.6 4.3 21 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA 4.6 4.2 3.8 3.4 22 Modesto, CA 4.6 3.1 3.0 2.8 23 St. George, UT 4.5 5.7 5.9 4.9 24 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO 4.4 2.1 2.5 3.1 25 Ogden‐Clearfield, UT 4.4 2.3 3.3 3.1 26 Logan, UT‐ID 4.4 0.8 3.0 3.5 27 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX 4.4 2.6 4.0 3.9 28 Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN 4.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 29 Wichita, KS 4.4 ‐0.3 0.7 1.8 30 Oklahoma City, OK 4.3 ‐3.2 1.5 2.9 31 Tyler, TX 4.3 0.9 3.2 3.6 32 Grants Pass, OR 4.3 2.2 4.9 4.2 33 Savannah, GA 4.3 3.0 2.4 1.8 34 El Centro, CA 4.2 0.8 3.3 2.5 35 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX 4.1 ‐2.9 2.9 4.2 36 Toledo, OH 4.1 3.1 1.5 2.7 37 Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA 4.1 1.9 3.3 2.3 38 Gainesville, GA 4.1 4.5 3.5 2.3 39 Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA 4.0 3.0 2.8 3.1

71 Table 9: Real GMP Growth Rates (Annual average percent change) 2013- Rank 2015 2016 2017 2018 40 Charleston‐North Charleston, SC 4.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 41 Baton Rouge, LA 4.0 0.0 1.1 2.0 42 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 3.9 3.1 3.5 3.5 43 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 3.9 1.5 3.4 3.1 44 Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI 3.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 45 Yakima, WA 3.9 2.6 3.9 2.6 46 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 3.9 3.1 3.4 3.6 47 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO 3.8 3.2 4.0 4.3 48 Salisbury, MD‐DE 3.8 1.0 1.7 2.2 49 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA 3.8 3.0 3.4 3.4 50 Salt Lake City, UT 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.6 51 Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA 3.7 0.8 2.6 2.3 52 Ames, IA 3.7 ‐0.3 3.4 1.9 53 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 3.7 3.8 4.1 3.8 54 Pittsburgh, PA 3.7 0.2 2.6 2.2 55 Wichita Falls, TX 3.7 ‐0.9 1.6 2.4 56 Wenatchee, WA 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.1 57 State College, PA 3.7 1.3 3.1 2.3 58 Punta Gorda, FL 3.6 3.0 5.4 4.5 59 Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA 3.6 2.8 2.2 2.5 60 Waco, TX 3.6 2.7 2.0 2.2 61 Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV 3.6 2.4 4.2 4.0 62 Salinas, CA 3.6 1.9 3.3 1.7 63 Lubbock, TX 3.5 1.5 1.9 1.9 64 Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC 3.5 1.9 1.1 2.4 65 Stockton‐Lodi, CA 3.5 3.2 2.9 3.0 66 Redding, CA 3.4 1.8 4.2 2.5 67 Tulsa, OK 3.4 ‐3.7 0.8 2.6 68 Reno, NV 3.4 4.1 4.4 4.2 69 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL 3.4 2.7 2.9 3.0 70 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA 3.3 3.3 2.0 2.8 71 Chico, CA 3.3 1.9 3.9 2.7 72 Fresno, CA 3.3 2.7 2.9 2.5 73 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 3.3 3.2 2.2 4.2 74 Wausau, WI 3.2 0.7 2.3 2.7 75 Boulder, CO 3.2 1.8 2.7 2.6 76 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA 3.2 4.2 2.8 3.4 77 Amarillo, TX 3.2 0.0 2.2 2.4 78 Salem, OR 3.2 4.0 2.7 3.7 79 Columbia, SC 3.2 1.9 2.0 2.7 80 Great Falls, MT 3.2 ‐1.9 1.8 1.8 81 Athens‐Clarke County, GA 3.2 4.1 2.5 2.1

72 Table 9: Real GMP Growth Rates (Annual average percent change) 2013- Rank 2015 2016 2017 2018 82 San Angelo, TX 3.1 ‐2.5 1.9 3.0 83 Asheville, NC 3.1 2.4 2.9 2.8 84 Medford, OR 3.1 3.8 3.5 4.0 85 Panama City, FL 3.1 1.1 2.8 3.2 86 Rapid City, SD 3.1 1.6 3.2 3.1 87 Lancaster, PA 3.1 2.2 2.7 2.3 88 Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL 3.1 2.8 4.3 3.8 89 Prescott, AZ 3.1 3.2 2.8 3.7 90 Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA 3.0 2.1 3.4 3.2 91 Yuba City, CA 3.0 2.6 4.6 2.5 92 St. Cloud, MN 3.0 1.5 2.7 2.9 93 Hanford‐Corcoran, CA 3.0 1.2 3.5 2.4 94 Laredo, TX 3.0 0.1 3.6 3.1 95 McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX 2.9 0.8 2.7 2.5 96 Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA 2.9 3.2 2.6 3.4 97 Dover, DE 2.9 0.6 0.9 1.1 98 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 2.9 3.2 3.6 3.5 99 Dubuque, IA 2.9 ‐0.8 2.2 2.2 100 Eau Claire, WI 2.9 0.5 1.1 2.5 101 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 2.9 2.8 4.3 2.3 102 Napa, CA 2.8 0.4 3.0 2.7 103 Boise City, ID 2.8 2.8 3.4 3.0 104 Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL 2.8 3.9 3.6 3.6 105 Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX 2.8 1.4 2.2 2.2 106 Corpus Christi, TX 2.8 ‐4.8 2.8 3.4 107 Cedar Rapids, IA 2.8 ‐0.1 1.9 2.4 108 Morgantown, WV 2.8 ‐0.7 2.6 2.3 109 Richmond, VA 2.7 1.1 1.9 3.0 110 Jacksonville, FL 2.7 2.8 3.6 3.5 111 Spartanburg, SC 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.8 112 Madera, CA 2.7 4.3 4.5 2.8 113 San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA 2.7 1.2 3.2 2.7 114 San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA 2.7 2.4 3.1 3.1 115 Fargo, ND‐MN 2.6 1.0 2.1 3.9 116 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ 2.6 1.7 1.5 2.3 117 Cleveland, TN 2.6 1.4 3.5 2.5 118 Wilmington, NC 2.6 2.4 3.4 3.2 119 Winston‐Salem, NC 2.6 0.7 1.0 2.3 120 Casper, WY 2.6 ‐9.5 ‐2.6 2.2 121 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 2.6 1.2 3.2 2.7 122 Killeen‐Temple, TX 2.6 2.3 1.9 2.1 123 Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA 2.5 2.6 3.3 3.2

73 Table 9: Real GMP Growth Rates (Annual average percent change) 2013- Rank 2015 2016 2017 2018 124 Eugene, OR 2.5 3.5 2.1 3.5 125 Idaho Falls, ID 2.5 0.8 2.1 2.6 126 Knoxville, TN 2.5 1.9 2.1 2.1 127 El Paso, TX 2.5 2.0 2.7 2.1 128 Owensboro, KY 2.4 0.2 2.7 2.4 129 Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.3 130 Iowa City, IA 2.4 ‐0.1 3.7 2.2 131 The Villages, FL 2.4 2.8 5.2 5.3 132 Akron, OH 2.4 1.6 1.5 1.9 133 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 2.4 4.5 3.1 3.2 134 Santa Fe, NM 2.4 ‐0.9 2.3 2.1 135 Missoula, MT 2.3 0.5 2.4 2.9 136 Port St. Lucie, FL 2.3 3.3 3.6 3.5 137 Manhattan, KS 2.3 0.1 3.1 1.3 138 Coeur d`Alene, ID 2.3 2.0 3.0 3.5 139 Flint, MI 2.3 0.8 0.2 1.7 140 Albany, OR 2.3 5.5 3.3 3.1 141 Appleton, WI 2.3 1.1 2.4 2.6 142 Columbus, OH 2.2 3.0 3.5 2.6 143 Sheboygan, WI 2.2 0.7 1.3 2.7 144 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 2.2 1.8 2.7 2.9 145 Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA 2.2 1.2 2.9 2.8 146 Victoria, TX 2.2 ‐5.9 2.2 3.4 147 Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.5 148 Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 2.2 3.0 2.9 2.2 149 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ 2.2 2.5 3.2 4.0 150 Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA 2.2 1.6 1.5 2.2 151 Fond du Lac, WI 2.2 ‐0.2 2.5 2.6 152 New Orleans‐Metairie, LA 2.2 ‐0.2 1.2 1.4 153 Rochester, MN 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.5 154 Sioux Falls, SD 2.2 1.8 2.8 3.3 155 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 2.1 1.0 1.7 2.4 156 Bakersfield, CA 2.1 ‐1.1 2.9 3.1 157 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 2.1 2.6 3.4 2.3 158 Manchester‐Nashua, NH 2.1 3.1 2.6 2.7 159 Reading, PA 2.1 0.3 2.6 2.7 160 Kennewick‐Richland, WA 2.1 3.1 2.5 3.0 161 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 2.1 1.1 1.9 2.6 162 Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA 2.1 ‐0.4 1.4 2.6 163 Abilene, TX 2.1 ‐2.1 2.0 2.5 164 Macon‐Bibb County, GA 2.1 2.6 1.1 0.9 165 Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL 2.1 2.0 3.3 3.2

74 Table 9: Real GMP Growth Rates (Annual average percent change) 2013- Rank 2015 2016 2017 2018 166 Lexington‐Fayette, KY 2.1 1.8 2.9 2.3 167 Gainesville, FL 2.1 3.2 5.1 2.8 168 Wheeling, WV‐OH 2.0 ‐1.0 0.6 1.9 169 Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI 2.0 1.4 1.3 1.9 170 Springfield, MO 2.0 0.8 2.1 2.2 171 Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC 2.0 0.3 1.8 2.2 172 Kansas City, MO‐KS 2.0 1.2 2.6 2.6 173 Portland‐South Portland, ME 2.0 2.3 2.0 1.9 174 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC 2.0 ‐0.5 1.6 2.4 175 Muskegon, MI 2.0 ‐0.6 1.4 2.8 176 Ann Arbor, MI 1.9 1.7 1.7 2.4 177 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD 1.9 1.7 2.6 2.2 178 Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC 1.9 1.4 2.5 3.0 179 Madison, WI 1.9 2.7 3.2 2.6 180 Canton‐Massillon, OH 1.8 0.3 1.6 2.2 181 Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL 1.8 1.3 0.6 1.6 182 Charlottesville, VA 1.8 0.6 3.7 3.2 183 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA 1.8 0.9 0.8 2.3 184 Chattanooga, TN‐GA 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.4 185 Williamsport, PA 1.8 ‐4.2 0.7 2.0 186 Albuquerque, NM 1.8 ‐0.3 0.8 1.4 187 Colorado Springs, CO 1.8 1.9 2.2 3.0 188 Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX 1.8 ‐3.0 0.4 2.2 189 Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY 1.8 1.0 0.5 1.8 190 Rome, GA 1.7 2.4 2.0 1.3 191 Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD 1.7 1.5 2.0 2.8 192 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.8 193 Midland, MI 1.7 ‐2.4 ‐0.2 2.4 194 Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI 1.7 2.5 2.4 2.6 195 Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL 1.7 2.7 3.1 2.6 196 Tallahassee, FL 1.6 2.5 3.5 3.0 197 Bowling Green, KY 1.6 3.5 4.5 2.6 198 Farmington, NM 1.6 ‐7.3 0.4 0.2 199 Lincoln, NE 1.6 1.3 3.1 2.3 200 Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL 1.6 1.8 3.2 2.6 201 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 1.6 1.8 1.2 2.4 202 Ocala, FL 1.6 2.8 4.3 4.0 203 Altoona, PA 1.5 ‐0.1 1.4 2.2 204 Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA 1.5 0.9 2.8 2.3 205 Texarkana, TX‐AR 1.5 0.1 0.4 1.6 206 Columbus, IN 1.5 ‐0.6 2.4 2.8 207 Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA 1.5 2.7 2.7 3.1

75 Table 9: Real GMP Growth Rates (Annual average percent change) 2013- Rank 2015 2016 2017 2018 208 Pueblo, CO 1.5 1.0 3.6 3.2 209 Urban Honolulu, HI 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.5 210 Fort Wayne, IN 1.4 0.6 1.5 2.0 211 Longview, TX 1.4 ‐6.4 2.1 4.1 212 Myrtle Beach‐North Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐NC 1.4 2.8 5.4 4.4 213 Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA 1.4 0.7 1.4 2.1 214 Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN 1.4 2.5 2.8 2.8 215 Grand Junction, CO 1.4 ‐2.4 1.7 4.2 216 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV 1.4 1.5 2.2 2.8 217 Flagstaff, AZ 1.3 0.9 2.0 3.0 218 Florence, SC 1.3 0.8 2.8 2.2 219 Cleveland‐Elyria, OH 1.3 1.3 2.2 1.9 220 Dalton, GA 1.3 2.4 1.9 1.9 221 Green Bay, WI 1.3 0.9 1.2 2.7 222 Las Cruces, NM 1.2 ‐1.9 2.4 2.0 223 New Bern, NC 1.2 1.0 3.0 1.6 224 Bloomington, IN 1.2 1.2 1.6 2.4 225 Birmingham‐Hoover, AL 1.2 0.6 1.4 1.8 226 Odessa, TX 1.2 ‐13.2 1.4 2.0 227 Lawrence, KS 1.2 2.6 2.3 2.2 228 Johnson City, TN 1.1 0.3 1.3 1.4 229 Roanoke, VA 1.1 ‐0.9 2.0 2.1 230 Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT 1.1 1.1 1.3 2.5 231 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 1.1 1.7 0.8 1.8 232 Pocatello, ID 1.1 0.1 1.3 2.2 233 Rocky Mount, NC 1.1 ‐0.9 ‐0.5 1.6 234 St. Louis, MO‐IL 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.6 235 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 1.0 2.2 1.7 2.0 236 Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY 1.0 0.1 0.0 1.5 237 Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC 1.0 1.8 3.2 4.1 238 Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.8 239 Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA 1.0 ‐0.3 0.5 1.4 240 Lawton, OK 1.0 ‐3.3 1.9 1.5 241 Longview, WA 1.0 0.1 ‐0.3 2.6 242 Valdosta, GA 0.9 3.3 2.8 2.2 243 Lewiston, ID‐WA 0.9 1.9 2.8 2.4 244 Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI 0.9 0.8 1.5 2.3 245 Evansville, IN‐KY 0.9 0.2 2.2 2.3 246 Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN 0.9 1.8 2.7 2.3 247 Monroe, LA 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.7 248 Huntsville, AL 0.9 2.9 2.9 2.5 249 East Stroudsburg, PA 0.9 2.2 2.8 2.4

