CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS JUNE/JULY 2012 • YEAR 7 • N° 20 • ISSN 1984-4883

RIO AND THE CHALLENGES FOR A SUSTAINABLE CITY

INTERVIEW PEDRO PAULO TEIXEIRA

TESTIMONIALS LAUDEMAR AGUIAR MARILENE RAMOS MARIO MONZONI JUNE/JULY 2012 • YEAR 7 • N° 20 • ISSN 1984-4883 STAFF Printed in certified paper, that comes from forests that were planted in a sustainable manner, based on practicies that respect the sorrounding environment and communities.

The testimonials and articles are of authors’ responsabilities and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of FGV Foundation Aspásia Camargo 10 STEPS FOR AGREENERCITY 54 Fernando Blumenschein AND SUSTAINABILITY BENEFIT SHARING 46 André Trigueiro IN RIODEJANEIRO SUSTAINABLE EXPERIENCES 40 Sérgio Besserman RIO 2020 32 articles Mario Monzoni ECONOMY ANDSUSTAINABILITY 28 Marilene Ramos RECEIVES MOST INVESTMENTS RESOURCES INTHESTATE WHICH THE PROTECTION OFENVIRONMENTAL 22 Laudemar Aguiar CENTER OFTHEWORLD RIO +20:DEJANEIRO INTHE 16 testimonials PEDRO PAULO TEIXEIRA 06 interview FGV PROJETOS 04 editorial SUMMARY CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY Carlos AugustoCosta CHALLENGES OFBEINGSUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL RIO: FACING THE 86 Luiz FernandodeAlmeidaandMariaCristinaLodi IN THECITYOFRIODEJANEIRO DEVELOPMENT, CULTURE ANDNATURE RIO LANDSCAPES: SUSTAINABLE 78 Oscar GraçaCouto WITHIN THESTATE OFRIODEJANEIRO FORESTS ANDCONSERVATION UNITS 72 Melina Bandeira A MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR RIO INNOVATION ANDSUSTAINABILITY: 62 Isadora Ruiz OF SUSTAINABILITY AN INSTRUMENT AT THESERVICE ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSING: 116 André Coelho,BiancaFreire-MedeirosandLauraMonteiro A SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGE SLUM TOURISM: 108 Jonathan VanSpeier AND TOURISM SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 100 Luiz GustavoBarbosa RIO +20ANDSUSTAINABLE TOURISM 96

3 4 FGV PROJETOS editorial emphasize thisunparalleledmomentfortheCity. an editiononRiodeJaneiro,withtheintentionto For alongtimeoneofourplanswastopublish to aspecialedition. articles, exceedingallexpectationsandleading interviews, writtenstatementsandoriginal issue gladlyacceptedourinvitation,bygiving that allwhowerechosentoparticipateinthis showcase. Thecurrentthemeisofsuchimportance The worldsetsitseyesuponourCityasareal Development –Rio+20. the UnitedNationsConferenceonSustainable the maindebateonplanet́senvironment: the protagonistsofthissubject,whichmotivates to pay a tributeto the city.We have invitedsomeof currently experiencing,FGVProjetoshasdecided Celebrating themomentthatRiodeJaneirois FGV PROJETOS DIRECTOR Cesar CunhaCampos EDITORIAL CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY Enjoy! development. undergoing, especiallyontheissueofsustainable the majorchangesCityofRiodeJaneirois providing anexcellentopportunitytoreflecton the perspectiveofsustainabledevelopment- economy, legalaspectsandmanagementfrom ́specialists- who discuss topics such as tourism, edition includestheparticipationofFGVProjetos In additiontotheprotagonistsinsubject,this everything togetherinoneedition. Development, Rio+20,wewereabletoput way, becauseoftheConferenceonSustainable maravilhosa” intheeyesofworld.This the virtuesandnaturalbeautyof“cidade international events.Thischangebringsout order andthus,enabledustohostimportant scored against those forces contrary to public An uniqueturningpoint,inwhichthegovernment

5 6 TEIXEIRA PEDRO PAULO interview with environment. required balance between economic development and the governments. Thesecretary also showsconcernforthe the partnership between federal, state and municipal the aims and highlights the fundamental importance of such asthenewsanitarylandfill ofSeropédica,shows mentions importantprojectsrelatedtosustainability, Rio deJaneiroforinvestmentsandtourism.PedroPaulo create amoresustainableand,atthesametime,attractive Paulo TeixeiraexplainswhattheCityHallhasdevelopedto enormous economicpotential.Inthisinterview,Pedro exercising it brings, besides environmental benefits, is reinforcedasastrategicthemeforRiodeJaneiroand In thecontextofpromotingRio+20,sustainability ABSTRACT and chiefsecretaryofstaffthecityRiodeJaneiro. State Congressman.HeiscurrentlyaFederalCongressman environment forRiodeJaneiro.In2006,hewaselected mayor ofBarra de Tijucaand municipal secretary of the Universidade FederalFluminense(UFF).Hewasdeputy Affairs ofSpain,Madrid,in2006;andeconomicsfrom Políticas Públicas Gobierno (FIIAP) – Ministry of Foreign applied politicsfromFundaciónIberoamericanade (UFRJ), Pedro Paulo Teixeira has a master’s degree in situation fromtheFederalUniversityofRiodeJaneiro With apost-graduatedegreeinanalysisoftheeconomic CITY OFRIODEJANEIRO CHIEF SECRETARY OFSTAFF OFTHE Pedro PauloTeixeira CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

7 8 In thefirstphaseof government, from2009 city’s challengeintermsof thetreatmentofwaste. waste. Wehaveenteredthesecondphasein important projectassociatedwiththematterof >> Therearefourmajorprojects.Iwillrefertoan GOVERNMENT’S AGENDA? CURRENTLY ONTHEMUNICIPAL CONCERNING THISISSUE THAT ARE WHAT ARE THE MAIN CHALLENGES the city. explored andhandledsothatitgeneratesbenefitsfor We understandthattheenvironmentalassetmustbe urban habitat less aggressive to the environment. be explored,inaddition,naturally,tomakingthe potentiality forthecityofRiodeJaneiro,whichmust must alsoseeitasaneconomicasset, environment simplyasanassetofwellbeing,butwe even moreaggressivegoals,sincewecannotviewthe issue ofsustainabilityisstillontheagenda,with extended thegoalsandprojectsthrough2016.The vision ofthecitytoyear2030andbuilt that wehavejustfinished,expandedthe and decontaminationasstrategicgoals.Inthereview as waste, reforestation agendas, the green agenda, period between2009and2012,wehadissuessuch years. Inthefirstplanof2009,whichreferredto the concretegoalsandprojectsforaperiodoffour first phase,and,byreverseengineering,weworkwith we have built a vision for the next ten years, in the strategic planning,whichisthefoundationon city. Itisnotbycoincidencethatourworkbasedon strategic issue for the Municipal Government and the PEDRO PAULO TEIXEIRA: TIME OFTRANSFORMATION OFRIO? MATTER OFSUSTAINABILITY INTHISCURRENT GOVERNMENT VIEW AND ADDRESS THE FGV PROJETOS: HOW DOESTHEMUNICIPAL INTERVIEW Sustainability isa but exclusively with the resources of the Municipal but exclusivelywiththeresources oftheMunicipal instance, willbebuiltwithout anykindoftaxbenefit, the State.However,landfillinSeropédica,for >> ALSO DIRECTEDTO SUSTAINABILITY? OF LAW ESTABLISHING TAX INCENTIVES ARE THERE,AMONGTHESEPROJECTS, BILLS environment, it will all be used to produce energy. will be fullycaptured – nothing will go into the emissions ofmethanefromthelandfillinSeropédica energy, whichisboughtinitsentiretybyReduc.The fact, themethanecapturedisalreadyproducing captured andusedforthegenerationofenergy.In the landfill in Seropédica, allthe methane willbe Besides, fromtheenvironmentalviewpoint,at reduction of8%inthecity’s methane emissions. since theendofGramachowillrepresenta This willhaveconsiderableimpactonemissions, redirected tothelandfillinSeropédica. approximately 9thousand tons ofwastewillbe rapid development.WiththeclosingofGramacho, reality thatispossibleforcountriesexperiencing as thedevelopedcountries,butwehavereacheda times. Wehavenotyetreachedthesamereality disposal, wehavemanagedtoleaveprehistoric capture of methane. So, in the matter of final waste of 15yearsandwillbefullyequippedforthe America, whichwillhaveananticipatedduration waste. It isthe most modernwaste site inLatin control systemsneededforthetreatmentofurban art industrialwastesite,equippedwithallthe Seropédica, webuiltthesolution:astate-of-the- Through aconcessionwith the newlandfillin Gramacho –,whichwasatransformeddumpyard. we dumpedintoasemi-controlledlandfill–in of the city’s 9 thousand tons of garbage, which to 2012, we facedtheissueof final disposal There are some laws establishing incentives from There aresomelawsestablishingincentivesfrom

executed, based on a model produced with BNDES, the executed, basedonamodel producedwithBNDES,the the WestSideofcity(“Zona Oeste”).Lastyear,we the largestnowinthisState,issanitationprojectof sanitation, whichisextremelyimportantandperhaps Another projectassociatedwithdecontaminationand with aninvestmentofmoreorlessR$300million. this projectisexpectedtoenterthesecondphase, of allthoserivers.Accordingtothestrategicplan, phase ofthisprojectinviewthemacro-drainage decontamination program,weareexecutingthefirst polluted. Today,withtheStateGovernment’s make upacomplexthathasbeen,overtime,completely Jacarepaguá alone,thereareapproximately50,which has approximately200riversand,inthisregionof the JacarepaguáBasin.ThecityofRiodeJaneiro impacting projects,suchasthemacro-drainageof the rivers,so-calledblueagenda,wehavestrategic, reforested areasinthecity.Concerningmatterof reforestation project.Weareexpandingthenumberof Government of Rio hasan internationally awarded In regardstothematterofgreenarea,Municipal This isanitemontheagendaconcerningwaste. very least,toseparatewetgarbagefromdrygarbage. garbage thatisproperlycollected,tosay,atthe increase from3.5%to20%thevolumeofrecyclable in the strategic plan is a much more aggressive goal: to do Desenvolvimento,BNDES).Whatwehaveincluded Brazilian NationalDevelopmentBank(BancoNacional with theprogramthatiscurrentlyunderway The initialgoalwastoachieveapercentileof3% the recyclablegarbageissubjecttoselectivecollection. by thesocietyatlarge,ormarketitself,only2%of actions by the Municipal Government and the initiatives garbage iscapableofbeingrecycledand,today,afterthe in thecity.Byouraccounts,approximately40%of increases therecyclingpotentialofgarbageproduced selection ofthewaste,which,ifdonemoreappropriately, phase inthewasteissueencompassescollectionand currently have a very reasonable solution. This second Government. Asforthefinaldestinationofwaste,we CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY GDP isstartingtogrowabove thecountry’snational of 5%,whichisanextraordinary result.Thecity’s to fullemployment,withanunemploymentrate incomes inBrazil. Rio deJaneiroisalsoonitsway is alreadytoppingSãoPaulo,withoneofthehighest income generatedbythestatestoday,RiodeJaneiro In regardstotheimpacts,ifweconsideraverage that isbeingimplemented. investment thatisbeingmade,ofthepublicpolicy us toquantify,inacertainway,theresultof where we are and where we want to go. So, this allows which isabenchmarkforthegoal,andindicates of the56goalssetinplan,thereisanindicator, nice thingaboutthisplanningeffortisthat,foreach >> THESE PROJECTS? MADE ANDBY THEIMPLEMENTATION OF INVESTMENTS THAT AREALREADY BEING ASSESS THE IMPACTS PRODUCEDBY THE HAS ANYSTUDY BEENPRODUCEDTO of thelagoonwastewatersysteminWestSide. the Sepetiba Bay, whichiscurrentlythe destination into theGuanabaraBayand70%lessemissions by 2016.Thismeans30%lesssewageemissions the populationreachedbysewagesystemto40% by BNDES,whichmeanstoexpandthepercentileof the project with the greatest social impact developed currently thelargestsanitationconcessioninBrazil,and infrastructure, andthisprojectthatwehavemodeledis Only 4%ofthispopulationhasanykindsewage now, haslivedvirtuallywithoutsewagetreatment. Janeiro andonethirdofthepopulation,who,upto We aretalkingabouthalfoftheterritoryRiode exception ofJacarepaguá,BarradaTijucaandRecreio. and fromDeodoroallthewaytoPaciência–with Side: as of Grota Funda, from Guaratiba to Santa Cruz, concession oftheentiresanitationsystemWest Actually, severalstudieshavebeenproduced.The

9 10 “ its visitors better andbetter. the challengeofimproving the city’s infrastructure to receive These events donotfrighten us. Actually, they represent Pedro PauloTeixeira ” HOW WILL THEMUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT my daughterwillpickafight withwhoeverdoesthat. My fatherdumpedgarbage in thestreet,Idonot,and my daughter’sgenerationwillbecompletelydifferent. in publicschoolandprivateschool.Iamcertainthat Government ofRio.Thisisanewcircumstance,both to theprimaryeducationofferedbyMunicipal current curricularframeworksanditisnotrestricted We havenotedthatthisisarecurringtopicinthe municipal schools’primaryeducationcurriculum. >> PRIMARY SCHOOLS? INTRODUCE THEISSUE INTHEPUBLIC HOW DOES THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT THE PUBLIC POLICIES FOR EDUCATION? BEING ADDRESSED WITHINTHESCOPE OF IS THEENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE ALSO volume andtotheanticipationofpublicinvestment. economy than the country’s economy, due to this economy thattheothercities,andevenastronger in theworldeconomy,Riowouldhaveastronger years onaccountofanyproblemintheBrazilianor Janeiro weretoremainstagnantoverthenextfive I havenodoubtthat,iftheprivateeconomyofRiode GDP, represent10%oftheGDPinpublicinvestments. in contracted investments, which, if compared to the partnerships, adding up to approximately R$ 20 billion what hasbeenleveragedwiththepublic-private of theMunicipalGovernment’sownresources,plus Therefore, we have public investments, with the use will havenearlyR$10billionmoreininvestments. Transolímpica accessroad,theOlympicPark-,we concession projects–Seropédica,theRioHarbor, billion. If we add what has been leveraged with these now hasupdatedinvestmentcontractsworthR$10 Government, withtheuseofitsownresources, at approximatelyR$200billion.TheMunicipal Rio deJaneiro.Thecity’sGDPiscurrentlyestimated the potentialofpublicinvestmentisbeingappliedin and the direct investment in the city, that is to say, average. Besides,wecanseethecompanies’return since ithasalwaysgrownbelowthecountry’s average, which is a reversal of Rio’s economic history, CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / The environmental issue has been included in the The environmentalissuehasbeenincludedinthe RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

Besides, thecitieshaveproved tobemoreagile.We possibly reaching60%oftheworldpopulation. the representativesof40or50majorcitiesmeans national authorities.So,tobringtogetherhere taken the initiative, sometimes even ahead of the matter, thecitieshavebeeninnovativeand on thebigcities.Especiallyinthisenvironmental take placeinthecities.Theworldtodayisfocused Many ofthedecisionsmadewithanationwidereach the discussionstobeheldamongHeadsofState. important, inmyopinion,andjustasinteresting The discussiontobeheldwiththecitiesisextremely at theseevents,inwhichothercitiesareinvolved. city. So, the Municipal Government has a lot to show employed in the buses currently circulating in the reduce theimpactonbuses’enginesthanthose fuels, andamuchmoreadvancedcomponentto 150 km of BRTs in the city, which use less damaging (Bus Rapid Transit) systems. We are implementing Government madethedecisiontoimplementBRT transportation, whichiscriticalaswell.TheMunicipal reduction ofemissions,inadditiontothematter said aboutwaste,reforestation,decontamination, solutions. Riowillpresentitsresults,whatwehave sustainability, successfulpractices,problemsand be an event, held concurrently, which will address on thediscussionamongcities,sincetherewill addition, theMunicipalGovernmentisalsoworking available toensurethatthecityfunctionsproperly.In and theentireMunicipalGovernmentiscompletely ongoing meetingswiththeorganizationofRio+20, Government isfullydedicatedtoit.Wehaveheld concurrently withRio+20,andtheMunicipal 100 Heads of State, as well as different events held the cityisinproperordertoreceiveapproximately >> GOVERNMENT PREPARING FOR IT? THE CITY, AND HOW IS THE MUNICIPAL OF ANEVENTTHISMAGNITUDE FOR CONFERENCE? WHAT ISTHEIMPORTANCE PARTICIPATE IN THE RIO + 20 WORLD Rio’s primaryparticipationisintheroleofhost:

11 12 and continuetosupplywater. TheFederalSavings the sewagetreatmentto MunicipalGovernment company wouldagreetotransfer theresponsibilityfor of Rio and the water company Cedae, so that the had never existed between the Municipal Government Side, whichisdependentonanunderstandingthat Another exampleistheconcessionprojectinWest reach asolutionforthatregion. Government helpedtheStateandMunicipalityto part withfundingfromtheStateitself.TheFederal Federal Government,passedontotheState,andin PDBJ, wasexecutedinpartwithfundingfromthe decontamination of the undersea outfall, known as work ifsewageemissionscontinuedtopour.The would be no use in executingthe macro-drainage concerning thelandoutfall,wassolvedfirst.There the issueofsanitationprojectJacarepaguá, Government, anditwasmadepossiblebecause Municipal Government,withfundingfromtheFederal the macro-drainage work is being executed by the the decontaminationofJacarepaguácomplex: >> THREE LEVELSOFGOVERNMENT? OF THEPARTNERSHIP AMONG THESE PROJECT BEINGDEVELOPED AS ARESULT GOVERNMENTS. ISANYSUSTAINABILITY THE FEDERAL,STATE ANDMUNICIPAL PLEASE EXPLAIN THE INTEGRATION AMONG will beveryrichdiscussions. is addressingtheproblemofpopularhousing.These Madrid ishandlingitswastepolicy,andhowDubai York issolvingitssoundpollutionproblem,andhow will see the practical experiences: like how New and proposalsforagreements,butinthecities,we discussions betweenthelatter,wewillseenumbers than thedecisionsmadebyHeadsofState.In meetings arejustasimportant,orevenmoreso, global citiesthatwillbeinvolvedintheparallel greater responsibility. The decisions made by these in severalpartsoftheworldatendencytoward can seeinthelegalarrangementsbetweencities INTERVIEW Yes, practicallyallofthem.Aclearexampleis the calendar, whichwemustqualifyto ensurethe In additiontothehotels,there isalsothematterof happened. acceleration oftheprocess, whichhaseffectively (IPTU) debt,fortheestablishmentofhotelsand (ISS) and the renegotiation of the urban property tax of incentives,suchasthereductionservicetax a law at City Hall that allowed us to propose a number Municipal Governmentdone?In2010,weapproved International OlympicCommittee.Butwhathasthe and underway,thantheprojectcontractedwith of thecapacityhotelsystem,whicharelicensed Today we have more projects in view of theexpansion beyond thehotellodgingcapacityinitiallyproposed. >> BEING TAKEN CONCERNING TOURISM? THERE ANYOTHER SPECIFICACTIONS GUESTS CHECKINGINTO HOTELS. ARE PEOPLE, VEHICLES,THENUMBEROF THE INCREASED CIRCULATION OF PAST YEARS IS NOTICEABLE, CONSIDERING THE EXPANSION OF TOURISM IN THE CITY IN between thethreelevelsofgovernment. be totallyinconceivable without thiscooperation of theRiodeJaneiroHarbor,forinstance,would number ofprojects.Theprojectfortherevitalization government, whichallowsustoeffectivelyexecutea situation of cooperationamong the three levels of So, wenowhaveanexcellent,unprecedented Brazilian cities. a land distribution situation that differs from other de JaneirowasoncetheBraziliancapitalandpresents and tothecomplexityresultingfromfactthatRio of thelegislationBrazilianRepublicansystem, is crucialforRiodeJaneiro,duebothtothecomplexity investment. Theunderstandingbetweenthesebodies that, thisway,wecanmanagetoraisefundsforthe be thefundingbankofwinningconsortium,so Bank (CaixaEconômicaFederal)willmostlikely More basicactionsarebeingtaken:wegoing

JANEIRO IS PREPARED FOR THIS SO, IS ITSAFETO SAY THAT RIO DE signage onallfronts. place inLondonviewof improvingtheexisting intelligent signage.Wehavestudiedthemodelin sign oranother,buttoproduceawholesystemof the signsdirectedtotouristsisnotonlyadda plan referstothecity’ssignagesystem.Toimprove Another projectthatisalsoincludedinourstrategic service segment. idea istorepeatthismodelfor20careerswithinthe attend thecourseduringaperiodoftwoyears.The Inglesa, Yázigi,andWizard.Wepay90Reaisthey 20 thousandofitsworkers’children,atCultura which fullyfundsanEnglishcourseforapproximately was adoptedattheMunicipalGovernmentofRio, being developed.Init,wewillrepeatthemodelthat of asecondlanguage.Thisisprojectthatalready prepared to offer 2- or 3-year plans for the learning English coursesestablishedinthecity,whichare English, based on a partnership to be executed with a projectthatprovides,forinstance,basiclessonsof waiters, andmunicipalguards.Theideaistodevelop to qualifyprofessionals,suchasbusandtaxidrivers, areas ofcontactwiththetourist,forwhichweintend includes aprojectforwhichweareselecting20main qualification oftheservices.Ourstrategicplan Another issueinthetourismsegmentis business tourism. in itssurroundings,ordertomeetthisdemandfor a middle-sizedconvention hall, witha hotel chain project iscurrentlybeinglicensedfortheharbor have toinvest,forinstance,inconventionhalls.A executives andprofessionalstoRio.Todoso,wewill tourism. We have been investing to attract company great dealofrecreationaltourismandlittlebusiness business events.Rioischaracterizedashavinga improve the quality level of the recreational and the seasonalityofcity’scalendareventsand be directedtothehotelsystem.Wemustmitigate whole, ortoensurethattheseinvestmentswillalso security oftheinvestments,eitherforcityasa CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY AND SUSTAINABILITY BEINGADDRESSED? HOW IS THE RELATION BETWEEN THE SLUM greater victory. have reducedthemby2%,whichrepresentsaneven stop thegrowthwasinitselfagainand,besides,we slum areasinRiodeJaneirowerestillgrowing.To 2%, whichwasquiteasuccessifwerecallthatthe from 2009to2012,wemanagedreducethemby slum areasbyapproximately5%.Inthisfirstphase, set a super-aggressive goal to reduce the existing construction withinthesecommunities.So,wehave goal isto,littlebylittle,instillacultureofappropriate can learntherulesofconstruction,sitepattern.The aggressively attheUPPs.Thisisaspacewherepeople of Urbanismwithinthecommunities,developedmore Pouso, whichisaspaceoccupiedbytheSecretariat all politicalcomponents.Wehaveaprojectcalled of urbaneducationwithintheslums.Theseare especially horizontal.Thatistosay,thisawork areas, orthestricterinspectionofnewconstructions, delimitation of green areas, thecontainment of risk “My HomeMyLife”(MinhaCasaMinhaVida),the as the offer of popular housing, with the Program plan. Thisinvolvesanumberofcomponents,such >> STRATEGIC ISSUE? IS THEREDUCTIONOFSLUM AREAS A which iswithoutadoubttransformingevent. Of coursethelargestoftheseeventsisOlympics, infrastructure to receive its visitors better and better. represent thechallengeofimprovingcity’s >> CUP OFSOCCER, ANDTHEOLYMPICS? THE CONFEDERATIONS CUP, THEWORLD COME, SUCHAS THEWORLD YOUTH DAY, CONFERENCE ANDOTHER EVENTS TO The reductionofslumareasispartthestrategic These eventsdonotfrightenus.Actually,they

13 14 agenda, thedeliveriesareontime,itiscapableof Until 2016,RioisonschedulewiththeOlympics very professional. mention theeasygoinglifestyle,whichwasalsonot the “carioca”easygoingwayofdoingthings,notto of aprovincialcitythat,incertainway,accepted to defeatthestereotype attributed to Rio inthe past, legacy. Wewanttoshowtheworldthatitispossible through 2016isasimportantthepost-2016 the State Government understand that this process on therighttrack.TheMunicipalGovernmentand to saythatitcannotimprovefurther,butweare >> FUTURE? RIGHT DIRECTIONTO ENSURETHECITY’S SUSTAINABLE ANDHEADEDINTHE SO, HAS THECITY’SGROWTH BEEN which isperhapsthemostshockingaspect. communities, particularlythematterofgarbage, matter ofenvironmentalpreservationwithinthese in general,withteamsthatalreadyhandlethe River Guardians–andenvironmentaleducation of theriversbyagentsfromcommunities- consolidated, concerningreforestation,thecleaning Government goesinwithprogramsthatarealready and the environment. In this regard,theMunicipal social aspects,thematterofemployability,culture UPP ProgramoftheStateGovernment,covering have theSocialUPP,whosebreadthsupplements >> Withinthescopeofprojects,forinstance,we ACCORDING TO ANYPROJECT, ANYLAW? I amabsolutelyconfidentthatitis.Thatisnot opinions oncitysolutionsworldwide. is apoliticalleaderwhofullycapableofforming that aretakingplace in thisandothercities.He conference, andasthespeakerforgoodpractices the mayorisacentralplayer,asbothhostof transformation ofRiodeJaneiro.Ihavenodoubtthat political leadershipscapableofvoicingthistime >> PAES PLAY INRIO+20? WHAT ROLEWILL THEMAYOR EDUARDO the environment. and thebalancebetweeneconomicdevelopment is impossiblenottoaddresstheenvironmentalissue concept wehaveintermsofdevelopmenttoday-,it which Ibelieveisthenewhipconcept,coolest – Iwilltakeadvantageoftheconcepthappiness, to beaglobalcity,cityofthefuture,happy ensure thatthismovementissustainable.Ifweplan new growthdynamic,andwemustmakeaneffortto gone plantoreturn.ThisisasignthatRiohasfound in SãoPaulo,buttostayhere.Andthosewhohave (FGV), forinstance, no longerplantojoinalawfirm graduating fromtheGetulioVargasFoundation we faceanentirelynewprospect:thestudents and thetalentsthatwerelostinpast.So,currently, the processofattractingbackmajorcorporations location toestablish.WewanthelpRiodeJaneiroin the choiceofamajorcorporationwhenitchooses is thatagoodpublicmanagementwillinfluence State Government,arebeingcopied.Ourexpectation models, of both the Municipal Government and the policies totheentirecountry.Thecity’smanagement planning andinvesting,itisexportingpublic Rio isinfashion.So,wemusthavethiscity the environment. economic development and issue andthebalance between address theenvironmental (...), itisimpossible notto of theconcept ofhappiness city –Iwilltake advantage a cityofthefuture, ahappy “ CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / If we plan to be a global city, influence thechoice ofamajor RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY corporation whenitchooses a good publicmanagement will “ ” Our expectation isthat a location to establish. Pedro PauloTeixeira ”

15 16 CENTER OFTHEWORLD RIO DEJANEIRO INTHE LAUDEMAR AGUIAR RIO +20: testimonial aware ofsustainabledevelopment. consequence of theoccasionwill be tomakethepopulation in fact,willbethefirstglobalevent onthetheme.Themain importance oftheimmateriallegacy ofthisconferencethat, organization ofRio+20and takes intoconsiderationthe Laudemar Aguiarraisesthemainchallengesfoundin words intoeffectiveactions.Inthisstatement,minister and managementofnaturalresourcestotransform the greeneconomy,eradicationofpoverty,socialinclusion will beextremely important both todiscussthemes such as debate onsustainability.Theparticipationofcivilsociety The Rio+20Conferencewillbringnewcharacterstothe ABSTRACT of Rio+20. National Secretary of the National Organization Committee counselor oftheembassyinParisandiscurrently Ministry ofForeignAffairsinthe1980s.Hewasminister- do Rio de Janeiro, minister Laudemar Aguiar joined the Graduated inEconomicsfromtheUniversidadeFederal RIO +20COMMITTEE NATIONAL SECRETARY FOR THE Laudemar Aguiar CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

17 18 on sustainabilitymoreeffectively. and howtoorganizethe international discussion sustainable development and povertyeradication; aspects: greeneconomyin thecontextofsocialand Discussions willbeorganizedtoaddresstwo advances and gaps detected over the last years. to thesustainabledevelopmentandevaluate 193 UNmemberswillrenewtheircommitment produce andconsume.FromJune13until22, Rio +20willbeastartingpointfornewwaysto sustainability, butratherhowtoachieveit. today wenolongerdiscusstheneedforhigher this legacy that hasbeenbuiltonprogressively, social problems were jointly addressed. Thanks to for thefirsttimeenvironment,economicand Stockholm Conference tookplacein 1972, where agents andcivilsociety’sagenda.BeforeECO92, incorporated intothegovernments,economic environmental andsustainability agenda was the conceptofsustainabledevelopment.The 92 wasalandmark,asitdefinitivelyestablished to develop medium and long-term projects. ECO Conferences such as the Rio + 20 are opportunities and economicdevelopment. environmental preservation,socialdevelopment sustainable developmentissetonatripod: not onlyaboutanenvironmentalissue–the urgency. Morethaneverwemustpersist:itis now involvesanunprecedenteddimensionand de Janeiro.However,thesearchforsustainability development orinthehistoryofCityRio in thehistoryofdiscussionsonsustainable Development (Rio+20)isnotanisolatedevent The UnitedNationsConferenceonSustainable TESTIMONIAL develop economically andpromote socialinclusionandenvironmental must changedevelopment, consumption andproduction standards visionary text clearlyshowing that somethingiswrong andthat we to allow allcountries around theworld, inthenext 20years, to “Brazil aimsfor anambitioustext, butonethat is,above all,a protection.” (Ambassador Luiz Alberto Figueiredo) and dozensofothersthat haveprovidedmaterials Econômica Federal,Banco doNordesteBrasil Correios (Post Office), Banco do Brasil, Caixa Sebrae, Vale,Petrobras, Eletrobras,Finep,Oi, supported byimportantpartners,suchasBNDES, In the organization of these spaces, we have been ECO 92.Riocentroaloneistwiceaslarge mobilize an area that is four times larger than that of participation. Asaresult,Rio+20isexpectedto places spreadoutalloverthecityforcivilsociety In addition to Riocentro, there will be several civil societyorganizationsaccreditedbytheUN. events, lectures,presentationsandseminarsby temporary 6,300-m2 tentin Riocentro for parallel Caixa EconômicaFederal.Therewillalsobea movements, inadditiontoapartnershipwith Summit, whichgatherstogetherNGOsandsocial this, theGovernmentissupportingPeople possible participation of the civil society. For we arestrivingtomakeRio+20havethehighest of thePresidentRepublic,DilmaRousseff, which ismore sustainable. Byfollowingtheadvice different products,today’sconsumerchoosesthat discussions. Forexample,whencomparingtwo actions, whichareincreasinglyinvolvedinsuch by means of civil society and economic agents’ After all,sustainabilitymayonlybeachieved economy. oceans, socialinclusion,migrations,citiesand current themes,assustainableenergy,waters, State andGovernmentonhowtodealwithsuch 19) andmakerecommendationstotheHeadsof new topics at Sustainability Discussions (June 16- During theRio+20,civilsocietywilldiscuss

using thelowestvolumeofdulycertifiedpaper. Technologies andmakeapapersmartconference use totheextentpossiblenewcommunication everything thatishappeninginRio.Weintendto that isbeingdevelopedwithFGVFoundation,of on line,withthehelpofasoftwareapplication with aconnectedcellphonewillbeinformed may be at the Pier of climbing the Himalayas effectively beaglobalconference.Anyonewho closer toRiocentro.ThismeansthatRio+20will and Quinta da Boa Vista. There will also be spaces dos Atletas,ArenadaBarra,VivoRio,MauáPier, locations as far asParque do Flamengo, Parque integration ofeventsscheduledtotakeplacein Digital mediaandtheInternetwillallow participating directlyintheorganizationprocess. Rio +20,whetherbycontributingtodiscussionsor The wholeBraziliansocietyhasmobilizedaround Janeiro) –FirjanandCaixaEconômicaFederal. (Federação dasIndústriasdoEstadoRiode Industries FederationoftheStateRiodeJaneiro Program (UNDP),withtheparticipationof partnership withtheUnitedNationsDevelopment in ourvolunteeringprogramestablished communities and700universitystudentsenrolled In addition,1,000volunteersfromvulnerable has includedtheprivatesectormoreandmore. the government and the civil society, which and services.Itisagreatmobilizationbyboth CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY of suchalevel must adaptitselfat structure. Thisisnotexclusivity of several levels. Somemore, others “ less, dependingontheexisting Any cityhosting aconference accessible subwaysystemintheworld. fact: RiodeJaneirohasthefirst10year-oldfully such actions,Icameacrossaquiteinteresting user ramp. Besides, when we started to examine pushchair willbenefitfromthesamewheelchair mobility, becauseamotherpushingbaby’s disabled Brazilians.Thatisalsoamatterorurban everybody’s life easier, starting with the 40 million additional cost,butratheraninvestmenttomake equipment fordisabledpeoplerepresentsno It isnecessarytoshowthatphysicalanddigital reasons, disabled people from joining the event? conceive a conference andpreclude, for physical inclusion andparticipation,howcouldwe accessibility. Whenspeakingaboutsocial connectivity, anothermatterofconcernis Moreover, inadditiontosustainabilityand Comlurb andthewastepickersassociation. (Companhia MunicipaldeLimpezaUrbana)– of both the Municipal Urban Cleaning Company waste collection.Wewillrelyontheparticipation in additiontocupsmadeofcornhuskandselective bioplastic bottlesfromBraskem,anotherpartner, ranging fromtheuseofbiofuelforgeneratorsto emission. InsideRiocentro,therewillbeactions powered busestoreducethevolumeofcarbongar the event,suchasuseofflexfuelorethanol- mitigate oroffsettheenvironmentalimpactsfrom There isaseriesofotheractionsintendedto Rio deJaneiro. Laudemar Aguiar ”

19 20 of securityandlogisticassistanceforsomany world have managed to achieve a similar a level millions ofpeopleattendthem.Fewcitiesinthe hundreds ofthousandspeople,butrather New YearsEveand Carnival. Notthousandsor every yeartwoofthemajoreventsinworld: In thissense,Riohasanadvantage.Weorganize preparation ofeventvenues,butthewholecity. Conference organizationnotonlyinvolvesthe 50,000 authorizedindividualsinRiocentro.The ready towelcomeup150HeadsofStateand development oftheconferenceinRio.Weare to provideallmaterialconditionsforthe signed withtheUN,whereBrazilcommitted Committee istoimplementtheHostAgreement The maintaskoftheNationalOrganization accessibility referencefornextconferences. the UNisgoingtoadoptRio+20asacontent impairment. Andweareveryhappytoknowthat allows theaccessbypeoplewithvisualorhearing Our websiteisprovidedwithImag3,asystemthat subtitles andaudiodescriptionintwolanguages. contents: theconferencetransmissionswillhave Another goodaccessibilityexamplerefersto TESTIMONIAL attendance atmunicipal,stateandfederallevel, Because of aschool holiday andoptionaljob will transportthepublictoeventlocations. will reinforceandexpandtheurbanbuslinesthat allocated solely for authorized personnel, andwe flows for the conference. There will be 350 buses National organizationCommitteehaveestablished Military Command,allsecurityentitiesandthe Office, theMinistryofTransports,Eastern Municipal TransportOffice,theState be chaotic.Forthat,incontactwithCET-Rio,the the transitofaHeadState,thiswillobviously blockage isscheduledinaparticularareadueto that thedirectionofastreethaschangedor information. Ifyouonlyinformatthelastminute inconveniences? Buteverythingisamatterof of alldifficulties.Whichmajoreventisfreefrom This doesnotmeanthatwewillbeentirelyfree Government aresubstantial. municipalities, stategovernmentsandtheFederal Today, articulation and cooperation between all securityentitieslinkedtospheresofpower. of Defense,theEasternMilitaryCommand,and time. SecuritycoordinationincludestheMinistry people inasingleeventsuchshortperiodof because Brazil“leadsbyexample”.Inother that itisimportanttomakethiseventinBrazil, Conference Secretary-General Sha Zukang said Nations Secretary-GeneralBanKi-moonandthe 30 millionpeopleout of poverty.TheUnited environmental awarenessandprotection,taking manner intermsofsocialinclusionandgreater for acountrythathasdevelopedinsustainable Today, BrazilisareferencefortheUnitedNations Janeiro believethatRiowillbebettertomorrow. infrastructures. AlloftheinhabitantsRiode together withrestaurantsandothertourism hotel networkinRiohasincreasedandmodernized Católicas), FIFA World Cup and the Olympics. The going tohappenwithCatholicYouth(Juventudes and receptivenesslevel,asapreviewofwhatis Rio + 20willserve to showthecity’s advanced place intheplanetforhostingmajorevents. Rio hasalreadyestablisheditselfasaleading as possible. are criticaltoavoidasmanyinconveniences the increasedtraffic.Planningandinformation and thereforethere will beacompensationfor several vehiclesareexpectedtobeinthestreets CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

environmental matter.Itisallofus. from nowon.Itisnotonlyanencapsulated, It iswhatwearerequiredtodowiththisplanet physical infrastructure.Rio+20isnotaboutthat. For a moment, we must stop thinking only of future oftheplanet,allwillhavebeenworthwhile. what thatmeansandmaketheircontributiontothe world, ifwecouldmakethepeopleunderstand sustainable developmentforusandthewhole that. Ifwecouldcreateahigherawarenessof is immaterial,andeveryoneshouldbeawareof respect toinfrastructure,themajorRio+20legacy In spiteofeverythingthatwehavedonewith negotiation tables. As such,weareactorsinthemostdiverse adds, multiplies and approximates positions. and compositionininternationalforums.Brazil, complements theBrazilianhistoryofnegotiation words, we are a reference in this debate. This

21 22 STATE WHICHRECEIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MOST INVESTMENTS RESOURCES INTHE THE PROTECTION MARILENE RAMOS testimonial ABSTRACT resources andtheenvironment. in theareaofsanitation,andmanagementwater (EBAPE/FGV), whereshedevelopsresearchandprojects Business andPublicAdministrationofFGVFoundation She alsoworks as professor oftheBrazilianSchool of Do Ambiente(Inea-StateEnvironmentalInstitute). and is currently president of the Instituto Estadual Environmental secretaryfortheStateofRiodeJaneiro Federal UniversityofRiodeJaneiro(UFRJ),shewas doctorate inenvironmentalengineering,bothfromthe Graduated incivilengineeringandholdinga on thedevelopmentagendaof theStateofRiodeJaneiro. environmental bodytoreferto, andtoplayastrategicrole has beenpreparingitselfwith thegoalofbecomingan fashion. Inordertoaccomplish allofthesetasks,Inea to expandprotectedareasand togrowinasustainable compatible withtheeconomicdevelopmentofState, licenses; tocreatesanitationconditionsthatwouldbe make progressinmatterspertainingtoenvironmental Ramos, in order to achieve this, it wouldbe necessary to Institute (InstitutoEstadualdoAmbiente)-Inea,Marilene According tothepresidentofStateEnvironment was offeredtheopportunitytochangeitsenvironment. will hostseverallargeeventstheStateofRiodeJaneiro In faceofthedomesticandinternationalexposurewhich PRESIDENT OFINEA Marilene Ramos CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

23 24 metal working,infrastructure–whichwerenot directed towardsallareas–petroleum,mining, years. Alargevolumeofinvestmentswasbeing which attimeswouldextendforfour,fiveormore liabilities –between8and17thousandlawsuits Feema, forexample,hadagreatdealoflicensing and continuestobenecessary. contribution toshowthatthistransformationwas Rio +20,andtheOlympicGames–allmadetheir that came afterwards –investments, the World Cup, (Instituto EstadualdeFlorestas)-(IEF).Everything Rios eLagoas)–Serla,andtheStateForestsInstitute Superintendence (SuperintendênciaEstadualde Meio Ambiente)–Feema,theStateRiversandLakes Foundation (FundaçãoEstadualdeEngenharia do agencies: TheStateEnvironmentalEngineering Inea bymergingthreealreadyexistingenvironmental Carlos Minc,webeganworkingontheideaofcreating Then, backin2007,undertheaegisofSecretary profound changestotheareaofenvironment. investments, it exercised - andsociety demanded - Once theStatedecidedtobecomerecipientoflarge itself forthistask. large steptakenbythestategovernmenttoprepare Estadual do Ambiente) – Inea, already represents a creation oftheStateEnvironmentInstitute(Instituto growth withsustainabledevelopment.Thevery tremendous challengeofbalancingthiseconomic of theworld,whileonotherwearefacing On theonehand,wehavebecomeshowcase Rio de Janeiro is going through a very unique moment. TESTIMONIAL 2011, theyreachedR$450millionininvestments. invested in2007revolvedaroundR$150million.In some 3thousandlicenseswereissued.Thefunds licenses. In2010,therewere2300.Andlastyear, its firstyear (2009), Inea issued 1300 environmental To giveyouanideaaboutthislevelofevolution,during later analysisandinspection. without givinguptheexactnesstobeemployedin and eventoendourenvironment-relatedliabilities, contract inwhichoneofthegoalsistodownsize demand. Weare(inclusively)signingamanagement to refer to in its area, capable of responding to this and itisseekingtobecomeanenvironmentalagency had graduated40yearsago!Today,Ineaisevolving joke thattheyoungestengineerundermyemploy Back in2007,whenIwasSerla’spresident,would not gettheirhumanandmaterialresourcesreplaced. time wentby,theseinstitutionsgotolder,theydid Serla andIEFrepresentedahugeadvance.Then,as At thetimetheywerecreatedbackin70s,Feema, 2008 andtheselicenseswerestillnotgranted. had filed for licensesbackin2001,yetitwasnow environmental licenses.Therewerecaseswhenthey to workandwhoshowedmeachronologyoftheir – oil vendors, who depended on licenses to be able audience ofsmallandmediumsizebusinessmen as amanagerofpublicrelations.Ihadtofacean through one of the worst embarrassments of my life the office in 2008, I went to Macaé, and I had to live made atthenecessaryspeeds.AssoonasItookover being backedupbytheircorrespondinginvestments

us for30-40years,haveaccruedoverallthistime. knowledge thatthisteam,whohavebeenworkingfor train ourcurrentemployeesandtoconveytheimmense Therefore wemustbringqualifiedpeopleonboard,to retirement. Nointermediaterosterhasbeenprepared. age isaround50yearsarealreadycomingcloseto and fromIEF,theseemployees,whoseaverage personnel rosterthatcamefromSerla,Feema especially specializedemployees.Ineainheriteda have to replace perhaps some 50% of our workforce, hire newpeople.Overthecomingfiveyears,wewill with thoseofthemarket.Asaresult,wenowneedto since thewageswewerepayingoutofsync board, althoughwelostmanyofthemtothemarket, examination washeld,webrought240technicianson for governmentpositions.Whenthefirstcivilservice structuring cyclewithanewcivilserviceexamination an internal perspective, we need to close-the Inea although we arefacing many morechallenges. From These areonlysomeexamplesofimprovements, tune ofR$1.1billion. investments inthecontrolofenvironmentto (Reduc), requiringthelattercompanytomake Adjustment (TAC)withRefinariadeDuqueCaxias is undercontrol.WeexecutedaTermofConduct demanded byus,theairqualityofoursurroundings (CSA), although now, in 2012, with the investment start-up timeofCompanhiaSiderúrgicadoAtlântico serious problemtodowiththequalityofairat now catersfor30%.Wealsohadtofaceavery which cateredforonly25%ofthestate’spopulation, hectares to190thousand.Andbasicsanitation, Full conservationunitsjumpedfrom118thousand CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

of Gramacho,ItaocainSãoGonçalo,Babi such astheGramacho.Now,withclosingdown the weather,oratbest,tocontrolledgarbagedumps while theother90%wouldgotodumpsexposed Some 10%wouldgotosanitarygarbagedumps, conditions. In2007theoppositewashappening. in otherwords,itwillbedisposedofunderadequate within theStatewillgotosanitarygarbagedumps.Or Until theendof2012,90%garbageproduced With regardstogarbage,wearemakingarevolution! is absolutelyessential. sanitation agendawithintheState,somethingwhich and withthedifferentmunicipalities,tofoment Office oftheEnvironment,withconcessionaires attributions, our challenge is to work together with the Even thoughthisisnotexactlyoneofIneas’s rivers, beachesthatareunsuitableforbathing,etc. find. TheresultisapollutedGuanabaraBay, dumped intothefirstriver,ditchorbeachthatthey treated. Thewasteoftheremainingtwo-thirdsgets out ofthreeinhabitantsinthestatehashissewer for instance,hasabetter rating thanwedo. Only one third-world sanitaryconditionsarepresent.Morocco, have thethirdlargestpercapitaearnings,allwhile We havethesecondlargestGDPinBrazil,andwe Exportadores dePetróleo)-OPEP,oranArabEmirate. Exporting Countries(OrganizaçãodosPaíses have becomeamemberoftheOilProducingand development. If we were a country, the State would conditions inRioarenotcompatiblewithitseconomic of basicsanitation.Ialwayssaythatthesanitary being facednowbytheStateofRiodeJaneiroisthat In termsoftheenvironment,greatestchallenge

25 26 others, followextremely restrictive environmental Janeiro PetrochemicalComplex (Comperj),ontopof industries, both in Porto do Açu as well as the Rio de million, to invest in environment controls. Licensed with us–whichshouldactuallycomeclosertoR$400 Nacional (CSN),forinstance,signedaTACofR$250 are adaptingthemselves.CompanhiaSiderúrgica industries that are here today, including the older ones, effluents. This is not what we are talking about. The industries thatpollutelocallywithouttreatingtheir ‘dirty’ industries’,however,sincethetermappliesto produce thegreenhouseeffect.Wecannotcallthem which arehighlycarbon-emissionintensive, of steelmills,alongwiththepetroleumindustry, sustainable stance. There is a large concentration its carbonemissions,andtohaveitadoptamore need tohaveourindustrychangethestandardof been attributedtoacarbon-intensiveindustry.We Rio deJaneiroisgrowing,althoughthisgrowthhas is thechangeinprofileofourindustries. Another challengethatstillneedstobeaddressed Nevertheless, thereisstillanawfullottobedone. lack ofadequatehomesexertovertheenvironment. silence towards the tremendous pressure that a Minha Vida),whichwasresponsetodecadesof was thecreationofMyHome,Life(MinhaCasa one ofthegreatestmeritsFederalGovernment lose theirnaturalcovering.Asaresult,Ibelievethat banks, steep hillsides and forested areas which will that shouldbepermanentlypreserved,suchasriver lower-income groups,endsupdominatingareas dwelling. Disorderlyoccupation,especiallyby from theinabilitytomeetdemandsofeach environmental problemsthatwehavenowresult challenge stillremains:habitation.Alargepartof problems regardingsewersandgarbage,afourth After Inea’sinternalrestructuring,andafterthe were subjecttodisorderlyandirregularoccupation. an opensore,tosaytheleast,especiallyinareasthat most municipalities,garbagecollectionservicesare to garbagecollectionandrecyclingstillremain.In this situationaround.Still,thechallengespertaining Redonda and in Barra Mansa, we were able to turn Bedford RoxoandofthegarbagedumpsinVolta TESTIMONIAL

as wonderfulournature. incredible things. We want to makeRio’s environment are called the Marvelous City because we have many improve thequalityofGuanabaraBaywater.We structured toaccomplishourOlympiccommitment do EntornodaBaíadeGuanabara)-PSAM,hasbeen (Programa deSaneamentoAmbientaldosMunicípios around theSurroundings of GuanabaraBay Sanitation ProgramcarriedoutbytheMunicipalities controlling carandbuspollution.TheEnvironmental on accountofsome sports contests, along with network withinthemetropolitanandbeachareas as theintensificationofairqualitymonitoring This environmentallegacyincludesactionssuch us tomaketheenvironmentaljumpthatweneed. will mostcertainlystopafter2016,whichallow much slowerpace.Theprocessthathasbeenstarted that generateinvestments,whichusedtofollowata important, becauseitishelpingustomovethegears legacy thattheRioProposalcontemplatedisextremely result oftheOlympicGames.Theenvironmental for the State’s environmental area, especially as a some momentous events, I see a unique opportunity At thispointintime,whenRiodeJaneiroishosting interlocution isofahighlevel.” granted very quickly without any hindrances. Our in thebesttechnologies,andlicensingthatwillget companies, thenameofgameisveryclear:“bring - FGV,andofFGVProjetos.Whenitcomestoprivate support andtheadvisoryservicesofFGVFoundation are stillhelping)ustoconsolidate.Wealsohavethe instance, obtainedpartnerswhichhelped(and das IndústriasdoEstadoRiodeJaneiro)-Firjan, for Federation oftheStateRiodeJaneiro(Federação change thatisrepresentedbyInea.TheIndustries industry, fromwhichcamepartofthepressurefor This istheresultofourexcellentrelationswithprivate produce inacleanandsustainablefashion. to setupintheState,whichisasignthattheywish the EuropeanUnion.And,eventhen,theycontinue standards, whichveryoftenarestricterthanthoseof “ were still notgranted. it was now 2008andtheselicenses had filedfor licenses backin2001, yet licenses. There were caseswhenthey a chronology oftheirenvironmental be ableto work andwhoshowed me vendors, whodependedonlicenses to and mediumlevel businessmen –oil CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / I hadto face anaudience ofsmall “ challenge beingfaced now by theState of In terms oftheenvironment, thegreatest Rio deJaneiro isthat ofbasicsanitation. capita earnings,allthe while third-world Brazil, andwe have thethird largest per (...) We have the second largest GDPin RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY sanitary conditions are present. ” Marilene Ramos ”

27 28 SUSTAINABILITY ECONOMY AND MARIO MONZONI testimonial sustainability andparticipatory spaces. level, inspiringthecountry to pursueanewagendaof of debateanddiscussdevelopment issuesinaglobal Rio couldcapitalizethishistorical andpoliticalheritage of carbon and other environmental services. Being so, exchange, stockexchangeandgoodsfortheservices as itengagesintheconstructionofsoftmechanisms Rio deJaneiroisfeaturedintheforegroundofthisissue for sustainabilitythatisalsoparticipatory.InBrazil, his opinion,itisnecessarytocreateglobalgovernance sector agendasinordertoestablishaneweconomy.In inserting sustainability in the public policy and private In histestimony,MarioMonzonialertstotheneedof ABSTRACT Tourism. at FGVFoundationandpartnerofVenturaseAventuras He iscoordinatoroftheCenterforSustainabilityStudies in PublicAdministrationandGovernmentfromEAESP. and in Public Finances also from EAESP and a doctorate Policy Management from Columbia University, USA, Foundation), Monzonihasamaster´sinEconomic School ofBusinessAdministration(EAESP/FGV Graduated inAdministrationfromtheSãoPaulo COORDINATOR AT FGV Mauro Monzoni CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

29 30 Mario Monzoni “ complex thanitwas20yearsago.Presently,our governance, withinaworldthatismuchmore so wemustrethinktheneedforanewformof social-economic ortheenvironmentalviewpoint, global challengesofsustainability,fromeitherthe organization modelisinsufficienttodealwiththe this issueishuge.TheUnitedNations’current Today, thedemandforaglobalgovernanceof important roleinthisprocessofimprovement. has evolvedandthecorporatesegmentplaysavery water andelectricity,isstillaproblem,butmuch it endures.Theaccesstobasicutilities,suchas to take many people out of poverty in pastyears, be muchmorecivilized.Eventhoughwemanaged communities andevencountries,thatitcan the qualityofrelationsamongpeople, offer usqualityoflifethroughecosystemservices, perspective of the impact on the planet’s capacity to process andalertedusoftherisksweface,from and eventhescholarshavelongparticipatedinthis The organizedsociety,socialmovements,NGOs importance, particularly,inthecorporatesegment. of sustainabilitygainsmoreandrelative usual”, but,runningalongthesides,issue still revolvesaroundtheconcept“businessas is growingsubstantially.Theworldeconomy to fulfill, we findthatthe sustainability agenda negotiations held.Althoughthereisstillsomuch 20 yearsagowithinthescopeofinternational our development and review the set of goals defined once again,asasociety,todiscussthecoursesof Rio + 20 is a special moment, because we will meet environmental services. for carbonservicingandother of stock, commodities exchanges, construction ofsoftmechanisms, Rio hasbeeninvolved inthe ” the scopeofpublicpolicieswehaveaset value chainrelations,butitiscrucialthat,within the ecosystemsandintroduceexcellenceinto corporate responsibilityofmitigatingtheimpacton segment, wemustdevelopaccordingtoour segment andthepublicpolicies.Incorporate part oftheresponsibilitylieswithcorporate the organized society itself, although the greater beyond adoubt,ontheUnitedNationsentitiesand process. Theimplementationofthisagendarelies, the socialandenvironmentalaspectswithinthis injection ofcapitalintosociety,butitmustconsider instrument fortheallocationofinvestmentsand agenda: itdoesnotdiscardcapitalasanimportant green economycarrieswithitaproposaland a developmentagenda.Iunderstandthatinclusive In additiontothisgovernance,wemustthinkabout than exclusive,processes. governance, wemustconceiveparticipative,rather this willcomeinotherways.So,regardstoglobal and iftheOrganizationdoesnotgrowmoreflexible, their participationinthedecision-makingprocess, in thesenseofincorporatingsociety’sdemandsand that theU.N.willhavetomovetowardspermeability, also experienceagiganticimpactremotely.Ibelieve the decision-makinganddeliberationprocesses,will the authorities’physicalpresencetoparticipatein This meansthatsociety,inadditiontodemanding that wouldhavebeenunimaginableawhileback. conference willbe held within a networkingcontext and acommunicationslinkneverseenbefore,sothe telecommunications imposeanetworkedsociety mechanisms, ofstock,commodities exchanges,for Rio hasbeeninvolvedin theconstructionofsoft rather thanarevolutionary system. Green economyshouldbeseenasareformistsystem, the “oldeconomy”financing“neweconomy”. much like a retirement fund. This is an example of state’s populationwillhavealong-lastingincome, oil isinvested,soifthesourcesaredepleted,that fund inwhichpartoftheincomefromprice financing. Alaska,forexample,createdasovereign rather thanoil. Oil would serve the single purposeof rather transportation,justaspeopleneedenergy, example Inthiscase.Peopledonotneedacar,but finance the“neweconomy”.Urbanmobilityisagood has agreatopportunitytomakethe“oldeconomy” Considering thenationalcontext,IbelievethatRio should bebuiltinamoreparticipativemanner. of issues,particularlytheenvironmentalissue,and MDGs, andproposetoencompassagreaterbreadth Development Goals(SDGs),whichwillreplacethe already existsforthecreationofSustainable to beusedasofsuchtime.Astrongcriticalmass currently discussingtheappropriatemonitoringtool Goals (MDGs),tobeachievedby2015andweare What wehavenowaretheMillenniumDevelopment monitoring tool. need anindicatorsmechanismandadevelopment talked aboutagain, or the tax on theoilbarrel.Wedo for instance,theTobintax,whichhasrecentlybeen mechanism tosupportthisnewagenda,suchas, understanding thatweneedsomesortoffinancial advantage to add this discussion agenda. It is my issue ofglobalsustainability,andithasaprimary has become a forumofdiscussion concerning the the contextofaninclusivegreeneconomy.Rio channeled toward funding sustainability within and this sourceof revenue may, intelligently, be opportunity. Rioiscurrentlyamajoroilproducer and theMunicipalityboth,mighthaveagreat and, perhaps,inthiscase,RiodeJaneiro,theState especially onoil,mightfinancethisneweconomy the modelofeconomyXXcentury,based This timeoftransitioninwhichwecoexistwith new, inclusivegreeneconomy. the corporatesegmenttoallocateresourceswithina economic instruments that cause the capital and CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY conscience intherightpath. is thatwehaveaconscience. Wemustdirectthat possible. Whatdistinguishes usfromotherbeings is possible.Therestillmuchtobedone,butit be available to our children and grandchildren.It environmental servicesrenderedtodaywillstill world, inwhichweensurethatthequalityof other words,thisisthedirectiontowardanideal climate, thereductionofpovertyandinequality.In to dotheirshareintermsofbiodiversity,theglobal set ofindicatorsandgoalsthatstimulatethenations This logicmustbereversed.Wemovetowarda market forcestodealwithalternativetechnologies. fuels aresubsidizedatagloballevel,whichleavesthe Today, we live in the worst of worlds, in which fossil investment totakeoff. taking itsfirststepsandneedsaninitialpublic sustainable technologies–anindustrythatisstill the unsustainableandpromoteinvestmentsin in theconstructionofpublicpoliciesthatpenalize on exaggeratedconsumption,whichcanbeused by unsustainable,superfluousactivities,based It ispossibletoconceiveglobalinitiativesfunded Amazon Fund. instruments, suchastheClimateFundand fund tofinancetheefforts,basedoneconomic policy. Ultimately, that we create a participative very articulated prolonged effect on national public agenda foraninclusivegreeneconomy,whichhasa making processes,andthatwemanagetobuildan society effectivelyfindsitsspaceinthedecision- participative globalgovernancesystem,inwhich the worldworkingtowardestablishmentofa Particularly, afterRio+20,Iwouldliketosee and participativevenues. the countrytoadoptanewagendaofsustainability issues ofdevelopmentonaglobalscale,andinspire the politicalheritageofdebatinganddiscussing a result,Riomightcapitalizeonthishistoryand not yetseenthishappeninotherBrazilianstates.As forefront ofthisprocess,butunfortunatelywehave their emissionsofgreenhousegases,andRioisatthe instruments thatencouragethecompaniestoreduce of thecreationmarketmechanismsoreconomic This is an important step, as it moves in the direction carbon servicingandotherenvironmentalservices.