76 Table 9: Real GMP Growth Rates (Annual average percent change) 2013- Rank 2015 2016 2017 2018 250 Springfield, IL 0.8 0.7 1.6 1.2 251 Muncie, IN 0.8 0.2 1.6 1.4 252 Worcester, MA‐CT 0.8 1.5 1.3 1.8 253 Barnstable Town, MA 0.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 254 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 0.8 1.1 2.2 2.2 255 Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA 0.8 ‐1.3 2.2 2.2 256 Greensboro‐High Point, NC 0.8 ‐0.1 1.5 2.0 257 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.7 258 Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI 0.8 0.4 1.6 2.0 259 Glens Falls, NY 0.8 ‐1.2 1.7 1.2 260 Walla Walla, WA 0.8 3.9 3.6 3.1 261 Carson City, NV 0.8 0.3 2.6 1.4 262 Cheyenne, WY 0.7 ‐2.2 1.4 0.6 263 Bangor, ME 0.7 ‐0.1 ‐0.3 1.3 264 Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA 0.7 ‐0.7 1.3 2.0 265 Columbia, MO 0.7 0.3 1.8 2.0 266 Trenton, NJ 0.7 1.3 2.2 1.9 267 Greenville, NC 0.6 ‐0.5 0.7 2.2 268 Kingston, NY 0.6 0.2 0.4 1.1 269 Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ 0.6 1.4 2.1 0.7 270 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH 0.6 ‐1.7 0.0 1.5 271 Bellingham, WA 0.6 3.2 2.7 3.6 272 Ithaca, NY 0.6 0.4 1.1 1.9 273 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 0.6 1.2 1.5 2.1 274 Gettysburg, PA 0.6 1.9 4.7 3.0 275 Lynchburg, VA 0.6 ‐2.0 1.3 2.1 276 Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL 0.5 2.8 4.0 3.1 277 California‐Lexington Park, MD 0.5 ‐0.1 ‐0.9 ‐0.7 278 Sebring, FL 0.5 4.6 6.2 4.1 279 Mobile, AL 0.5 0.8 0.8 2.0 280 Jackson, TN 0.5 1.8 1.7 2.8 281 Morristown, TN 0.4 1.6 2.1 2.8 282 Rochester, NY 0.4 0.3 ‐0.5 1.7 283 Goldsboro, NC 0.4 ‐1.6 0.4 1.4 284 Cumberland, MD‐WV 0.3 0.8 ‐0.9 0.3 285 Lewiston‐Auburn, ME 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.7 286 Dothan, AL 0.3 1.5 2.2 2.1 287 Sumter, SC 0.3 ‐0.5 0.7 2.0 288 Kokomo, IN 0.3 2.9 3.2 2.5 289 Dayton, OH 0.2 1.8 2.2 1.6 290 Gadsden, AL 0.2 1.8 2.3 1.5 291 Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI 0.2 2.2 2.0 2.1

77 Table 9: Real GMP Growth Rates (Annual average percent change) 2013- Rank 2015 2016 2017 2018 292 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 0.2 0.9 1.5 2.2 293 Champaign‐Urbana, IL 0.2 ‐0.2 0.8 1.5 294 Sherman‐Denison, TX 0.2 0.7 3.0 2.6 295 Pittsfield, MA 0.2 0.6 1.5 1.0 296 Springfield, MA 0.2 1.0 1.6 1.3 297 Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA 0.2 0.3 2.9 2.4 298 Lansing‐East Lansing, MI 0.1 2.6 2.3 2.2 299 Hammond, LA 0.1 2.7 3.5 2.6 300 Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI 0.1 1.7 1.8 2.8 301 New Haven‐Milford, CT 0.0 0.9 0.9 2.1 302 Winchester, VA‐WV 0.0 ‐0.2 2.7 2.5 303 Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV 0.0 ‐1.9 0.8 1.5 304 Hattiesburg, MS 0.0 1.2 2.3 2.8 305 Syracuse, NY 0.0 0.2 0.3 1.6 306 Tuscaloosa, AL 0.0 0.1 1.4 2.1 307 Monroe, MI 0.0 0.6 0.5 2.5 308 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA 0.0 ‐1.7 ‐1.4 1.3 309 Rockford, IL ‐0.1 ‐0.5 ‐1.2 2.5 310 Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR ‐0.1 0.1 1.4 2.0 311 Clarksville, TN‐KY ‐0.1 ‐2.2 0.4 1.7 312 Battle Creek, MI ‐0.1 0.7 1.9 2.5 313 Beckley, WV ‐0.1 ‐3.1 0.9 1.9 314 Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA ‐0.1 1.2 3.0 2.8 315 Tucson, AZ ‐0.1 1.0 1.5 2.9 316 Jonesboro, AR ‐0.2 1.4 1.8 2.2 317 Lebanon, PA ‐0.2 1.5 2.3 2.1 318 Brunswick, GA ‐0.2 5.7 0.9 1.8 319 York‐Hanover, PA ‐0.2 1.3 2.4 2.6 320 Carbondale‐Marion, IL ‐0.3 0.6 0.2 1.8 321 Fort Smith, AR‐OK ‐0.3 ‐0.9 0.1 2.1 322 Gulfport‐Biloxi‐Pascagoula, MS ‐0.3 ‐1.0 0.9 2.4 323 Saginaw, MI ‐0.3 0.5 0.2 1.3 324 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ ‐0.3 1.2 1.7 3.3 325 Fairbanks, AK ‐0.4 ‐5.7 ‐1.1 1.4 326 Utica‐Rome, NY ‐0.4 ‐0.4 0.5 0.8 327 Jackson, MS ‐0.4 0.9 1.8 2.5 328 Ocean City, NJ ‐0.4 ‐1.5 2.4 2.7 329 Columbus, GA‐AL ‐0.4 ‐0.1 1.1 1.3 330 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH ‐0.5 ‐0.9 2.1 1.6 331 Charleston, WV ‐0.5 ‐1.6 1.9 1.8 332 Norwich‐New London, CT ‐0.5 1.2 1.7 1.9 333 Erie, PA ‐0.5 ‐2.0 1.3 2.0

78 Table 9: Real GMP Growth Rates (Annual average percent change) 2013- Rank 2015 2016 2017 2018 334 Kankakee, IL ‐0.5 0.0 3.5 2.4 335 Burlington, NC ‐0.5 1.0 2.4 2.4 336 Warner Robins, GA ‐0.5 3.0 3.1 2.1 337 Mansfield, OH ‐0.6 0.8 0.3 2.1 338 Decatur, IL ‐0.6 0.0 0.7 1.4 339 Harrisonburg, VA ‐0.7 1.4 2.7 2.8 340 Yuma, AZ ‐0.7 1.4 3.4 3.3 341 Topeka, KS ‐0.8 1.6 3.0 1.3 342 Bay City, MI ‐0.9 0.1 0.1 1.7 343 Anchorage, AK ‐0.9 ‐5.9 ‐0.8 0.9 344 Jacksonville, NC ‐0.9 ‐0.2 2.8 1.2 345 Binghamton, NY ‐1.0 ‐1.1 ‐0.6 0.7 346 Montgomery, AL ‐1.0 1.6 1.5 1.6 347 Joplin, MO ‐1.0 ‐0.2 1.4 2.3 348 Springfield, OH ‐1.0 ‐1.4 1.9 2.0 349 Jackson, MI ‐1.0 1.8 1.6 2.5 350 Janesville‐Beloit, WI ‐1.1 0.9 2.5 2.3 351 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL ‐1.1 0.3 0.3 2.1 352 Racine, WI ‐1.2 ‐0.4 1.5 2.4 353 Jefferson City, MO ‐1.2 1.7 1.6 2.1 354 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA ‐1.2 ‐1.0 0.0 2.1 355 Alexandria, LA ‐1.3 0.2 ‐0.3 1.6 356 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL ‐1.3 ‐0.3 0.4 1.4 357 Elmira, NY ‐1.3 ‐3.5 ‐1.9 0.8 358 Albany, GA ‐1.3 2.3 1.2 0.7 359 Peoria, IL ‐1.3 ‐1.5 0.9 2.2 360 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN ‐1.4 ‐0.8 ‐0.4 1.8 361 Grand Island, NE ‐1.4 1.3 4.4 2.7 362 Corvallis, OR ‐1.4 1.6 1.5 3.1 363 Elizabethtown, KY ‐1.5 0.9 2.9 2.4 364 St. Joseph, MO‐KS ‐1.5 0.8 1.6 1.9 365 Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL ‐1.5 0.2 1.2 1.5 366 Duluth, MN‐WI ‐1.6 0.2 2.3 1.6 367 Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY ‐1.6 ‐1.4 0.3 0.4 368 Terre Haute, IN ‐1.7 ‐0.4 0.5 1.5 369 Decatur, AL ‐2.0 ‐0.1 0.9 2.1 370 Johnstown, PA ‐2.0 ‐1.3 1.4 1.8 371 Hot Springs, AR ‐2.1 ‐1.4 2.0 1.8 372 Fayetteville, NC ‐2.2 1.2 1.8 1.3 373 Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ ‐2.3 ‐0.5 0.5 1.4 374 Lafayette, LA ‐2.6 ‐6.8 ‐5.8 1.8 375 Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ ‐2.6 0.1 2.3 3.1

79 Table 9: Real GMP Growth Rates (Annual average percent change) 2013- Rank 2015 2016 2017 2018 376 Hinesville, GA ‐2.8 ‐1.3 1.4 1.8 377 Danville, IL ‐3.0 ‐2.4 0.0 1.2 378 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA ‐3.7 ‐10.2 ‐3.5 1.5 379 Pine Bluff, AR ‐3.9 ‐1.8 ‐1.1 0.3 380 Homosassa Springs, FL ‐4.8 1.1 2.4 3.8 381 Bloomington‐Normal, IL ‐4.9 ‐2.3 1.6 2.3

80 Table 10: Change in Metro Area Unemployment Rates (End of the Year Value, Percent) Change (level) Metropolitan Statistical Area Ranked by 2016Q4 Unemployment Rate 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015-2019 El Centro, CA 23.5 23.3 21.2 20.4 19.6 ‐3.9 Yuma, AZ 20.6 17.9 16.1 15.1 14.6 ‐6.0 Visalia‐Porterville, CA 11.1 11.0 10.1 9.5 9.2 ‐1.9 Bakersfield, CA 10.2 10.2 9.4 8.8 8.6 ‐1.5 Merced, CA 11.1 10.1 9.5 9.0 8.8 ‐2.3 Hanford‐Corcoran, CA 10.2 9.9 9.0 8.5 8.3 ‐1.9 Ocean City, NJ 10.3 9.5 7.9 7.5 7.4 ‐3.0 Fresno, CA 9.7 9.3 8.7 8.3 8.3 ‐1.5 Yuba City, CA 9.8 9.1 8.2 7.9 7.9 ‐1.9 Farmington, NM 7.6 9.1 8.1 7.1 6.3 ‐1.3 Madera, CA 9.9 8.9 8.1 7.8 7.8 ‐2.2 Modesto, CA 9.0 8.2 7.7 7.6 7.7 ‐1.3 McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX 8.0 8.0 7.5 6.7 6.6 ‐1.4 Stockton‐Lodi, CA 8.5 7.8 7.3 7.1 7.2 ‐1.3 Yakima, WA 8.3 7.8 7.4 7.3 7.3 ‐1.0 Rocky Mount, NC 7.7 7.5 6.4 6.0 5.7 ‐2.0 Longview, WA 7.6 7.4 6.3 5.9 6.0 ‐1.7 Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX 7.0 7.4 7.4 6.5 6.2 ‐0.9 Mobile, AL 7.1 7.3 5.9 5.4 5.2 ‐1.9 Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ 7.9 7.3 6.2 5.9 5.9 ‐2.1 Salinas, CA 8.0 7.3 7.1 6.8 6.7 ‐1.3 Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX 6.9 7.2 7.4 6.4 6.0 ‐0.9 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH 7.5 7.2 6.5 5.9 5.6 ‐1.9 Danville, IL 7.4 7.1 6.3 6.3 6.4 ‐1.1 Las Cruces, NM 7.3 7.1 6.7 5.8 5.3 ‐2.0 The Villages, FL 7.2 7.1 5.9 5.6 5.7 ‐1.5 Lafayette, LA 6.7 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.2 ‐1.5 Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ 7.9 6.9 5.7 5.7 5.7 ‐2.1 Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL 7.1 6.9 5.7 5.2 5.1 ‐2.0 Casper, WY 5.7 6.8 5.5 4.7 4.2 ‐1.5 Johnstown, PA 6.5 6.8 6.0 5.7 5.5 ‐1.0 Homosassa Springs, FL 6.9 6.8 5.9 5.7 5.8 ‐1.1 Kennewick‐Richland, WA 6.9 6.8 6.0 5.8 5.7 ‐1.2 Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL 7.0 6.7 5.5 5.2 5.1 ‐1.9 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA 6.0 6.7 6.2 5.4 5.2 ‐0.9 Redding, CA 7.4 6.7 5.8 5.7 5.9 ‐1.5 Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA 7.3 6.7 6.2 5.9 5.9 ‐1.4 Beckley, WV 7.5 6.6 5.3 5.1 4.9 ‐2.6 Erie, PA 5.6 6.6 5.7 5.2 5.1 ‐0.6 Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA 6.8 6.6 5.7 5.4 5.4 ‐1.5 Hammond, LA 6.8 6.6 6.3 5.8 5.6 ‐1.2

81 Table 10: Change in Metro Area Unemployment Rates (End of the Year Value, Percent) Change (level) Metropolitan Statistical Area Ranked by 2016Q4 Unemployment Rate 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015-2019 Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY 6.2 6.5 5.9 5.8 5.8 ‐0.4 Fayetteville, NC 7.0 6.5 5.7 5.4 5.3 ‐1.7 Williamsport, PA 6.4 6.4 5.6 5.2 5.0 ‐1.4 Columbus, GA‐AL 6.7 6.4 5.8 5.5 5.2 ‐1.4 Sebring, FL 6.9 6.4 5.8 5.7 5.8 ‐1.1 Rockford, IL 7.1 6.4 7.5 7.3 7.2 0.1 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA 6.5 6.4 5.9 5.3 5.2 ‐1.4 Wheeling, WV‐OH 6.6 6.4 5.6 5.1 4.9 ‐1.8 Longview, TX 5.3 6.4 5.8 4.8 4.5 ‐0.9 Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA 6.7 6.4 5.8 5.5 5.5 ‐1.2 East Stroudsburg, PA 6.1 6.3 5.8 5.4 5.3 ‐0.8 Alexandria, LA 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.4 5.1 ‐1.1 Decatur, IL 7.1 6.3 5.5 5.6 5.6 ‐1.4 Odessa, TX 5.6 6.3 5.2 4.6 4.4 ‐1.2 Corpus Christi, TX 5.5 6.3 6.2 5.3 5.0 ‐0.5 Kankakee, IL 7.1 6.3 5.3 5.6 5.7 ‐1.3 Chico, CA 6.9 6.3 5.7 5.5 5.6 ‐1.3 Peoria, IL 6.8 6.3 5.6 5.5 5.5 ‐1.4 Gadsden, AL 6.2 6.3 5.0 4.7 4.7 ‐1.5 Tuscaloosa, AL 5.9 6.3 4.8 4.3 4.2 ‐1.7 Albany, GA 6.6 6.2 5.7 5.4 5.3 ‐1.3 Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL 6.6 6.2 5.5 5.5 5.8 ‐0.8 Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA 6.0 6.2 6.2 5.8 5.7 ‐0.3 Dothan, AL 6.2 6.2 4.9 4.5 4.4 ‐1.7 Monroe, LA 6.3 6.1 5.7 5.2 5.0 ‐1.3 Albuquerque, NM 6.1 6.1 5.4 4.8 4.5 ‐1.6 Decatur, AL 6.2 6.1 4.7 4.3 4.3 ‐1.9 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ 7.5 6.1 5.5 5.3 5.2 ‐2.3 Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA 5.9 6.1 5.4 5.1 4.9 ‐1.0 Dalton, GA 6.3 6.0 5.3 4.8 4.5 ‐1.8 Grants Pass, OR 7.4 6.0 4.5 4.5 4.6 ‐2.7 Wenatchee, WA 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.1 5.1 ‐1.1 Anchorage, AK 5.7 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.5 ‐0.3 Rome, GA 6.3 6.0 5.3 5.0 4.8 ‐1.5 Goldsboro, NC 5.9 6.0 5.0 4.7 4.5 ‐1.4 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH 6.1 6.0 5.5 5.1 5.0 ‐1.2 Bellingham, WA 6.0 5.9 5.0 4.7 4.7 ‐1.3 Montgomery, AL 5.9 5.9 4.8 4.5 4.4 ‐1.4 Macon‐Bibb County, GA 6.1 5.9 5.2 4.9 4.7 ‐1.4 Hinesville, GA 5.9 5.8 5.3 5.0 4.7 ‐1.2 Birmingham‐Hoover, AL 5.6 5.8 4.6 4.2 4.1 ‐1.5