31 32 SÉRGIO BESSERMAN RIO 2020 article fostering ofsustainability. may result in its taking on the role of world leader in the together withitshistoryand impressivenaturalassets, suggests measurestostrengthen thebrandofcitythat, author isoptimisticaboutthe resultsofRio+20and to theprogressandwell-beingofpopulation.The and behavioralchangescanrepresentapricelesslegacy ventures, SergioBessermananalyzeshowphilosophical Olympic Games.Besidesotherimportantandnecessary expression, liketheRio+20,WorldCupand Rio deJaneiroispreparingtohosteventsofglobal ABSTRACT and ofthecityonRádioCBN. Economics atPUC-RioandacommentatorofGlobonews since 1992.HeiscurrentlyprofessorofBrazilian World WideFundforNaturedoBrasil(WWF-Brasil) He hasbeenamemberoftheboardtrustees Development andMetropolitanGovernanceofthecity. Janeiro. HechairstheTechnicalChamberofSustainable and ofInstitutoPereiraPassosforthecityRiode Brazilian InstituteofGeographyandStatistics(IBGE) Social Development(BNDES).Hewaspresidentofthe planning directoroftheNationalBankforEconomicand Rio deJaneiro(PUC-Rio),SérgioBessermanViannawas Graduated ineconomicsattheCatholicUniversityof ECONOMIST Sérgio Besserman CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

33 34 to theWorldCupandOlympicGamesare changes arepresent.Alsotheequipmentrelated landfill) andthemoderntreatmentcenter,major waste, withtheclosingofGramacho(sanitary a smallrevolutioninthemselves.Intheareaof expansion ofthecyclenetwork,whichrepresent Transit (BRT),theBusRapidSystem(BRS)and can state,intheareaoftransport,BusRapid resulting fromtheseeventsand,inthisarea,we the economicandsocialreturnoninvestments On theonehand,thereisneedtomaximize hardware andsoftware,respectively. Such legaciescanbeclassifiedasbeingrelatedto structural implications,thelegacyoftheseyears. their promotion -, society is concerned with the events –moreincomeandemploymentduring Beyond thecyclicallegacyresultingfromsuch the stageofalargeinternationalevent. the Rio+20,andeveryfollowingthen,willbe agenda atleastuntil2016.Asofnowin2012,with will beinthelimelightandoninternational that is above the Brazilian average. The city, in fact, Janeiro have been attracting investments on a scale for theeconomy.BothStateandcityofRiode crisis of2008andevenafter,fromagoodperiod Brazil and Rio de Janeiro have benefited, before the ARTICLE cleaning. Iconsiderthemostimportantlegacy Urbana (Comlurb)hastoturnupanddothe the citytidy.CompanhiaMunicipaldeLimpeza – without exaggerating – no culture of keeping recognized intheworldasmostefficient,but waste. Wehaveanurbancleaningcompanythatis and regulations.Itisthesameconceptregarding the bicycleand,moreover,ofrespectforrules integrates variousmodes,acultureofrespectfor not have,inthisnewtransportsystemwhich in servicetoourworkingculture.Wealsodo have notincorporatedanobjectiveofexcellence Institute ofGeographyandStatistics).Butwe the monthlysurveycarriedoutbyIBGE(Brazilian [people fromSãoPaulo],forexample,asshownin entrepreneurs, weworkhard–morethanpaulistas qualities. Besidesbeingfriendly,weare We, cariocas [people from Rio], have several towards excellence. change some of the behavioral standards, leading years, i.e.asetofactionsemployedinthecitythat itself couldbethemostimportantlegacyofthese investments, howeverIconsiderthatthesoftware revitalization oftheport.Therearestillmanyother Process inBrazilisprogress–theprojectfor fact, inRiodeJaneirothelargestBasicProductive appropriately certified and of a modern standard. In of human thinking. In fact, everything will have economic life,social politicallife,andeven is thecenterofagenda ofthe21stcentury, could becomparedtothe Renaissance,andwhich in ahistoricalprocessofgiganticproportions,that In thespecificcaseofRio+20,itisimplicated case ofRiodeJaneiro. will betheeconomyoffuture,especiallyin our socialandpoliticallife,butalsobecausethis than ever,weneedknowledgenotonlytoimprove but the ‘post-oil’,an economy ofknowledge.More de Janeiro,aneconomythatisnotdominatedbyoil, implies invaluingknowledgeandadopting,Rio this direction.Butitdoesnotmeanjustthis.Italso education, andthereisagreateffortbeingmadein this dependsonimprovingthequalityofpublic most ofourpopulationtoknowledge.Naturally, process, wehaveincreasedthelevelofaccessfor and RiodeJaneiroasabenefitif,attheendof only considertheseextraordinaryyearsofBrazil asset for generating wealth is knowledge. We can plants orland.Today,inthe21stcentury,main because thepredominantassetswereindustrial assets hasgeneratedeconomicinefficiency, past, generallyspeaking,theattempttoredistribute against throughthedistributionofassets.In against poverty. Inequality can only be fought fighting inequalityismuchharderthan do FlamengoandQuintadaBoaVista.However, the third largestparkin the city,just behind Parque inaugurate, beforetheRio+20,ParqueMadureira, the workofFundaçãoParqueseJardins,whichwill other lessimportantaspectsontheagenda,suchas area of transport, in the area of waste or even in the investments, this guidance is identified, in the less-favored overcenturiesofHistory.Inmost investments insocialinclusion,prioritizingthose for publicpoliciesandtheallocationof Brazil, legitimatepressureonbehalfofcivilsociety ingrained inoursocietyandthereis,democratic In themeantime,inequalitycontinuestobedeeply more structuralchange. concerning waste or the transport. This is surely a services providedbythecityitself,inbehavior and foodservicesusedbytourists,inthegeneral whether in thetaxiservice,hospitalityservices enabling thecariocato focus moreon excellence, to bethechangeoftheseintangibleaspects, CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY a sustainableeconomyin viewofthephysical procrastinations, iftheGreen economy,morethan the realityasitis. If, onthecontrary,there are and compatiblepolitical processes,recognizing proposals relatedtosustainabledevelopment, if theproblemsarefacedwithboldness,target than thenaiveoptimismof92.Itwillbesuccessful mature feelingrelatedtothemeaningofHistory place atthemostdifficulttimeandhasamore are dangerously on the brink. TheRio + 20 takes like climate,biodiversity,soils,freshwater,etc. indispensible servicestoourlifeanddevelopment, that thelimitsofcapacityplanetofferingus preservation forfuturegenerations.Today,weknow longer amatterofappealingtotheprinciple time, theproblemshavegotworse.Today,itisno crisis ordecidingonanyothermatter.Atthesame of global political leadership facing the economic been shaken.Thereisadoubtaboutthecapacity has simplydisappeared.So,thinkingalso the inexistenceofdeeplyrootedproblemsahead economic crisissince1929.Anynaivebeliefin continue tobeforseveralyears,inthebiggest scenario. Theworldisstillsubmerged,andwill The Rio+20takesplacesinacompletelydifferent the knowledgeoftime. fight againstpovertyandinequality,presentedby by facingproblemsofbiodiversity,desertification, courage, but the success of the ECO 92 is explained naivety. Seenretrospectively,itseemslikeeasy world waslivingamomentofoptimism,certain central bankswouldpreventeconomiccrises.The said thattheinternetandfinetuningof capable of self-regulation and most of economists of History, people believed that the markets were had justfallen,Fukuyamawaswritingabouttheend paradox beexplained?Atthattime,theBerlinWall a sensethatECO92wassuccess.Howcanthis that wasestablishedatthetime.However,thereis global economyuntil2008thantotheAgenda21 the fightagainstpovertyweremainlydownto situation isgettingworse.Eventhesuccessesin desertification, whatweseetodayisthatthe the negotiationsonclimatechange,biodiversity, to diminish the problem. Despite the debates, things weredecidedthen, but nothing advanced Looking backatECO92,wecanseethatmany position beinthemidstofthishistoricalprocess? to change.Whatwillbeitslegacy?

35 36 business-oriented approach, this can be met on or roomswithsuppliersofequipment.Withamore contact ofclientsinterestedinrentingapartments information, registrationandsecurity,thedirect other oneistoqualify,throughanorganizationof is, also,awholesetofinvestmentsscheduled.The hotels fortheWorldCupandOlympics.There investments andtheconstructionofmorefive-star which arebothimportant.Firstly,withphysical There aretwoformsofresolvingtheproblem, international eventsliketheonesthatareexpected. standard hotels,whichis more urgent inthecase of In thecaseofhospitality,thereisalackhigh- lanes thateveryone accepts without any problem. is successful,asseenintheinstitutionofreversible carioca tendstocollaboratewhenthecommunication efficient monitoringoftheflow.Inaddition, the most modern in the world, which allows more optional. TheoperatingcenteroftheCityHallis announced onJune20,21and22,althoughbeing major trafficproblems.Aschoolholidayhasbeen these nexteventsinRiodeJaneiro,Idon’tseeany With regardtohospitalityandtransportduring that mustberesolved. limitations oftheplanet,asa historical problem low carboneconomy,whichrespectstheother based ontheconsumptionoffossilfuelstoa Today, wefacethetransitionfromacivilization and withsomeconcernonthepartofcompanies. only beseenasachangeofattitudeandactions, perceptions. Oneyearago,sustainabilitycould the Rio+20hasalreadychangedeveryone’s however, withoptimismthatthedebateabout that didnotmatchthehistoricalmoment.Isee, the Rio+20willberememberedasaconference technological innovationhere,agreenglitterthere, limitations oftheplanet,isreducedtoasmall ARTICLE energy matrixisbasicallyhydroelectric.Allofthis energy thatmovesthecityisclean,Brazilian is associatedtothis.Godhasalsohelpedus.The Copacabana. Ithasahighvalueandourbrand These days,billionsofpeoplerecognizethename name ofadistrictMadrid,SydneyorShanghai? are knownbybillionsofpeople?Whoknowsthe cities intheworldhavedistrictswhosenames of value,isabrandknownworldwide.Howmany besides beingspectacular,fromtheperspective Guanabara Bay.Alakesystemandaseacoastthat, them arebeautiful,anditisourdutytocleanthe where developmentisthriving.Inanycase,bothof Two bays,onecompletelypollutedandtheother perimeter ofacityandone,themostpreserved. da Tijuca–arethelargestforestsinurban whereby twoofthem–PedraBrancaandFloresta of naturalassets.Theyarethreelargeforests, the planetis.Butduetoourimpressivegroup not becauseitisasustainablecity.Nocityon Janeiro hasinitsbrandtheissueofsustainability, not. Itisarobustandlong-lastingagenda.Riode us with, whichareseenas public goods, and are related to things and services that nature provides thinking in a longer time frame, taking on costs things neverdonebefore,makingglobaldecisions, politics. Humanityisfacingthechallengeofdoing agenda andwillbeatthecenterofinternational sustainable developmentwilloccupythebusiness During thefollowingyearsanddecades, peak moments. sense inmaintainingahotelinfrastructuretomeet capacity ofinfrastructure.Thereisnoeconomic between thedemandinpeakseasonand covering thediscrepancytherewillalwaysbe to amansionforbusinessman.Itiswayof several levels,fromrentingaroominCopacabana the forests,protectingmostthreatenedbiomes of managementinBrazil,theGuanabaraBay, essential toincreasetheefficiencyofmodels also representsnewbusinessopportunities.Itis old equipmentforbetteruseofenergyandwater new public andprivate buildings,theretrofitof besides thecertificationofsustainability waste collection.Intheareaofenergyefficiency, and assoonpossible,inthefieldofselective a greatvictory,butthereisstillmuchtobedone, In waste,theclosingofGramachorepresents change ofcultureregardingtheusebicycles. Baixada and the encouragement of the use and Besides theimprovementoftrains allow thistechnologicaltransitioninthefuture. not polluting,arenoiseless.Fortunately,theBRTs carbon-zero fuelsandelectricbusesthat,besides various sectors.Intransport,seekingtheuseof through themeasuresthatarebeingadoptedin The pathisundergoingdeepertransformations towards greatersustainability. any brand,butasacityinsubstantialmovement which wouldbealieandliesdonotstrengthen and alsoinyearstocome,notasasustainablecity, itself, nowintheRio+20,OlympicGames agenda, willbeobservingusandRiohastopresent of sustainable development. The world, with this Rio deJaneiro,inaway,expressesthechallenge category thatisjustours:urbanculturallandscape. candidate fortheHeritageofHumanityinaspecial unique intheworld.Thisisreasonwhywearea million people–6.3inthecity.Thisis in themiddleofametropolitanregion,with12.5 Caribbean ortheIndianOcean;theycanbefound assets are not lostin some paradise island in the grants someoutputadvantages.Thesenatural CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY unsustainable andallofthemwillhavetochange The currentrhythmofdevelopmentthecitiesis brand. of theevents.Allthisispartessenceour seeking maximumefficiencyintheadministration this, reaffirmingtheimportanceofsustainability, simple achievement of certifications, showing a cultureofexcellenceatwork,goingbeyondthe incorporated, personallyandinstitutionally,into asset) strengthened?Asstatedpreviously,itis how isthebrand(themostdecisiveintangible in acompetitiveenvironmentlikethelargecities, of Brazil or for other purposes. As to the software, is temporary and can be used either in other parts everything thatisessentiallyfocusedontheevent fixed equipmentoflongreturn,totheextentthat tools ofdesign,architectureandtechnologyinthe hardware, tomaximizetheuseofmostmodern this intoaccount,itisnecessary,concerningthe generate revenue, in the final accounts. Taking is themainreturnsinceeventdoesnotnormally strengthening thebrandofcity.Inreality,this In thissense,theOlympicGameshaveroleof Janeiro anditcanbeachieved. on sustainability.ItisanamazingtargetforRiode sustainable development,atypeofDavosForum to beconsecratedasthelocusofdiscussionon during thetimeofempire,citymaycome 92, oftheRio+20andforhavingreplantedaforest towards sustainability. With the history of the ECO on consecrating itself as a metropolis that is driven situation alsointermsofincomeandemployment the environmentalbenefits,Rio is inawin-win have shownawarenessonthetheme.Besides the electorateand,consequently,politicians – sandbanksandmangroves.Fortunately,society,

37 38 six degrees,it is a history that is yet to be written, warming willbeoftwoand ahalf,three,five,or all thecitiesofdeveloped world.Ifglobal integrated intothestrategic planningofpractically The theme“adaptingtoclimatechange”isalready deciding whetherbiofuelswillpredominateornot. the market,andnotonscientistsortechnicians, will beanother,but,inmyopinion,itdependson future. Everythingsuggeststhattheenergymatrix We havetobecompetitiveinthiseconomyofthe period afterthem,whichwillnotbefossil-based. the largeevents,cityhastobepreparedfor not needtousetheseresources.Asinthecaseof making money,howeverconsideringthatwedo Exploration should be made of oil, the pre-salt, important forRiodeJaneironottobetonthepast. change inthestandardsofconsumption.Itisvery manufacture. Fromthenon,therewillbeamajor of thegreenhousegasemissionsinvolvedintheir goods willhavethecostofwarmingplanet, a low-carboneconomy”,inwhichthepriceofall technical nameofthisisa“transitiontowards change theeconomyinnextfewyears.The Sustainability isanunrelentingneed,andwill that willarise. better positiontomakeuseoftheopportunities the focusonsustainability,RiodeJaneiroisina will havetoundergomajorchanges.Maintaining Internet. Withthistypeoforganization,allthecities from theshelvestofillit.Thisisinageof home and,withatrolleyorbasket,theytakethings offices andtothesupermarkets.So,peopleleave and fromtheretowarehouses,thentheregional The producerssendthemtodistributioncenters, same questioningregardingthetransportofcargo. the same things they could do at home. There is the sit onceagaininfrontofanothercomputertodo an hourandahalf,ormore,togetanotherplace, computer, get up, warmtheplanetconsiderably for there islessneedforsomeonetowakeup,usetheir system, ismoreorlesscondemned.Everytime around which the cities organize their transport home andgoingtowork,forexample,theidea decades willbeconsiderable.Theideaofleaving from thenon,thechangesinnexttwotothree to considerthecostof environmental damageand, global warming.Thepriceofeverythingwillhave if wewanttoavoidtheworstcasescenariosof ARTICLE capable ofthis,itisus,thecariocas. depression, but,iftherearepeopleintheworld for a citytoescape theso-calledpost-Olympic in theworkprocesses,etc.Perhapsitisdifficult We need to think of the pre-salt, of cultural changes present toinvestinactuallyimproving our future. matter. Thisisanotherreasontomakeuseofthe whereby thereisalso literature availableon this depression in the light of the farewell of the Games, Barcelona andSydneyhavealreadyhadfeelingsof moment of so-called euphoria, that other cities like It isimportantnottoforget,inthemidstofa only thefirststepinlongwayahead. review ofthestrategicplanCityHallandis to climate change. This work is expected in the city in Latin America to have a plan of adaptation aware and is in theprocessofbecoming the first proliferation oftheaedesaegypti.However,Riois will leadtomoredaysayearthathelpinthe the infrastructure,butnotsoseverely.Allofthis by oneanda half meter, in general, willaffect the metropolitanregion.Thisriseofsealevel, and intheriversofGuanabaraBay,mainly will be problems in the Baixada de Jacarepaguá rise, hinderingthedrainageoffloodwater.There rain more,withhigherfrequency,thesealevelwill change onthecity.Andtheywillbehuge.It with companiestoevaluatetheimpactsofclimate contracted two assignments in the academia and gas emissions,whichhaspromotedtwoseminars, the only city with two inventories of greenhouse addressed appropriatelyinLatinAmerica.Weare which isattheforefront,themenotbeing themselves. WiththeexceptionofRiodeJaneiro, will havetostudythisphenomenonandprepare limit. Allthecitieswillbeimpactedandthey two andahalfdegreesCelsius,abovethedanger Earth thiscenturywillincreasebyatleasttwoto is facedwithradicalmeasures,thetemperatureon but willcertainlycome.Eventhoughtheproblem CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

39 40 SUSTAINABLE EXPERIENCES IN RIODEJANEIRO ANDRÉ TRIGUEIRO article voluntary collaboratorofRádioRiodeJaneiro. Solutions), of Globo News, commentator of Rádio CBN and editor oftheprogramCidadeseSoluções(Citiesand Nacional and columnist of Jornal da Globo. He is chief Geopolitics” atCOPPE.HeworksasreporterforJornal PUC/RJ, hecurrentlyteachesthesubject“Environmental creator of the course of Environmental Journalism at news anchorandreporterofGloboNews.Professor is theauthorofseveralbooksonsustainability.Hewasa University ofRiodeJaneiro(COPPE/UFRJ),AndréTrigueiro graduation and Engineering Researchofthe Federal Management fromInstitutoAlbertoLuizCoimbraofPost- Journalist withapost-graduatedegreeinEnvironmental sustainability. we are moving towards the consolidation of a culture of with regulationsonsoilusage. Accordingtotheauthor, intelligent managementofsolid wasteandforcompliance need toemployeffortsforsocial inclusion,watersanitation, Government. Inthisarticle,AndréTrigueirostressesthe between thespheresofFederal,StateandMunicipal urban mobilityandpublicsecuritytheconvergence confrontation ofproblemsrelatingtobasicsanitation, life in the city more expensive, but it also encourages the The promotionoflargeeventsinRiodeJaneirocouldmake ABSTRACT JORNALIST André Trigueiro CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

41 42 cities ofBrazil. the useofbicycles,whichare presenttodayinvarious municipal government,ofthemovementencouraging path andbicyclelaneswiththeadoption,by high touristappeal,withtheexpansionofbicycle some orderinthewaytaxisarestationedareasof space, with a stillincipient attempt at establishing BRT (BusRapidTransit),withtheplanningofbus the advanceofsubway,withnewlines for example,isdealingwithalotofdifficulties during previousdecades.Theproblemofmobility, present, butnotinthesamewaytheyhavebeen the problemshavenotdisappeared,theyarestill increased inseveralcommunitiesofRio.However, Objectively, thereisasensethatthesecurityhas the qualityoflifepeople. and CityHall,analliancethathasdirectimpactson the FederalGovernmentwithState light ofdayandjustifytheimportantconvergence were determinant in making certain projects see the else the competent authorities say, these events public security.Thismeansthat,regardlessofwhat as thelackofbasicsanitation,urbanmobilityand facing thesebasicissuesthatafflictthecity,such and withFIFAdeterminegreateraccelerationin confirmed bytheInternationalOlympicCommittee problems ofRiodeJaneiro,oncetheprotocols it willleavethebenefitoffacinghistorical However, whenthisclimate of instability is over, presence ofarmedtraffickersisnolongerapparent. valuation, nowsituatedinplaceswhichthe the controloftraffickers,hasalsoleadtoproperty policy ofoccupyingthecommunities,onceunder are enormous fluctuationsinprice.In addition, the actual valueofpropertyisnotknown,becausethere until aftertheOlympics.Today,forexample, surpasses theaffluent areas and that shouldlast is arealprocessof‘elitization’thecity,which de Janeiro has become a very expensive city. There for severalissues.ThefirstoneisthefactthatRio result fromholdinglargeeventsisastartingpoint on theimpactsofinvestmentsininfrastructurethat Thinking ofthegrowthRiodeJaneirotodaybased ARTICLE education. Education, however, continuesto to thinkofdevelopment withoutconsidering It isalsoimportanttostressthatitimpossible on thisintheStateofRio. there aremunicipaldistrictsextremelydependent be deceptive,becauseitwillnotlastforever,while the expectationofreceivingroyaltiesfromoilwill therefore, as a lever towards other models. Soon, moment inwhentheoilceasestoexist,operating, that receivetheresources,buttopreparethemfor is nottosupportthemunicipaldistrictsandstates oil royalties.Thepurposeofcollectingtheroyalties Another examplethathelpsillustratethisissueare which couldincreasetheunemploymentrate. qualifications for amarketthatismoredemanding, better optionsinthemarketandwillhavetoobtain opportunity oftakingrefreshercourses,willseek will beclosedandtheseworkmen,iftheyhaveno However, theworksitesthatareopentodayoneday directed towardsthecreationofjobsandincome. there isinthiscaseaconsumptionofresources later, isundergoingamajorreform.Atfirstsight, Pan-American Gamesand,almostthreeyears stadium, whichunderwentamajorreformforthe cases, theremaynot.OneexampleistheMaracanã there maybesynergybetweenthem;inother is not a synonym for development. Eventually, In addition,itisessentialtounderstandthatgrowth or misuseoffundsforotherpurposes. drained resourcesfromthecity,suchastaxevasion are nohindrances,astherewereinthepast,which the threespheresandinacontextwhichthere is basicallyduetothestrong convergence between current boomofinvestmentscomingintothecity municipal, stateandfederalgovernments.The issues involvingtherelationshipbetween from partofthefederalinvestmentsduetopolitical high priceforbeingtheopposition,excluded for almostthreedecades,RiodeJaneirohaspaida and development,itisimportanttohighlightthat, Considering theratiobetweeneconomicgrowth ECONOMIC GROWTH ANDDEVELOPMENT resolve, firstofall,theproblem ofinequality,which of being a more sustainable city it is important to With regardstoRiodeJaneiro,achievetheaim lifestyles andourstandardsofconsumption. inherent toourculture,habits,behaviors, do issimplyreducethepossibleandavoidableimpacts a sustainablecity–andtherearen’tany.Whatwecan From thisperspective,RiodeJaneiroisdefinitelynot demands forwater,rawmaterial,energyandfood. that itgeneratesandsuppliesinitsperimeterthe be self-sufficient.Therefore,itmanagestheimpacts conclusion thatacitycanbesustainable about theconceptofsustainabilityandreach From anacademicperspective,wecouldspeculate CITY? RIO DEJANEIRO: ISITASUSTAINABLE important toreflectaboutwhatelsecanbebuilt. various indicatorsandreceivingmanyresources,itis absence oftheState.Althoughcityisexcellingin poverty, theabsenceofpublicpowerand is anislandofprosperitystillsurroundedbymuch and interconnectedtransportsystems.RiodeJaneiro areas ofhealth,education,solidwastemanagement between RiodeJaneiroandtheperipheralcitiesin It is necessary to create a metropolitan management to havetheirstrategy,planandbudget. game. Itisnotpossibleforeachmunicipaldistrict of thepartiesshouldbeseenasplayerssame For wide and integrated regional development, all Brazil, and,therefore,itshouldalreadybebilingual. the Olympics,besidesbeingmainportofentryto that willhosttheRio+20,partofWorldCup, school performance.Itisacitywithtouristvocation to have a poor assessment in Brazil in the requisite of does nothavegoodpubliceducationandcontinues not necessarilyimplyindevelopment.RiodeJaneiro good fromthepointofviewgrowth,butthisdoes tax collection could bring perspectives that arevery GDP related to thecreationofjobsandincome and to measurement ofdevelopment.Thefiguresthe be aliability,hugechallenge,consideringthe CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY sustainable, ithasthechance ofdeclaringitselfa into revenue.RiodeJaneiro hasthevocationtobe direction, withthecapacityoftransformingexpense way and many of the cities oftheworldinvestinthis Waste needstocirculate.Itisintelligentthinkthis matter canbeuseful,asafertilizer,energy,orboth. purposes. Thought should be given to howorganic demands technologicalcenters,notonlyforrecycling that hasnouseorpurpose.Wasteisnotlitterand has becomeanurgentissue.Litterissomething no morespaceforlandfills,thereviewofthisconcept management. Duetothefactthatincitiesthereis Another capitalissueistheintegratedsolidwaste and fast. transport service that should be efficient, affordable accompanied byabetterqualityofthemasspublic measures regardingthecirculationofvehicles, Resolving thisdependsonthecreationofrestrictive predisposition to aggression,andviolence. coming andgoing,relatestostress,neurosis, Mobility, therefore,isasubjectthatgoesbeyond bottlenecks andthecollapseoftransportsystem. loss ofqualitylifeisthe problem ofmobility,traffic for example, the main stress factor, unhappiness and more sustainablecityisurbanmobility.InSãoPaulo, The thirdessentialaspecttoachievethestatusofa negative anthropogenicinterferenceinthe waters. city, indealingwithRio,withouteradicatingthe sanitation urgent.Youcannotspeakofasustainable backed byfreshwaterandsaltwater,whichmakes a waterpact.Thecityhasnaturalcapitalstrongly Secondly, itisimportantforRiodeJaneirotohave with moralauthority. that societywillbeabletospeakaboutsustainability opportunity toaccessallservices.Thisistheonlyway is topromoteequalityofconditions,rightsand Therefore, anenormouschallengeofsustainability this feeling exists, the city cannotbesustainable. upset abouttheirlimitedperspectiveoflife.When person wholivesinthefavela(slum)todaynottofeel inclusion isaneducationofquality,whichallowsthe on theunderstandingthatmainfactorofsocial is vexatiousandprovocative.Thissolutionbased

43 44 for example,inNiterói. the lavatory,shower,water tank,soapywater,like, water treatment andrecycling of graywaters, from meter, thatthereisrainwatercollectionanduse, that everypropertyshouldhaveitsownwater regards tosustainablestandardsofbuilding,i.e. of construction should be extremely strict with speculation. Forthis,itisessentialthattherules voracious andsystematicfightagainstrealestate to respectthelawrelateduseofsoilanda the modelofasustainablecity,itisessential Last butbynomeansleast,toachieveorpursue municipal guardsandteachers’salaries. wasted, insteadofgoingondaycares,hospitals, litter inthestreet,financialresourcesarebeing schools thenotionthat,bypollutingandthrowing through various media, tocompulsorily institute in demand has,therefore,beendecided,urgentlyand of litterincomparisontothepreviousyear.The 20. However,therewasanincrementof240tons have a good start to 2012, the year of the Rio + not totakelitterthebeach,sothatcitycould large advertisingcampaignaskingthepopulation Eve, forexample,therewasthefirsttimea regarding those thatpollute.ThelastNewYear’s use oforganicwaste.Itisaverypaternalistcity recyclable wasteandhasnopolicyregardingthe Rio deJaneiroseparatesonlyaround2%ofthe if wastethatisnotlitterwasdepositedthere. has alifetimeof15years,butwouldlastlonger which hasjustreceivedthelitterfromGramacho, the landfill decreases. The landfill of Seropédica, the landfill. Without segregation, thelifetimeof of wasteandreducingthevolumelittersentto education, punishment,ofobsessiveseparation waste management, we are also speaking about population. Whenwespeakaboutintegratedsolid level ofnon-citizenshipandmisinformationinthe waste percapitathrownawayinthecityreveals litter thatothersthrowinthestreet.Theamountof We cannotthinkthatthesolutionistocollect mayors fromthemostimportantcitiesinworld. last yearinSãoPaulo,attheC40–meetingof solid wastemanagementmatcheswhatIheard My conceptofanintelligentmodelintegrated current littercollectionmodel. city committedtosustainability,butnotwiththe ARTICLE considering thecoefficient ofalienation,the On theotherhand,another readingcanbedone that areprotected. since wearetalkingaboutcommunicationsystems not managedtocontroltheonlinemovementinitiated, today, after50years.Thedictator,HosniMubarakhas charge. OrtheelectionsthataretakingplaceinEgypt worldwide, includingtranslationandsubtitles,free-of- 18 minutes,transmitstheirmessage,enablingaccess Talks, a fantastic tool, in whicha celebrity speaks for major advanceandarticulationofnetworksaretheTED professional andcitizengrowth.Otherexamplesofthe enabled bythesocialnetworkscanbeusefulin are articulated. The direct exchange of information All, Dilma)andtothewayinwhichnetworks in NewYork,thepetitionVetaTudo,Dilma(Veto merit ofthesetoolsintheArabSpring,Occupy when theyareused.Itisnecessarytorecognizethe their usedeterminesthequalityofresultsobtained exchange ofinformation,forbetterorworse,once culture andperceptionofthereality,arespeedingup communication onsustainabilityarechangingthe The toolsassociatedwiththeevolutionof what needstobedone. and aresopotentinrelationtothesituation so slowly,wherebythediagnosesarewellproduced population istodenouncewhythingsarestillmoving has been a change of culture. Now, the role of the Subway. These changes are occurring because there Government wanted to progress with Line 4 of the public hearingtotryandchangethewayState shown bythecommunityofLeblon,whichfilleda and mobilizationofpeople.Anexample of thiswas the use of bicycles, cyber activism, articulation the levelofmobilitycity,asshownthrough the attentiongiventowhatneedsbedone,in have beenadvancesinthelevelofinformation, problem of inequality, already pointed out. There better, exceptforthemultiplicationofcarsand The cityofRiodeJaneiro,despiteeverything, is on sustainability, which previously did not happen. public andprivateschoolsprovidesomeinformation several advances,alsointheareaofeducation.Today, Since theECO92,therehavebeen,withoutdoubt, CULTURE OFSUSTAINABILITY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND ADVANCES SINCETHEECO 92:

preparatory meetings,withthepurposeoffine- to seetheresultsofagendasplannedfor results inachangeofroutine.Itisalreadypossible starting withtheplanningofmeeting,which on linesofbusiness.Theeventhasalreadypaidoff, in differentdebateforums,ofpresentations professionals are on their way to the city to participate in athinktankbehindpositiveagenda.Many transformed RiodeJaneirointoavortexofenergy, the Rio+20isalreadypayingoff,becauseithas which willtakeplaceintheRioCentro.Inaddition, State andofathousandsimultaneousevents,500 the RioCentro, but the UN meeting of the Chiefs of The Rio+20doesnotmeantheSummitMeetingof THE LEGACY OFTHERIO+20CONFERENCE articulating ussocially. and interfereintheirroutines,mobilizingus increasing impactsonthewayweperceiveworld communication, andthesetoolswillcertainlyhave early stagesintheareaofinformationtechnologyand whose destinyisstillunknown.Weareinthe energy andtime.Inthisaspect,ahorizonisunveiled the qualityofthismovement,employment not haveanypowerthemselves.Theirusedetermines These toolsareusedtoaccelerateprocesses,butdo exchanging lessusefulandessentialinformation. percentage ofpeoplethattaketimeandenergy CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY be generated. diversity offorumsandthemultipleresultsthatwill opportunity forexperimentationinthemidstof digital communication tools. The Rio +20 will be an governance isalsopossiblewiththehelpofnew of thethemes of the Rio +20. The newidea is that prejudice totheestablishedrules,whichis,also,one the democraticgameandmakedecisions,without organized civilsocietytoparticipatemoreactivelyin is alsorelatedtogovernance,i.e.thecapacityofan the testinanenormouseventwiththisprofile.This that iswelltestedandwillbe,onceagain,putto information tocirculate;thereisconnection,aweb depends onlyonlargecommunicationnetworksfor debates thatwilltakeplaceinthecity.Itnolonger social networkscaninfluenceintheresonanceof also be an opportunity to verifyhow the existence of years ago,theRio+20willhaveaviraleffect.It and internet,whichwerenotmeansusedsomuch20 Considering the speedof communication via cell phone agenda, whichisasignificantreflection. and isdeterminingtheneedtodiscussapositive has begun,isalreadyproducingeffectsandimpacts Therefore, itisnecessarytoindicatethattheRio+20 preparing trainingpackagesandtechnologicalfairs. between differentcorporatesectors,whichare also distinguishingtheconsequencesofdebates tuning thediscussionandseekingaconsensus,

45 46 AND SUSTAINABILITY BENEFIT SHARING FERNANDO BLUMENSCHEIN article social-economic progressofthe communities of resources,thepreservation ofbiodiversityandthe making processesusedbythe communities;theallocation active rolewithregardtothetransparency ofthedecision- product consumers.Thecompanies mustundertakean making externality’,besidesthewell-beingoffinal RB should take into account the value of this ‘market- risks noneofwhichareconsideredbythecommunities. use ofgeneticresourcesimplieslegal,R&Dandmarket of professionsandthefreechoiceassociations.The economy, butitratherrepresentsathreattothefreechoice not restrictedtooffendingthelogicunderlyingmarket to becritical.The clause pertaining to inalienability is in decision-makingprocessesbythecommunitiesseems surrounding therulesoftransparencythatshouldbeused dynamic benefitthatcanbeobtained.Thelackofnorms social-environmental sustainabilityisthemostimportant throughout theproductivechainasastaticcost,whereby knowledge thatareeconomicallyuseful.RBisreflected in R&Dprocessesofcompanies,besidesbeingtypes Associated Knowledge(CTA).PG/CTAaretheinputsused their GeneticInheritances(PG)andoftheTraditional companies totraditionalcommunitiesfortheuseof the contextofBenefitSharing(RB),whichispaidby grounds fortheconceptof‘fairandequitable’within The scope of this article is to qualify and to provide the ABSTRACT He iscurrentlythecoordinatorofFGVProjetos. Finance andEconomicsofFGVFoundation(EBEF/FGV). Education inEconomicSciencesoftheBrazilianSchool (FEA), at theUniversityof São Paulo (USP) and of Higher He wasprofessoroftheFacultyBusinessandEconomics Doctor andmasterineconomicsfromCornellUniversity. PROJETOS PROJECT COORDINATOR AT FGV Fernando Blumenschein CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

47 48 equitable” has grown in practical importance when it have hadalonghistory,theexpression“fairand Even thoughconceptssuchasjusticeandequitability (CTA) tosuchgeneticinheritance. (PG) andoftheAssociatedTraditionalKnowledge communities fortheuseoftheirGeneticInheritance Benefit Sharing (RB), paid bycompanies to traditional concept of“fairandequitable”withinthecontext The scope of this article is to qualify an executive support towardthedevelopmentofcommunities. monetary benefits,whichincludesdifferenttypesof both modalities.Thereisalsothesharingofnon- from thesaleofproducts;andc)Mixed:use percentages: thepaymentofpercentagesresulting amounts: thesolepaymentofasetamount;b)Income modalities, amongwhichoneshouldmention:a)Set thumb, there areseveral contract and shared benefit communities andmunicipalities.Asaruleof reserves –RDS,extractivistreserves,privateareas, partners arelocatedwithinsustainabledevelopment organizations providingtheserawmaterialsandtheir the raw-materialstomanufactureitsproducts.The Traditional AssociatedKnowledge(CTA),toobtain to accesstheGeneticInheritance(PG)and communities throughassociationsandcooperatives, to establish a relationship of partnership with the The domesticproductivesectorhasbeenattempting ARTICLE from averifiablestatementaboutthecharacteristicsof is anormativejudgment,whichessentiallydifferent To statethatagivensituationisbothfairandequitable activities carriedoutbyeachofthem. of justiceandequitabilitywithinthecontext local legislations,improvingthepracticaldefinitions beyond the mere accomplishment of the CDB and of however, leadsthemtorequirestudieswhichgo by thecompaniesabouttheirsocialresponsibilities, with theexistinglegalnorms.Theconcernshown for thistask.Theyareresponsible for itscompliance legal sectorsofcompaniesarepartiallyresponsible meaning ofthisexpressioninCDBlanguage.The explored. Thefirstoneisunderstandingindepththe to theideaof“fairandequitable”whichshouldbe There are,therefore,twoquestionsthatareinherent associated withBraziliannaturalresources. towards thepreservationofsocial-biodiversity communities, aswelltodecisivelycontribute are botheffectivelyfairandequitabletothetraditional by CDB,astoestablisheconomicrelationshipsthat largely definedbythelanguageandconceptsused attempt tobothaccomplishtheirlegalobligations, “fair andequitable”isestablishedwhencompanies legislation. Animportantdualityinthesearchfor (CDB), whichcausedittobereflectedintheBrazilian was coded in the Convention on Biological Diversity pertaining toeconomicrelationsbetweentraditional encompassing conceptualviewonidealregimes equitable” appearsintheCDBtosummarizeanoverall As mentionedbefore,theexpression“fairand EQUITABLE” TWO PARADIGMS OF“FAIR AND specifics pertainingtothequestion. all theanthropological,culturalandenvironmental is important to stress that this does not mean ignoring on therightstopropertywithinamarketeconomy.It incorporate ananalysisthatisessentiallygrounded of aneconomictheorywhichwouldallowoneto made in this articlemeans the systematic application The guiding axis for any analytical qualification grounded analytically. the legislationineffect,untilitisfullyqualifiedand questions isasubjectiveone,evenwhenguidedby to thetreatmentitgivessocial-environmental sociably, fairlyandequitablyresponsiblewithregard other hand,thestatementthatcompanyisbeing principle, itdoesnotadmitanysubjectivity.Onthe about conceptssuchas“morallyright”,andin all of its environment-related laws does not bring that agivencompanyhasbeenfullycomplyingwith a givensituationorobject.Thepremise,forinstance, CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY called asbottom-up(aterminheritedfromthesystems naturally associatedwiththeanalyticparadigm,is normative judgments.Thefirstcategory,whichis synthetic paradigmsandthetwocategoriesor A correspondenceexistsbetweentheanalyticand comprehension ofitsnormativeprinciples. between theguidingnormsofCBDandeconomic are, however, inconsistencies that are pointed out the essentialvaluesofa“syntheticparadigm”.There been sought in all the points of this construction to the onestatedinCDB.Maximumadherencehas paradigm”, albeit one that doesnot diverge from studied within the context of an alternate “analytic organize thedebateoverquestionsthatarebeing therefore beingmadetoprovidetheguidelines and to that thelatterattemptstoexpress.Anattemptis from ananalyticreconstructionofthesocialvalues definition, liketheonethatappearsinCDB,but in thisarticle,oneshouldnotstartoutfromapolitical In thediscussionsaboutjusticeandequitycarriedout conference. result oftheconsensusreachedduringECO92 towards thecodingofdifferentvaluesthataroseas from differentcountries,thereforemakingitoriented out underthesocialpressureofdifferentgroups paradigm”, whichresultedfromnegotiationscarried peoples andthemarketeconomy.Thisisa“synthetic

49 50 is differentfortworeasons: inthefirstinstance, strategy andbalance.The focus ofouranalysishere on morecomplexquestions, suchasbargaining, the notionof“property”which allowsonetofocus a welldefinedpointofviewmaygenerallydealwith The economicalanalysisofsocialrelationshipsfrom CONCEPT “RIGHTTO PROPERTY” STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS REGARDINGTHE parallel withinaunifiedconceptualframework. social-biodiversity, andonemustconsiderthemin economy andtheconcernwithpreservationof be foundattheintersectionbetweenmarket pragmatically, thequestionofBenefitSharingmay of normativetheoryineconomy.Speakingmore factors may be incorporated into the architecture are renderedinvalid.Inthefirstinstance,these that theanalyticgroundsbehindeconomictheory as ofcollectiveuses.Thisdoesnotmean,however, property andtothemaximizationofindividualaswell basic economicmodelspertainingtotherights despite beingwidelydiscussed,isnotafocusofthe approach. Thus,thequestionofsocial-biodiversity, that maynotbepresentintheclassicalelementsof analytic paradigms,becausetheyidentifyvalues sway thebuilding-upofbottom-upjudgmentswithin In spite of theforegoing, Top-down concepts directly which arenotveryapparentatfirstsight. judgments, or even go into logical inconsistencies, and getintoconflictwithothersimilarconsensual against theconcretepossibilitiespresentedbyreality, world directly, top-down judgments may come up rights. Ontheotherhand,byapproachingacomplex such as the concept of universal, inalienable human judgments whichareknownofthetop-downnature, fundamental. Some of the more important normative ethical andpoliticalvalueswhichareconsideredtobe analytic constructions,whichderivefrommoral, derivative judgmentsofvaluesthatareexternalto The secondcategory,calledtop-downconsistsof one toreachlogicallyconsistentnormativeideas. and arecombinedinanarchitecturewhichallows simpler andlesscontroversialanalyticjudgments, These elementsaremanifestlyassociatedwith analytic elementsareapplied in asystematic manner. theory) study,inwhichbothsimpleandabstract ARTICLE is similar to income obtained from capital, or more the remunerationforuse ofthePG/CTA,which this line of thought, the Benefit Sharing consists in over the peculiar uses of said ecosystems. Following as beingtheattributionofspecificpropertyrights acknowledgment ofsaidPG/CTAmaybetranslated traditional peoples.Inotherwords,theinstitutional ecosystems), theownershipwhereofisattributedto interpret PG/CTAlikepartitions(underthedomainof From thepointofvieweconomictheory,onemay used byall. space, theusewhereofisregulateandwhichmaybe the subsoil,whichbelongstoStateandair Other relevantpartitionsrefertotheexploitationof over whichtherightstopropertyareattributed. constitutes apartition,thatis,fractionofthedomain the authorizationscontainedinpropertydeed With thisconceptualscheme,theagglomerateof that havebeendefinedintherelevantlegaldocument. space. Theseauthorizationsaregrantedfromrules third nonauthorizedpartiesfromaccessingsaid transfer thisdeedofownershipandtopreventany use thelandforfarmingorreal-estatepurposes;to The holderofthedeed possesses theauthorityto property attributedtothelanddeed. air spaceoverthelandtractlieoutsideofrightto the mineralrichesfoundinunderground as the are subjecttoseverallimitations.Forinstance,both any rightsimbuedintothelandtractpropertydeed While thisisadomainthatmaybenaturallydefined, and partition.Letustakeatractoflandasanexample. to propertyliesinthedelimitationbetweendomain starting pointfortheeconomictheoryaboutrights concept of‘righttoproperty’needsbeclarified.The between ‘market’ and ‘social bio-diversity’, the very to describe“fairandequitable”attheintersection to studythisquestion,whichisessentialbeable within amarketeconomyismoreimportant.Inorder standardized rulesgoverningtheconceptof‘property’ mark regardingtherightsoverPG/CTAand The questionofcompatibilitybetweenthespeciallegal policies andbyfocusingonsocial-biodiversity. special rules;bycorporateandsocialresponsibility when said economic transactions are beingguided by optimizing rationalityisquestionableininstances equilibrium analysistoolsfromthepointofview the applicabilityofusemodernstrategyand and ofthebiologicaldiversity containedtherein CTA, consideringtheimportance oftheecosystems being arelevantdynamicbenefit toprotectsaidPG/ may be considered from a conceptual point of view as concept ofsocial-environmentalsustainabilitywhich A conceptthatallowsone to finishthisanalogyisthe envisaged bytheprotectiongiventoPG/CTA. clear whatarethedynamicbenefitsthathavebeen bearing staticcosts,itdoesnotbecomeimmediately Sharing isreflectedallthoughtheproductivechain of view.Ontheotherhand,eventhoughBenefit knowledge thatareusefulfromtheeconomicpoint by companies,andassuch,theyrepresentformsof hand, PG/CTAareinputsforR&Dprojectscarriedout which requireamorecarefulexamination.Ontheone one, evenwhilepresentingconceptualproblems question revolving around the PG/CTA isa natural The analogybetweenintellectualpropertyandthe finance futureresearch. capacity oftheholdersaidintellectualrightsto even thoughtheyalsohaveadirecteffectonthe generate anenvironmentconducivetoinnovation, other hand,haverelativelydiffuseimpactssincethey medical treatment costs’). Dynamic benefits, on the including the finalconsumer (see ‘medical drugs and chains thatdependonsaidintellectualproperty, Static coststendtodirectlyaffecttheproductive benefits providedaredynamicandofawidereach. such typeofpropertygeneratesstaticcostswhilethe currently understoodthattheacknowledgment of in termsofitsbenefitsandsocialcosts.Itshouldbe The questionofintellectualpropertymaybeorganized organize thedebateintoacommonlanguage. although recently a consensus has been reached to very orthodox way of thinking regarding economy, property hasabackgroundofcontroversieswithinthe strength ofthelaw.Theveryconceptintellectual and whicheffectivelycreateaformofpropertyonthe partitions thathavebeendefinedbylegalnorms, Intellectual propertyisaclearcasewherethereare SUSTAINABILITY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND forms ofintellectualproperty. closely, fromthelicensingtousepatentsandother CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY protocol governingintellectual property,suchas Property Rights–TRIPS,which istheinternational Agreement onTrade-Related AspectsofIntellectual traditional peopleshasbeen acknowledgedbythe within thecommunities.Theuseofbio-diversityby and ending with the question of representativeness conflicts, beginningwithinstitutionalpriorities It ispossibletopointarangeofconceptual normative resultsthatmaybeexpected. that suchprincipleswouldeffectivelyhavethe with amarketeconomy.Furthermore,itisnotclear should bedealtwithwhenrelationsareestablished it is not clear how the inevitable conceptual conflicts loses depth.Fromthepreceptson“specialregimes” when thiswayofanalysisincreasesinamplitude,it formulating horizons.However,atthesametime is presentintheCDB,expandsonthesepolicy to recognizethatthevisiononsustainability,which virtues anddefectsinsuchregimes.Itisnecessary The criteriaofunderlyingeconomictheoryfindboth that escapethepreviouslydefinedeconomiclogic. definition ofnormspertainingtotheBenefitSharing to communities regarding their PG/CTA as well as the find aconceptof‘moral’rights,whichareattributed characteristics ofthisalternatelegalframeonemay generis legalregime’.Amongthemoremomentous expression isthemoldingofso-called‘sui called ConferenceoftheParties.Theirmoreconcrete of 1993,andthey are updatedperiodically by the so- were enactedbytheBiologicalDiversityConvention The basicprinciplesunderlyingthis‘specialregime’ that arecharacteristicofamarketeconomy. inadequate mechanisms,rulesandwaysofanalysis involved from a legal point of view which considers have been revised by the parties that are directly environmentalist movement,andeversincethey have beendevelopedwithinthebosomof The currentregimestoprotectsocial-biodiversity INTEGRATION TO MARKETECONOMIES SPECIAL LEGALREGIMESANDTHEIR traditional peoples. Brazilian culturetothepreservationoflifestyle long run,aswellthetop-downvalueattributedby to rendersocial-economicprogressviableoverthe

51 52 directly restrictparticipatingindividuals. have beendefinedbyalternativelegalregimeswhich may beaddedtothecharacteristicsofrightsthat internal decisionprocessesfollowedbycommunities governing transparencyandjusticewithregardtothe The lackoflandmarksregardingminimumrules reached bythecommunitytootheragentsandgroups. have beenempoweredtocommunicatethedecisions representativeness of leadersorcommittees that of analysis which fails to clarify the question of the show thenormativedifficultiesgeneratedbyatype and the allocation of resources) – all of the above preferences, thechoiceofleadersbymajorityvote simple choice processes (such as the ordering of of thesocialchoicetheory.Severaltheoremsover to Marketeconomies,butalsofromthepointofview institutional mechanismsthathavebeenadjusted only fromthepointofviewitscompatibilitywith This ‘principleofcontinuity’isproblematic,not continuity betweencontemporaryindividuals. but theyrathercontaintheideaofinter-generational protect are not innovation and discontinuity oriented, the rightsoverknowledgewhichtheyattemptto acknowledge theTRIPSframework,consideringthat On theotherhand,alternativelegalregimesdonot cancelled asresultofevidencewithinthiscontext. prior art,recordingthecasesinwhichpatentswere ARTICLE and “thewillingnesstoaccept”presentproblemsof estimation ofvaluessuchas“thewillingnesstopay” that arebasedonmicro-economiclogic,suchasthe “ideal” pecuniary value. Even the methodologies is notaconceptthatlimitsitselftonormatively on behalfofthenotionthat“fairandequitable” All oftheabovereasonsshowanaccrualevidence “FAIR ANDEQUITABLE” RESPONSIBILITY ANDTHECONCEPT OF BENEFIT SHARING,CORPORATE SOCIAL association. to freelychooseaprofessionandthechoiceoffree threaten establishedhumanrights,suchastheright challenging themarketeconomylogic,buttheyalso initially constrainingresultsarenotrestrictedin having difficultiesingettingawayfromit.These to it,butthemembersofcommunityaswellstart intellectual propertythatmayhavebeenattributed may beexcludedfromtherightstoany‘ordinary’ portion oftheCTAbeingattributedtocommunity No singleindividualresponsibleforasignificant ownership oftheproperty/partitiontothirdparties. to alienatecorrespondswiththerighttransfer pertaining to propertyrights. To summarize,the right clause, whichiscontrarytothecommonidea The mostcriticalaspectoftheseistheinalienability productive sectorisable tocounterbalanceany It isespeciallynecessary tomakesurethatthe mechanisms thathavenotbeen directlyratified. consumer whomustfacehigherpricesarisingfrom and toexpandtheirproductionaccessthefinal lies withinthecapacityofcompaniestoemploy costs asperceivedinanexplicitR&Dchain,andwhich dynamic benefits should be weighed against static With regardtointellectualproperty,anypotential assuring a situation that is fully “fair and equitable”. precepts andofalternativelegalregimesisfarfrom Secondly, thepureandsimpleapplicationofCDB agents whoareexplicitlyremunerated. the capital of a legal entity) makes use of specialized other situations(suchasduringtheopening-upof worth ofthis“market-makingexternality’whichin to the Benefit Sharing should take into account the supplying communities. Any calculation pertaining risks perse,noneofwhicharefullyconsideredbythe that are associated with R&D and to the with market gray areaofcontractuallaw),rangingfromtherisks series ofrisks,startingwithlegalrisks(withinthis use ofagivengeneticresource,companiesincur integrate themselvestomarketeconomies.Bymaking as a channel according to their own pace and logic to possibilities pertainingtomaterialwell-being,aswell get accesstoanewmechanismexpandtheir itself buttotraditionalcommunitiesaswell,which of productionarenotonlyallocatedtothecompany integration ofanaturalassedtothecompany’schain benefits thatmaybegeneratedatthetimeof said PG/CTA refers towhenremunerated. Thus, any economic exploitationofnaturalresourcestowhich companies started using a giventype of vegetation), be notedthatin many cases there wasn’t any (before traditional communities.Inthefirstinstance,itshould role playedbythecompaniesintheirinteractionwith It thusbecomesnecessarytotakefullyintoaccountthe this interval. left withoutdefinitionastotheresultsfoundwithin said bargainingwouldtakeplace,butwhichhasbeen allows onetocalculatecertainlimitsbetweenwhich the theoryofevaluatingassetsex-market,currently of “virtualbargaining”betweenoptimizingagents, Therefore, evenifoneweretovalidatetheconcept viable substitutes,suchasinthecaseofPG/CTA. convergence incaseswheretheydonothaveany CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

economy. their mechanismsofintegration intoawidermarket in thesocialrelationsbetween traditionalpeoplesand legal consensustowhichcompanies aresubject,and development whereof reflects the advancesmade in the communities. Assuch,thisisachangingconcept,the assign eachcompanytheuniqueroleinlifeof adherence totheinstitutionalcircumstanceswhich and theadherencetoCDB’sconditions,aswell values posted under the label of “Benefit Sharing” multi-dimensional, comprising notonlythepecuniary concept that would be normatively consistent is actually One maythusconcludethata“fairandequitable” communities. and ofthesocial-economicprogressenjoyedbysaid well asinmonitoringthepreservationofbiodiversity the communitiesandtheirallocationofresources,as transparency ofdecision-makingprocessesusedby by adoptingaobservational stance withregardstothe integration oftraditionalpeoplesinmarketeconomies, sector mustassumetheroleofanorganizerin Within itspossibilities,however,theproductive each productivesegment. fulfilled, and,whetherthereareanydifferenceswithin by thecompanieswithinsaidCDBparadigmarebeing reports todeterminewhethertheobligationsincurred make ananalysisofallanthropologiccontractsand which regulatesCDBconcepts.Tothateffect,onemust view of the restraints imposed by domestic legislation, restrictions to actions that a company may take in beyond theirstrictobligations.Thereareserious occupied bytraditionalpeoplesmustideallyextend Thirdly, theactionofcompaniesinsidevenues purchasing othergoodsfromeconomicsectors. products, albeitatthecostoflosingtheircapacity while other consumers will keep on buying these Benefit Sharingfromwhichthecommunitiesbenefit, to theincomeearnedbycompaniesandover products, whichinturnwillhaveaknock-oneffect prices increase,someconsumerswillstopbuyingthe offs thatneedtobefacedbytheindividuals.When being allocatedasRB,isduetothedifferenttrade- by the companies, and therefore, withthe amount has nodirectrelationshipwiththerevenuesobtained being of its consumers.The said productive sector preservation oftheenvironmentandfromwell- potential dynamicbenefitsarisingfromthe

53 54 A GREENERCITY 10 STEPS FOR ASPÁSIA CAMARGO article A GREENERCITY 10 STEPS FOR towards sustainabledevelopment. role ofthecitiesasstrategic players intheadvancement and gobeyondtheenvironmental field,highlightingthe she mentions10importantaspects thatmustbeobserved sustainability beyondtheduration oftheevent.Todothis, of RiodeJaneirointhelongterm,promotingpractice of theresultsRio+20Conferencetobenefitcity In thisarticle,AspásiaCamargohighlightstheimportance ABSTRACT University ofRiodeJaneiroandatFGVFoundation. professor ofSociologyandPoliticalSciencesattheState the preparationofBrazilianAgenda21.Sheiscurrently Janeiro, fortwomandates.Sheparticipatedeffectivelyin Fernando HenriqueCardoso.ShewasCouncillorofRiode of theEnvironmentalMinistryduringGovernment Applied EconomicsInstitute(IPEA),andExecutiveSecretary of cultureforthestateRiodeJaneiro,president Sciences Sociales,inFrance,AspásiaCamargowassecretary Master insocialsciencesfromÉcoledesHautesÉtudesen Graduated attheFederalUniversityofRiodeJaneiroand STATE REPRESENTATIVE OFRIODEJANEIRO Aspásia Camargo CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

55 56 faced andthepragmaticproposals thatmayapply. in fact,aretheconcrete situationsthatmaybe principles aremoreorless thesame.Whatvaries, but toallcitiesofBraziland theworld,because city. AproposalthatisnotjustforRiodeJaneiro a sustainabilityproposalcanbeproducedforthe transformed andimproved.Onlywiththisspirit development inarealitywhichdeservestobe imagination, andwilltoapplythesustainable partnerships, resources,moreintegratedpolicies, model city.Thisrequiresamajoreffort,requiring The secondlegacyistoturnRiodeJaneirointoa that precededit. to succeed,basedontheinternationalexperiences and reflectonwhatweshoulddoforthisprogram we learnedin2000whentheCIDSwasopened, of Guanabara Bay, it is worth remembering what currently rethinkingthedecontaminationprogram leaving behind memories and history. Asweare International ConferenceontheGuanabaraBay, to happenatthetime.TheCIDSwasopenedan been therequiredinternationalconditionsforthat (CIDS) oftheFGVFoundation(FGV)tobe,hadthere International CenterforSustainableDevelopment a globalcenterofintelligence,aswewantedthe legacies may result from this. The first is to create roles, commitmentsandlaws.Twoimportant in practice what is known in theory about the development intoareality,whichmeansapplying The maingoalofRio+20istoturnthesustainable month ofJune. which is the main drive of the discussion of the social inclusion,anddevelopingagreeneconomy, environment joinstheeconomy,socialequityand environment toanothersituation,inwhichthe set outthepassagefromanisolatedandloser Conference invitesustodo.Wewantclearly sustainable developmentcenter,whichthe to allowusmakeRiodeJaneiroatrulyglobal do in1992:TocreatealegacyforthisConference This meansdoingnowwhatwewereunableto applying sustainabledevelopmentinitsdailylife. commitments in the most practical way possible, up withthesemajoreventssoitcanhonor with theimportanceofRio+20.Itmustkeep 92 -andishostinganinternationalconference hosted thelargestConferenceonplanet-ECO Rio deJaneirocannotbejustthecitythathas ARTICLE agreed thattheywoulddecrease greenhousegas calculations fromtheemission inventories.1Itwas with theCityGovernment, whichmadeaseriesof To definethisprocess, there werenegotiations operation as specific andobjectiveasthisone. legal andinstitutionalpowerstoundertakean operate atthislevel,nordoesithavetherequired the LegislativeBodydoesnothaveabilityto could bedeployedovertimewascritical,because City Government regarding the goals and how they the City Government. Thenegotiation with the a project of mine, was voted in partnership with change, as of January 27, 2011, originated from In RiodeJaneiro,theLaw5.248onclimate requirements agreedanddecided. managing togofurther,beyondtheinternational to solvetheproblem,whiletheirowncitiesare with countriesthatdemonstratelittleability the international level it is as if we were discussing achieved amazingreductionresults.Therefore,on Angeles, andsomeStates,suchasCalifornia,have world like New York, London, San Francisco, Los the countriespollutealot,somecitiesof + 20meeting.Inpracticeweverifythatwhile The groupwillhavegreatimportanceintheRio world willingtoconfrontthegreenhousegases. has alreadygatheredthe40citiesaround There iscurrentlyagroupcalledC40,which solutions tosolvetheproblemsofclimatechange. the mosttoovercomethatstigmaandbuildfaster there –butontheotherhandtheyarealsodoing pollute themost–70%ofpollutioncomesfrom To ourmisfortune,wefoundinthisperiodthatcities on sustainabilitywasaverysignificant:periphery. United Nationsandfortheinternationaldiscussions the imageofwhatcitiesinfactrepresentedfor were built.IntheclimateconferencesIattended, the discussion,commitmentsandagreementsthat cities. Theurbancenterswerealwaysseparatedfrom in theUnitedNationsisofnationalStates,not and development. Asweallknow, representation far at the international conferences of environment will occupyadifferentplacethantheyoccupiedso The novelty of the Rio + 20 Conference is that cities STRATEGIC PLAYER GLOBALLY: THECITYAS A THINKING LOCALLY ANDACTING through indicatorsandcleargoalsofsustainable develop atransparentadministration,monitored lesson wehavehadsincethen.Weneedto Conference in1992,andwasthemostimportant power ofthecity,whichwasnotnoticedat Rio isgovernance,whichmeansstrengtheningthe One ofthefirstrequirementsforamoresustainable 1: Governance: REQUIREMENTS FOR SUSTAINABILITY already offering. the bestpracticesthatlargeandsmallcitiesare important vectorattachedtogreencitiesandon for sustainabledevelopment,butalsotobean to buildaworldcenterinRiodeJaneiro,notonly opportunity ofRio+20.Thatiswhyitimportant development isagreatvictoryand agreements that are being made on sustainable The insertionofthecityasastrategicplayerin 2016, whenwewouldhavereduced16%. 2012, whenwewouldhavereduced8%,andin part ofthisprocesswouldbeconcentratedin emissions by20%until2020andaninteresting CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY of policiesandistodayamajorglobalproblem. excessive specialization prevents the integration obliged toadopt.Thiskindoffragmentationand partisan fragmentationthatGovernmentsare President oftheRepublic,abovepoliticaland leadership oftheMayors,Governorsand and practicesuchapolicy,whichrequires there werenoinstitutionalconditionstoexercise implemented –exceptinsomecities,because national andlocallevels.Butnomeasurewas Agenda 21,whichwasidealizedintheglobal, commitments andchanges.Therewasthe vacuum that was present to perform those to realizetheextremelyperniciousinstitutional international agreements.Butitwasimportant through majorconventions,protocolsand extraordinary expansionoflawsandcontrols global legislationwasbuiltandtherean eco-efficiency bycompanies.Alsoamodelof awareness andpracticeofsustainability Rio +20wasanextraordinaryincreaseinthe The noveltythatemerged between ECO92and decentralized andmoreparticipatoryplanning. In practice,thismeansthattheremustbeamore development, suchasRio+20alsorecommends.