82 Table 10: Change in Metro Area Unemployment Rates (End of the Year Value, Percent) Change (level) Metropolitan Statistical Area Ranked by 2016Q4 Unemployment Rate 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015-2019 Ocala, FL 6.0 5.8 5.0 5.0 5.3 ‐0.8 Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA 5.5 5.8 5.0 4.8 4.8 ‐0.7 Cumberland, MD‐WV 6.7 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.5 ‐1.1 Johnson City, TN 5.5 5.8 4.6 4.5 4.4 ‐1.2 Flagstaff, AZ 6.3 5.8 5.2 4.7 4.4 ‐2.0 Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI 5.9 5.8 4.8 5.0 5.2 ‐0.7 Gulfport‐Biloxi‐Pascagoula, MS 6.3 5.7 5.1 5.4 5.4 ‐0.9 Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ 6.8 5.7 5.0 4.6 4.4 ‐2.4 Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV 6.3 5.7 5.2 4.8 4.5 ‐1.8 Pittsburgh, PA 5.4 5.7 4.9 4.6 4.4 ‐0.9 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 5.9 5.7 5.1 4.8 4.8 ‐1.0 Duluth, MN‐WI 5.6 5.7 4.9 4.8 4.8 ‐0.7 Fairbanks, AK 5.6 5.7 5.3 5.1 5.1 ‐0.5 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA 6.1 5.7 5.2 4.9 4.9 ‐1.2 Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL 5.9 5.7 4.9 4.7 4.8 ‐1.2 Victoria, TX 4.6 5.7 5.1 4.3 4.1 ‐0.6 Carbondale‐Marion, IL 6.2 5.6 4.9 5.0 5.2 ‐1.0 Clarksville, TN‐KY 5.7 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.8 ‐0.9 Walla Walla, WA 5.8 5.6 5.2 5.0 5.0 ‐0.9 Cleveland‐Elyria, OH 4.7 5.6 5.6 5.1 4.8 0.1 Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL 5.5 5.6 4.4 4.0 3.8 ‐1.7 Elmira, NY 5.7 5.6 5.2 5.0 4.9 ‐0.8 Morristown, TN 5.8 5.6 4.4 4.4 4.3 ‐1.5 Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI 5.4 5.6 5.1 4.7 4.7 ‐0.7 Medford, OR 6.4 5.6 4.0 3.9 4.1 ‐2.3 Carson City, NV 7.0 5.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 ‐2.7 Brunswick, GA 5.8 5.6 4.7 4.4 4.1 ‐1.7 Charleston, WV 6.1 5.5 4.9 4.6 4.5 ‐1.6 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN 6.1 5.5 4.5 4.5 4.7 ‐1.5 Salisbury, MD‐DE 6.1 5.5 5.3 4.9 4.8 ‐1.3 Warner Robins, GA 5.9 5.5 5.0 4.7 4.5 ‐1.4 Canton‐Massillon, OH 5.5 5.5 4.9 4.6 4.6 ‐0.9 Greenville, NC 5.9 5.5 5.0 4.8 4.8 ‐1.2 Athens‐Clarke County, GA 5.3 5.5 4.6 4.4 4.2 ‐1.1 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA 5.3 5.5 4.5 4.4 4.2 ‐1.0 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.8 4.8 ‐0.9 Flint, MI 5.6 5.5 4.9 4.5 4.6 ‐0.9 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX 4.9 5.5 5.1 4.4 4.2 ‐0.7 Huntsville, AL 5.4 5.5 4.3 4.0 3.9 ‐1.6 Jacksonville, NC 5.8 5.5 4.9 4.6 4.4 ‐1.4 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 6.0 5.5 4.9 4.7 4.6 ‐1.5

83 Table 10: Change in Metro Area Unemployment Rates (End of the Year Value, Percent) Change (level) Metropolitan Statistical Area Ranked by 2016Q4 Unemployment Rate 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015-2019 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 5.3 5.4 4.5 4.2 4.1 ‐1.2 Bay City, MI 5.3 5.4 4.6 4.1 4.1 ‐1.2 Myrtle Beach‐North Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐NC 6.8 5.4 4.9 4.6 4.5 ‐2.2 Mansfield, OH 5.5 5.4 5.1 4.7 4.8 ‐0.7 Muskegon, MI 5.4 5.4 4.4 4.0 4.1 ‐1.4 New Bern, NC 5.7 5.4 4.6 4.4 4.3 ‐1.4 Port St. Lucie, FL 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.9 5.2 ‐0.4 Binghamton, NY 5.5 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.0 ‐0.5 New Orleans‐Metairie, LA 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.7 4.6 ‐1.1 Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA 5.8 5.4 4.8 4.7 4.8 ‐1.0 Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY 5.1 5.3 4.8 4.6 4.6 ‐0.5 Altoona, PA 5.0 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.5 ‐0.5 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ 5.0 5.3 4.7 4.4 4.3 ‐0.7 Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV 6.5 5.3 4.6 4.5 4.5 ‐2.0 Punta Gorda, FL 5.6 5.3 4.7 4.8 5.2 ‐0.4 Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA 5.3 5.3 4.8 4.4 4.3 ‐1.0 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL 5.8 5.3 4.6 4.4 4.3 ‐1.4 Santa Fe, NM 5.4 5.3 4.8 3.9 3.4 ‐2.0 Jackson, TN 5.5 5.3 4.5 4.5 4.4 ‐1.1 Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL 5.5 5.2 4.6 4.6 4.8 ‐0.6 Pine Bluff, AR 6.1 5.2 5.4 5.9 6.1 0.0 Springfield, OH 5.1 5.2 4.5 4.3 4.3 ‐0.7 Baton Rouge, LA 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.5 ‐0.6 Chattanooga, TN‐GA 5.1 5.2 4.3 4.2 4.2 ‐0.9 Greensboro‐High Point, NC 5.7 5.2 4.6 4.4 4.4 ‐1.4 Saginaw, MI 5.3 5.2 4.6 4.2 4.2 ‐1.1 Valdosta, GA 5.5 5.2 4.5 4.2 4.0 ‐1.5 Albany, OR 6.4 5.2 4.2 4.0 4.0 ‐2.4 Sumter, SC 6.5 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.1 ‐1.5 Savannah, GA 5.3 5.2 4.4 4.2 4.0 ‐1.3 Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA 4.9 5.2 4.3 4.0 3.9 ‐1.0 Syracuse, NY 5.1 5.2 4.5 4.3 4.2 ‐0.9 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA 5.3 5.1 4.4 4.2 4.0 ‐1.3 Racine, WI 5.5 5.1 4.1 4.8 5.0 ‐0.5 Akron, OH 4.9 5.1 4.5 4.3 4.3 ‐0.6 Lima, OH 4.7 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.5 ‐0.3 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL 5.2 5.1 4.4 4.1 4.1 ‐1.1 Utica‐Rome, NY 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.6 ‐0.5 Hattiesburg, MS 5.7 5.1 4.5 4.7 4.8 ‐0.9 Reading, PA 4.8 5.1 4.4 4.2 4.1 ‐0.6 Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL 5.6 5.1 4.4 4.3 4.4 ‐1.1

84 Table 10: Change in Metro Area Unemployment Rates (End of the Year Value, Percent) Change (level) Metropolitan Statistical Area Ranked by 2016Q4 Unemployment Rate 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015-2019 El Paso, TX 5.1 5.1 4.9 4.8 4.9 ‐0.1 Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.5 4.5 ‐1.0 Terre Haute, IN 5.9 5.1 4.3 4.4 4.6 ‐1.3 Muncie, IN 5.5 5.0 4.4 4.5 4.6 ‐0.9 Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.5 ‐0.9 Champaign‐Urbana, IL 5.4 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.6 ‐0.9 Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI 4.9 5.0 4.2 3.8 3.8 ‐1.1 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.1 4.1 ‐1.0 Bloomington‐Normal, IL 5.2 5.0 4.2 4.3 4.3 ‐0.9 Glens Falls, NY 4.9 5.0 4.5 4.4 4.4 ‐0.6 Toledo, OH 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.3 4.4 ‐0.5 Rochester, NY 4.8 5.0 4.4 4.2 4.2 ‐0.6 Tulsa, OK 4.4 4.9 4.0 3.7 3.5 ‐1.0 Knoxville, TN 4.8 4.9 4.1 4.0 4.0 ‐0.8 Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.5 ‐0.7 Cleveland, TN 4.7 4.9 4.3 4.3 4.2 ‐0.5 Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC 5.4 4.9 4.2 4.0 4.2 ‐1.2 New Haven‐Milford, CT 6.0 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.6 ‐1.3 Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL 5.1 4.9 4.1 3.9 4.0 ‐1.1 Winston‐Salem, NC 5.3 4.9 4.2 4.0 4.0 ‐1.3 Laredo, TX 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.0 3.9 ‐1.1 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 4.9 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.7 ‐0.2 Eugene, OR 5.4 4.8 3.9 3.8 3.9 ‐1.5 Dayton, OH 4.7 4.8 4.1 3.9 4.0 ‐0.8 Wichita, KS 4.4 4.8 3.7 3.3 3.2 ‐1.2 Wilmington, NC 5.4 4.8 4.2 4.0 4.0 ‐1.4 Florence, SC 6.3 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 ‐1.7 Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA 5.4 4.8 4.3 4.2 4.3 ‐1.2 Salem, OR 5.6 4.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 ‐2.0 Texarkana, TX‐AR 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.5 4.4 ‐0.2 Jacksonville, FL 5.0 4.8 3.9 3.7 3.8 ‐1.2 Grand Junction, CO 5.6 4.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 ‐1.8 Jackson, MS 5.3 4.8 4.4 4.6 4.6 ‐0.7 Burlington, NC 5.2 4.8 4.2 3.9 3.9 ‐1.4 Battle Creek, MI 4.8 4.7 4.1 3.7 3.8 ‐1.0 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 5.2 4.7 4.1 3.9 3.9 ‐1.3 Jackson, MI 4.8 4.7 4.1 3.7 3.8 ‐1.1 Midland, MI 4.6 4.7 4.0 3.5 3.5 ‐1.0 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 5.6 4.7 4.4 4.4 4.5 ‐1.1 Tallahassee, FL 5.0 4.7 4.0 3.8 3.8 ‐1.2 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL 4.4 4.7 3.9 3.7 3.7 ‐0.7

85 Table 10: Change in Metro Area Unemployment Rates (End of the Year Value, Percent) Change (level) Metropolitan Statistical Area Ranked by 2016Q4 Unemployment Rate 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015-2019 Panama City, FL 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.2 4.3 ‐0.6 Dover, DE 5.1 4.7 4.5 4.2 4.1 ‐1.1 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA 4.9 4.7 4.0 3.9 3.9 ‐1.0 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 4.8 4.7 4.1 4.1 4.4 ‐0.4 Prescott, AZ 5.3 4.7 4.2 3.8 3.6 ‐1.7 Springfield, IL 5.3 4.7 4.3 4.5 4.6 ‐0.7 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 4.9 4.7 3.9 3.7 3.7 ‐1.2 Tucson, AZ 5.2 4.6 4.3 4.1 4.0 ‐1.2 Lynchburg, VA 4.6 4.6 4.0 3.9 3.8 ‐0.8 Lake Charles, LA 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.1 4.0 ‐1.0 York‐Hanover, PA 4.5 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.8 ‐0.6 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 4.7 4.6 3.8 3.7 3.8 ‐0.9 Bend‐Redmond, OR 5.4 4.6 3.6 3.5 3.6 ‐1.8 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC 4.6 4.6 4.0 3.9 3.9 ‐0.7 Coeur d`Alene, ID 5.1 4.5 3.8 3.6 3.6 ‐1.6 Kingston, NY 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 ‐0.2 San Angelo, TX 4.3 4.5 4.1 3.5 3.4 ‐0.9 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 4.8 4.5 3.7 3.5 3.6 ‐1.2 Tyler, TX 4.4 4.5 4.3 3.8 3.6 ‐0.8 Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC 4.9 4.5 3.8 3.6 3.4 ‐1.4 Elizabethtown, KY 5.0 4.5 4.9 4.9 5.0 0.1 Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA 4.2 4.5 3.9 3.7 3.7 ‐0.5 Reno, NV 5.9 4.5 3.8 3.7 3.7 ‐2.1 Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA 4.3 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.0 ‐0.3 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 5.0 4.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 ‐1.4 Fort Smith, AR‐OK 5.1 4.5 4.1 4.1 4.1 ‐1.0 Gainesville, GA 4.6 4.5 3.9 3.7 3.6 ‐1.0 Lawton, OK 4.3 4.5 4.0 3.6 3.4 ‐0.9 Lebanon, PA 4.4 4.5 3.9 3.7 3.6 ‐0.7 Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI 4.8 4.5 3.6 4.1 4.0 ‐0.8 Owensboro, KY 4.8 4.5 4.8 4.8 4.9 0.1 San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA 4.9 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.9 ‐1.0 Killeen‐Temple, TX 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.9 3.8 ‐0.7 Pueblo, CO 5.2 4.5 3.9 4.0 4.1 ‐1.1 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 4.7 4.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 ‐1.0 St. Louis, MO‐IL 4.7 4.4 4.0 4.0 4.0 ‐0.7 Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT 5.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 ‐1.2 Janesville‐Beloit, WI 4.9 4.4 4.3 4.8 4.9 0.1 Midland, TX 4.0 4.4 3.8 3.4 3.3 ‐0.7 Wichita Falls, TX 4.5 4.4 4.2 3.7 3.6 ‐0.8 Morgantown, WV 4.8 4.4 3.7 3.5 3.3 ‐1.5

86 Table 10: Change in Metro Area Unemployment Rates (End of the Year Value, Percent) Change (level) Metropolitan Statistical Area Ranked by 2016Q4 Unemployment Rate 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015-2019 Raleigh, NC 4.7 4.4 3.8 3.6 3.5 ‐1.2 Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI 4.3 4.4 3.7 3.3 3.4 ‐1.0 Norwich‐New London, CT 5.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 ‐1.3 Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD 4.9 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.9 ‐1.0 Gainesville, FL 4.4 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.6 ‐0.7 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV 4.8 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.9 ‐0.9 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ 5.0 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.8 ‐1.2 Hot Springs, AR 4.8 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.5 ‐0.3 Joplin, MO 3.9 4.3 3.6 3.4 3.3 ‐0.7 Kansas City, MO‐KS 4.3 4.3 3.7 3.5 3.5 ‐0.8 Bangor, ME 4.4 4.3 3.5 3.7 3.7 ‐0.7 Bloomington, IN 5.0 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 ‐1.3 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.7 3.7 ‐0.7 Kokomo, IN 4.8 4.3 3.7 3.9 4.1 ‐0.7 Ithaca, NY 4.2 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.8 ‐0.4 Spartanburg, SC 5.5 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 ‐1.3 Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA 4.3 4.3 3.5 3.3 3.2 ‐1.1 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA 4.8 4.3 3.7 3.7 3.8 ‐1.0 Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT 5.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 ‐1.0 State College, PA 4.0 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.5 ‐0.5 Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY 4.2 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.5 ‐0.7 Oklahoma City, OK 3.8 4.2 3.5 3.3 3.2 ‐0.7 Asheville, NC 4.5 4.2 3.6 3.4 3.4 ‐1.1 Lancaster, PA 4.0 4.2 3.5 3.3 3.3 ‐0.7 Richmond, VA 4.3 4.2 3.7 3.6 3.5 ‐0.7 St. Cloud, MN 3.8 4.2 3.7 3.6 3.7 0.0 Columbus, OH 4.2 4.2 3.5 3.4 3.4 ‐0.7 Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC 5.0 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.7 ‐1.2 Monroe, MI 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.7 3.7 ‐0.5 Topeka, KS 4.0 4.2 3.4 3.3 3.3 ‐0.6 Columbia, SC 5.2 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.5 ‐1.7 Napa, CA 4.6 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.7 ‐0.9 Waco, TX 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.6 3.5 ‐0.5 Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 ‐0.3 Trenton, NJ 4.4 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.5 ‐1.0 Abilene, TX 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.4 3.3 ‐0.6 St. Joseph, MO‐KS 4.1 4.1 3.6 3.3 3.3 ‐0.8 Roanoke, VA 4.1 4.1 3.6 3.4 3.4 ‐0.7 San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA 4.5 4.1 3.6 3.5 3.5 ‐1.0 Lansing‐East Lansing, MI 4.2 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.4 ‐0.7 Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN 4.2 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.5 ‐0.7