57 58 between societyandnature, whichneverexisted, The baseofasustainable cityistheharmony of thespeedwithwhich citygrows. the solutionsarestillshortofwhatweneedinface transportation aretwoseriousproblemsforwhich thinking about infrastructure? Sanitation and this tohappen. How can you builda city without access tosewagecollectionandthereisnoplanfor Homes inJacarepaguá,forexample,haveno which isbeingdiscardedinthelagoonsBarra. multiplying withoutasewagecollectionnetwork, while thegreenis vanishing, thebuildingsare and greenestdistrictofRiodeJaneiro.Today, the districtofJacarepaguá,whichwaslargest communicate witheachother.Agoodexampleis and allofitspartshavefunctions,sotheymust The cityisaliving,human,integratedecosystem, 2: City:Liveecosystem exercises –whichareexemplary. experience, andteachthebestpracticesit trade with the world, learn from the international some ofitsprovincialism,isolation,andmust level RiodeJaneiromustbeaglobalcity,losing that wemustapply.Inotherwords,tochangethe the globalandlocalispartofgovernance act globally and, in fact, this integration between and sayingthatwe also need to think locallyand and localacting.Weareperfectingthisthinking saying fordecades,representstheglobalthinking sustainable development, as the Greens have been The cityisthemainspaceprotagonistof which isoneofthegoalsRio+20. articulation, of a better integration of policies, institutions, tomeettheneedforagreater with theeconomy,economysocial is thereforenecessarytojointheenvironment but currentlytheyactinadisconnectedform.It to theSecretary-General.Therearelargeagencies, create aCouncilofSustainableDevelopmentnext the UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram(UNEP), sustainability dynamics.Weneedtostrengthen creation ofamoreacceleratedandpositive completely isolated,whichdoesnotfavorthe concern tointegrateitsparts,bodiesthatwork government ofgovernments,toalsohavethis are askingtheUnitedNations,whichis When wetalkaboutglobalgovernance, ARTICLE Area (EPA).AstheGovernment doesnothave is requiredbylawforanEnvironmental Protection process, no management council, nothing of what There isnomanagement plan,nomonitoring preservation areas,butarenottreatedassuch. Most beachesinRiodeJaneiroareenvironmental no relationtothesandsoftoday,whicharedirty. sands ofCopacabanabeachintheyear1960bear but whatisbeingdonewiththesewonders?The and oftheentireworld.Itisawonderfulcity, is sharedbyalltheinhabitantsofthiscity,Brazil The naturalbeautyofRiodeJaneiro,forexample, development. be usedandcombinedwiththesustainable not something just to be contemplated. It must to tourism,leisureandknowledge,becauseitis heritage mustbeusedintelligentlyandintegrated the culturehasbuiltinhistory.Thehistorical what thenatureoffersasanopportunityand in geographyandecology.Intruth,itcomesfrom ‘vocation’ isbasedonhistory,culture,andalso shared withthepeople.Theprincipleofnatural identified, developed,protected,stimulated,and Cities havenatural‘vocations’thatmustbe 3: NaturalVocationsofCities: new waysofinteraction. now beingavoidedinexchangeforthesearch position that has been natural for a long time is with theglobalwarming and climate change, the with nature.Withalltheproblemsthatlieahead, one, seekingamoreharmoniousrelationship new andcurrentvisionofthecityisanorganic city wasbeingoccupied.Incontrasttothis,the concrete structuresoroftendisappearedwhilethe polluted, hidden,dominatedbyaggressive The riversthatflowinRiodeJaneiroareall this movement. houses, withalltheproblemsthatresultedfrom infrastructure by force, waterproofing, building occupied suchspaces,itwasnecessarytocreatethe and creativity.Then,onceadensemassofpeople offer services,andalsotoexerciseinnovation easily, tocreateadensityofcommunication, is therefugethathumansfoundtointeractmore shelter fordisease-transmittinganimals.Thecity Nature wasseenasunfriendly,unhealthy,a since citieswerecreatedtoovercomenature. Building arelationshipbetween economyandthe 6: ThethreeRs to applytheknowledgemore intelligently. obstacle ofabureaucracystrongerthanthedesire is slowandpaperwork-orientedfacesthe as changesinourpatentregistrationsystem,which partnership withtheFederalGovernment,aswell assets oftheworld.Thisaspectrequiresa largest inBrazilandoneofthemajorintellectual to theintellectualcapitalofcity,whichis economic forcelinkedtotechnology,knowledge, The principle is creativity and innovation as the 5: CreativityandInnovation technology, museums,andlibraries. in technologyandculturenetworks,theinformation efficiently employingthisheritage.Weneedtoinvest of anycreativecitythatwantstobecomeglobal, science andculturesinBrazil,whichistheengine number of universities and qualified people in privilege of being one of the cities with the highest de Janeiromusttakeadvantageoftheextraordinary but thatarenotlimitedonlytotheenvironment.Rio creativity, whicharelinkedtothegreeneconomy, civil works;andofinnovation,technology energy, sanitation,mass transportation, andgreen the greeneconomy,infrastructure,renewable and culture.Thecityisalsotheworldheadquartersof Emphasis onthecreativeindustries,fullofleisure 4: EconomyandEntrepreneurship Marx andFernandoChaceldid. we canalsocreateitaslargelandscapersBurle of themeetingbetweennatureandculture,but appropriated thecity.Thelandscapeismagic only inthesecondhalfof19thcenturywhenit Pedro ÁlvaresCabralorbyAmerigoVespucci,but Açúcar), forexample,wasdiscoveredlate,notby appropriated. TheSugarLoafMountain(Pãode inventing, becausethelandscapeisalsoinvented, Respect the ‘vocation’ of Rio means preserving and subsequently havea high costtobe reversed. functions thatactuallycausedamagewhich Governments usepublicspacestoperform of environmentalawareness.Forconvenience, respected, notbybadintent,butbecauseofalack The resultisthatthe‘vocation’ofRionotbeing the publicspaceofbeachesinanabusiveway. suitable facilitiestoholdculturalevents,ituses CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY the urbangrowth. and theabilitytodevelop theserviceandmonitor is amismatchbetweenthe needtosanitizethecity will beneededtosolvethis problem,sincethere sanitation. Thepredictionisthatmanydecades We mustconsidertheuniversalizationof 8:Sanitation as partofthecity’seconomy. agriculture onlyasanexportactivity,butrather Research Corporation),itcannotconsider Since BrazilhasEmbrapa(BrazilianAgricultural fairs, andallinnovationthatcomeswiththem. to createachainofsmallproducers,organic and healthy products, andwastes the opportunity country createsdifficultiesinaccessingnatural agriculture andthedistancebetweencity Even thoughthereisamplespace,no very littleagricultureandimportseverything. security, as the State of Rio de Janeiro produces world, which would contribute to creating food they needtoincorporatethefunctionsofrural Since thecitiesaredynamicforceofplanet, in thecities,amongothermeasures. of greenroofsandcommunityvegetable-gardens developed citiesintheworld,withcultivation and urban,whichtodayisthemarkofmost sustainable agriculture,andintegrationofrural ignore theimportanceofanagriculturalbelt, side effectofthispolicyisthatthecitybeganto housing constructionintheseareas.Theserious the plots,whichonotherhandfacilitated in thelawthat,forexample,reducedsizeof been turned into apretextfornumber of changes way forirregularoccupations.Thiscontexthas land not becoming productive, which paved the areas havesufferedasaresultoflargeplots resulted fromtheslum-growthprocessthatrural an obstacletothegrowthofcity.Thisidea philosophy whichsuggeststhatagricultureisas Rio deJaneirostillbelievesinaretrograde 7: Agriculture is powerfulandthecitynotdevelopingitproperly. is relevantinformation,sincetherecyclingindustry we havenotreached1%ofselectivecollection.This selective collection and recycling. In Rio de Janeiro, Rs: reduce,recycle,andreusewastes,practicingthe environment toallowfortheprincipleofthree

59 60 ARTICLE the CariocaPact–Riowewantfor2020(Pacto the exampleofdiscussionforumenabledby lacks arefiningofitsStrategicPlan.Thatsaid, In lightoftheaforementioned,RiodeJaneiro from abandonmentandenlargethegreenareas. do this,wemustalsorescuethepreservationunits of gasescontributingtothegreenhouseeffect.To have positiveeffectsonthereductionofemissions the transportshortageaffectingcity,andwould and masstransportationwouldhelptominimize investment inwaterwaytransportation,bikepaths, movement canbeimprovedinmanyways.More city operationscenter,whichisefficient,this Although stepshavealreadybeentakenbythe and adaptation,includingaccidentprevention. actions bymeansofthegreeninfrastructure emissions, but also implementing mitigation like tohighlight.Thismeansnotonlyreducing green infrastructureareotheraspectsthatIwould emission ofgreenhousegasesinthecitythrougha Protecting thecoastalregionandminimizing 10: Greeninfrastructure as wellthelagoonsandwatersheds. which mustbereturnedtothecitiesinacleanstate, A parallelaspectistherenaturalizationofrivers, 9: RenaturalizationofRivers CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY the mostimportantresultwecanhavefromRio+20. practices fromothercountriesasanationalheritageis a legacyinwhichwecanassimilatetheinspiringbest be in fact a sustainable example for the world. Creating these changestoitsowninternaltransformationand and abouthowourcitycanenjoythisinspiration been transformedintoasocialandpoliticalpractice, philosophy thatisinaconsolidationprocess,whichhas present momentinducesreflectiononthenewworld the nationalistBrazilcloseditselffromworld.The ‘vocation’ wasinhibitedduringalongcycleinwhich Janeiro and of the country is international, but this with thishistoricalheritage?The‘vocation’ofRiode internationally renownedcity,butwhatisbeingdone global city.ForcenturiesRiodeJaneirohasbeenan closure andisolationism,assumetheroleofa the city to disentangle itself from the traditional The possibilitytotakealeapintothefuturerequires A LEGACY FOR THEWORLD change anddiscusstheproblemsofcity. city, whichisabletoinfluencethisprocessof example ofopportunitytocreateaparticipatory Pereira PassosInstituteandFGVProjetos,isagood 2010 bytheCityCouncilofRio,withsupport Carioca –ORioquequeremospara2020),heldin

61 62 INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY: A MANAGEMENT MODEL FORRIO MELINA BANDEIRA article organization ofnationalandinternationalevents. strategies; intheeditingofpublicationsandon she worksinthecreationofintegratedcommunication communication andmarketingofFGVProjetos,where University. Since2008,shehasbeenthecoordinatorof EBAPE/FGV whoseexchangeprogramwastakenatCornell holds amaster’sdegreeinbusinessmanagementfrom She graduatedinSocialCommunicationatESPM-RJ,and management. companies thatwishtoadopt moresustainablemodelsof one and may benefit from initiatives from public and private ground for the application of innovative strategies like this profitable and effective. The city of Rio de Janeiro is fertile integration oftheBoP,and,atsametime,provetobe cultural, economicandenvironmentalimpactsinthe management thatiscapableofgeneratingpositivesocio- validate thismodel,buttodeepenthedebateonsustainable at thebottomofpyramid(BoP).Theintentionisnotto business andinvestmentswiththepopulationthatisfound C.K. Prahalad,thereisasearchfornewwayofmanaging economies. Based on the model proposed by Stuart Hart and in resolving problems and proposing changes in emerging of sustainablemanagementthathasprovedtobeefficient This articlepresentsareflectionontheinnovativemodel ABSTRACT COORDINATOR AT FGV PROJETOS COMMUNICATIONS ANDMARKETING Melina Bandeira CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

63 64 12 leadersin Creative Solutions. and biocapacity; besidesappearingamongst thetop in Innovation and in the index of Ecological Impact that obtainedthebestresults intheindexofEfficiency GII 2011,classifyBrazilamong thetop10countries 2 and3,revealedbytheinternational rankingofthe and innovative models of management. The tables 1, grown andstandoutintheglobalstagewithpolicies assessment oftheperformancecountriesthathave new metricsforadvances.Metricsthatallowthe that confirmstheinternationaleffortinsearchfor School fortheWorld(Insead)isanotherinitiative (GII), publishedsince2007bye-labofTheBusiness indicators ofinnovation.TheGlobalInnovationIndex measure the innovation of countries proposing 100 for example, launched in 2010 a study to classify and Economic Co-operationandDevelopment(OECD), of developmenta country. The Organization for started seeinginnovationasanimportantindicator traditional model, international organizations have Aware ofthismovementandthegapsleftby collaborating andinnovating. of thinkingfrompublicandprivatecompanies, and theenvironmenthaverequirednewways education, infrastructure,economics,health, Brazil, the challenges inherent to the areas of solutions fortheirlocalproblems.Inthecaseof management, withtheintroductionofinnovative emerging economiesfindingalternativemodelsof Over thelast20years,wehaveobserved billion peoplelivebelowthelineofpoverty. to beunsustainableinaworldwherealmost4 management. Thisrationale,however,hasproved and modelsasunquestionableparametersof which havestartedtoreplicatesuchmetrics created manychallengesfordevelopingnations, management andassessment.Suchthinkinghas indexes, weoverlookthesearchforotherformsof Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and other co-related of production, consumption, income distribution, development ofacountryonlybasedontheindexes sightedness andtrainedtoassesstheprosperityor economic-financial indexes.Basedonthisshort- production andconsumption,basedonstrictly of managementguidedmainlybymetrics have conditionedustothinkaccordingamodel For almosttwocenturiesthe“richest”nations SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INNOVATION AS ANINDICATOR OF ARTICLE concept totheir businessstrategiesrestrictively, Many managers,however, haveappliedtheBoP and inthecityofRiodeJaneiro by18%. BoP iscomposedbyalmost 20%ofthepopulation 57%, whichlivebelowthelineofpoverty.InBrazil, represented by 4 billion people in the world, or authors classifytheBoPasasocioeconomicsector strategies to serve the base of thepyramid. The of companiesthathavedirectedtheirbusiness and othermultinationalcompaniesareexamples Nike, ABNAmro,TataGroup,Cemex,Dow,Natura Unilever, Philips,Johnson,P&G,Pfizer,Microsoft, large corporationsandmultinationalcompanies. 1998, this idea spread from academic literature to the pyramid”(orBoP:BaseofPyramid1.0)in introduced theconceptof“wealthatbase Since the academics C.K. Prahalad and Stuart Hart MANAGEMENT A NEWMODELFOR SUSTAINABLE services orsustainablebusiness. as its main partner in the development of products, population thatisatthebaseofpyramid(BoP) suggests amanagementthatrecognizesthe sustainably throughourmanagers.Themodel Prahalad, and how this strategy can be implanted management, proposed by Stuart Hart and C.K. This articlehighlightsaninnovativemodelof be innovativeandsustainableintheirwidestsense. must begiventothestrategiesthathaveproved the discussionofRio+20conference,thought of thelargeinternationaleventsandwithafocuson showcase ofsuccessfulexperiences.Withthearrival have beencontributingtowardsmakingthiscitya have someexamplesofinnovativeinitiativesthat a new perspective of management of our city. We transformation experiencedbyRiodeJaneirowith Rio] orproudneighbors–thespecialmomentof And, today,wefollow-ascariocas[peoplefrom gearing theiractivitiesandproductstothesepeople. the strengthofmiddleclassandhavestarted sectors oftheeconomy.Companiesnowrecognize have enabledsignificantadvancesinthevarious institutions andacademia.Thesepartnerships industries, companies,thegovernment,research mainly bytheincreasedintegrationbetween In Brazil,thisinnovationhasbeengenerated CREATIVE OUTPUTS TABLE 2 INNOVATION EFFICIENCY INDEXRANKINGS:TOP 10 TABLE 1 (GLOBAL HECTARES PERCAPITA) -2007 ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT ANDBIOCAPACITY (DEFICIT) ORRESERVE TABLE 3 CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / HONG KONG (SAR), CHINA SWEDEN SWITZERLAND CANADA DENMARK GERMANY NORWAY NETHERLANDS AUSTRIA JORDAN ESTONIA BRAZIL 10 4 9 6 8 5 3 7 2 1 RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY MOLDOVA, REP. CÔTE D’IVOIRE BANGLADESH ARGENTINA PAKISTAN SWEDEN NIGERIA BRAZIL CHINA INDIA COUNTRY/ ECONOMY 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.92 0.91 1.06 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.01

RANK EFFICIENCY RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY 10 4 9 6 8 5 3 2 7 1 RATE SCORE CREATIVE OUTPUTS 49.0 54.0 54.4 50.6 50.6 46.9 48.9 48.9 52.4 56.7 57.6 51.7 123 125 114 119 43 68 82 87 77 5 INPUT RANK NEW ZEALAND ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA MONGOLIA PARAGUAY COUNTRY FINLAND CANADA NAMIBIA RANK BOLIVIA 40 44 69 29 62 67 79 32 BRAZIL 14

1 OUTPUT 10 12 11 4 6 9 8 3 5 2 7 1 RANK UM UM LM LM LM LM LM LM HI LI INCOME CREATIVE INTANGIBLES SCORE 50.9 58.0 54.8 46.7 54.2 50.7 63.5 59.3 56.2 55.2 56.1 70.1 SOURCE: THEGLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX(GII) -2010 SOURCE: THEGLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX(GII) -2010 SOURCE: THEGLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX (GII) -2010 4 6 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 INCOME RANK SCORE 56.46 60.97 60.97 58.39 74.49 68.52 67.98 67.85 60.19 60.19 61.84 RANK 100 LCN LCN EAS ECS SAS ECS SAS SAS SSF SSF 40 43 29 55 23 27 25 22 14 16 4 9 REGION 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 REGIONAL CREATIVE GOODS AND SCORE BANK 40.0 60.4 50.4 45.3 42.6 54.5 53.9 47.2 37.5 27.7 54.1 54.1 SERVICES 1,214.5 1,354.1 160.4 184.8 195.4 158.3 40.7 21.6 3.6 9.3 POPULATION (US$ MILLIONS) RANK 37,904.6 14,538.3 2,608.6 6,828.0 2,854.3 2,203.3 20 47 10,412.1 3,270.1 15 13 1,416.3 1,701.2 11 4 6 8 5 3 2

1 GDP PER CAPITA (CURRENT PPPS)

65 66 are winners. company and the local community, where both the creationofamutualvaluebetween operation andmarketing.Thismodelestablishes from the modeling and design of aproducttoits a company,gettingthesepeopletoparticipate the developmentofabusinessorinitiative 2.0 seesthispopulationasanactivepartnerin The strategyrelatedtothebaseofpyramid environment. jobs orincludesometypeofactionregardingthe only throughcreatingbusinessesthatcreates sustainable developmentindeprivedregions companies believetheycontributetowards misunderstanding. Invariousothercases, and consumptionisprovingtobeamajor exclusively undertheperspectiveofproduction a simpleconsumer.Understandingthissector presenting solutionsandmakingthispopulation directing themtowards“sellingtothepoor”, ARTICLE demand andsustainableopportunities,insteadof to co-createanewbusinessstructuredcreate that isembeddedincommunity–knowhow embeddedness – working with a value or habit that acknowledge and apply the concept of social and integratingthemintheprocess.Companies and commitment of this population, engaging them deeply embeddedinthelocalvaluescreatestrust and relationship.Astrategy of innovationthat is its routinesandhabits,formsofinteraction of thelocalcommunity,itstraditionsandnorms, includes agreatercomprehensionofthelifestyle a processthatbuildsvalueandsense.This under the perspectiveofcommunity–through is theneedforanunderstandingofbusiness of amarketthatusestheBoP2.0strategy,there and needs, and suggests that for the construction understands asagreatdistinctionbetweenmarket product”. Thisphrasesummarizeswhattheauthor its simplestterm,isalifestylebuiltaround For EricSimanis“amarketofconsumption,in THE BASE OFTHEPYRAMID DEVELOPMENT WITHBo FIGURE 1 CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / SOURCE: LONDON, T.; HART.S -NEXTGENERATION BUSINESS STRATEGIES FOR THEBASE OFTHEPYRAMID: RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY P: 7PRINCIPLESFOR CREATING MUTUAL VALUE WITH NEW APPROACHES FOR BUILDINGMUTUAL VALUE (US$ 3.000 -15.000/year) (US$ 15.000/year) (US$ 3.000/year) B B o o P 2.0 P 1.0 T o P

67 68 THE Bo FIGURE 2 BOP 1.0 XBOP2.0 TABLE 4 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED WITHTHEPRODUCT P TRIPLEBOTTOM LINE ACCESS VIANGOS AND/OR GOVERNMENT B o STRUCTURAL INNOVATION P AS PRODUCER/CONSUMER EXPAND DISTRIBUTION REDUCE PRICEPOINT DEEP LISTENING B o P 1.0 SOURCE: STUART HART, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, CENTERFOR SUSTAINABLE GLOBAL ENTERPRISE NEW ANDSUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES PERSONAL ANDDIRECTRELATIONSHIPS B o EMBEDDED INNOVATION P AS BUSINESS PARTNER EXPAND IMAGINATION MARRY CAPABILITIES DEEP DIALOGUE SOURCE: COPYRIGHT STUART L.HART 2012 B o P 2.0 conjointly in the development of a pilot product financial institutions,universities,NGOs)work strategic partners(companies,government, In thisphase,thelocalcommunity,teamsand business model Phase 2:“Buildingtheecosystem”-co-developed 4 months for the complete immersion of the teams. to thecommunity.Thisphaseusuallyrequires3 capacities and resources thatthecompany offers model orproductprototypethatintegratesthe phase culminatesintheco-creationofabusiness on trust,exchangeofideasandlearning.This works conjointlythroughatwo-waydialog,based concept Phase 1:“Openingup”-co-generatedbusiness product orservicearehighlighted. For such,threephasesinthedevelopmentofa imposing ready-madeandcustomizedsolutions. Where thecompanyemergesincommunityand CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY The BoP2.0strategyassumesthatforsustainable communities aspartnersandnotonlyclients. These stepsrequirecompaniestoseethese phase usuallyrequires6to9months. the resultisafertileandcommittedmarket.This in anembeddedmannerthelocalcommunity, in theconstruction.Withthisproductdeveloped in whichthelocalpopulationparticipatesactively the communityinformofaproductorservice, creation ofasharedbusinessthatisreturnedto make thebusinessfeasible.Theresultis capacities oflocalmanagementtomanageand The modelisimprovedbasedonbuildingthe launch oftheproductinnewcommunities. In thisphasetheteamsinvolvedworkon Phase 3:“Enterprisecreation”-Scale maturing ofthemodelisrecommended. be replicated on a larger scale. Usually a year of already testedinthecommunity,productcan and testitonasmallscale.Fromthisprototype

69 70 on severalfrontsthatusethismodel. Natura, BradescoandPetrobrashavebeenworking population thatisatthebottomofpyramid. of sustainablemanagementalignedwiththe corporate and public initiatives that use models In RiodeJaneirothereisfertilegroundfor the sametimeusetheirinitiativescommercially. and new potentials in poor communities, and at “green leap”,createsocioeconomicopportunities how tomeettheissueofsustainability;createa and theTataNanoGroup.Thesecompaniesknow companies likeSelco,GrameenPhoneBank,Essilor model intheirbusinessstrategies,forexample, have obtainedglobalrecognitionforusingthis India hassomegoodexamplesofcompaniesthat economic, asshowninthefigurebelow. impact: socio-cultural,environmentaland this performanceunderthreedimensionsof impacts caused.Theorganizationshouldmeasure are betterandgreaterthanthepossiblenegative to provethatthebenefitsandsolutionsgenerated to have sustainable development, it isnecessary Finally, foracertainbusiness,productorservice Vijay Govindarajan). the baseofpyramidtotoppyramid, innovation (takingaproductorbusinessfrom the top of the pyramid by applying the reverse distribution, orevenreverseitsinitiativeto the companycanextenditsproductionand Once themodelhasprovedtobesuccessful environment. technologies thatcreateafavorableimpactonthe whether itsproposalincludesnewandsustainable local capacities.Thecompanyshouldalsoknow of knowledgeandthecombinationnative mutual dialogencouragesinnovation,exchange instead ofthelegalorcontractual;inwhich with roomfordirectandpersonalrelationships, management itisnecessarytocreateasharedvalue that provetobeinnovativeandsustainable. challenge presuppositionsandfocusonmodels contradictions andconventionalthoughts; think creativelyandcontra-intuitivelytoresolve terms. Thismanagementrequiresmanagersthat in socio-cultural,economicandenvironmental of sustainablesolutions,representagreatleap this populationasapartnerinthedevelopment the pyramid, and management strategies that see informal knowledge,whichisatthebottomof know how to make use of this knowledge”. The discussion aboutwastetreatment,butwedonot press costsR$10thousand.Wearethelinkinthis and continueinthislineofbusiness.Butjustone wanted tousethismoneycreateascrapyard recycling cooperativeorinselectivecollection.I by aformerwastepicker:“Iwantedtoworkin This thoughtissummarizedinthetestimonygiven wealth proposedbytheBoP2.0modelresides. this communityduringthe30yearsiswhere mutual value withthe knowledge acquired by Knowing how to work together and creating integration ofthiscommunityasapartner. impacts forthecommunity,butrequireagreater important andcancreatefavorablesocioeconomic center for500wastepickers.Thesemeasuresare qualification programs;thecreationofarecycling R$14 thousandtoeachwastepicker;trainingand activity. Somemeasuresinclude:indemnityof exclusively onthislandfillasaproductive pickers, thelocalcommunitythatdepends that supportthiscommunitycomposedofwaste and otherinstitutions,proposesomemeasures moment thepublicinitiative,togetherwithFaetec living from waste and recycling waste. At this generated. Forover30yearsfamiliesearneda the incrediblepotentialandwealththatcanbe proposed bytheBoP2.0modelwecandiscuss the GramachoLandfillunderthreedimensions Using theexampleofendactivities CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

71 72 CONSERVATION UNITS WITHIN THESTATE OF RIO DEJANEIRO FORESTS AND OSCAR GRAÇACOUTO article CONSERVATION UNITS WITHIN THESTATE OF RIO DEJANEIRO FORESTS AND – UNEP LEGAL DIRECTOR OFINSTITUTO BRASIL Oscar GraçaCouto focusing onEnvironmentalLaw. Coordinator ofthePost-graduateCourseinCorporateLaw the Post-graduateCourseinStateLawandRegulation. of thelawfirmLobo&IbeasAdvogados.Responsiblefor UNEP (UnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgram).Partner Brazilian InstituteofOil.LegaldirectorInstitutoBrasil- Law School,USA.ProfessoratPUC-Rio,FGVandthe Holds amaster’sdegreefromtheUniversityofMichigan ABSTRACT sphere, butalsothesocial,economic andethicalspheres. everyone’s agenda,notonlyto benefittheenvironmental as anopportunityofinserting concernwiththeclimateon this sense,hostingtheRio+20 Conferenceshouldbeseen is important to observe the application of these norms. In is inavanguardpositionrelationtothecountry,butit issue ofclimatechange.Intheauthor’sopinion,State and lawsoftheStateRiodeJaneirofocusedon In hisarticle, Oscar Graça Couto presentsthe mains norms CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

73 74 the inaction of the optimists. Then we have the egoists, the inactionofoptimists. Thenwehavetheegoists, effects ofthesechangeshave alsocontributedtowards capable ofmitigatingandrendering theunmanageable confirmed, even.Technological solutions,thatare future generations, and which, however, may not be current generationsonaccountoffearsthatmayafflict sacrifice demandsoraspirationsastoconsumptionof distant future,andthat,therefore,itmakesnosenseto that theeffectsofchangeswillbefeltonlyina There are also those who have found reasons to suppose never beentheagentsoftransformation. have resignedthemselvestothefactorNihilists little ornothingthatcanbedone.Skeptics,thosewho and infaceoftheescalationchallenge,thereis it, butwhounderstandthatatthispointinthegame, the fact that human activities have been responsible for acknowledge the problem, who, to some extent, admit and anthropiccontribution.Therearealsothosewho insurmountable causes,withoutofferinganyrelevant the phenomenon,albeittheyattributeittonaturaland be inexistent.Therearethosewhohaveacknowledged changes’, refusing to face a problem which they deem to evidence, simplydenythephenomenoncalled‘climatic distinctive categories.Therearethosewho,againstall inaction. Wehavetheskeptics,whomaybedividedinto Many causeshavebeencontributingtowardsthis on thescaleinwhichithasbeenpresentingitself. would becapableofdealingwiththeproblem,atleast population, veryfewhaveundertakenanyactionthat with productive orcivil organizations, throughout the in behavior.Startingwithpublicentitiesandending changes has not been able to generate effective changes domain andinterest,thequestionpertainingtoclimate symposiums, andevenifitmadetothepublic a themewhichpreviouslywasrestrictedtoscientific apocalyptic productions,andevenifitpopularized and TVheadlinescome-upinHollywood-type from the past until now it may have made the newspaper billions ofpeople,andregardlesshowmanytimes and regardlessoritsrepercussionstomillions,perhaps Regardless ofhowmanytimesitpresentsitselfdaily, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MUNICIPALITY OFRIODEJANEIRO AND IN BRAZIL,THESTATE ANDINTHE LAWS PERTAINING TO CLIMATE CHANGE DYSTOPIAS, WEDISCUSS HERETHE AMONG THEDIFFERENTUTOPIAS AND ARTICLE and as a consumer. Dystopians and, depending on the and asaconsumer.Dystopians and,dependingonthe the individual (and on his personal choices) as a citizen responsibility forchanges would essentially befall upon governments orfromthecorporate sector.Therefore,the their profits,nothingeffectiveshouldtobeexpectedfrom uninterested inanyfactorsotherthanthemaximizationof public andpoliticagentsbyeconomicgroupsthatare interests andshort-termvisions,thecapturingof ponder astothecontrary:dueallegedandspurious useless, sacrifice,orindividualrelinquishing.Others reach oftheproblemrenderanyactionirrelevantand to thirdsectorsocieties.Tothesepeople,theplanetary for changestoothers–governments,companiesand There arealsothosewhoattributetheentireresponsibility itself stillafflictbillionsofpeopletheworldover. the slewofotherhorrorswhichinvery21stcentury with relativeindifferenceorresignationhungerand and thefeelingsofmany,haveledus(humanity)tolive challenges forthesamereasonsthat,inspiteofefforts pragmatists andtotherealists,weshallnotfaceclimatic noticeable and necessary changes. According to the are capableofpromotingandconductingradical, international leadersorinstitutionsthatexisttoday Furthermore, itisbeingclaimedthattodayno take largestepstodealwiththeproblem. to conformityratherthanchangesanddon’texpect pragmatists andtherealistsgetattachedmorereadily very ambitious changes or to mere adaptations. The changes, contentthemselveswithmitigatingandnot once they determine the unfeasibility to effect radical that warsdemand.Thepragmatistsandtherealists, be battledwithcohesionandthespiritofsacrifice endowed withthecharacteristicsthatwouldrequireitto that theenemycalled“climatechanges”hasnotbeen of people – one should admit) there is the perception changes. Intheeyesofmany(oratleastmajority has unfortunatelybeenabletobringaboutgreat War – in face of a real, concrete, threatening enemy, that wouldbecapableofoperatingeffectivechanges. human mobilization,atleastthekindofmobilization in theforeseeablefuturewhichwouldrequireareal effect, itisclaimedthatnotangiblethreatwouldarise who mayopposedeeplyrootedpracticesandhabits.In to whomnorelevantsocialchangesarebeexpected There arealsothepragmatistsorrealists,according promote anylargechanges. the hedonistsorextremeoptimistswhowouldnever norms may thus create, extinguish, change, strengthen norms maythuscreate,extinguish, change,strengthen may –indeedinstitutenew socialpractices.Legal the influencesthatareinherent tosuchaprocess,laws of theenvironmentinwhich theyareconceivedandof At anyrate,toagreaterorlesserdegreeandregardless collective andgreaterinterest. even ifdissonantintheeyesofmany,fromalegitimate, specific groups,moreapttomaketheirwillsprevail, to adifferentpointofview,lawsservetheinterests within thecontextoflegislativeprocess.According purpose, and they should arise from a consensus reached enacted. Ideallyspeaking,lawsshouldserveasocial and ofdystopias,realitiesneeds,thatlawsare counterweights, tobeandthatitshouldbe,ofutopias It isinthemidstofthiscontextweightsand asymmetries ofthismarket. which wouldbeintendedtocorrecttheflawsand Public Authoritiesmay(andshould)offerorimpose,and influence ofincentives,orelse,theinhibitionswhich advantage ofthemarketenvironment,butwith which makesuseofitsowninstruments.Otherstake these instrumentshavebeencreatedbythemarket, the causesandeffectsofglobalwarming.Some or lessefficient(astimeshalltell)tobeusedfight myriad ofinstrumentsandwaysthatmaybemore It isacknowledgedfromhereinthattheremaybea their criticswouldliketothink). economic butalsomoralandethical(orvoluntaristic,as the other,sustainneedforradicalreforms-notonly get attached to certain marketdogmasandthosewhoon polemics arisingbetweenthosewho,ontheonehand, revolutionaries, nordoeshewanttodisregardthe look down on discussions involving reformists and solution. Theauthorofthis article does not wish to resolved by simple solutions, much less by one single No problemofsuchmagnitudeiscapablebeing caused largecontroversies. who shouldfightthemandwithwhatresources,have fight shouldbecarriedout,andperhapsinparticular, as toforms,instrumentsandtheextensioninwhichsuch exist andthatitneedstobefoughtagainst.Discussions the phenomenonrepresentedbyclimaticchangesdoes In anycase,thereisarelativeconsensustodaythat do notcauseanyradicalchangeseither. degree oftheirengagementandinfluence,theutopians CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY and the communities which, in an equitable and and thecommunitieswhich, inanequitableand deriving fromtheeconomic sectors,thepopulations, besides sharingtheburdens andtheencumbrances different social-economiccontexts foritsapplication,” as the obligation set in the norm to comply “with the the dutytoexerciseinter-generationalsolidarityaswell Article 225oftheFederalConstitution,everyonehas climate”. Thus,inlinewiththecommandinstitutedby the impactscausedbyanthropicinterferencesover benefit ofthecurrentandfuturegenerations,toreduce to consider“thateveryonehasthedutyactin adopted undertheaegisofthisPNMCmustnotfail Among otherfactors,themeasuresthatneedtobe the internationalcontext). albeit differentiated responsibilities” (this last one within citizens, of sustainable development and ofcommon, “principles of precaution, prevention, of the participation public administrationorgans”whichshallabidebythe under theresponsibilityofpoliticalagenciesand - PNMCtheactionswhereofneedtobe“carriedout Changes (PolíticaNacionalsobreMudançadoClima) 12187 in2009institutedtheNationalPolicyonClimate Within the federal context, the enactment of Law severe penalties. out, isinfactdemandingchangesunderpainofthemost mitigate apicturewhich,aseverythingseemstopoint of promotingactionsthatwouldbeabletorevertor stage, and,ifapplied,whethertheywillbecapable effectively applied,iftheyaregoingtoleavetheplanning say ‘crucialquestion’–iswhetherthesenormswillbe The questionthatisalwaysasked–oneshouldeven the privateaswellpublicsectors. goals andobligationsthatneedtobecompliedwithby scenario, are capable of regulating the matter, enacting government entitieswhich,withintheinternational position. Infactandinrelativeterms,therearenotmany and the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro in a forefront agglomerate of norms places the Country, the State the mereexistenceofnormsaboutsubject,this be observedthatintheformalsense,i.e.,startingwith deal withthequestionofclimaticchanges.Itshould in theStateandMunicipalityofRiodeJaneiro succinctly, istheagglomerateofnormswhich,inBrazil, What theauthorisgoingtoanalyzehere,evenifvery the collectivetoindividualone. or depressmarkets,inducingchangesonallplanes,from

75 76 fluid concept of sustainable development, this norm fluid conceptofsustainabledevelopment,thisnorm Taking advantageofthepanaceasuggestedbystill vegetation coveringofdegradedareas. to thereseedlingofforestsandrecomposition been legallyprotected,andtheprovidingofincentives the consolidationandexpansionofareasthathave biomes consideredas being NationalAssets;and with specialattentiontobepaidthelargenatural and therehabilitationofenvironmentalresources, adverse effects; (v) the preservation, the conservation especially thosethatareparticularlyvulnerabletoits and socialagentsinterestedorbeneficiatedbythem, with theparticipationandcollaborationofeconomic to climatechangesbythethreespheresoffederation, the implementationofmeasurestopromoteadaptation greenhouse effectgasesfromthenationalterritory; (iii) thestrengtheningofanthropicremoving greenhouse gasesinregardstotheirdifferentsources; climate; with theprotectionofsystemgoverning compatibilization ofsocial-economicdevelopment others, thePNMChasfollowingobjectives: Still pursuanttotheaforementionedlaw,andamong climate. and theeffectsthatarecausedbythemtowards responsibilities regardingthepollutionemittingsources balanced manner,areinterestedinassessingindividual ARTICLE the reduction of the anthropic emissions of (ii) thereductionofanthropicemissions the (i) the (vi) (iv) and somewhat anomalous proviso as to its voluntary and somewhatanomalousprovisoastoitsvoluntary As aformalcommitment,eventhoughwiththeexplicit effect gasesaswelltheirresidues. and othernaturalresourcestoreducegreenhouse the proposalsthatprovidebetteruseofenergy,water to exploitbothpublicservicesandnaturalresources,for the authorization,permission,grantingandconcession competitions comprisingpublic-privatepartnershipsand establishment ofpreferencecriteriainbidsandpublic and incentivestobeestablishedbyspecificlaws; including differentiatedtaxrates,exemptions,offsets, of the emissions and the removal ofgreenhouse gases, and taxmeasuresintendedtoincentivizethereduction enforce itspurposes,PNMCespeciallyenvisaged And, amongtheinstrumentsthatithasestablishedto sustainable productionandconsumptionstandards. pertaining tolowgreenhousegasemissions,andalso,of (ii) incentivestopractices,activitiesandtechnologies the removalofgreenhousegasesbyeliminatingthem; that wouldeffectivelyreduceemissionsorpromote envisages Public AuthoritieswhenapplyingthePNMC,norm Among thedirectivesthatneedtobecompliedwithby reduction ofsocialinequalities. of economicgrowth,theeradicationpovertyand explicitly reinforcesthesearchforandconjoining the support to and the fomenting of activities (i) thesupporttoandfomentingofactivities fiscal (i) fiscal the (ii) the established within the international and domestic established withintheinternational anddomestic Corroborating aprinciple which hadalreadybeen emissions ofgreenhousegases forthemunicipality.” similarly set forth the “goals to reduce anthropic Changes andonSustainableDevelopment,which de JaneiroinstitutedtheMunicipalPolicyonClimate By wayofLaw5248,in2011theMunicipalityRio partially neutralizetherespectiveemissions. entailed totheassumptionofobligationfullyor a significantvolumeofgreenhouseeffectgasesmaybe new licensestoinstallundertakingsthatwouldgenerate In addition,ithasbeenenvisagedthattheissuanceof standards tothateffect. the appropriateagenciesaretoestablishrespective to mitigatesaidemissionsaswelloffsetthem,and of greenhouse gasesby the undertaking; and require thepresentationof novation oflicensestoinstalloroperatethemwould in theregulations)willrequirethatissuanceor a significantemissionofgreenhousegases(asdefined licensing, which,inregardstoundertakingsthatrequire Climate, oneshouldespeciallyhighlightenvironmental Among theinstrumentsavailabletoStatePolicyon related sectors. residues, building,industry,agropecuaryandforest- specific directives relating to the energy, transportation, would benefit the low-carbon economy, complyingwith incorporate intheirstrategiesmeasuresandactionsthat whether onagovernmentorcorporatescale,should activities associatedwiththereleaseofgreenhousegases, plans, programs,policies,goalsandactionsrelatingto Under theaboveconditions,itwasestablishedthat those thathadbeenenvisagedonanationalscale. policies” to attain its objectives which, in turn, resembled industry, agriculture,forest-related,economicandtax “public statetransportation,energy,health,sanitation, norm statesthepurposetopromoteintegrationbetween Climate ChangesandonSustainableDevelopment”.This which establishedthe“State-widePolicyonGlobal Janeiro, thePNMCwascomplementedbyLaw5690 In 2010,andwithinthecontextofStateRiode the emissionsthathavebeenforecastuntil2010.” with the purpose to reduce between 36.1% and 38.9% actions tomitigatetheemissionsofgreenhousegases, nature, thePNMCsetsforththatcountry“istoadopt CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / a forecast of the emission (i) aforecastoftheemission RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY a plan (ii) a plan economic andethicalspheres. beneficial consequencesin the environmental,social, eyes of the world, concern with the climate, taking away been writtenandtoaddeveryone’sagendainthe excellent opportunitytofirmlymakeworthofwhathas and theOlympicGames.Allofaboverepresentan symbolic importance,suchasRio+20,theWorldCup international repercussions,andwhichwillbeofgreat which will become the stage for events that will have the world’sattentionsturntocityofRiodeJaneiro, Said responsibilities become even more relevant when for thebenefitofcurrentandfuturegenerations. and adutyofPublicAuthoritiesthecommunity their improvementrepresentatthesametimebotharight Their efficientimplementation, and, as the case may be, been envisagedinsaidnorms. on regionalandlocalinitiativessuchasthosethathave a planet-widenature,andonethatnecessarilydepends challenge which,liketheonerelatedtoclimate,isof the Stateandmunicipalitytocontributefacea in theory offer conditions that would allow the country, (which areallintunewithoneanother)whichatleast de Janeiro state and municipal contexts there are norms In thisway,itmaybeseenthatbothwithinthefederal,Rio emissions withinthemunicipalityin2005. effect gasesuntil2020as compared to the level of the goalstoreduceby20%emissionofhot-house theory, themunicipalitywasmadereadytoaccomplish them asdeterminedbyspecificlegislation.”So,andin mitigate said emissions and to measures of offsetting are undertheconditionofapresentationplanto which producesignificantamountsofgreenhousegases established that “environmental licenses for undertakings Thus, withinboththestateandmunicipalcontext,itwas future generations.” domestic, and global interests as well as the rights of undertakings, takingintoconsiderationlocal,regional, “internalization ofsocialandenvironmentalcoststhe the communityingeneral,”andalsoenvisaging to theenvironment,avoidingpassingthiscoston the polluter must bear the costs of repairing damages which it defined as being the “acknowledgment that the Climaterefinedconceptof“payasyoupollute”, of greenhousegasgenerators,theMunicipalPolicyon contexts, andenvisagingitsspecificincidenceinthecase

77 78 LUIZ FERNANDODEALMEIDA ANDMARIACRISTINA LODI AND NATURE INTHE CITYOF DEVELOPMENT, CULTURE RIO LANDSCAPES: RIO DEJANEIRO SUSTAINABLE article ABSTRACT prioritizes sustainability. preservation ofthecityand needformanagementthat the importanceofthistitleto raiseawarenessaboutthe that makeRiodeJaneiroapossible worldheritagesiteand sustainable vision.Thearticle dealswithcharacteristics field ofasector-basedpolicytoterritorial,globaland parameters forheritagepolicies,movingfromarestrictive of culturallandscape,challengesthecountrytocreatenew The nominationofRioasWorldHeritage,inthecategory a WorldHeritageSite. coordinating thenominationofCityRiodeJaneiroas Culture oftheRobertoMarinhoFoundationandinIphan, City ofRiodeJaneiro,intheManagementHeritageand public and private institutions, e.g. in the City Hall of the coordinating projectsintheareaofculturalheritage (IPHAN) ofRiodeJaneiro,inJanuary2012.Shehasbeen of theNationalHistoricandArtisticHeritageInstitute Maria CristinaVerezaLoditookontheSuperintendence and UrbanismoftheFederalUniversityRiodeJaneiro, Graduated inarchitectureattheFacultyofArchitecture Universidade Paulista. in theArmandoÁlvaresPenteadoFoundationandat Architecture ProjectattheCatholicUniversityofSantos, of ArchitectureandUrbanism,HistoryArtthe Program oftheMinistryCulture.HetaughtHistory of IPHAN.HeisalsotheCoordinatorMonumenta the administrativetribunalthatispartofstructure (IPHAN) andoftheAdvisoryBoardCulturalHeritage, of theNationalHistoricandArtisticHeritageInstitute of Campinas, Luíz Fernando de Almeida is president Graduated inarchitectureattheCatholicUniversity JANEIRO SUPERINTENDENT OFIPHANINRIODE Maria CristinaLodi PRESIDENT OFIPHAN Luiz FernandodeAlmeida CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

79 80 1 world heritage,asitwillbecomethefirsturban challenge, bothforthe national heritageandthe parameters forheritagepolicies. This isagreat approach tothechallengeofsettingthesenew category ofnaturallandscapegivesusthefirst The RiocandidatureforWorldHeritageinthe for asameterritory. allows agreementwithseveralotherpublicpolicies a landscapevision.Onceweapplythatvision,it especially byconstructingaterritorialvisionand under anarticulationwithotherpublicpolicies, policy andseeitratherasaincorporated that reasonwemuststopthinkingofitasasector national heritagepolicy,wemayanswerYesandfor Heritage Institute(Iphan)inthedevelopmentof competence oftheNationalHistoricandArtistic the sustainabledevelopment?Basedon has theheritagesectoranythingtosayabout today involvesthedirectanswertoquestion: development inthefieldofheritageprotection The process of discussion on public policy harmonize development,cultureandnature. to promoteadiscussiononpublicpolicies Rainforest. Forthis reason, it isour responsibility and thebiggestforestinworld,Amazon the world,apopulationof200millioninhabitants, Brazil hasthe5thlargestterritorialexpansionin national publicpolicies. sustainable developmentissueinaccordancewith the BrazilianGovernment’sconcernwith has notbeenplanned.Itapurposeandshows of agendasisnotacoincidence,eventhoughit 20 tobeheldinRiodeJaneiro.Thissuccession Conference forSustainableDevelopment-Rio+ same timeordirectlyaftertheUnitedNations Russia, fromJune24untilJuly6,almostatthe Committee meetingtobeheldinSaintPetersburg, landscape willbejudgedattheWorldHeritage The candidatureofRiodeJaneiro’scultural Committee andaWorldHeritage Fund, bothofwhichareinoperationsince1976. Countries haveadoptedtheWorld HeritageConventionin1972.Thedeterminedthe establishmentofaWorldHeritage ARTICLE 2 To ensuretothemaximumextent possible theidentification,protection,preservationandpromotion ofWorldHeritage,UNESCOMember In OperationalGuide forWorldHeritageConvention Implementation. which isamuchdesiredrecognitionthat,together Cultural LandscapesoftheCityRiodeJaneiro, that thisselectgroupbeexpandedbyincludingthe government hasbeenrequestingforsometime in the UNESCO World Heritage list. The Brazilian historical, culturalornaturalsitesincludedsofar There are18Brazilianareasclassifiedas BETWEEN THEMOUNTAIN ANDTHESEA RIO DEJANEIRO: LOCAL LANDSCAPES territory. address primarilythelandscapeissuerelatedto heritage policywillbethetimewhenlatter of sustainabledevelopmentwillapproachthe are interconnected.Andthetimewhennotion development. FromtheBrazilianperspective,both the relationshipbetweenheritageandsustainable about theconceptofurbanculturallandscapeand expert meetingsinBraziloverthelasttenyears, Center adiscussionprocessbyholdingseriesof Organization (UNESCO)anditsWorldHeritage United NationsEducational,ScientificandCultural this newview,wehavestartedtogetherwiththe territorial, globalandsustainableview.Todevelop the restrictedfieldofsector-relatedpolicytoa policy intheheritagearea,whichshiftsfrom Rio candidatureisapossibilitytoratifypublic contribution tosustainabledevelopment2. of natural and cultural heritage is a significant development. Theprotectionandpreservation community has embraced the concept of sustainable Convention wasadoptedin1972,theinternational and fosternewlocalpublicpolicies.Sincethe World HeritageConvention1istoarticulate,change The Brazilianthesisisthatoneoftheroles management havenotbeensetout. the basesforconstructionofitsprotectionand cultural heritagetobecomeaWorldHeritage,and entrance ofGuanabaraBaywithitshistoricalforts, fortifications todefendthecity,suchasat landscape hasbeenusedforcenturiestobuild It alsoincludestheareaswherecoastal Botanical Gardenandpublicparks. reforestation or planning arrangements, such as in by tropicalvegetationbothnativeandresultingfrom Açúcar andMorrodoPico,mostofwhichiscovered and greatrockoutcrops,suchasCorcovado,Pãode Tijuca Massif thatischaracterized by steep slopes western partofNiteróiinGreaterRio,encompassing elements extendingfromtheSouthZoneto Landscape. ItiscomposedofstructuringRiolandscape Mountain andtheSeafitstypologyofCultural of RiodeJaneiro:LocalLandscapesbetweenthe The good candidate to World Heritage under the title to thepleasureoflivinginacity. is recognizedasamonumenttothelifequalityand the man-city-naturerelationremainsbalancedand intentionally andresolutelyaspecialcitywhere nature thathasencouragedthemtoconstruct action atfacinganabsolutelyuniqueandstunning de Janeiroisaresultofthesensitivityman’s Janeiro. TheexceptionaluniversalvalueofRio than theCulturalLandscapeofStateRiode and theculturalsingularityofBraziliansociety civilized stage,geniality,challenges,contradictions understands thatnothingrepresentsmorethe the LocalGovernmentofCityRiodeJaneiro, the Government of the StateofRiode Janeiro and Biodiversity PreservationInstitute(ICMBio),with for theEnvironment,throughChicoMendes of thiscandidaturetogetherwiththeMinistry Iphan, whichisresponsibleforthepreparation territorial landscapeprotectionview. the developmentofnewheritagepoliciesfroma asset forfuturegenerations,andcontributeto the senseofneedtopreservethisvaluable with theworldtitle,wouldfurtherstrengthen CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY the Park. Burle Marx,whichshapedthecurrentfeaturesof with the support of the landscape painter Roberto the waterstreams.Around1940,itwasrestored recreational areas,belvederes,andappreciationof made itaculturallandscapewithorganizedpaths, A romanticlandscapetreatmentinlate19thcentury Massif inthe19thcentury. which showrecordsofcoffeefarmsthatcoveredthe archeological siteslocatedwithinitsboundaries, back tothe18thand19thcenturies,aswell120 historical representativeness,withbuildingsdating ecosystem equilibrium. It also has a significant of theimportanceitsnaturalassetsforworld be apartoftheBiosphereReserve,inrecognition endangered species,andwasdeclaredin1991to regeneration. Ithasasignificantbiodiversitywith the world’smostsuccessfulnaturalforest National Park is considered an example of As a result of an extensive reforestation, Tijuca MOUNTAIN, FOREST ANDGARDEN de Janeiroisuniqueandrepresentsthecity’ssoul. until presentday.Theman-naturerelationshipinRio this specialrelationshipsincethecity’sfoundation that characterizesthefactmanhasmaintained cultural, geomorphologic and ecological diversity predominates andmaintainsthemainpatternsof where alargemountain,forestand sea interface Bay andCopacabanaBeach–representthecityareas Garden, FlamengoPark,theentrancetoGuanabara The fiveelements–TijucaNationalPark,Botanical STRUCTURING LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS Copacabana Beach. such asthePublicPathway,FlamengoParkand and toconstructleisurefacilitiesfortheresidents,