87 Table 10: Change in Metro Area Unemployment Rates (End of the Year Value, Percent) Change (level) Metropolitan Statistical Area Ranked by 2016Q4 Unemployment Rate 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015-2019 Gettysburg, PA 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.3 3.3 ‐0.7 Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL 4.2 4.0 3.4 3.4 3.6 ‐0.6 Evansville, IN‐KY 4.2 4.0 3.4 3.4 3.5 ‐0.8 Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA 4.0 4.0 3.3 3.2 3.2 ‐0.8 California‐Lexington Park, MD 4.7 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.9 ‐0.8 Eau Claire, WI 4.2 4.0 3.0 3.4 3.6 ‐0.6 Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC 4.9 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.3 ‐1.6 Fort Wayne, IN 4.4 3.9 3.3 3.3 3.4 ‐1.1 Springfield, MO 4.0 3.9 3.3 3.0 3.0 ‐1.0 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.6 ‐0.4 Harrisonburg, VA 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.3 ‐0.9 Green Bay, WI 4.1 3.9 3.0 3.6 3.7 ‐0.4 Springfield, MA 5.5 3.9 4.5 4.4 4.4 ‐1.1 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.5 ‐0.3 Sherman‐Denison, TX 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.3 ‐0.7 Great Falls, MT 4.2 3.9 3.3 3.2 3.2 ‐1.0 Cheyenne, WY 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.1 2.9 ‐1.2 Santa Rosa, CA 4.3 3.9 3.3 3.2 3.3 ‐1.0 Lewiston, ID‐WA 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.4 ‐0.7 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.4 ‐0.8 Barnstable Town, MA 5.7 3.8 4.0 3.9 4.0 ‐1.6 Bowling Green, KY 4.7 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.2 ‐0.5 Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN 4.3 3.8 3.2 3.1 3.1 ‐1.2 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 3.4 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.4 0.0 Lawrence, KS 3.5 3.7 3.0 2.8 2.8 ‐0.6 Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI 4.1 3.7 3.1 3.6 3.7 ‐0.4 San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.3 ‐0.8 Charleston‐North Charleston, SC 4.8 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.2 ‐1.6 Wausau, WI 4.0 3.7 2.9 3.4 3.5 ‐0.5 Corvallis, OR 4.0 3.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 ‐1.3 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 3.9 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.8 ‐0.1 College Station‐Bryan, TX 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.0 3.0 ‐0.6 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.4 ‐0.6 Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN 4.2 3.7 3.2 3.1 3.1 ‐1.1 Winchester, VA‐WV 3.9 3.7 3.2 3.1 3.0 ‐0.9 Jefferson City, MO 3.8 3.7 3.1 2.9 2.9 ‐0.8 Missoula, MT 3.9 3.7 3.2 3.0 3.0 ‐0.9 Appleton, WI 3.8 3.6 2.9 3.4 3.5 ‐0.4 Cedar Rapids, IA 3.8 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.1 ‐0.8 Manhattan, KS 3.1 3.6 2.8 2.6 2.7 ‐0.5 Pittsfield, MA 5.1 3.6 4.2 4.1 4.0 ‐1.1

88 Table 10: Change in Metro Area Unemployment Rates (End of the Year Value, Percent) Change (level) Metropolitan Statistical Area Ranked by 2016Q4 Unemployment Rate 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015-2019 Billings, MT 3.5 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.8 ‐0.7 Charlottesville, VA 3.7 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.1 ‐0.6 Lewiston‐Auburn, ME 3.7 3.6 2.9 3.0 3.0 ‐0.7 Lexington‐Fayette, KY 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.7 ‐0.3 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 3.4 3.6 3.1 3.0 3.0 ‐0.5 Worcester, MA‐CT 4.9 3.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 ‐0.9 Ann Arbor, MI 3.5 3.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 ‐0.6 Boise City, ID 4.0 3.6 2.9 2.8 3.0 ‐1.0 Sheboygan, WI 3.7 3.6 2.9 3.2 3.3 ‐0.4 Fond du Lac, WI 4.0 3.5 2.8 3.2 3.4 ‐0.6 Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI 3.5 3.5 2.7 2.8 2.8 ‐0.7 Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR 3.9 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.6 ‐0.3 Lubbock, TX 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.1 2.9 ‐0.5 Rochester, MN 3.1 3.5 3.0 2.9 3.0 ‐0.1 St. George, UT 4.1 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 ‐0.5 Dubuque, IA 3.8 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.7 ‐1.1 Grand Island, NE 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 ‐0.1 Pocatello, ID 3.8 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.9 ‐0.9 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 3.3 3.4 2.9 3.0 3.0 ‐0.4 Jonesboro, AR 4.0 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.7 ‐0.3 Austin‐Round Rock, TX 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.1 ‐0.2 Colorado Springs, CO 4.2 3.4 2.9 3.0 3.1 ‐1.1 Amarillo, TX 3.1 3.4 3.3 2.8 2.7 ‐0.4 Columbus, IN 3.6 3.3 2.5 2.5 2.6 ‐1.0 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 2.8 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.7 ‐0.1 Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA 3.5 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.7 ‐0.7 Columbia, MO 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.6 ‐0.6 Ogden‐Clearfield, UT 3.7 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 ‐0.5 Portland‐South Portland, ME 3.2 3.1 2.4 2.7 2.8 ‐0.4 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 3.6 3.1 2.7 2.9 3.1 ‐0.5 Idaho Falls, ID 3.4 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.6 ‐0.9 Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.3 ‐0.1 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 ‐0.1 Rapid City, SD 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.1 Salt Lake City, UT 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 ‐0.3 Greeley, CO 3.7 3.0 2.4 2.6 2.7 ‐1.0 Logan, UT‐ID 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 ‐0.3 Madison, WI 3.2 3.0 2.7 3.1 3.1 ‐0.1 Lincoln, NE 2.8 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 ‐0.3 Provo‐Orem, UT 3.3 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 ‐0.3 Manchester‐Nashua, NH 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.3 0.1

89 Table 10: Change in Metro Area Unemployment Rates (End of the Year Value, Percent) Change (level) Metropolitan Statistical Area Ranked by 2016Q4 Unemployment Rate 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015-2019 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 ‐0.2 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO 3.4 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.6 ‐0.8 Bismarck, ND 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.2 0.7 Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH 3.9 2.8 3.4 3.3 3.3 ‐0.6 Urban Honolulu, HI 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9 ‐0.1 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.6 ‐0.2 Fargo, ND‐MN 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 0.3 Iowa City, IA 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 ‐0.3 Fort Collins, CO 3.1 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.4 ‐0.7 Boulder, CO 2.9 2.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 ‐0.6 Sioux Falls, SD 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 0.2 Ames, IA 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.1 ‐0.4

90 Table 11: Return to Peak Employment (Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession) Pre-Recession Job Losses Return to Peak Peak (thous.) Decline (%) Abilene, TX 2008Q3 ‐3.0 ‐4.3 2016Q4 Akron, OH 2008Q1 ‐27.6 ‐8.0 2018Q4 Albany, GA 2007Q1 ‐4.5 ‐6.9 Past 2022Q4 Albany, OR 2008Q1 ‐4.9 ‐11.2 2016Q2 Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY 2008Q2 ‐17.3 ‐3.9 2014Q3 Albuquerque, NM 2008Q2 ‐29.1 ‐7.3 2019Q4 Alexandria, LA 2008Q1 ‐5.1 ‐7.6 Past 2022Q4 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ 2007Q4 ‐14.1 ‐4.1 2013Q1 Altoona, PA 2007Q4 ‐3.2 ‐5.1 Past 2022Q4 Amarillo, TX 2008Q3 ‐4.3 ‐3.7 2013Q4 Ames, IA 2008Q4 ‐1.5 ‐3.0 2012Q1 Anchorage, AK 2008Q3 ‐1.2 ‐0.7 2010Q3 Ann Arbor, MI 2007Q1 ‐10.0 ‐4.9 2012Q3 Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL 2007Q1 ‐7.8 ‐14.5 Past 2022Q4 Appleton, WI 2008Q3 ‐5.6 ‐4.6 2014Q2 Asheville, NC 2008Q1 ‐12.3 ‐6.9 2014Q4 Athens‐Clarke County, GA 2008Q1 ‐7.2 ‐7.8 2015Q4 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA 2007Q3 ‐203.9 ‐8.3 2014Q2 Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ 2007Q1 ‐15.6 ‐10.3 Past 2022Q4 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 2007Q3 ‐3.2 ‐5.8 2012Q3 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 2008Q2 ‐9.0 ‐4.1 2014Q1 Austin‐Round Rock, TX 2008Q3 ‐21.8 ‐2.8 2010Q4 Bakersfield, CA 2008Q2 ‐14.9 ‐6.1 2012Q2 Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD 2008Q1 ‐59.8 ‐4.5 2012Q4 Bangor, ME 2008Q2 ‐4.0 ‐5.3 Past 2022Q4 Barnstable Town, MA 2007Q2 ‐4.9 ‐5.1 2014Q2 Baton Rouge, LA 2007Q4 ‐14.1 ‐3.7 2013Q1 Battle Creek, MI 2007Q2 ‐4.2 ‐7.1 2015Q1 Bay City, MI 2007Q3 ‐2.4 ‐6.3 Past 2022Q4 Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX 2008Q3 ‐9.7 ‐5.7 2022Q2 Beckley, WV 2008Q4 ‐2.1 ‐4.2 2011Q2 Bellingham, WA 2008Q1 ‐7.0 ‐8.1 2014Q4 Bend‐Redmond, OR 2007Q1 ‐11.1 ‐15.4 2015Q1 Billings, MT 2008Q1 ‐5.0 ‐6.1 2013Q1 Binghamton, NY 2008Q3 ‐10.8 ‐9.4 Past 2022Q4 Birmingham‐Hoover, AL 2007Q1 ‐44.3 ‐8.3 2020Q2 Bismarck, ND 2009Q4 ‐0.1 ‐0.2 2010Q2 Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA 2008Q2 ‐4.5 ‐5.9 2013Q2 Bloomington, IN 2008Q3 ‐3.6 ‐4.6 2017Q4 Bloomington‐Normal, IL 2008Q3 ‐4.0 ‐4.1 2021Q3 Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA 2008Q3 ‐1.3 ‐3.2 2011Q4 Boise City, ID 2007Q1 ‐25.7 ‐9.2 2014Q1

91 Table 11: Return to Peak Employment (Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession) Pre-Recession Job Losses Return to Peak Peak (thous.) Decline (%) Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH 2008Q2 ‐100.4 ‐4.0 2012Q3 Boulder, CO 2008Q2 ‐10.9 ‐6.4 2012Q4 Bowling Green, KY 2008Q1 ‐5.1 ‐7.4 2013Q1 Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA 2008Q1 ‐4.6 ‐5.2 2015Q3 Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT 2008Q1 ‐32.8 ‐7.4 2018Q3 Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX 2008Q1 ‐2.5 ‐2.0 2010Q3 Brunswick, GA 2008Q1 ‐6.3 ‐13.7 Past 2022Q4 Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY 2008Q3 ‐18.5 ‐3.4 2015Q1 Burlington, NC 2007Q3 ‐6.8 ‐10.9 2020Q2 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 2008Q1 ‐3.7 ‐3.1 2011Q2 California‐Lexington Park, MD 2009Q4 ‐0.6 ‐1.4 2010Q2 Canton‐Massillon, OH 2007Q4 ‐15.2 ‐8.8 2021Q2 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 2007Q1 ‐38.2 ‐16.3 2014Q4 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL 2007Q2 ‐3.2 ‐7.0 Past 2022Q4 Carbondale‐Marion, IL 2007Q1 ‐2.4 ‐4.2 2015Q2 Carson City, NV 2007Q1 ‐5.8 ‐17.3 Past 2022Q4 Casper, WY 2008Q4 ‐3.7 ‐9.0 2012Q2 Cedar Rapids, IA 2008Q4 ‐4.0 ‐2.8 2012Q1 Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA 2008Q2 ‐4.7 ‐7.9 2019Q1 Champaign‐Urbana, IL 2008Q3 ‐10.0 ‐8.8 Past 2022Q4 Charleston, WV 2008Q4 ‐4.3 ‐3.4 Past 2022Q4 Charleston‐North Charleston, SC 2008Q1 ‐20.6 ‐6.8 2012Q2 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 2007Q4 ‐88.9 ‐8.6 2013Q3 Charlottesville, VA 2007Q4 ‐4.8 ‐4.5 2014Q2 Chattanooga, TN‐GA 2008Q1 ‐22.6 ‐9.1 2016Q1 Cheyenne, WY 2008Q2 ‐1.9 ‐4.3 2013Q1 Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI 2008Q1 ‐331.2 ‐7.3 2015Q2 Chico, CA 2007Q1 ‐7.6 ‐9.9 2015Q3 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 2007Q4 ‐70.1 ‐6.7 2015Q1 Clarksville, TN‐KY 2007Q1 ‐4.4 ‐5.3 2012Q1 Cleveland, TN 2007Q1 ‐3.7 ‐8.8 2012Q2 Cleveland‐Elyria, OH 2007Q1 ‐87.9 ‐8.2 2020Q1 Coeur d`Alene, ID 2008Q3 ‐5.4 ‐9.3 2014Q3 College Station‐Bryan, TX 2009Q1 ‐1.2 ‐1.2 2010Q1 Colorado Springs, CO 2007Q4 ‐16.1 ‐6.1 2014Q2 Columbia, MO 2008Q3 ‐2.2 ‐2.4 2011Q2 Columbia, SC 2008Q1 ‐25.2 ‐6.8 2014Q1 Columbus, GA‐AL 2008Q2 ‐5.2 ‐4.3 2020Q2 Columbus, IN 2008Q2 ‐5.1 ‐11.0 2011Q4 Columbus, OH 2008Q1 ‐49.0 ‐5.1 2012Q2 Corpus Christi, TX 2008Q2 ‐7.9 ‐4.3 2012Q2 Corvallis, OR 2008Q2 ‐1.9 ‐4.8 2011Q4

92 Table 11: Return to Peak Employment (Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession) Pre-Recession Job Losses Return to Peak Peak (thous.) Decline (%) Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL 2007Q1 ‐10.3 ‐9.5 2015Q4 Cumberland, MD‐WV 2008Q1 ‐0.6 ‐1.5 2010Q3 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX 2008Q2 ‐150.7 ‐4.9 2012Q1 Dalton, GA 2007Q1 ‐15.4 ‐19.5 Past 2022Q4 Danville, IL 2007Q2 ‐2.6 ‐8.2 Past 2022Q4 Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL 2008Q1 ‐6.3 ‐9.4 2014Q2 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL 2008Q1 ‐12.9 ‐6.8 Past 2022Q4 Dayton, OH 2007Q1 ‐34.6 ‐8.8 Past 2022Q4 Decatur, AL 2008Q1 ‐6.5 ‐11.0 Past 2022Q4 Decatur, IL 2008Q4 ‐3.7 ‐6.7 Past 2022Q4 Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL 2007Q2 ‐19.4 ‐10.2 2016Q1 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO 2008Q2 ‐70.0 ‐5.6 2012Q4 Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA 2008Q3 ‐12.9 ‐4.0 2012Q3 Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI 2007Q1 ‐255.1 ‐12.9 2016Q3 Dothan, AL 2007Q1 ‐7.4 ‐11.6 Past 2022Q4 Dover, DE 2008Q1 ‐4.5 ‐6.7 2015Q2 Dubuque, IA 2008Q1 ‐1.9 ‐3.5 2010Q4 Duluth, MN‐WI 2008Q1 ‐6.7 ‐5.0 2014Q3 Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC 2008Q2 ‐14.5 ‐5.1 2013Q3 East Stroudsburg, PA 2008Q1 ‐7.3 ‐11.7 Past 2022Q4 Eau Claire, WI 2008Q1 ‐5.3 ‐6.3 2015Q1 El Centro, CA 2008Q3 ‐2.5 ‐5.0 2013Q3 El Paso, TX 2008Q1 ‐7.2 ‐2.5 2011Q2 Elizabethtown, KY 2008Q1 ‐3.7 ‐7.0 2012Q4 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 2007Q2 ‐35.0 ‐26.8 2016Q1 Elmira, NY 2007Q4 ‐2.4 ‐5.9 Past 2022Q4 Erie, PA 2007Q2 ‐8.7 ‐6.5 Past 2022Q4 Eugene, OR 2008Q1 ‐17.0 ‐10.8 2017Q1 Evansville, IN‐KY 2007Q1 ‐8.7 ‐5.6 2014Q4 Fairbanks, AK 2008Q2 ‐0.7 ‐1.8 2010Q2 Fargo, ND‐MN 2008Q4 ‐1.9 ‐1.5 2011Q1 Farmington, NM 2008Q3 ‐5.0 ‐9.4 Past 2022Q4 Fayetteville, NC 2008Q4 ‐2.3 ‐1.8 2020Q2 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO 2007Q4 ‐10.6 ‐5.1 2012Q3 Flagstaff, AZ 2008Q1 ‐5.3 ‐8.0 2016Q3 Flint, MI 2007Q1 ‐18.7 ‐12.3 Past 2022Q4 Florence, SC 2007Q4 ‐8.7 ‐9.8 2017Q1 Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL 2007Q1 ‐3.4 ‐6.0 2018Q3 Fond du Lac, WI 2007Q4 ‐4.6 ‐9.3 2017Q4 Fort Collins, CO 2008Q3 ‐5.7 ‐4.1 2012Q1 Fort Smith, AR‐OK 2007Q4 ‐11.1 ‐9.1 Past 2022Q4 Fort Wayne, IN 2007Q1 ‐21.0 ‐9.6 2016Q4

93 Table 11: Return to Peak Employment (Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession) Pre-Recession Job Losses Return to Peak Peak (thous.) Decline (%) Fresno, CA 2007Q3 ‐28.7 ‐9.0 2015Q1 Gadsden, AL 2008Q1 ‐3.2 ‐8.3 2017Q1 Gainesville, FL 2007Q4 ‐8.3 ‐6.1 2015Q3 Gainesville, GA 2008Q1 ‐8.1 ‐10.2 2014Q2 Gettysburg, PA 2007Q2 ‐3.2 ‐9.1 2017Q4 Glens Falls, NY 2007Q4 ‐2.7 ‐4.7 2017Q2 Goldsboro, NC 2008Q1 ‐3.2 ‐7.0 Past 2022Q4 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 2008Q1 ‐1.4 ‐2.6 2011Q4 Grand Island, NE 2008Q4 ‐1.4 ‐3.4 2012Q3 Grand Junction, CO 2008Q3 ‐7.9 ‐11.9 2022Q1 Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI 2007Q1 ‐46.3 ‐9.4 2012Q4 Grants Pass, OR 2007Q1 ‐3.3 ‐12.8 2016Q4 Great Falls, MT 2008Q1 ‐1.1 ‐3.0 2013Q3 Greeley, CO 2008Q2 ‐5.9 ‐7.1 2012Q1 Green Bay, WI 2007Q3 ‐6.9 ‐4.0 2013Q4 Greensboro‐High Point, NC 2007Q2 ‐36.9 ‐9.9 2020Q2 Greenville, NC 2008Q1 ‐3.7 ‐4.8 2013Q3 Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC 2008Q1 ‐33.4 ‐8.7 2013Q4 Gulfport‐Biloxi, MS 2008Q2 ‐11.0 ‐6.8 Past 2022Q4 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV 2007Q4 ‐6.3 ‐6.1 2013Q1 Hammond, LA 2008Q1 ‐1.9 ‐4.2 2015Q4 Hanford‐Corcoran, CA 2008Q4 ‐2.6 ‐6.6 2017Q2 Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA 2008Q2 ‐15.4 ‐4.6 2015Q3 Harrisonburg, VA 2007Q2 ‐3.2 ‐4.9 2014Q2 Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT 2008Q1 ‐40.7 ‐6.3 2018Q1 Hattiesburg, MS 2007Q3 ‐3.2 ‐5.2 2015Q1 Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC 2007Q1 ‐20.9 ‐12.9 Past 2022Q4 Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC 2007Q4 ‐9.7 ‐12.9 2015Q3 Hinesville, GA 2008Q4 ‐0.5 ‐2.7 2010Q4 Homosassa Springs, FL 2007Q1 ‐5.1 ‐13.3 Past 2022Q4 Hot Springs, AR 2008Q1 ‐2.4 ‐6.0 2022Q2 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA 2008Q4 ‐7.4 ‐7.5 2013Q1 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX 2008Q4 ‐109.2 ‐4.1 2011Q4 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH 2008Q3 ‐8.1 ‐5.5 Past 2022Q4 Huntsville, AL 2008Q2 ‐7.2 ‐3.4 2014Q3 Idaho Falls, ID 2008Q2 ‐3.4 ‐5.7 2015Q1 Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN 2008Q3 ‐52.2 ‐5.5 2012Q3 Iowa City, IA 2008Q3 ‐2.0 ‐2.2 2011Q1 Ithaca, NY 2008Q2 ‐0.8 ‐1.4 2010Q2 Jackson, MI 2007Q1 ‐6.5 ‐11.0 2021Q3 Jackson, MS 2007Q4 ‐13.1 ‐4.8 2014Q4 Jackson, TN 2007Q3 ‐5.4 ‐8.3 2014Q4

94 Table 11: Return to Peak Employment (Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession) Pre-Recession Job Losses Return to Peak Peak (thous.) Decline (%) Jacksonville, FL 2007Q2 ‐57.1 ‐9.0 2014Q4 Jacksonville, NC 2009Q3 ‐0.4 ‐0.8 2010Q1 Janesville‐Beloit, WI 2007Q4 ‐9.2 ‐13.2 2019Q3 Jefferson City, MO 2008Q1 ‐4.3 ‐5.4 Past 2022Q4 Johnson City, TN 2008Q1 ‐5.2 ‐6.5 2020Q2 Johnstown, PA 2008Q1 ‐2.8 ‐4.6 Past 2022Q4 Jonesboro, AR 2008Q2 ‐1.2 ‐2.5 2011Q2 Joplin, MO 2008Q3 ‐2.8 ‐3.5 2013Q2 Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI 2008Q1 ‐8.2 ‐11.3 2015Q2 Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI 2007Q1 ‐11.3 ‐7.8 2016Q3 Kankakee, IL 2008Q1 ‐2.2 ‐4.9 2013Q4 Kansas City, MO‐KS 2008Q1 ‐55.2 ‐5.4 2014Q2 Kennewick‐Richland, WA 2009Q4 0.0 0.0 2010Q1 Killeen‐Temple, TX 2008Q3 ‐2.0 ‐1.6 2010Q2 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA 2008Q2 ‐7.5 ‐6.1 2021Q2 Kingston, NY 2007Q1 ‐4.3 ‐6.7 Past 2022Q4 Knoxville, TN 2008Q1 ‐20.6 ‐5.5 2014Q2 Kokomo, IN 2007Q2 ‐9.6 ‐22.4 2018Q2 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 2008Q1 ‐3.0 ‐3.9 2012Q4 Lafayette, LA 2008Q4 ‐12.0 ‐5.5 2012Q2 Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN 2008Q3 ‐6.2 ‐6.4 2012Q3 Lake Charles, LA 2008Q3 ‐7.6 ‐8.0 2013Q4 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ 2007Q1 ‐10.2 ‐18.6 Past 2022Q4 Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL 2007Q2 ‐21.3 ‐10.1 2016Q1 Lancaster, PA 2008Q1 ‐13.7 ‐5.7 2014Q3 Lansing‐East Lansing, MI 2007Q4 ‐15.2 ‐6.7 2016Q1 Laredo, TX 2008Q2 ‐4.7 ‐5.1 2011Q3 Las Cruces, NM 2008Q2 ‐1.3 ‐1.9 2012Q2 Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV 2007Q2 ‐130.1 ‐14.0 2015Q4 Lawrence, KS 2008Q1 ‐2.9 ‐5.6 2014Q3 Lawton, OK 2009Q4 ‐0.3 ‐0.7 2010Q4 Lebanon, PA 2008Q3 ‐1.8 ‐3.5 2012Q1 Lewiston, ID‐WA 2007Q4 ‐2.5 ‐8.9 2016Q2 Lewiston‐Auburn, ME 2007Q4 ‐2.8 ‐5.4 2017Q1 Lexington‐Fayette, KY 2007Q2 ‐15.1 ‐5.9 2013Q3 Lima, OH 2007Q1 ‐4.4 ‐7.9 Past 2022Q4 Lincoln, NE 2008Q4 ‐4.2 ‐2.4 2011Q4 Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR 2008Q1 ‐14.9 ‐4.3 2015Q2 Logan, UT‐ID 2007Q2 ‐4.8 ‐8.4 2014Q2 Longview, TX 2008Q4 ‐6.2 ‐6.3 2011Q4 Longview, WA 2007Q3 ‐3.0 ‐7.7 2016Q2 Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA 2007Q3 ‐517.6 ‐8.9 2015Q2

95 Table 11: Return to Peak Employment (Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession) Pre-Recession Job Losses Return to Peak Peak (thous.) Decline (%) Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 2007Q2 ‐38.5 ‐6.3 2013Q4 Lubbock, TX 2008Q4 ‐2.9 ‐2.2 2011Q1 Lynchburg, VA 2008Q3 ‐8.1 ‐7.4 Past 2022Q4 Macon, GA 2008Q2 ‐8.2 ‐8.0 2016Q4 Madera, CA 2007Q4 ‐3.2 ‐8.8 2016Q3 Madison, WI 2008Q3 ‐11.7 ‐3.2 2012Q2 Manchester‐Nashua, NH 2008Q1 ‐12.5 ‐6.0 2015Q2 Manhattan, KS 2008Q1 ‐2.3 ‐5.4 2012Q3 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 2007Q3 ‐3.5 ‐6.3 2013Q4 Mansfield, OH 2007Q1 ‐6.6 ‐11.3 Past 2022Q4 McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX 2008Q4 ‐3.0 ‐1.3 2010Q4 Medford, OR 2007Q2 ‐9.8 ‐11.6 2016Q2 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 2007Q2 ‐51.9 ‐8.1 2016Q4 Merced, CA 2007Q3 ‐3.6 ‐6.0 2014Q1 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL 2007Q2 ‐241.3 ‐9.9 2014Q3 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN 2007Q1 ‐4.9 ‐10.5 Past 2022Q4 Midland, MI 2008Q1 ‐2.1 ‐5.6 2013Q4 Midland, TX 2008Q4 ‐6.0 ‐8.1 2011Q1 Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI 2007Q2 ‐57.1 ‐6.6 2016Q1 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 2008Q1 ‐113.3 ‐6.1 2013Q1 Missoula, MT 2007Q1 ‐2.8 ‐4.9 2014Q1 Mobile, AL 2008Q2 ‐12.8 ‐6.9 Past 2022Q4 Modesto, CA 2007Q1 ‐16.1 ‐9.8 2015Q1 Monroe, LA 2007Q3 ‐3.9 ‐5.0 2016Q4 Monroe, MI 2007Q2 ‐6.5 ‐14.8 2021Q2 Montgomery, AL 2008Q1 ‐14.3 ‐8.0 2021Q3 Morgantown, WV 2009Q4 0.0 0.0 2010Q1 Morristown, TN 2008Q1 ‐5.9 ‐12.5 2020Q1 Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA 2008Q1 ‐4.3 ‐8.8 2016Q1 Muncie, IN 2007Q2 ‐4.6 ‐8.6 Past 2022Q4 Muskegon, MI 2007Q1 ‐7.3 ‐11.1 2022Q4 Myrtle Beach‐North Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐N 2008Q1 ‐17.5 ‐11.1 2016Q1 Napa, CA 2008Q1 ‐5.7 ‐8.5 2013Q2 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 2007Q1 ‐23.3 ‐17.5 2015Q1 Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN 2008Q1 ‐50.8 ‐6.4 2012Q1 New Bern, NC 2007Q1 ‐4.4 ‐9.4 Past 2022Q4 New Haven‐Milford, CT 2008Q1 ‐27.2 ‐7.1 Past 2022Q4 New Orleans‐Metairie, LA 2008Q4 ‐8.9 ‐1.7 2011Q3 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA 2008Q1 ‐392.0 ‐4.4 2013Q2 Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI 2007Q3 ‐6.9 ‐10.5 Past 2022Q4 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 2007Q1 ‐41.1 ‐14.8 2015Q1 Norwich‐New London, CT 2008Q2 ‐12.3 ‐9.0 Past 2022Q4