81 82 at theirfeet.Thatrolewasaddedtothatoficons defense, includingartillerybatteriesandfortresses constituted importantreferencepointsforthecity’s centuries of the city life, those two rocky formations do PãodeAçúcartotheweststandout.Infirst Pico massiftotheeast,and(RiodeJaneiro)Morro its limitingpontoons,where(Niterói)Morrodo The entrancetoGuanabaraBayisdeterminedby DRAWN WATER BANKS GUANABARA BAY ENTRANCEANDITS studies onAtlanticForest. Institute, whichisaworldreferencecenterforits developed bytheBotanicalGardenResearch intended forthepreservationandscientificresearch space isintegratedtoTijucaNationalParkand out andgiveamplitudetothesite.Theremaining alleys, amongwhichveryhighpalmtreesstand array ofon-siteplantsarrangedintogeometric neoclassical-shaped arboretumcontainingavast to andhighlyappreciatedbythepublic.Itisa 137-hectare surfacearea,53hectaresareopen name of RealHorto(RealGarden).Of its current exotic plantsandEasternspicesundertheinitial Botanical Gardenwasestablishedasagardenof Freitas Lake and the mountain, Rio de Janeiro’s At thefootofTijucaMassif,betweenRodrigode ARTICLE highlight theurbanenvironmentquality,and connectivity betweenelementsofthelandscape, century, allwiththesameobjective:toprovide and theothertwowereconstructedin20th times. Thefirstwasconstructedinthe18thcentury, of urban parks constructed at different historical designed byRobertoBurleMarx.Theyareexamples were basedonexemplarylandscapeprojects the man-madewaterbanks,lasttwoofwhich Flamengo ParkandCopacabanaBeachliebetween after successivelandfills,thePublicPathway, In thepartofcityfacingbayandocean, Janeiro city viewpointandaniconoftourisminRiode Together withCorcovado,itiscurrentlythemain ecologists. Thecablecarstartedtoworkin1912. and foreignalpinists,mountainclimbers de AçúcarreceiveseverydayhundredsofBrazilian with thehighestnumberofclimbingroutes,Pão both inRiodeJaneiro.AstheBrazilianmountain species thatonlyflourishintwoplacesoftheplanet, fragments oftheAtlanticForestandrarevegetal that is characteristicofatropicalclimate,with world geologicalsite.Itissurroundedbyvegetation Morro do Pão de Açúcar was recognized as a major city view. of urbanculturallandscapeandalandmarkthe this landscapeintheirdailylifeandfestivetimes. People developedthehabitoflivingintenselyin green spaces,forestcontoursandseashore. meeting inthestreets.“Streetculture”hasvalued demonstrated, suchaslongwalks,strollsand nature, usesofopenspaces for socialization were shaping thecityovertime.Inthisofexuberant natural environmentandculturalexpressions,thus but alsodistinguishedtherelationshipbetween has notonlyreflectedandactivelyconstituted the landscapeinauniqueway.Rio’surbanculture its spaceandculturalpresentationshaveshaped In theCityofRiodeJaneiro,usesandpractices RELATIONSHIPS OF TEMPORALANDSPATIAL SOCIAL CITY ANDLANDSCAPE: THELIVEFABRIC city asatropicalbeachresort. Portuguese stonemosaic,whichisasymbolofthe waves gainedinternationalrecognitionbyusinga its exceptionalgeometricdesignimitatingthesea by RobertoBurleMarx for CopacabanaBeachwith and soilconditions.Thelandscapeprojectdesigned is, thecultivationoftreesunderadverseclimate Pathway showtheresultofagreatexperiment,that Guanabara Bay.FlamengoParkandthePublic promote pointstoappreciateandenjoyocean CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY historical gardens,naturalparksandmonuments, resulting inanexceptionalassemblyofpublicareas, the Portuguese colonization to present day, thus processes basedonhumanvaluesharingfrom founded ontheuniquehistoricalandcultural resolutely basedonanexuberantnature,was construction ofwhichwasintentionallyand of livinginthecity.Thattropicallandscape a monumenttoqualityoflifeandthepleasure relationship remainsbalancedandrecognizedas is auniqueexamplewheretheman-city-nature The siteproposedinthecityofRiodeJaneiro generations worldwide. and becomesimportantforallpresentfuture so specialitgoesbeyondthenation’sboundaries cultural ornaturalsignificanceofanassetthatis Exceptional UniversalValueestablishesthe According toUNESCOOperationalGuide,the UNIVERSAL VALUE JUSTIFICATION OFEXCEPTIONAL are privilegedleisurespaces. Samba groupsinsquares,outdoorfairs,andbars and RodrigodeFreitasLakesidewalksstandout. rides inCopacabanaandIpanema,FlamengoPark Football in parks andon the beach,walksand bicycle

83 84 proposed asworldheritage, aseriesofexpressions of currenttraditionsassociated withthesiteand multiple viewsofRiode Janeiro.Fromtheview literature, cinemaandphotography, whichoffer and importance, such as travelers’ reports, music, city, thereareotherworksofexceptionalquality amateur artists.As a resultof living and viewing the produced by Brazilian and foreign professional and legacy, oneofthefewstillexistingonplanet, for fivecenturiesthecreationofavasticonographic natural landscapewhereitissituatedhasinspired sceneries inBrazilandtheworld.Thedazzling foundation ashavingoneofthe most beautiful Rio deJaneirohasestablisheditselfsinceits several BrazilianandAmericancities. Such conceptswereimmediatelydisseminatedin the time, and offered attractions for visitations. of whichthepopulationwaslittleawareat America, as it met an environmental demand model implemented in the Park wasa first inLatin and thecreationofTijucaNationalPark.The vast areasthatwereformerlyusedforagriculture, which resulteddirectlyinthereforestationofsuch concerns aboutenvironmentalpreservation, to coffeegrowingandthecityexpansioncaused 19th century,environmentaldisastersrelated of localbiodiversity.Inthesecondhalf landscape, thusmostlyensuringthepreservation made thenaturalelementssovereigntocity characteristics ofthemenwhosettledhere, and roughrelief,combinedwiththecultural years. Later,theimpositionoftropicalnature colonizers, hasshapedRio’slandscapeoverthe first fortheeconomicinterestsofPortuguese originality. Theintentionaluseofnature,at associated withanaturalsitemarkedbyits the exchangebetweentwodifferentcultures most complexculturallandscapesproducedby Rio deJaneiroischaracterizedbyoneofthe grown around Burle Marx and spread over the world. development ofamodernlandscapeschoolthathas standards tothetropics,andsubsequently of 18thand19thcenturyEuropeanlandscape was firstduetotheexperienceinapplication and occupiedmakethecityaworldreference.This seashore, andthewayinwhichtheyweredesigned Man-made transformationstothemountainand being sharedbythewholemankind. an exceptionaluniversalvaluethatisworthyof symbolic culturalassociationsofwhichgivethem the scientificmeaning,formalqualitiesand ARTICLE the “respectandprotection oftheenvironment, highlighted among the principles of urban policy already includedtheconcept oflandscape,andit The MasterPlanwasapproved in2011whenit years, suchastherelease ofgaugesinsomeareas. tried tocorrectmistakesdetectedovertherecent city-nature relation,theurbanizationlawhas to landscape,bymaintainingabalanceinthe law. Giventhetechnicalcommitmenttorespect environment lawsareaddedtotheurbanization landscape. Protectionsbasedonheritageand importance andsignificanceofthecultural in culturalandenvironmentalterms,giventhe extensive listsofprotectedareasinthecountry, national scenarioforhavingoneofthemost The cityofRiodeJaneirostandsoutinthe integrity, aswellforpreservationunits. processes, forbiodiversityandgeneticheritage preservation andrestorationofcriticalecological legal andadministrativeresponsibilityforthe from abiologicalstandpoint,andassumesthe Environment addressesthepreservationofnature Brazilian society.”Thechapterdealingwiththe memory ofdifferentgroupsthatconstitute which arereferencesofidentity,action,and immaterial assets,individuallyorcollectively, cultural heritageisconstitutedofmaterialand with cultureestablishesthat“theBrazilian Sports; andtheEnvironment.Thechapterdealing the BrazilianConstitution:Education,Cultureand of BrazilianAssetsisensuredbytwochapters The National Policy for Protection and Preservation Paineiras Forestswereexpropriatedin1866. actions, farmsinareaslocatedTijucaand Public Works.Incontinuitywithprotective Secretariat ofAgricultureBusiness,Tradeand of December11,1861),bothissuedbytheState and PaineirasForests(DecisionNo.57,Directive of September27,1860)andthecreationTijuca in thecityandrespectivesprings(Lawno.1114 lands containing streams used for water supply the 19thcentury,atstartofexpropriation city ofRiodeJaneirohavebeenadoptedsince Measures to protecttheculturallandscapeof LANDSCAPE PROTECTION the uniquefeaturesofcityalloverworld. and traditionalreligiouscelebrationsthatproject world: samba,bossanova,football,streetcarnival that emergedinthecityhavespreadoutallover

• • • environmental sustainabilitystrategiestopromote: in October2013.Theplanisbasedonculturaland Management Planisscheduledtobecompleted established byIphaninDecember2011,theGlobal for RiodeJaneiroCandidaturetoWorldHeritage Currently beingdiscussedbytheManagingCommittee MANAGEMENT PLAN THE DESIGNOFGLOBAL urban developmentprocess.” landscape andnaturalculturalheritageinthe CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / society. three governmentalspheres,privatepartnersand integrated managementoftheSite,involving The applicationofsuchinstrumentstothe existing sector-relatedplans; with afocusontheterritorialviewbased management instrumentsoftheSiteelements, The improvementoftheplanningand identity ofRiodeJaneiro; preservation as a cultural monument and the Society’s awarenessoftheimportanceheritage RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY urban landscapesexistingintheworld. serve asanexamplefortheseveralexceptional correlation withthesustainabledevelopmentwill the candidaturebyusingterritoryviewandits protection andmanagementpolicyboundedby importance. Settingupaculturallandscape functionality, anditsculturalhistorical its urbanlandscape,social-cultural-environment stronger becauseofthepioneeringimplantation Landscape istrulyaWorldHeritagebecomes Day byday,thesensethatRiodeJaneiro’sCultural of RioWorldHeritageSiteshouldbeestablished. economic-financial level,theFundforPreservation management adjustabletotheexistinglaw.At of newregulationsforthesiteprotectionand share managementwillensuretheinstitution At regulatoryandtechnical-operationallevels, Advisory Board. Managing Committee’stasks,constitutedbythe shall beestablishedwithanentitytosupportthe determined, thesharedmanagementstructure territorial unitincludingtheSiteelementsis operational andeconomic-financial.Oncethe on fourlevels:institutional,regulatory,technical- Shared managementactionsarebeingstructured

85 86 FACING THECHALLENGES OF BEINGSUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL RIO: CARLOS AUGUSTO COSTA article standards. to developingacitysustainably, tomeettheinternational the targetsandinitiativesplanned until2016,withregards optimism. Thearticlepresents dataonthecurrentsituation, the economy,RiodeJaneiro is experiencingamomentof implementation ofpublicpoliciesandthedevelopment Driven bythepositivestateofaffairsinBrazil,through Laboratory ofFGVFoundation. Evaluation ofPublicPoliciesandtheNeuromarketing coordination oftheNucleusStrategicPlanning and Council of Justice (CNJ) and is responsible for the executive is currentlymemberoftheAdvisoryBoardNational in 2004,hewasexecutivedirectoroftheMCI–Strategy.He Small EntrepreneurandSupportingAgency(SEBRAE)and, consultant in the area of strategic planning in the National State ofPernambuco(Condepe).In2001,heworkedas in Recife.HewaspresidentofthePlanningInstitute Movimento Cidade-Cidadão (City-Citizenship Movement) Promon EngenhariaS.A.Since1995,hecoordinatesthe technology andengineering.Hewasaconsultantin he tookontherolesofsuperintendentinformation Hydroelectric Company of SãoFrancisco (CHESF), where as specialcoordinatorofInstitutionalRelationsthe University ofRiodeJaneiro(UFRJ),CarlosAugustoworked Graduated inelectronicengineeringattheFederal ABSTRACT PROJETOS PROJECT COORDINATOR AT FGV Carlos AugustoCosta CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

87 88 Gávea Investimentos: Ashorething–04/14/2012. 1 strengthening oftheRioeconomy weretheMineral of RiodeJaneiro,among the sectorsthatdrive Development Officeofthe MunicipalGovernment According toareport by theExtraordinary of employedpeoplealsogrewintheperiod. average. Accordingtothesurvey,totalnumber 2008 to 2010, when growth was of 74.7% over the much moreintenseifoneconsidersonlytheperiod showed growthof29%.Thisdifferenceappears average income,whilethecityofRiodeJaneiro areas ofBrazilshowedgrowth19%intheir period 2003to2010theprincipalmetropolitan Institute forGeography and Statistics)data, in the IBGE (MonthlyEmploymentSurvey)/(Brazilian principally inthelasttenyears.AccordingtoPME/ positive Brazilian state of affairs, began to be felt, city andtheresults,whichwereintensifiedby change inthefocusofpublicpolicies As fromthatmoment,however,therewasa like MongoliaorParaguay. a median HDI, of 0.657, comparable to countries Denmark. Whiletheworst-ratedregionshowedonly of 0.899,comparabletocountrieslikeJapanor region ofRiodeJaneiroshowedaveryhighHDI, according totheUNDP,in1991best-rated of violenceanddisorderlylandoccupation.Thus share ofnationalGDP,leadingtoincreasedrates causing thecitytoshowasignificantdropinits 1990s decade, a difficultstateof affairs developed, and thefragmentedpublicpolicies,upto Century, combinedwiththeintenseurbanization the acceleratedgrowthofpopulationin20th when Brasíliawasinaugurated.However,with Republic, uptothebeginningof1960s, the countryduringperiodofEmpireand of majorprosperity,whenitwasthecapital In itshistoryRiodeJaneirohasundergoneperiods already benoticed. the repercussioninitsinternationalimagecan recovering the brilliance of its golden years, and by the development of the economy, the city is by the implementation of public policies and decades. DrivenbyBrazil’spositivecircumstances, a periodthathasnotbeenexperiencedformany The cityofRiodeJaneiroispresentlyundergoing CURRENT SCENARIO ARTICLE The Economist articles:Doing BusinessinBrazil:Rioor Sao Paulo?–08/24/2011, EducationinBrazil:Rio’sace up it sleeve –09/01/2011, Moody’s. international agencies,Standard&Poor’s, Fitchand Janeiro alsoreceivedInvestment Gradefromthree place thatisfavorablefor business. RecentlyRiode its socialimprovementsandstrengtheningasa highlighted thedevelopmentofcity,showing British magazineTheEconomist in majormediawithinternationalcirculation.The has notbeendifficulttofindmentionsthecity becoming presentinotherways.Inrecentyearsit International repercussionshavealsobeen of 600%inrelationto2009. in termsofdirectforeigninvestments,withgrowth city tooccupyingin2010fourthplacetheworld as this havealreadyproduced fruits, leading to the private investmentsandviceversa.Initiativessuch virtuous cycle,inwhichpublicinvestmentsstimulate potential ofthecity.Theintentioniscreatinga and stimulatingthecommercialeconomical Government in2010withthepurposeofpromoting Agency (RioNegócios)wascreatedbytheCity business center.TheRioInvestmentsPromotion strengthen theimageofcityasaninternational In thiscontext,thepromisingperiodisalsousedto the principaldifficulties. cities. However,inRiodeJaneiro,theyareamong not onlyinRiodeJaneiro,butallofthelarge infrastructure. Theseareaspresentmajorcomplexity the investmentinareasofhousing,securityand As decisiveasthedevelopmentofeconomywas country forjobsinthisarea. the city,RiodeJaneirotakessecondplacein represents amodestpercentage of theeconomy media andentertainment.Althoughthesectorstill of thecityandincludessectorssuchasfashion, which in2009employed14.9%oftheworkforce with particular mention for the creative economy, strength, accordingtomunicipalgovernmentdata, Other lessobvioussectorshavebeengainingin of EngineeringandCivilConstructioninthecity. responsible forincreasingtherelevanceofareas alsocompanies inBrazilandare the twolargest the Brazilianeconomy.Furthermore,theyinclude of Rio de Janeiro and have a special importance in industries. Thesesectorsareconcentratedinthecity Extraction, Steel,NavalandCivilConstruction 1 , forexample, FOREIGN INVESTMENTS TABLE 3 2000 TO 2009. OF RIO DE JANEIRO, OTHER CAPITAL CITIES OF THE SE AND OF THE ENTIRE COUNTRY, FROM (PERCENT (%) VARIANCE OF FORMAL EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR OF ACTIVITY IN THE CITY TABLE 2 THE RIODEJANEIRO INCOME OFOCCUPIED PERSONSINTHEMETROPOLITAN REGIONSAND TABLE 1 SOURCE: PME/IBGEDATA –COLLECTION OFRIOSTUDIES –CHARACTERISTICS ANDRECENTEVOLUTION OFEMPLOYMENT ANDOF CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / BRAZIL COUNTRY OF THE CAPITALS TOTAL CAPITALS TOTAL SE SÃO PAULO VITÓRIA HORIZONTE BELO JANEIRO RIO DE SÃO PAULO -SP SALVADOR -BA RECIFE -PE AREAS TOTAL -PME PORTO ALEGRE-RS CIDADE DORJ BELO HORIZONTE - MG METROPOLITAN REGION SOURCE: COLLECTION OFRIOSTUDIES –CHARACTERISTICS AND RECENT EVOLUTION OFEMPLOYMENT AND OFTHERIOAND CAPITAL CITIES SÃO PAULO (BR) CIENFUEGOS (CUB) RIO DEJANEIRO (BR) SHANGAI (CHINA) SINGAPORE GLADSTONE (AUS) -20,4% 30,2% -2,7% 33,1% 35,1% -4,1% 2,1% FARMING CIDADE METROPOLITAN ECONOMY –APR./2001 –MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OFTHECITYRIODEJANEIRO 241,0% 314,2% 90,5% 54,6% 809,6 142,2 62,2 RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY MINERAL 2003 (R$) 1.455,98 1.272,82 1.516,05 1.197,56 1.115,32 998,73

EXTRACTION 901,62 50,7% 26,5% 14,3% 20,1% 13,7% 38,1% 8,0% TRANSFORMA- TION IND. FONTE: RIONEGÓCIOS -ANNUAL REPORT 2010/2011 -FDIINVESTMENTS (2010) INVESTMENT (USDB) 2008 (R$) 1.589,08 1.740,70 1.314,43 1.282,91 1.149,57 1.415,11 962,12 101,4% 23,8% 33,7% 32,7% 18,6% 12,9% 11,0%

12,98 SIUP 8,37 2,73 7,27 5,8 16 103,2% 94,8% 78,6% 87,9% 75,7% 51,5% 72,1% CIVIL

CONSTRUC- 2010 (R$) 1.464,56 1.066,93 1.646,24 1.954,97 1.242,56 1.410,46 TION 1.514,81 THE RIOANDMETROPOLITAN ECONOMY –APR./2011 VARIANCE %2010/2009 80,9% 64,7% 54,2% 62,5% 39,7% 53,2% 40,1% COMMERCE VARIANCE % 600% 3101% 2010 /2003 189% 55% N/A 1% 49,4% 42,3% 69,2% 28,8% 53,2% 74,3% -1,3% 29% 24% 22% 27% 19% 18% 13% SERVICES 218,8% 49,0% 28,4% 25,7% 15,4% 31,6% 8,4% VARIANCE % PUBLIC ADM. 2010 /2008 10% 12% 11% 11% 4% 8% 7% 40,3% 43,6% 43,9% 28,8% 39,2% 51,4% 57,1% TOTAL

89 90 indices ofpubliceducation andhealthinBrazil,a de Janeiroaimstobethe capital citywiththebest political andsustainabledevelopmentfields.Rio provides onactionsforthesocial,economic, The vision of future for the city is very bold and number ofareasdevelopmentweredefined. year 2016,inwhichthetargetsandinitiativesfora Rio deJaneirotodevelopaStrategicPlanforthe thinking aboutthisthatledtheCityGovernmentof purpose ofprovidingalegacyforthecity.Itwas for investmentsthatwereascertained,withthe years, whichhavebeenintegratedwiththeneeds Janeiro reliesonmanyprojectsforthecoming of internationalexhibition,thecityRiode In ordertobesuccessfulinitstargetsandevents INVESTMENTS FOR THECOMING YEARS traffic lane. investing stronglyintheextensionofitsbicycle to defineClimaticChangespolicies,inaddition a reforestingplanandwasoneofthefirstcities response tothistrend, the cityrecentlypresented fleet andintheemissionofgreenhousegases.In surroundings have been showing growth of the car sustainable way.Inrecentyearsthecityandits has beenshowingconcernindevelopinga relationship ofthecitywithNature,RiodeJaneiro the environment.Inadditiontoundeniable Another outstandingareaofrecentprogressis of strengtheningintheinternalscenario. recognition ofitspotentialandamajoropportunity international exposureofRio,representing cities forthe2014WorldCup,ensurefrequent in 2016anditsparticipationasoneofthehost Youth Pilgrimagein2013,theOlympicGames international events. Rio + 20 in 2012, the World the designationofcityashostforimportant Figures likethesearecertainlyareflectionof has alsoincreasedinrecentyears. even thenumberofinternationalstudents,which largest inBrazil,theattractivenessfortouristsand 2 the numberofforeignersresidingincity Other datathatreflectthetrendareincreasein were forRio. ARTICLE The cityoccupiesthe1stposition intherankingofforeignersresidingBrazil–workvisas granted inthecountryin2010,46% 2 , the in thepublicschoolsnetwork, andtheRioForma will intensifytheteaching oftheEnglishlanguage Among themonehighlightistheRioGlobal,which in thecity,additiontoanumberofinitiatives. two wereexpandedwith an increaseofinvestments health andsocialdevelopmentprojects.Thefirst In otherareasonemustmentiontheeducational, which tendtointensifyinthecomingyears. out bymeansofPrivate-PublicPartnerships,carried Marvelous PortandoftheOlympicParkarebeing Curitiba. Itmustbestressedthattheprojectsof Corridors, inspiredbytheprojectimplementedin Port and the BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) Express major projects,liketheOlympicCity,Marvelous In theareaofinfrastructure,highlightsaresome enhance certainaspects. scenario, itisnecessarytoexpandthemand intensified andconsolidatedintheinternational of theeconomycity,butsothattheycanbe Presently, thesearealreadytheoutstandingareas investments andimprovingtheinfrastructure. development ofthecityandaimatattractingmore These initiativesareconnectedtotheeconomic Rio intotheCapitalofTourismandEnergy. In parallel,thereisalsotheobjectiveofturning cause thegreenhouseeffectby2016. and toreduceby16%theemissionofgasesthat to collect25%ofallthecity’srecyclablewaste; to maketheCityGovernmentbecomeeco-efficient; to publishtheGRI(GlobalReportInitiative)report; planned toimplementpoliciesonclimatechange; city into a world reference in the area. For this, it is Sustainable Capitalinitiativeconsistsofturningthe In theareaofsustainability,forexample,Rio economic andsocialdevelopment. order; publicmanagement;sustainability;culture; education; health;transportation;housing;public and initiativesweregroupedinthefollowingareas: In ordertomeetthisobjective,targetsweredefined Southern hemisphere. sustainable transportationandtourisminthe international referencefortheenergyindustry, national referenceinpublicmanagementandan Expositions (2010) 3 principally theirtargetsarecommon. and levelsofdevelopment,theirchallenges region. Evenifacitypresentsdifferentcomplexities the competitivenessandattractivenessofeach since thismeasurebecomesnecessarytomaintain developing strategicplanstofacethesechallenges, In thiscontext,theglobalcitieshavebeen one livesintheleastsustainableway. the majorcitiesbeingsomeofareasinwhich requires equilibriumoftheconflictingaspects,with this seemstobeacontradictorysituation,sinceit the majorparadigmsofmodernworld.Initself, the “sustainablecities”themehasbecomeoneof general attentionaimedatsustainabledevelopment, population concentratedinurbancentersandthe Presently, withamajorportionoftheworld INTERNATIONAL SUSTAINABLE CITIES the thoughtofaglobalizedRio. showing thesynergybetweenvariousareasand will leadtomajorbenefitsinthemediumterm, show thesynergybetweenvariousareasand schools of the more needyareas.Theseprojects Olímpica, whichworksonencouragingsportsin CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / Shanghai Manual–AGuidefor SustainableUrbanDevelopmentinthe21stCentury–United Nations,BureauInternationaldes RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY • • • • • • • • city being importantforthemonitoringofasustainable In addition to these, other aspects are listed as finance andqualityoflife. principal aspects:management,competitiveness, sustainable citymustbeatthefrontieroffour According toareportbytheWorldBank, • • • • • • 3 Handling Access Quality ofthewateranditssupply; Access Urban Urban Orderly Accessible organic Health Access Quality Access Supply products, Growth types : of ecological soil and to to to to parks of expansion; compost of renewable of

fresh public education; of jobs the footprint; housing energy, services solid the air; and services; foodstuffs; and transport. rates; footprint; waste, green energy; prices; including for outdoor the including economy, family; sites; the recycling quantity including and and

91 92 CHARACTERISTICS FOR A SUSTAINABLE CITY FIGURE 1 NUMBER OFINITIATIVES PLANNEDBY AREAS INTHERIODEJANEIRO STRATEGIC PLAN–2016 ARTICLE SOURCE: DRAFTINGFGV PROJECTS SOURCE: WORLD BANK With thispurpose,museums, adesigncenterand atmosphere, inordertomaintain itsattractiveness. offer topqualityeventsand adynamicandcreative city. Inaddition,Stockholm continuallyseeksto can integrateandprovideculturalwealthforthe and thatallofitsinhabitants,differentcultures, all oftheregionscitybeequallyattractive According toitsstrategicplanning,thetargetisthat of thecityareintegrationandsustainability. At thispresentmoment,theprincipalobjectives Europe in2010,faceschallenges. and wasactuallyelectedasthefirstgreencapitalin which alreadypresentsahighlevelofdevelopment constant challenges.EvenacitylikeStockholm, large citiespresentadynamicenvironmentwith Using theseexamples,itcanbeperceivedthatthe excelling inthesustainabilityindices. sustainable, increasingthequalityofairand from their homes, in addition to making buildings for all of its inhabitants to parks within 10 minutes to everyone. It is desired also to guaranteeaccess the area of housing, which should be accessible One ofthegreatestchallengesencounteredisin life ofitsresidentsandcombatclimatechange. strengthen theeconomy,increasequalityof preparing ittotakein1millionnewresidents, The focusisofmakingthecitymoresustainable, the plan relies on 132 initiatives and 400 targets. developed togetherwiththepopulation.Presently, presented “PlanNYC30”,publicizedin2007and Another example is the city of New York, which water, publictransportationandtraffic. considerably andindirectlyimprovedthesupplyof related aspects. The city reduced air pollution point addressed initially, and indirectly for other can provideanimprovementbothfortheprincipal action in a numberofsectors can be necessary and changes. Thisexperienceshowsthatintegrated handling of solid waste, transportation and climatic pollution. Amongthemweretheuseofsoil, sight didnotseemtohaveanyrelationwithair the planactedinanumberofareasthatatfirst decades agowastheworstinworld.However, improving thequalityofairincity,whichtwo which came principally from the intention of City, for example, developed the “Green Plan”, In ordertofacesomeofthesechallenges,Mexico CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY Brazil, securityshowssignificant relevance. recorded byinternational touriststravellingto that, among the points of negative assessment the city,afact that canbeverifiedwhennoting to beaconsiderablynegativepointintheimageof According tothesurvey,securityisalsoconsidered still feelveryinsecureaboutthesituation. valuing theactionsthatarebeingimplemented, – 1/2012),inwhichtheinterviewees,despite according toasurveybyFGVProjetos(N18 only a good beginning for themajor challenges, UPPs (PacifyingPoliceUnits).However,thisis with theimplementationofsocialprogramsin carried outtosustaintheactionsofState, highlighting theessentialtaskthathasbeen plan formodernizationofthemunicipalpolice, Government. Inaddition,thereisanimportant principal actionsbeingconductedbytheState in relationtosecurityRio,withallofthe In recent years much has been accomplished decade, buttheystillappearasverychallenging. received thegreatestinvestmentsinlast everyone; andpublic security. These areas have sustainable urbanmobility;qualityhousingfor infrastructure, particularlywithregardsto to allofthemajorBraziliancities:alagin challenges facedbyRiodeJaneiroarecommon Presently, onemayconsiderthattheprincipal efforts andplanningarerequired. and thequalityoflifeitsinhabitants,constant that, inordertomaintainthecompetitiveness Rio deJaneiro,butallofthelargecities.Itisclear perceived thatthechallengesnotonlysurround que Whenobservingtheglobalexamples,itis Observando osexemplosglobais,percebe-se RIO SUSTAINABLE CITYCHALLENGE free offossilfuelsby2050. free oftoxicsubstances,andalsoplanstobeacity efficient transportation,productsandbuildings to efficientuseofenergyandwater,ecologically- this ithasdevelopedanumberofinitiativesrelated wishes toensureandincreaseitssustainability.For constructed. Inrelationtotheenvironment,city an arenainpartnershipwiththeprivatesectorwere

93 94 global cities are being considerably interrelated. The As canbeobserved,theconceptsofsustainableand CONCLUSIONS social, economicandenvironmentalaspects. well-balanced andcohesiveinvestmentsamongthe international imageofRio.Asustainablecityimplies certainly willbeofmajorimportanceforaffirmingthe in alloftherelevantaspectsforasustainablecity In additiontotheseareas,theintegratedinvestment the cityintheseaspects. population andcanalsostrengthentheimageof that itcanbeabeneficialactivityfortheentire encourage thepracticeofsustainabletourism,so In relationtotourism,itwouldbeimportant innovative city of international prominence. that arerelatedtotheconstructionofasustainable, in thecreative,sportsandtourismeconomy,factors worked on.Aninterestingfocusistheinvestment also presents a wide array of opportunities to be In additiontothementionedchallenges,eachcity reducing factortothistrend. of variousregionsthecitywouldcertainlybea To providesimilarqualityoflifetotheinhabitants areas, thepriceofrealestatehasbecomeveryhigh. regions ofRio.Inthemoreprestigiousandvalued To thisdatethereisstillalargecontrastbetweenthe Another important issue is accessibility to housing. ARTICLE city fortheworld. stand out and affirm itself as a model of sustainable these requisitesarefulfilled,Riohaseverythingto of comprehensiveandintegrateddevelopment.If recover thelagofothersandeffectivelyattainalevel areas, but it must follow the plans presented to Recently thecityhasalreadystoodoutincertain can beveryattractiveinternationally. causes thecitytopresentuniquecharacteristicsthat addition, thediversityof Brazilian and Rio cultures relationship withNatureandpracticesports.In make Riocitizenstobemorelikelydevelopa natural beauties,whichmakeupitspostcardsand As benefits,RiodeJaneiroissurroundedbyprivileged very promising. and economicimportance, the opportunitiesare competitive edge,withtheirgrowingappreciation face them.Takingadvantageofitsnaturalareas few, butcertainlythisistheopportunemomentto trademark asaglobalandsustainablecityarenot In thissense,thechallengesofaffirmingRio principal citiesoftheworld. it an ally. Presently, this is the route followed by the take into account the environment, actually making a city,andeconomicdevelopmentmustincreasingly those thatwillattractpeopleandthequalityoflife parameters ofsustainabledevelopmentblendwith CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