96 Table 11: Return to Peak Employment (Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession) Pre-Recession Job Losses Return to Peak Peak (thous.) Decline (%) Ocala, FL 2007Q1 ‐17.6 ‐16.4 2019Q1 Ocean City, NJ 2007Q1 ‐3.9 ‐8.9 Past 2022Q4 Odessa, TX 2008Q4 ‐6.2 ‐9.6 2011Q2 Ogden‐Clearfield, UT 2007Q4 ‐14.4 ‐6.4 2013Q3 Oklahoma City, OK 2008Q4 ‐24.7 ‐4.2 2012Q1 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 2008Q3 ‐6.1 ‐5.8 2014Q3 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 2008Q2 ‐15.3 ‐3.3 2012Q4 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 2008Q1 ‐101.7 ‐9.4 2014Q1 Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI 2008Q2 ‐3.1 ‐3.3 2012Q2 Owensboro, KY 2008Q2 ‐2.5 ‐4.9 2011Q3 Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA 2007Q3 ‐26.0 ‐8.7 2016Q2 Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL 2007Q1 ‐21.5 ‐10.0 2017Q2 Panama City, FL 2007Q2 ‐5.5 ‐6.8 2015Q1 Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV 2008Q2 ‐2.5 ‐5.6 Past 2022Q4 Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL 2007Q1 ‐17.9 ‐10.4 2016Q3 Peoria, IL 2008Q3 ‐15.9 ‐8.4 Past 2022Q4 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD 2008Q1 ‐136.3 ‐4.8 2015Q3 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ 2007Q3 ‐236.6 ‐12.3 2015Q4 Pine Bluff, AR 2007Q1 ‐5.6 ‐14.2 Past 2022Q4 Pittsburgh, PA 2008Q2 ‐38.1 ‐3.3 2011Q4 Pittsfield, MA 2007Q1 ‐3.0 ‐4.6 Past 2022Q4 Pocatello, ID 2007Q1 ‐4.0 ‐10.8 2018Q2 Port St. Lucie, FL 2007Q1 ‐15.7 ‐11.5 2015Q2 Portland‐South Portland, ME 2008Q2 ‐12.4 ‐4.6 2015Q2 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 2008Q1 ‐80.7 ‐7.7 2013Q4 Prescott, AZ 2007Q1 ‐10.8 ‐16.6 2018Q3 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 2007Q1 ‐53.6 ‐7.4 2016Q4 Provo‐Orem, UT 2007Q3 ‐15.3 ‐8.0 2012Q2 Pueblo, CO 2008Q2 ‐1.9 ‐3.2 2014Q2 Punta Gorda, FL 2007Q1 ‐5.1 ‐11.2 2015Q3 Racine, WI 2007Q4 ‐6.8 ‐8.4 2021Q2 Raleigh, NC 2008Q1 ‐31.1 ‐5.9 2012Q3 Rapid City, SD 2008Q3 ‐2.2 ‐3.4 2012Q1 Reading, PA 2008Q2 ‐9.9 ‐5.6 2014Q4 Redding, CA 2007Q1 ‐8.9 ‐13.3 2017Q2 Reno, NV 2007Q1 ‐36.4 ‐16.2 2017Q2 Richmond, VA 2007Q3 ‐35.9 ‐5.8 2013Q3 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA 2007Q3 ‐145.3 ‐11.2 2014Q3 Roanoke, VA 2007Q1 ‐9.6 ‐5.9 2017Q1 Rochester, MN 2007Q4 ‐5.5 ‐4.9 2012Q4 Rochester, NY 2008Q3 ‐18.3 ‐3.5 2014Q3 Rockford, IL 2007Q2 ‐19.7 ‐12.2 Past 2022Q4

97 Table 11: Return to Peak Employment (Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession) Pre-Recession Job Losses Return to Peak Peak (thous.) Decline (%) Rocky Mount, NC 2007Q2 ‐9.5 ‐14.3 Past 2022Q4 Rome, GA 2007Q2 ‐4.0 ‐9.6 2021Q1 Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA 2007Q3 ‐98.4 ‐10.7 2015Q4 Saginaw, MI 2007Q1 ‐8.3 ‐9.1 Past 2022Q4 Salem, OR 2008Q1 ‐12.3 ‐8.0 2015Q1 Salinas, CA 2007Q4 ‐8.6 ‐6.5 2015Q2 Salisbury, MD‐DE 2008Q1 ‐9.5 ‐6.3 2015Q2 Salt Lake City, UT 2008Q1 ‐37.4 ‐6.0 2012Q3 San Angelo, TX 2007Q4 ‐1.9 ‐4.1 2011Q4 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX 2008Q3 ‐21.1 ‐2.4 2011Q2 San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA 2007Q3 ‐95.6 ‐7.2 2013Q4 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA 2008Q1 ‐158.5 ‐7.6 2013Q1 San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA 2008Q1 ‐75.6 ‐8.1 2012Q4 San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA 2007Q2 ‐10.1 ‐9.7 2013Q3 Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA 2007Q2 ‐11.6 ‐11.8 2015Q2 Santa Fe, NM 2007Q4 ‐5.5 ‐8.2 2022Q3 Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA 2007Q4 ‐12.1 ‐6.9 2013Q4 Santa Rosa, CA 2007Q2 ‐23.5 ‐12.4 2014Q2 Savannah, GA 2007Q2 ‐12.4 ‐7.7 2014Q2 Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA 2007Q3 ‐12.1 ‐4.6 2019Q1 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA 2008Q1 ‐126.1 ‐7.1 2013Q3 Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL 2007Q1 ‐6.6 ‐13.1 2016Q3 Sebring, FL 2007Q3 ‐4.1 ‐15.1 2018Q1 Sheboygan, WI 2007Q2 ‐7.4 ‐11.4 2022Q2 Sherman‐Denison, TX 2008Q3 ‐1.4 ‐3.3 2013Q1 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA 2008Q1 ‐6.8 ‐3.5 Past 2022Q4 Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ 2008Q2 ‐4.4 ‐11.4 Past 2022Q4 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 2008Q3 ‐4.1 ‐4.7 2013Q4 Sioux Falls, SD 2008Q4 ‐3.9 ‐2.9 2011Q3 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 2007Q2 ‐13.7 ‐9.5 2022Q1 Spartanburg, SC 2008Q1 ‐13.6 ‐9.8 2014Q4 Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA 2008Q1 ‐15.9 ‐6.7 2016Q1 Springfield, IL 2008Q3 ‐2.7 ‐2.4 2011Q4 Springfield, MA 2008Q2 ‐9.6 ‐3.6 2013Q1 Springfield, MO 2007Q3 ‐11.3 ‐5.6 2014Q2 Springfield, OH 2008Q1 ‐4.4 ‐8.3 Past 2022Q4 St. Cloud, MN 2008Q1 ‐6.0 ‐5.8 2013Q3 St. George, UT 2007Q4 ‐9.3 ‐16.9 2014Q4 St. Joseph, MO‐KS 2009Q3 ‐2.2 ‐3.5 2012Q3 St. Louis, MO‐IL 2008Q1 ‐80.3 ‐5.9 2016Q1 State College, PA 2008Q3 ‐1.7 ‐2.2 2011Q3 Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA 2008Q1 ‐4.1 ‐8.0 2018Q2

98 Table 11: Return to Peak Employment (Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession) Pre-Recession Job Losses Return to Peak Peak (thous.) Decline (%) Stockton‐Lodi, CA 2007Q4 ‐25.9 ‐12.0 2015Q2 Sumter, SC 2007Q1 ‐4.4 ‐11.0 Past 2022Q4 Syracuse, NY 2008Q3 ‐13.6 ‐4.2 2020Q2 Tallahassee, FL 2007Q4 ‐12.9 ‐7.2 2016Q3 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 2007Q2 ‐138.3 ‐11.2 2015Q2 Terre Haute, IN 2007Q3 ‐4.6 ‐6.1 Past 2022Q4 Texarkana, TX‐AR 2008Q3 ‐4.9 ‐7.7 Past 2022Q4 The Villages, FL 2007Q3 ‐0.8 ‐3.8 2011Q2 Toledo, OH 2007Q1 ‐32.4 ‐10.4 2016Q3 Topeka, KS 2008Q4 ‐3.4 ‐3.1 2014Q3 Trenton, NJ 2008Q2 ‐6.4 ‐2.6 2013Q2 Tucson, AZ 2007Q1 ‐33.8 ‐8.7 2020Q2 Tulsa, OK 2008Q3 ‐30.0 ‐6.8 2014Q3 Tuscaloosa, AL 2008Q2 ‐6.5 ‐6.5 2014Q2 Tyler, TX 2008Q3 ‐3.9 ‐4.0 2014Q1 Urban Honolulu, HI 2007Q4 ‐25.1 ‐5.5 2013Q3 Utica‐Rome, NY 2008Q1 ‐7.2 ‐5.4 Past 2022Q4 Valdosta, GA 2008Q1 ‐5.2 ‐9.0 2019Q1 Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA 2007Q3 ‐12.4 ‐9.5 2015Q2 Victoria, TX 2008Q2 ‐3.0 ‐7.2 2012Q2 Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ 2008Q1 ‐5.6 ‐9.0 Past 2022Q4 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC 2007Q3 ‐44.7 ‐5.7 2018Q3 Visalia‐Porterville, CA 2007Q4 ‐8.5 ‐7.3 2014Q4 Waco, TX 2008Q4 ‐2.6 ‐2.3 2014Q1 Walla Walla, WA 2008Q3 ‐1.1 ‐4.0 2016Q1 Warner Robins, GA 2008Q4 ‐0.9 ‐1.3 2011Q3 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐W 2008Q2 ‐78.2 ‐2.6 2011Q3 Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA 2008Q3 ‐2.9 ‐3.2 2011Q4 Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY 2008Q2 ‐0.6 ‐1.3 2010Q2 Wausau, WI 2007Q3 ‐7.8 ‐10.5 2019Q2 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH 2008Q3 ‐5.9 ‐11.9 Past 2022Q4 Wenatchee, WA 2008Q2 ‐2.5 ‐6.1 2014Q3 Wheeling, WV‐OH 2008Q1 ‐2.2 ‐3.3 2013Q3 Wichita Falls, TX 2007Q3 ‐4.6 ‐7.4 Past 2022Q4 Wichita, KS 2008Q2 ‐26.4 ‐8.5 2022Q4 Williamsport, PA 2008Q2 ‐2.8 ‐5.2 2011Q2 Wilmington, NC 2008Q1 ‐10.0 ‐8.4 2015Q1 Winchester, VA‐WV 2007Q1 ‐5.1 ‐8.7 2013Q1 Winston‐Salem, NC 2008Q1 ‐22.6 ‐8.6 2016Q3 Worcester, MA‐CT 2008Q1 ‐17.8 ‐4.8 2013Q2 Yakima, WA 2008Q1 ‐2.8 ‐3.5 2014Q4 York‐Hanover, PA 2008Q1 ‐11.6 ‐6.3 2017Q1

99 Table 11: Return to Peak Employment (Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession) Pre-Recession Job Losses Return to Peak Peak (thous.) Decline (%) Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA 2007Q1 ‐23.1 ‐9.6 Past 2022Q4 Yuba City, CA 2007Q1 ‐5.5 ‐12.9 2016Q4 Yuma, AZ 2008Q2 ‐4.7 ‐8.7 2016Q4

100 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017

United States 1.5 2.1

Alaska ‐5.0 ‐0.5 Anchorage, AK ‐5.9 ‐0.8 Fairbanks, AK ‐5.7 ‐1.1

Alabama 1.3 1.8 Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL 0.2 1.2 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 2.8 4.3 Birmingham‐Hoover, AL 0.6 1.4 Columbus, GA‐AL 2.1 0.3 Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL 2.7 3.1 Decatur, AL ‐0.1 0.9 Dothan, AL 1.5 2.2 Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL 1.3 0.6 Gadsden, AL 1.8 2.3 Huntsville, AL 2.9 2.9 Mobile, AL 0.8 0.8 Montgomery, AL 1.6 1.5 Tuscaloosa, AL 0.1 1.4

Arkansas 0.8 1.5 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, MO‐AR 3.3 4.0 Fort Smith, OK‐AR 0.0 0.2 Hot Springs, AR ‐1.4 2.0 Jonesboro, AR 1.4 1.8 Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR 0.1 1.4 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 0.5 1.1 Pine Bluff, AR ‐1.8 ‐1.1 Texarkana, TX‐AR ‐3.7 ‐0.4

Arizona 2.1 2.9 Flagstaff, AZ 0.9 2.0 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ 1.2 1.7 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ 2.5 3.2 Prescott, AZ 3.2 2.8 Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ 0.1 2.3 Tucson, AZ 1.0 1.5 Yuma, AZ 1.4 3.4

101 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017 California 2.9 2.9 Bakersfield, CA ‐1.1 2.9 Chico, CA 1.9 3.9 El Centro, CA 0.8 3.3 Fresno, CA 2.7 2.9 Hanford‐Corcoran, CA 1.2 3.5 Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA (MSA) 2.8 2.2 Madera, CA 4.3 4.5 Merced, CA 2.5 4.0 Modesto, CA 3.1 3.0 Napa, CA 0.4 3.0 Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA 1.2 2.9 Redding, CA 1.8 4.2 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA 3.0 3.4 Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA 0.8 2.6 Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA 3.2 2.6 Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA 1.9 3.3 San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA 2.4 3.1 San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA 3.4 2.9 Salinas, CA 1.9 3.3 San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA 1.2 3.2 Santa Rosa, CA 1.8 1.7 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA (MSA) 4.2 3.8 Stockton‐Lodi, CA 3.2 2.9 Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA 2.1 3.4 Visalia‐Porterville, CA 3.4 4.3 Yuba City, CA 2.6 4.6

Colorado 2.0 2.6 Boulder, CO 1.8 2.7 Colorado Springs, CO 1.9 2.2 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO 2.1 2.5 Fort Collins, CO 3.1 4.6 Greeley, CO ‐4.5 2.7 Grand Junction, CO ‐2.4 1.7 Pueblo, CO 1.0 3.6

Connecticut 1.0 1.4 Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT 1.1 1.3 Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT 1.0 1.7 New Haven‐Milford, CT 0.9 0.9 Norwich‐New London, CT 1.2 1.7 Worcester, MA‐CT ‐1.0 0.3

102 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017 District of Columbia 2.4 1.6 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV (MSA) 2.4 1.6

Delaware 0.3 1.9 Dover, DE 0.6 0.9 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD (MSA) ‐0.3 2.1 Salisbury, MD‐DE 2.3 1.3

Florida 3.0 3.4 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 4.2 2.6 Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL 3.9 3.6 Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL 2.0 3.3 Gainesville, FL 3.2 5.1 Homosassa Springs, FL 1.1 2.4 Jacksonville, FL 2.8 3.6 Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL 2.8 4.0 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL (MSA) 2.7 2.9 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 4.2 3.6 Ocala, FL 2.8 4.3 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 3.8 4.1 Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL 2.8 4.3 Panama City, FL 1.1 2.8 Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL 1.8 3.2 Port St. Lucie, FL 3.3 3.6 Punta Gorda, FL 3.0 5.4 Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL 2.9 3.9 Sebring, FL 4.6 6.2 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 3.1 3.4 Tallahassee, FL 2.5 3.5 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 3.2 3.6 The Villages, FL 2.8 5.2

Georgia 3.0 1.9 Albany, GA 2.3 1.2 Athens‐Clarke County, GA 4.1 2.5 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA 3.3 2.0 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 2.0 0.6 Brunswick, GA 5.7 0.9 Chattanooga, GA‐TN ‐0.9 2.3 Columbus, GA‐AL ‐0.3 1.2 Dalton, GA 2.4 1.9 Gainesville, GA 4.5 3.5 Hinesville, GA ‐1.3 1.4 Macon, GA 2.6 1.1

103 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017 Rome, GA 2.4 2.0 Savannah, GA 3.0 2.4 Valdosta, GA 3.3 2.8 Warner Robins, GA 3.0 3.1

Hawaii 2.1 1.2 Urban Honolulu, HI 2.0 1.2 Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI 2.2 2.0

Iowa 0.9 1.9 Ames, IA ‐0.3 3.4 Cedar Rapids, IA ‐0.1 1.9 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL 0.4 0.9 Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA 3.0 2.8 Dubuque, IA ‐0.8 2.2 Iowa City, IA ‐0.1 3.7 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 0.0 1.7 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 0.7 0.7 Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA ‐0.7 1.3

Idaho 1.8 2.8 Boise City, ID 2.8 3.4 Coeur d`Alene, ID 2.0 3.0 Idaho Falls, ID 0.8 2.1 Lewiston, NE‐WA 1.0 2.7 Logan, UT‐ID 2.3 3.4 Pocatello, ID 0.1 1.3

Illinois 0.9 1.1 Bloomington‐Normal, IL ‐2.3 1.6 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL ‐3.6 ‐3.2 Carbondale‐Marion, IL 0.6 0.2 Champaign‐Urbana, IL ‐0.2 0.8 Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL (MSA) 1.4 1.2 Danville, IL ‐2.4 0.0 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL ‐0.8 0.1 Decatur, IL 0.0 0.7 Kankakee, IL 0.0 3.5 Peoria, IL ‐1.5 0.9 Rockford, IL ‐0.5 ‐1.2 Springfield, IL 0.7 1.6 St. Louis, MO‐IL 0.8 1.0

104 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017 Indiana 1.5 1.8 Bloomington, IN 1.2 1.6 Gary, IN 0.9 1.8 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 0.2 0.6 Columbus, IN ‐0.6 2.4 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 1.5 3.4 Evansville, IN‐KY 0.3 2.2 Fort Wayne, IN 0.6 1.5 Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN 2.5 2.8 Kokomo, IN 2.9 3.2 Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN 1.8 2.7 Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 3.0 2.0 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN ‐0.8 ‐0.4 Muncie, IN 0.2 1.6 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 2.2 1.7 Terre Haute, IN ‐0.4 0.5

Kansas 0.2 1.4 Kansas City, MO‐KS ‐0.1 2.5 Lawrence, KS 2.6 2.3 Manhattan, KS 0.1 3.1 St. Joseph, MO‐KS 3.9 ‐1.8 Topeka, KS 1.6 3.0 Wichita, KS ‐0.3 0.7

Kentucky 1.3 2.7 Bowling Green, KY 3.5 4.5 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 2.4 3.6 Clarksville, TN‐KY ‐4.7 ‐0.1 Elizabethtown, KY 0.9 2.9 Evansville, IN‐KY ‐0.1 1.4 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH ‐3.7 2.0 Lexington‐Fayette, KY 1.8 2.9 Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 3.0 3.1 Owensboro, KY 0.2 2.7

Louisiana ‐0.6 1.2 Alexandria, LA 0.2 ‐0.3 Baton Rouge, LA 0.0 1.1 Hammond, LA 2.7 3.5 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA ‐10.2 ‐3.5 Lake Charles, LA 6.8 7.1 Lafayette, LA ‐6.8 ‐5.8 Monroe, LA 1.4 1.5

105 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017 New Orleans‐Metairie, LA ‐0.2 1.2 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA ‐1.7 ‐1.4

Massachusetts 2.0 2.4 Barnstable Town, MA 2.0 2.0 Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH (MSA) 2.3 2.6 Pittsfield, MA 0.6 1.5 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 1.0 1.4 Springfield, MA 1.0 1.6 Worcester, MA‐CT 1.7 1.4

Maryland 1.3 2.2 Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD 1.5 2.0 California‐Lexington Park, MD ‐0.1 ‐0.9 Cumberland, MD‐WV 0.7 ‐0.9 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV ‐0.4 0.5 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD (MSA) 2.8 1.8 Salisbury, MD‐DE ‐0.4 2.2 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV (MSA) 1.2 2.3

Maine 1.4 1.2 Bangor, ME ‐0.1 ‐0.3 Lewiston‐Auburn, ME 1.0 1.0 Portland‐South Portland, ME 2.3 2.0

Michigan 1.9 1.9 Ann Arbor, MI 1.7 1.7 Battle Creek, MI 0.7 1.9 Bay City, MI 0.1 0.1 Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI (MSA) 2.2 2.3 Flint, MI 0.8 0.2 Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI 2.9 2.8 Jackson, MI 1.8 1.6 Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI 2.5 2.4 Lansing‐East Lansing, MI 2.6 2.3 Midland, MI ‐2.4 ‐0.2 Monroe, MI 0.6 0.5 Muskegon, MI ‐0.6 1.4 Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI 0.4 1.6 Saginaw, MI 0.5 0.2 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 3.3 1.8

106 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017 Minnesota 1.3 2.8 Duluth, MN‐WI 0.3 2.6 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 1.8 2.7 Fargo, ND‐MN 2.0 2.3 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 1.9 0.5 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 3.3 1.9 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 1.2 3.2 Rochester, MN 1.9 2.4 St. Cloud, MN 1.5 2.7

Missouri 1.2 1.4 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL 0.5 0.4 Columbia, MO 0.3 1.8 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO ‐0.7 2.1 Jefferson City, MO 1.7 1.6 Joplin, MO ‐0.2 1.4 Kansas City, MO‐KS 2.3 2.7 Springfield, MO 0.8 2.1 St. Joseph, MO‐KS 0.7 1.7 St. Louis, MO‐IL 0.9 1.0

Mississippi 0.8 1.3 Gulfport‐Biloxi, MS ‐1.0 0.9 Hattiesburg, MS 1.2 2.3 Jackson, MS 0.9 1.8 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 5.0 3.4

Montana 0.2 2.5 Billings, MT ‐0.6 2.2 Great Falls, MT ‐1.9 1.8 Missoula, MT 0.5 2.4

North Carolina 1.6 2.5 Asheville, NC 2.4 2.9 Burlington, NC 1.0 2.4 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 3.0 3.5 Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC 1.8 3.2 Fayetteville, NC 1.2 1.8 Goldsboro, NC ‐1.6 0.4 Greensboro‐High Point, NC ‐0.1 1.5 Greenville, NC ‐0.5 0.7 Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC 0.3 1.8 Jacksonville, NC ‐0.2 2.8 New Bern, NC 1.0 3.0

107 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017 Myrtle Beach‐Conway‐North Myrtle Beach, SC‐NC 2.1 5.2 Raleigh, NC 3.6 4.1 Rocky Mount, NC ‐0.9 ‐0.5 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC ‐0.4 2.9 Wilmington, NC 2.4 3.4 Winston‐Salem, NC 0.7 1.0

North Dakota ‐6.5 0.6 Bismarck, ND ‐0.5 0.6 Fargo, ND‐MN 0.9 2.0 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 1.8 1.4

Nebraska 1.2 2.1 Grand Island, NE 1.3 4.4 Lincoln, NE 1.3 3.1 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 1.2 1.9 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 0.7 4.5

New Hampshire 3.0 2.5 Rockingham County‐Strafford County, NH 3.9 2.4 Manchester‐Nashua, NH 3.1 2.6

New Jersey 1.2 1.4 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ ‐1.0 ‐1.4 Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ ‐0.5 0.5 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA 1.2 1.3 Ocean City, NJ ‐1.5 2.4 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD 2.0 2.1 Trenton, NJ 1.3 2.2 Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ 1.4 2.1

New Mexico ‐0.5 1.7 Albuquerque, NM ‐0.3 0.8 Farmington, NM ‐7.3 0.4 Las Cruces, NM ‐1.9 2.4 Santa Fe, NM ‐0.9 2.3

Nevada 2.4 4.2 Carson City, NV 0.3 2.6 Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV 2.4 4.2 Reno, NV 4.1 4.4

108 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017 New York 0.8 0.7 Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY 1.0 0.5 Binghamton, NY ‐1.1 ‐0.6 Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY 0.1 0.0 Elmira, NY ‐3.5 ‐1.9 Glens Falls, NY ‐1.2 1.7 Ithaca, NY 0.4 1.1 Kingston, NY 0.2 0.4 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA 0.8 0.6 Rochester, NY 0.3 ‐0.5 Syracuse, NY 0.2 0.3 Utica‐Rome, NY ‐0.4 0.5 Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY ‐1.4 0.3

Ohio 1.7 2.2 Akron, OH 1.6 1.5 Canton‐Massillon, OH 0.3 1.6 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 2.6 3.4 Cleveland‐Elyria, OH 1.3 2.2 Columbus, OH 3.0 3.5 Dayton, OH 1.8 2.2 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH 0.9 2.3 Lima, OH 1.2 1.4 Mansfield, OH 0.8 0.3 Springfield, OH ‐1.4 1.9 Toledo, OH 3.1 1.5 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH ‐1.7 ‐0.3 Wheeling, WV‐OH ‐1.1 ‐0.1 Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA ‐0.2 0.2

Oklahoma ‐2.3 1.4 Fort Smith, AR‐OK ‐4.6 ‐0.2 Lawton, OK ‐3.3 1.9 Oklahoma City, OK ‐3.2 1.5 Tulsa, OK ‐3.7 0.8

Oregon 3.3 2.9 Albany, OR 5.5 3.3 Bend‐Redmond, OR 6.6 5.2 Corvallis, OR 1.6 1.5 Eugene, OR 3.5 2.1 Grants Pass, OR 2.2 4.9

109 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017 Medford, OR 3.8 3.5 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 3.1 2.1 Salem, OR 4.0 2.7

Pennsylvania 1.1 2.3 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ 2.0 1.8 Altoona, PA ‐0.1 1.4 Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA 1.2 3.0 Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA ‐0.4 1.4 East Stroudsburg, PA 2.2 2.8 Erie, PA ‐2.0 1.3 Gettysburg, PA 1.9 4.7 Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA 0.9 2.8 Johnstown, PA ‐1.3 1.4 Lancaster, PA 2.2 2.7 Lebanon, PA 1.5 2.3 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA 3.0 1.8 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD 2.0 2.8 Pittsburgh, PA 0.2 2.6 Reading, PA 0.3 2.6 Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA 0.7 1.4 State College, PA 1.3 3.1 Williamsport, PA ‐4.2 0.7 York‐Hanover, PA 1.3 2.4 Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA ‐0.3 1.3

Rhode Island 1.2 1.9 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 1.2 1.9

South Carolina 2.1 2.2 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 1.1 1.1 Charleston‐North Charleston, SC 3.1 3.2 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 4.4 3.0 Columbia, SC 1.9 2.0 Florence, SC 0.8 2.8 Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC 1.9 1.1 Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC 1.4 2.5 Myrtle Beach‐Conway‐North Myrtle Beach, SC‐NC 3.0 5.5 Spartanburg, SC 2.8 3.0 Sumter, SC ‐0.5 0.7

110 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017 South Dakota 1.7 2.7 Rapid City, SD 1.6 3.2 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 2.8 4.5 Sioux Falls, SD 1.8 2.8

Tennessee 2.0 2.3 Chattanooga, TN‐GA 2.2 2.1 Clarksville, TN‐KY 1.9 1.3 Cleveland, TN 1.4 3.5 Jackson, TN 1.8 1.7 Johnson City, TN 0.3 1.3 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA ‐0.3 0.2 Knoxville, TN 1.9 2.1 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 0.9 1.4 Morristown, TN 1.6 2.1 Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN 3.5 3.5

Texas 0.4 3.2 Abilene, TX ‐2.1 2.0 Amarillo, TX 0.0 2.2 Austin‐Round Rock, TX 3.4 3.5 Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX ‐3.0 0.4 Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX 1.4 2.2 College Station‐Bryan, TX 0.2 3.2 Corpus Christi, TX ‐4.8 2.8 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX (MSA) 2.6 4.0 El Paso, TX 2.0 2.7 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX ‐2.9 2.9 Killeen‐Temple, TX 2.3 1.9 Laredo, TX 0.1 3.6 Longview, TX ‐6.4 2.1 Lubbock, TX 1.5 1.9 McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX 0.8 2.7 Midland, TX ‐8.5 4.1 Odessa, TX ‐13.2 1.4 San Angelo, TX ‐2.5 1.9 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX 2.4 2.8 Sherman‐Denison, TX 0.7 3.0 Texarkana, TX‐AR 1.7 0.7 Tyler, TX 0.9 3.2 Victoria, TX ‐5.9 2.2 Waco, TX 2.7 2.0 Wichita Falls, TX ‐0.9 1.6

111 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017 Utah 3.0 3.6 Logan, UT‐ID 0.8 3.0 Ogden‐Clearfield, UT 2.3 3.3 Provo‐Orem, UT 5.2 4.8 Salt Lake City, UT 3.3 3.5 St. George, UT 5.7 5.9

Virginia 0.6 2.1 Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA ‐1.3 2.2 Charlottesville, VA 0.6 3.7 Harrisonburg, VA 1.4 2.7 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA ‐3.0 ‐0.6 Lynchburg, VA ‐2.0 1.3 Richmond, VA 1.1 1.9 Roanoke, VA ‐0.9 2.0 Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA 0.3 2.9 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC ‐0.5 1.6 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV 1.3 2.4 Winchester, VA‐WV ‐0.1 2.8

Vermont 0.8 1.5 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 0.9 1.5

Washington 3.7 2.7 Bellingham, WA 3.2 2.7 Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA 1.6 1.5 Kennewick‐Richland, WA 3.1 2.5 Lewiston, ID‐WA 5.7 3.0 Longview, WA 0.1 ‐0.3 Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA 2.6 3.3 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 4.5 3.1 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 4.1 2.5 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA (MSA) 4.2 2.8 Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA 2.7 2.7 Walla Walla, WA 3.9 3.6 Wenatchee, WA 3.3 3.5 Yakima, WA 2.6 3.9

Wisconsin 1.1 2.0 Appleton, WI 1.1 2.4 Lake County‐Kenosha County, IL‐WI 6.9 3.0 Duluth, MN‐WI ‐0.3 0.5 Eau Claire, WI 0.5 1.1 Fond du Lac, WI ‐0.2 2.5

112 Table 12: Real Gross State and Metropolitan Output (Annual growth, percent) 2016 2017 Green Bay, WI 0.9 1.2 Janesville‐Beloit, WI 0.9 2.5 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 1.0 2.3 Madison, WI 2.7 3.2 Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI 0.8 1.5 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 1.1 2.5 Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI 1.7 1.8 Racine, WI ‐0.4 1.5 Sheboygan, WI 0.7 1.3 Wausau, WI 0.7 2.3

West Virginia ‐0.9 1.6 Beckley, WV ‐3.1 0.9 Charleston, WV ‐1.6 1.9 Cumberland, MD‐WV 0.9 ‐0.9 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV 2.8 0.5 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH 0.0 2.1 Morgantown, WV ‐0.7 2.6 Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV ‐1.9 0.8 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV 2.8 3.5 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH ‐1.7 0.4 Wheeling, WV‐OH ‐0.9 1.0 Winchester, VA‐WV ‐1.7 1.6

Wyoming ‐3.6 0.1 Casper, WY ‐9.5 ‐2.6 Cheyenne, WY ‐2.2 1.4

113 Table 13: Labor Force Growth and Particpation 2017 Growth Participation

(%) Abilene, TX 1.0% 55.7 Akron, OH 0.4% 62.3 Albany, GA 2.2% 57.3 Albany, OR 1.1% 57.5 Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY ‐0.3% 61.3 Albuquerque, NM 1.2% 58.4 Alexandria, LA 0.5% 54.3 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ ‐0.9% 63.4 Altoona, PA ‐3.0% 58.4 Amarillo, TX 1.9% 65.2 Ames, IA 0.8% 71.6 Anchorage, AK 1.1% 65.1 Ann Arbor, MI 0.9% 63.8 Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL ‐0.3% 49.7 Appleton, WI 1.7% 71.9 Asheville, NC 2.2% 60.0 Athens‐Clarke County, GA 1.1% 58.2 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA 2.5% 65.3 Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ ‐0.7% 56.6 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 3.1% 58.4 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 1.3% 55.7 Austin‐Round Rock, TX 2.9% 69.1 Bakersfield, CA ‐0.6% 58.7 Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD 1.1% 66.2 Bangor, ME 0.9% 61.6 Barnstable Town, MA 1.9% 60.8 Baton Rouge, LA 1.2% 63.8 Battle Creek, MI 0.7% 60.9 Bay City, MI 0.1% 61.5 Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX 1.2% 53.7 Beckley, WV ‐3.0% 45.7 Bellingham, WA 0.4% 59.2 Bend‐Redmond, OR 2.8% 60.8 Billings, MT 0.2% 64.3 Binghamton, NY ‐1.6% 53.9 Birmingham‐Hoover, AL 1.0% 58.8 Bismarck, ND 2.1% 68.7 Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA 1.1% 59.5 Bloomington, IN ‐0.1% 64.5 Bloomington‐Normal, IL ‐0.3% 54.9 Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA ‐0.8% 60.6

114 Table 13: Labor Force Growth and Particpation 2017 Growth Participation

(%) Boise City, ID 2.2% 62.3 Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH 2.2% 66.5 Boulder, CO 2.5% 69.1 Bowling Green, KY 6.5% 60.4 Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA ‐0.3% 53.1 Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT 0.6% 63.8 Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX 2.8% 54.9 Brunswick, GA ‐0.1% 55.5 Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY ‐0.6% 58.3 Burlington, NC 2.0% 61.7 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 2.1% 71.3 California‐Lexington Park, MD 1.9% 63.6 Canton‐Massillon, OH 1.5% 62.0 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 2.1% 53.8 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL ‐1.9% 61.5 Carbondale‐Marion, IL ‐1.7% 58.0 Carson City, NV 0.0% 54.1 Casper, WY ‐3.8% 62.6 Cedar Rapids, IA ‐0.4% 66.4 Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA ‐2.7% 62.1 Champaign‐Urbana, IL 0.7% 62.1 Charleston, WV ‐0.8% 54.4 Charleston‐North Charleston, SC 2.5% 61.5 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 2.3% 65.8 Charlottesville, VA 2.0% 61.2 Chattanooga, TN‐GA 2.1% 58.6 Cheyenne, WY 4.3% 65.3 Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI ‐0.8% 64.5 Chico, CA 1.8% 55.6 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 1.9% 64.2 Clarksville, TN‐KY 2.3% 52.5 Cleveland, TN 4.6% 61.2 Cleveland‐Elyria, OH 0.0% 61.4 Coeur d`Alene, ID 1.9% 58.4 College Station‐Bryan, TX 3.0% 62.2 Colorado Springs, CO 2.0% 57.9 Columbia, MO ‐0.7% 68.4 Columbia, SC 1.5% 61.6 Columbus, GA‐AL 0.0% 51.8 Columbus, IN 1.9% 69.5 Columbus, OH 1.8% 65.7

115 Table 13: Labor Force Growth and Particpation 2017 Growth Participation

(%) Corpus Christi, TX 2.0% 58.0 Corvallis, OR 1.0% 61.9 Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL 2.9% 57.2 Cumberland, MD‐WV 1.3% 53.8 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX 3.2% 67.0 Dalton, GA 0.0% 56.2 Danville, IL ‐0.4% 56.8 Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL 1.8% 53.1 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL ‐0.2% 62.7 Dayton, OH 0.9% 59.6 Decatur, AL 0.4% 56.7 Decatur, IL ‐0.1% 58.9 Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL 3.4% 55.0 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO 2.0% 68.1 Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA 1.0% 69.2 Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI 1.3% 60.2 Dothan, AL 1.3% 53.4 Dover, DE 0.2% 55.5 Dubuque, IA 0.2% 70.9 Duluth, MN‐WI 0.0% 62.1 Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC 2.0% 64.1 East Stroudsburg, PA ‐1.2% 59.7 Eau Claire, WI ‐0.8% 67.3 El Centro, CA ‐1.4% 55.3 El Paso, TX 2.6% 56.1 Elizabethtown, KY 4.1% 58.2 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 2.4% 71.7 Elmira, NY ‐2.7% 51.4 Erie, PA ‐2.6% 58.9 Eugene, OR 0.9% 57.3 Evansville, IN‐KY 0.9% 64.0 Fairbanks, AK 0.6% 58.7 Fargo, ND‐MN 3.7% 73.9 Farmington, NM ‐0.3% 63.8 Fayetteville, NC 0.0% 50.4 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO 3.0% 65.9 Flagstaff, AZ 5.0% 67.9 Flint, MI ‐0.2% 56.2 Florence, SC 2.3% 59.6 Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL ‐0.1% 55.4 Fond du Lac, WI 1.5% 69.7

116 Table 13: Labor Force Growth and Particpation 2017 Growth Participation

(%) Fort Collins, CO 3.3% 67.9 Fort Smith, AR‐OK 0.0% 54.6 Fort Wayne, IN ‐0.2% 62.8 Fresno, CA 0.6% 60.8 Gadsden, AL 1.8% 53.5 Gainesville, FL 4.2% 61.4 Gainesville, GA 2.8% 64.1 Gettysburg, PA ‐0.6% 65.7 Glens Falls, NY 0.3% 58.2 Goldsboro, NC 0.2% 54.7 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 3.2% 71.1 Grand Island, NE 2.0% 66.9 Grand Junction, CO ‐1.0% 58.8 Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI 1.3% 69.3 Grants Pass, OR 2.2% 48.3 Great Falls, MT ‐0.3% 58.4 Greeley, CO 2.5% 65.5 Green Bay, WI ‐0.6% 67.3 Greensboro‐High Point, NC 1.4% 60.3 Greenville, NC 0.7% 62.3 Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC 1.0% 59.2 Gulfport‐Biloxi, MS 1.2% 53.5 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV 1.6% 63.3 Hammond, LA 1.9% 53.2 Hanford‐Corcoran, CA ‐0.5% 50.6 Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA 0.2% 64.0 Harrisonburg, VA 1.7% 60.1 Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT 1.4% 66.4 Hattiesburg, MS 3.4% 59.3 Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC 1.6% 57.8 Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC 2.4% 49.2 Hinesville, GA 2.5% 54.4 Homosassa Springs, FL 0.3% 37.6 Hot Springs, AR 2.0% 50.6 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA ‐4.0% 53.8 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX 1.8% 63.4 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH 1.4% 51.1 Huntsville, AL 2.4% 59.7 Idaho Falls, ID 2.0% 65.0 Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN 0.5% 65.8 Iowa City, IA 2.3% 71.9

117 Table 13: Labor Force Growth and Particpation 2017 Growth Participation

(%) Ithaca, NY ‐0.1% 56.8 Jackson, MI ‐0.4% 58.0 Jackson, MS 1.6% 60.5 Jackson, TN 1.7% 61.9 Jacksonville, FL 3.0% 62.5 Jacksonville, NC 0.1% 44.9 Janesville‐Beloit, WI 2.1% 66.8 Jefferson City, MO ‐1.6% 62.1 Johnson City, TN 0.9% 53.3 Johnstown, PA ‐3.3% 53.7 Jonesboro, AR 1.7% 61.8 Joplin, MO ‐2.6% 60.8 Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI 2.7% 65.5 Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI 1.9% 63.1 Kankakee, IL 1.9% 64.9 Kansas City, MO‐KS 0.9% 68.2 Kennewick‐Richland, WA 1.3% 63.1 Killeen‐Temple, TX 3.4% 54.7 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA 0.2% 54.1 Kingston, NY ‐1.1% 58.5 Knoxville, TN 1.0% 58.2 Kokomo, IN 2.5% 58.2 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 0.8% 70.5 Lafayette, LA ‐1.8% 55.0 Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN 1.1% 63.8 Lake Charles, LA 5.3% 68.4 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ 4.3% 48.1 Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL 4.1% 54.1 Lancaster, PA 0.4% 65.9 Lansing‐East Lansing, MI 0.9% 63.7 Laredo, TX 2.3% 59.4 Las Cruces, NM 2.3% 57.7 Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV 1.4% 60.6 Lawrence, KS 0.6% 66.3 Lawton, OK 2.2% 54.2 Lebanon, PA ‐1.3% 62.3 Lewiston, ID‐WA 2.4% 60.2 Lewiston‐Auburn, ME 2.2% 65.7 Lexington‐Fayette, KY 3.6% 66.0 Lima, OH 2.1% 59.3 Lincoln, NE 0.9% 68.7

118 Table 13: Labor Force Growth and Particpation 2017 Growth Participation

(%) Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR 0.4% 60.2 Logan, UT‐ID 2.2% 68.7 Longview, TX 0.1% 57.6 Longview, WA ‐0.5% 52.0 Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA 1.0% 61.9 Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 3.3% 64.0 Lubbock, TX 2.2% 64.7 Lynchburg, VA 0.8% 56.9 Macon, GA 0.1% 57.3 Madera, CA 0.6% 52.8 Madison, WI 1.9% 73.5 Manchester‐Nashua, NH 1.3% 70.0 Manhattan, KS 0.0% 66.1 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 0.2% 74.0 Mansfield, OH 0.7% 54.7 McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX 2.3% 55.7 Medford, OR 1.0% 57.1 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 1.4% 60.0 Merced, CA 0.5% 58.0 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL 2.4% 61.9 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN ‐2.0% 53.3 Midland, MI ‐0.7% 60.3 Midland, TX 0.1% 67.5 Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI ‐0.5% 65.7 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 1.1% 69.0 Missoula, MT 0.0% 63.4 Mobile, AL 0.4% 56.2 Modesto, CA 0.6% 58.8 Monroe, LA 1.5% 59.0 Monroe, MI 0.3% 63.8 Montgomery, AL 1.1% 58.2 Morgantown, WV 0.6% 56.6 Morristown, TN 1.9% 53.9 Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA 0.6% 57.9 Muncie, IN ‐0.2% 57.7 Muskegon, MI 0.2% 56.1 Myrtle Beach‐North Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐N 2.4% 49.4 Napa, CA 0.2% 63.7 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 0.3% 53.6 Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN 3.3% 66.8 New Bern, NC 1.4% 51.6

119 Table 13: Labor Force Growth and Particpation 2017 Growth Participation

(%) New Haven‐Milford, CT 0.6% 65.1 New Orleans‐Metairie, LA 0.2% 58.4 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA 0.8% 61.5 Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI 1.1% 60.3 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 3.4% 52.5 Norwich‐New London, CT 1.6% 62.3 Ocala, FL 4.3% 46.4 Ocean City, NJ ‐0.8% 58.5 Odessa, TX ‐0.8% 65.8 Ogden‐Clearfield, UT 3.6% 67.6 Oklahoma City, OK 1.4% 62.6 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 1.5% 58.3 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 0.4% 66.7 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 3.4% 64.3 Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI 1.3% 67.7 Owensboro, KY 4.9% 60.0 Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA 0.5% 63.3 Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL 4.2% 54.9 Panama City, FL 2.3% 58.5 Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV ‐0.9% 52.4 Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL 3.3% 56.1 Peoria, IL ‐1.0% 61.0 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD 0.4% 63.2 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ 3.1% 61.6 Pine Bluff, AR ‐0.7% 49.1 Pittsburgh, PA ‐0.2% 62.2 Pittsfield, MA 1.1% 61.2 Pocatello, ID ‐1.6% 64.2 Port St. Lucie, FL 3.4% 53.9 Portland‐South Portland, ME 2.5% 66.8 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 1.2% 64.8 Prescott, AZ 5.2% 53.6 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 1.0% 63.7 Provo‐Orem, UT 4.9% 68.8 Pueblo, CO 1.3% 55.2 Punta Gorda, FL 4.3% 44.0 Racine, WI ‐0.4% 63.3 Raleigh, NC 2.4% 66.7 Rapid City, SD 2.1% 63.3 Reading, PA ‐1.3% 63.8 Redding, CA 1.0% 51.3

120 Table 13: Labor Force Growth and Particpation 2017 Growth Participation

(%) Reno, NV 1.4% 62.7 Richmond, VA 1.3% 64.4 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA 1.1% 57.0 Roanoke, VA 1.9% 62.4 Rochester, MN 0.1% 70.2 Rochester, NY ‐1.2% 59.0 Rockford, IL 1.8% 63.9 Rocky Mount, NC 0.2% 56.3 Rome, GA 1.5% 57.5 Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA ‐0.1% 58.0 Saginaw, MI ‐0.1% 57.0 Salem, OR 2.0% 60.1 Salinas, CA 2.0% 66.5 Salisbury, MD‐DE 1.6% 56.1 Salt Lake City, UT 3.3% 72.0 San Angelo, TX ‐1.0% 57.0 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX 2.3% 60.1 San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA 0.1% 58.1 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA 0.5% 65.8 San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA ‐0.2% 66.7 San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA 0.3% 59.0 Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA 0.7% 64.3 Santa Fe, NM 1.4% 58.9 Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA 0.9% 60.8 Santa Rosa, CA ‐0.1% 63.0 Savannah, GA 2.2% 59.6 Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA ‐0.9% 60.8 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA 2.1% 66.2 Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL 4.1% 49.2 Sebring, FL 4.4% 43.4 Sheboygan, WI 1.6% 67.7 Sherman‐Denison, TX 2.6% 59.7 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA ‐0.1% 55.1 Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ 3.6% 50.8 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD ‐1.5% 70.0 Sioux Falls, SD 2.1% 75.0 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 0.4% 62.0 Spartanburg, SC 3.3% 59.8 Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA 0.9% 56.9 Springfield, IL 2.1% 68.8 Springfield, MA 1.4% 60.5

121 Table 13: Labor Force Growth and Particpation 2017 Growth Participation

(%) Springfield, MO 0.0% 63.1 Springfield, OH 1.0% 59.5 St. Cloud, MN 0.4% 70.7 St. George, UT 4.7% 56.5 St. Joseph, MO‐KS ‐1.2% 64.5 St. Louis, MO‐IL ‐0.8% 65.1 State College, PA ‐1.9% 56.8 Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA 1.5% 59.6 Stockton‐Lodi, CA 0.3% 56.9 Sumter, SC 1.2% 53.0 Syracuse, NY ‐0.1% 57.9 Tallahassee, FL 3.6% 62.6 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 2.7% 59.3 Terre Haute, IN 0.1% 55.6 Texarkana, TX‐AR 0.0% 54.3 The Villages, FL 5.1% 25.0 Toledo, OH 1.2% 63.5 Topeka, KS 1.8% 66.6 Trenton, NJ 0.8% 66.9 Tucson, AZ 1.0% 57.1 Tulsa, OK 0.2% 61.2 Tuscaloosa, AL 1.1% 57.7 Tyler, TX 2.9% 60.8 Urban Honolulu, HI 1.8% 60.2 Utica‐Rome, NY ‐1.3% 54.0 Valdosta, GA 0.9% 57.0 Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA 0.5% 58.0 Victoria, TX 0.2% 60.5 Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ ‐0.2% 56.4 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC 0.7% 60.4 Visalia‐Porterville, CA 0.7% 62.4 Waco, TX 2.2% 59.1 Walla Walla, WA 2.1% 59.6 Warner Robins, GA 1.6% 56.2 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐W 1.9% 68.4 Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA ‐1.1% 65.8 Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY 0.0% 55.2 Wausau, WI 1.5% 69.5 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH ‐2.1% 51.4 Wenatchee, WA 0.8% 69.5 Wheeling, WV‐OH ‐1.3% 54.6

122 Table 13: Labor Force Growth and Particpation 2017 Growth Participation

(%) Wichita Falls, TX ‐0.4% 52.6 Wichita, KS ‐0.3% 61.5 Williamsport, PA ‐3.4% 60.6 Wilmington, NC 2.2% 61.5 Winchester, VA‐WV 1.7% 64.6 Winston‐Salem, NC 0.8% 60.3 Worcester, MA‐CT 1.6% 65.2 Yakima, WA 2.7% 69.3 York‐Hanover, PA ‐1.1% 65.1 Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA ‐0.2% 55.6 Yuba City, CA 1.7% 57.1 Yuma, AZ 5.7% 61.5

123 The United States The Council on Metro Economies Conference of Mayors and the New American City 1620 Eye Street, NW 1620 Eye Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 Washington, DC 20006 Tel: 202.293.7330 Tel: 202.861.6712 Fax: 202.293.2352 Fax: 202.293.2352 usmayors.org newamericancity.org