95 96 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM RIO +20AND LUIZ GUSTAVO BARBOSA article

participation ofentrepreneurs andmanagementofthearea. tourist destination,which requires thecommitment and it isanopportunitytopromote thecityasasustainable Rio +20Conference.According toLuizGustavoBarbosa, especially inthecontextof holding largeeventslikethe speaks oftherelationbetweentourismandsustainability, corporate andacademicdebatesatgloballevel.Thearticle by the continuouspresenceof theme in political, The growing concern with sustainability can be noticed ABSTRACT Institute ofSpecializedStudies(IBRAE). Brazilian TourismInstitute(EMBRATUR)andthe Doce (CVRD),RedeBourbondeHotéis(hotelchain),the tourism projectsoflargeorganizations,likeValedoRio in tourismatEBAPE.Heworkedasconsultantseveral activities ofaccreditation,consultancyandqualification Studies inTourismandHospitality,responsibleforthe United Kingdom.CoordinatoroftheNucleusAdvanced Tourism Management at Bournemouth University, inthe of FGVFoundation(EBAPE/FGV)andinPlanning the BrazilianSchoolofBusinessandPublicAdministration Fluminense (UFF),master’sinCorporateManagementfrom Graduated in economics at Universidade Federal PROJETOS PROJECT COORDINATOR AT FGV Luiz GustavoBarbosa CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

97 98 In Brazil,withtheinstitution ofthe Ministry foundation oftheactivity. cultural andsocialresources, whichareatthe commitment withthepreservation ofthenatural, Tourism Organization,to establish thecompanies’ with Agenda21,preparedin1998bytheWorld industry withsustainabilitywasalsoexecuted The commitmentassumedbythetourism rather thanmerelyEcotourism. for thedevelopmentofanysegmenttourism, Sustainable Tourism intends to serve as a premise the sector.However,pleasenotethatconceptof clearly, thesustainablepracticesadoptedwithin It iswithinthissegmentthatweobserve,more thus assuringsustainabilityandsocialwellbeing. through theinterpretationofenvironment, so astopromoteanenvironmentalawareness incentive towarditspreservationandvaluation, natural andculturalheritage,albeitincludingan which isasegmentdefinedbytheuseof concept ofEcotourismwasalsoconsolidated, Please note, further, that at that same time, the of thedestinations. preservation oftheculturalandecologicalintegrity economic benefitstothehostcountries,and of tourismdestinationsinviewthesocialand of theconceptthatanticipatesdevelopment Tourism gainednotoriety,withtheestablishment During theEarthSummitof1992,Sustainable of theprimaryconcernstourismindustry. the maineventsthatmadesustainabilityintoone Within thisscenario,referenceshouldbemadeto development, involvingpublicparticipation. commitment withthesearchforaformofsustainable that occasion,theAgenda21,sealednations’ future generations.Thedocumentproducedon needs ofpresentgenerations,withoutcompromising driven bythesearchforadevelopmentthatmeets the conceptofsustainabilitywasinfactconsolidated, for sustainabledevelopment.Atwasatthiseventthat de Janeiro,withthepurposeofsettingguidelines joined togetherseveralworldleadersintheCityofRio Earth Summitof1992(ECO92),aneventthatuniquely Environment andDevelopment,betterknownasthe 20 yearsago,attheUnitedNationsConferenceon a worldwidelevel.Sustainabilitygainednotoriety debates, andwithintheacademicenvironment,at constant presenceofthistopicinpublicandcorporate The growingconcernwithsustainabilityisfeltbythe ARTICLE foreign tourists,alsoreflecting ontheshipcruises industry, inadditiontothe increasednumberof the renovationofitsairports –andinthehotel – expresswaysforbuses, newsubwaylines,and investments initstransportation infrastructure events arealreadypalpable:thecityhasreceived The effects of the opportunity to host these major opportunities forRio. Games of2016areaalreadygeneratinganumber World CupofSoccer2014andtheOlympic important internationalevents,andtheupcoming destinations intheworld.Thecityhashosted of RiodeJaneiro,asonethemaintourism country’s visibility,and,consequently,thevisibility discussions have increasingly expanded the increased participationintheworldwidepolitical made intheBrazilianeconomyandcountry’s and thewarmthofitspeople.Theadvancements unique beauty of its landscapes, its cultural diversity Rio deJaneiroisknownthroughouttheworldfor economic development. environmental protectioninthecurrentmodelof include theconcernswithsocialdevelopmentand should beviewedas a chancetoeffectively be followedbytheplanettoreachsustainability, on thediscussionsconcerningdirectionsto The presenceofseveralworldleaders,tofocus crucial element for the achievement of this goal. of theeventwilldefendpublicparticipationasa with sustainabledevelopment,the2012edition With thepurposeofrenewingcommitment of sustainable development for the next decades. the opportunitytorethinkandredefineagenda Rio +20,tobeheldinJuneofthisyear,wewillhave Conference onSustainableDevelopment,knownas and consideringtheupcomingUnitedNations After thislongpathtrailedbythetourismindustry pertaining tothesector. premises fortheimplementationofpublicpolicies being includedbothinthedebatesand conceived bytheBrazilianMinistryofTourism, been presentinalloftheNationalPlansforTourism with thesustainabledevelopmentoftourismhas and income,enablingsocialinclusion.Theconcern which plays a crucial role in the generation of jobs develop tourismasasustainableeconomicactivity, the sectorwasreinforced.Thebody’smissionisto commitment withthesustainabledevelopmentof of Tourism,inJanuary2003,thecountry’s the residents’qualityoflife. cultural andlandscaping heritage, thusimproving in additiontothevaluation oftheenvironmental, and theenhancedwellbeing ofthelocalcommunity, sustainability maybeaffected bytheboostinincome of the tourism industry. Consequently, the axioms of likely heatuptheeconomyandproductionchain as aresult,anincreaseofconsumption,whichwill growing numberoftourists,inturn,mightgenerate, to contributethesatisfactionofthosevisitors.The Marvelous City,whiletheimprovementsmadetend attract andcaptivatemoretouriststothe generated onaccountoftheeventshosted,will Games, combinedwiththespontaneousmedia successfulhostingoftheWorldCupandOlympicThe qualification andinthecertificationofcompanies. projects, inadditiontotheinvestmentprofessional and renovationsoftourismenterprisesurban adoption ofsustainablecriteriaintheconstruction certain actionsmaybeprioritized,suchasthe entrepreneurs withtheseissues.Tothisend, and cooperationoftourismadministrators destination, whichwillrequirethecommitment for the city’s acknowledgment as a sustainable tourism exposure ofRiodeJaneiroaffordagoodopportunity This momentofsubstantialinvestmentsandmedia youngsters, aswellthegeneralpopulation. used topromotethepracticeofsportsbychildrenand numerous highqualitysportsvenues,whichcanbe mention thetraditionallegacyleftbysportsevents: public transportationsystemandsafety,notto life, byincreasingjobopportunities,improvingthe bring improvements in the local citizen’s quality of Janeiro tohostthesemajoreventsareexpected that arecurrentlybeingmadetoprepareRiode borders, toattainregionalstatus.Theinvestments possibilities ofdevelopmentextendbeyondthelocal centers duringtheWorldCupof2014.Thisway, to receivesportsdelegationsattheirtraining also to other cities in the State, which are preparing improvements notonlytotheState’scapitalcity,but This uniquemomentintheCity’shistorywillbring deteriorated spacesintotourismdestinations. Aires and Belém, which managed to transform in the footsteps of cities such as Barcelona, Buenos reference forcultureandentertainment,following area, transformingthelocationintoapointof Project anticipatestherevitalizationofharbor season. The“PortoMaravilha”[MarvelousPort] CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY Marvelous City. so astopreserveitsimage andtrulyturnintoa the tourismindustryin a sustainablemanner, of using the opportunities well and leveraging and thatthecityofRiodeJaneirowillbecapable and citieswillcommittoresponsibledevelopment, decisions andsetgoalstoensurethatthecountries The expectationisthatRio+20willresultinconcrete which itisinserted. economic developmentfortheenvironmentin for generationstocome,promotingsocialand to beovercome,sothattourismissustainable childhood andadolescenceemergeaschallenges the inclusion of disabled citizens, and protecting respecting thelocalcommunities,accessibilityand neutralization –,promotingsocialresponsibility, energy efficiency, recycling of waste, and carbon friendly practices–suchasrationaluseofwater, To workinfavoroftheadoptionenvironmentally- city’s resources. might resultfromthemisguidedexploitationof development andavoidthenegativeeffectsthat are importantactionstoensuresocialandeconomic the requirementofenvironmentalimpactstudies, with socialandenvironmentalresponsibility, the hiringofcompaniesandsupplierscommitted hosting ofmajorsportingevents,theconcernwith In light of the current moment, just before the route towardsustainabledevelopment. tourism industry,whichemergesasanimportant conditions arecreatedtoenableinvestmentsinthe to thecityconcerningthistopic.So,appropriate hosting Rio+20assignsanevengreaterresponsibility Within thisscenario,thefactthatRiodeJaneirois social benefits. minimize environmentalimpactsandexpandthe the market,afterithasadoptedtechnologiesto have toefficientlycommunicateitsdifferential be acknowledgedasasustainabledestinationwill capacity, anytourismdestinationthatwishesto and society.Besidesimprovingitsmanagement activity ontheeconomy,environment,culture indicators capableofmonitoringtheimpacts importance ofplanningandtheuseperformance segment willrequiretheacknowledgmentof The achievementofsustainabilityinthetourism

99 100 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM JONATHAN VAN SPEIER article

TEATRO POPULAR OSCAR NIEMEYER, NITEROI - RJ SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM development andamodelofits applicationintourism. Speier presentssomeofthe main conceptsofsustainable is itsimplementation.Inhis article,professorJonathan One of the major challenges of sustainable development ABSTRACT development. he isaconsultantinstrategy,marketingandsustainable Public AdministrationofFGVFoundation(EBAPE/FGV), Southern CaliforniaandoftheSchoolBusiness California, allintheUSA.ProfessoratUniversityof in PublicAdministrationfromtheUniversityofSouthern Administration fromHarvardUniversityandadoctorate Administration from San Jose State University and in Public of California,hehasamaster’sdegreeinBusiness Graduated inmechanicalengineering at theUniversity PROFESSOR AT FGV FOUNDATION Jonathan VanSpeier CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

101 102 beneficiaries inthedecisionprocess. intersectorial collaborationandparticipationofthe of thelocalcultureeachcountry,andpromote human challenges, to be aware of the uniqueness long run,itwouldbenecessarytotacklesocialand permanent improvements of quality of life in the Agenda 21alsorecognizedthattoachieve safer andmoreprosperousfuture. protected and better managedecosystems, and a basic needs, improved living standards for all, better and developmentwouldleadtothesatisfactionof anticipated thattheintegrationofenvironment development. AccordingtoAgenda21,itwas and the environment imposed limits on economic challenges, itwasconcludedthatnaturalresources the desiredgoalsinordertoaddresseconomic exclusive alternatives.Inadditiontoaddressing complementary, ratherthanopposethemasmutually market, embracingboththeStateandas institutions, aswelleffectiveinstitutionsinthefree development havetriedtointegrategovernmental In recent decades, the prospects for sustainable DEVELOPMENT MOVING TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ARTICLE has beenpromotedasanindustrywithoutachimney the ecosystemsonwhichitdependsforitsviability.It environment, havingasymbioticrelationshipwith as arelativelycleanandrenewablealternativeforthe achieving sustainabledevelopment.Tourismisseen combined inauniqueway,offeringopportunitiesfor that tourism provides certain features that may be mining, production or manufacturing, it is believed Compared tootherformsofdevelopment,suchas TO TOURISM APPLYING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT democratic freedom. and respect forhuman rights and fundamental organizations withsocialandpoliticalinclusion, the economy,aswellimprovedinstitutions, prerequisites forthelong-termdevelopmentof nutrition, educationandhousing)havebecome locally. Basicsocialservices(suchashealthand productive employment and business generated more balanceddistributionofincome,bycreating to incorporatetheeradicationofpovertyanda income andgrowththroughinvestmentstrade, expanded, besidesachievingeconomicgoalsof The practiceandtheoryofdevelopmenthave can identify,withagreaterdegreeofsuccessthe together inalocalidiosyncraticinstitutionalcontext, individuals, associations andorganizations, working through whichtheymustinteract.Inotherwords, various groups,andtheexpansionofnetworks organization andself-managementamongthe There isagreateremphasisoncollaboration,self- social and economic networks and existing policies. experiences, interactionsandcollaborationsoftheir local cultureinvolvetheuseofitsmanytalentsand adaptation intheprocessesofdevelopment Active participationofthehostpopulationand to investinthetrainingofpopulation. A fundamentalwaytoachievethisgreaterpurposeis harmony withnature,nowandforfuturegenerations. population, providingahealthyandproductivelifein impact social and human development of the local objective anditsdrivingforcearetopositively input asoccursinotherindustries.Itsmaximum participating agent,andnotmerelyaproductive destination, thehostpopulationbecomesanactive Due tothenatureoftourismdirectingpeoplea abundant indevelopingcountries. historical, socialandculturalwealththataretypically for usingfreeresources(sun,sea,sand,example), CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY international organizations. in literature,practice,casestudiesandfrom specific indicators,drawnfromnumeroussources The five dimensions are shown above and consist of organizations. effective governanceandefficientinstitutions and naturalresources,recognizingtheroleof culture and the limits imposed by the environment at the same time, the uniqueness of each native human andeconomicdevelopment,respecting expansion oftheobjectivestoincorporatesocial, development ofTourism.Themodelincludesthe to analyze,planandoperationalizethesustainable successfully, bothinpracticeandasaresearchtool a modelwillbepresentedthathasbeenused option forsustainabledevelopment,inthisarticle The recognitionoftheimportancetourismasan TOURISM THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYZE, PLANANDOPERATIONALIZE development desiredbythelocalcommunity. strategies and changes needed to achieve the kind of

103 104 well-off touristsdriveup local prices. and inflationarypressures, whenthespendingof poor distributionofincome, earningsvolatility Possible negativeindicators includespeculation, in need. can generate jobs and benefit the population most ability tocreatesmallandmicroenterprises,which formal andinformalsectors,whichoffersagreater entrepreneurs toexpandtheparticipationof economy in general and brings benefits to local tourism servicesinotherareas,stimulatesthe The multipliereffect,linkingproductiontothe of potentiallypositiveindicators. and investmentsinvariousindustriesareexamples taxes andprivatebusinessactivity,employment generation ofdomesticandforeigncapital,public well asdiversifyandexpandtheeconomy.The the local,nationalandregionaldevelopment,as have the unique potential to combine to stimulate In theareaoftourism,someeconomicindicators considered asthemostimportantdevelopment. Traditionally, theeconomicdimensionhasbeen 2. TheEconomicDimensionofTourism and illegalactivities. increase insexuallytransmitteddiseases,crime as prostitutionandchildexploitation,an people are victims of a number of social ills such health ofthelocalpopulation.Sometimes of moralstandards,aswellthesafetyand negative socialindicatorsisthedeterioration term. One of the most significant potentially tourism seekingeconomicrewardsintheshort the uncontrolledgrowthofdevelopment indicators when host populations are exposed to However, there is also a series of negative social affect theirlivesanddevelopmentchoices. communities byparticipatingindecisionsthat the empowermentofindividualsandtheir education, literacyandtraining,byfacilitating sanitation, accesstodrinkingwater,alongwith impact indicatorsincludehealth,nutrition, will graduallybecomerelevant.Itspositive efforts, thisfirstdimensionofsustainabletourism people whofeeltheimpactofdevelopmental The waythattourismhasexpandedtoinvolve 1. TheSocialandHumanDimensionofTourism ARTICLE aggressive, flamboyantand promiscuous,which their selfishpursuitofpleasure, aresometimes population. Forexample, individualtourists,in differs substantiallyfrom the behavioroflocal Conflicts canarisewhenthebehaviorofvisitor to entertaintourists. cultural traditionsislost,astheybecomemarketed traditions. Thereisariskthattheauthenticityof gains, candisruptordegradeculturalvaluesand the tourismsector,focusedonimmediateeconomic However, unrestrictedgrowthinthedevelopmentof local society. and traditionsaswellpromotingthedignityof helps to preserve and maintain the cultural heritage should be planned and managed in such a way that area. Thesustainabledevelopmentoftourism environment toabsorbnewdevelopmentsinthis also limitedtothecapacityoflocalcultural environment, thedevelopmentoftourismis Similar tothelimitationsimposedbynatural 4. TheCulturalDimensionofTourism reduce thegeneralwelfareofinhabitants. in pollutionandotherenvironmentaldamagedirectly the lackofvisitsbytourists.Furthermore,increase exceeded, causingirreparabledamageand,finally, capacity ofitsnaturalandphysicalenvironmentsis tourism inagivendestination,whenthesustainable degradation isthemaincauseofdecrease However, ithasbeenreportedthatenvironmental that directlybenefitthehostcommunity. services, sanitationandpollutionclean-upprograms recuperation oftheplantarea,selectivecollection planting trees,buildingparks,reforestation, environmentally sensitivedevelopmentprojects, positive indicators,suchasconstructionand standardize theenvironmentcontributetoboost Public policies, privateprograms and initiatives to 3. TheEnvironmentalDimensionofTourism unsustainable levelsofeconomicdevelopment. in volatileearnings,unpredictableincomesand destinations areheavilypromoted,oftenresulting preferences areunstableandchangewhennew may changeduringtheyear.Moreover,tourists challenge theeconomies,asnumberofvisitors Finally, seasonalchangesintourismdemands Games in2016,Riode Janeirowillbehighly As thehostcityforOlympic andParalympic the mostvisitedcityinEurope afterParis. after they hosted the Games. Barcelona became tourists inAtlanta,Sydney,AthensandBarcelona seen bythesignificantincreaseinnumberof as majorcatalystsoftouristactivities,canbe The OlympicandParalympicGamesareoftencited Olympic City. transformation ofRiodeJaneirointoaMarvelous of thepotentialeffectsandexpectedlegacyin of tourismandtheirindicatorstoexaminesome the fivedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment We usethemodelpresentedinthisarticle,with SUSTAINABLE TOURISM OLYMPIC CITY(CIDADE OLÍMPICA)AND environment, economyandwayoflife. different sectors hasnegative consequences for the the lackof coordination oftheactionsbetween level ofthedeliberationprocesses.Insomecases, and excludepeoplefromalowersocioeconomic attempts toincorporateactorsareofteninsincere However, inpractice,historicalrecordssuggestthat sectors. of thepublic,privateandnon-governmental increasingly crucialinparticipatoryinitiatives level, besidespublicsupportpolicies,hasbeen the publicsectoratalocal,regionalandnational goals ofsustainabledevelopment.Leadershipin aim ofachievingtheeconomic,socialandhuman multiple actorsincollaborativeactionswiththe processes, toincreasetheinvolvementof fifth dimension,i.e.,institutionsandtourism above canbeachievedmorereadilyifweaddthe The objectivesofthefourdimensionsmentioned Processes 5. TheDimensionofInstitutionsandTourism who cannotaffordavisittotheseplaces. museums, insensitivetotheneedsofinhabitants and encouragetourists,suchasopulenthuge arises when a city builds cultural elements to attract local population.Anotherpossiblesourceofconflict can leadtojealousyandresentmentamongthe CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY and usetraffickingofdrugs, thedisordercaused the itemsmentionedabove, thesexualexploitation poorest peoplebyharnessing thepositiveaspectsof residents intheareasofremoval, theexclusionof city can be cited: the consternation experienced by and human development, some challenges facing the On theotherhand,inrelationtodimensionofsocial social housingandnewresidentialunits. equipment, leisurecenters,aswellprogramsfor undergo arevival,byobtainingcycletracks,fitness Olympic equipment,suchastheMaracanã,will Several regionsinthesurroundingareaswith in general,andyoungpeopleparticular. improvements inhealthandthewelfareofresidents bring socialandeducationalprogress,aswell training centers for future Brazilian athletes, and sport court facilities for the public, will provide infrastructure, includingswimmingpoolsandmulti- The varioussportsequipmentandsporting improving theirqualityoflife. and futureresidentsoftheregion,substantially of solidwaste,whichwilldirectlybenefitcurrent network basedonfiberopticsandthecollection sanitation, watersupply,atelecommunication rehabilitation ofurbaninfrastructure,including and strengtheningofurbanportarea,withthetotal harbor area,shouldbeakeypartofthereorganization Construction oftheOlympicPortProject,in mobility ofpeople. trains andferries),stimulatingfacilitatingthe transit, neworthatalreadyexist(airports,subways, system, willbeintegratedwithothermodesofmass new expresslanesforbusesandtheLightRailVehicle interconnect theOlympiccenters,suchasfour First, thenewphysicalinfrastructureprojectsthat anticipates agreaternumberofpositiveones. of socialandhumandevelopment,althoughit city withpositiveornegativeeffectsinthedimension several thingsthathavethepotentialtoprovide Based onsurveysandstudies,itispossibletoidentify not onlyduring,butespeciallyaftertheevent. thousands ofdomesticandinternationaltourists, opportunity toperpetuatethetraditionofattracting visible atanationalandgloballevel,takingthe

105 106 In theculturaldimension, thereareseveral floods, aesthetic,healthand sanitationproblems. sea watersthatcause,as wellasnuisancesand and other public areas, along with theriversand of thegarbagefromstreets,beaches,parks initiatives, itwillbedifficultforthecitytogetrid and collaborationofthepopulationinthese It isbelievedthatwithouttheawareness,inclusion of publictransport. route networkanditsintegrationwithotherforms River Marangá basin and expansion of the cycle the Jacarepaguálagoonsystem,sanitationof reducing pollutionintheGuanabaraBayand of vegetation,collectingandtreatingwastewater, from demolitions,reforestationandrestoration landscape incivilconstruction,reuseofmaterial of sourcesrenewableenergy,respectforthe context, the positive indicators include: the use improvement ofenvironmentalconditions.Inthis or areinprogress,consideringtheprotectionand Several projectsandinitiativesarebeingconsidered market, especiallyinthelongterm. participating intheeconomicgrowthandlabor of asignificantproportionthepopulationin debt, inflationarypressuresandtheexclusion property speculation,andasuffocatingpublic Olympic citiesthathavesufferedfromrampant It is worth noting that indications point to other and commercialareas,amongmanyothers. rental companies,conventioncenters,residential bars andrestaurants,transportcompaniescar hotel chains,leisureareas,receptionagencies, effects involvingportandairport,sportsfacilities, multipliers. Thereisahugelistofpossiblepositive of tourism,butalsooffernumerouseconomicgain have theintentiontostimulatedevelopment that investmentsrelatedtotheGamesnotonly year. InthecityofRiodeJaneiro,studiesindicate R$ 35billion,generatingover100,000jobsper estimate thatthenumberscouldreachmorethan from publicandprivateinvestmentsoftheGames development inthecountryovernext25years Studies onthepredictedofimpactseconomic the massiveinfluxofvisitorsduringGames. by the urban transformations before the Games and ARTICLE environmental, cultural andinstitutional integration ofacomplexgroup ofsocial,economic, Finally, thescope,depth andthemainstream studied, recordedandmonitoredcarefully. results ofindicatorsthisdimensionshouldbe phenomenon inthehistoryofcountry,so of theactorsindecision-making,arerecent democratic activities, as well as the interaction It isworthtakingintoaccountthattheparticipatory compliance withtherightsofresidents. is being planned forthemega-events in terms of researchers andotherstakeholderstoverifywhat associations, popularmovements,organizations, de Janeiro,whichincludesNGOs,neighborhood Mega EventsoftheLegislativeAssemblyRio Olympics Committee,theSpecialCommitteefor Local RioCommittee,PopularWorldCupand Meeting oftheLocalCleanGamesCommittee, conferences anddebates,exemplifiedbythe including theoccurrenceofhearings,meetings, are many positive indicators in this dimension, to thechangesarisingfromOlympics.There influence orbeinfluencedbydecisionsrelevant and collaboration of all stakeholders which may processes, includes the democratic participation development oftourism,andinstitutional The fifthandfinaldimensionofsustainable society. incentives, involvingvarioussectorsofcivil by, respectively,highereducationandfinancial cultural events.Thischallengecouldbesolved the highpricesofticketstocertainshowsand venues. Thisissuestillseemstobeworsenedby residents lackofattendingmuseumsandcultural hopefully, eventuallyovercome,concernstheRio A negative indicator to be considered and, operate asarecreationandeventsarea. Museum. AftertheGames,Athlete´sParkwill Sound, theMuseumofTomorrowandRioArt cultural centerssuchastheMuseumofImageand city, aswellthecreationofnewmuseumsand architectural heritageinvariouspartsofthe demonstrations and therestorationofart and enhancementoftheculturalhistorical during theGames,suchaspreservation projects thatcanboosttouristattractions development oftourism. of thefivekeydimensionsforsustainable consulting, planningandtheimplementation exciting andsuccessiveprospectsforresearch, competitive tourismindustry,inturn,offers understanding betweenpeople.Adynamicand and cooperation among nations and the mutual contribute asavitalforceforpromotingpeace of tourismextraordinaryinitspotentialto relationships makethesustainabledevelopment CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

107 108 ANDRÉ COELHO, BIANCAFREIRE-MEDEIROS A SUSTAINABILITY SLUM TOURISM: AND LAURA MONTEIRO CHALLENGE article

COORDINATOR AT FGV PROJETOS Laura Monteiro PROFESSOR AT CPDOC/FGV Bianca Freire-Medeiros SPECIALIST AT FGV PROJETOS André Coelho family residences,andmaster planprojects. includes practice in large commercial, hotel, and multi- state andmunicipallevel.Her experienceasarchitect planning andstrategicmanagement projectsatfederal, coordinator of projects at FGV Projetos working with Public Administration(Ebape/FGV).Sheiscurrentlythe Administration at the Brazilian School of Business and University ofRiodeJaneiro(UFRJ),andmasterinPublic Graduated inarchitectureandurbanismattheFederal in theseriesAdvancesSociology,ofRoutledge,2012. Poverty, abouttourisminareasofpoverty,willbepublished and TechnologicalDevelopment(CNPq).HerbookTouring Fellow ofProductivitytheNationalCouncilScientific Research SupportoftheStateRiodeJaneiro(FAPERJ)and Estado (YoungScientistofOurState)theFoundationfor currently afellowoftheprogramJovemCientistadoNosso post-doctorate intheCenterforMobilitiesResearch.Sheis of the University of the State of Riode Janeiro (Uerj) and in theDept./Post-graduationProgramSocialSciences a researcherinvitedbyPrincetonUniversity,recentdoctor History ofBrazilFGVFoundation(CPDOC/FGV).Shewas Center ofResearchandDocumentationContemporary Associate Professor of the School of Social sciences of the for the2014WorldCupandInternationalTourism. financing linesoftheBID,SurveysonImpactTourism experience includesprojectslikeDevelopmentPlansfor management atfederal,stateandmunicipallevel.His working onplanningprojectsintourismandgeneralpublic (DIE, Bonn).HeiscurrentlyaspecialistatFGVProjetos Governance ofDeutschesInstitutfürEntwicklungspolitik (EBAPE / FGV) with an extensioncourse at the School of Brazilian SchoolforBusinessandPublicAdministration (FGV) andmasterinPublicAdministrationfromthe (UFF), post-graduatedinTourismatFGVFoundation Graduated inHistoryatUniversidadeFederalFluminense CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

109 110 1 growth andenvironmental sustainabilityarenot from theviewpointofgreen economy,economic United NationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP), surrounding greeneconomy.Accordingtothe The issue is consistent with the discussions development withintheslums. as capableofpromotingsocialandeconomic shifted, whichnowviewthismodeoftourism the positionofthreelevelsgovernmenthas number ofgroups taken each season. Meanwhile, offering thetourthathasgrown,butalso And itisnotonlythenumberoftravelagencies slums began,attheRocinha“favela”. invisible toforeigneyes,theorganizedvisits efforts bythepublicauthoritiestokeepslums the EarthSummitof1992(ECO92)that,despite of June,thisactivitycompletes20years:itwasat Polícia Pacificadora,UPP).Preciselyinthismonth received thePacifyingPoliceUnits(Unidadesde de Janeiro, mainly in the slums that have already the visitationofslumshasbeendevelopinginRio those whoconsideritaformofsocialinclusion, disapprove ofthecontemplationpovertyand Despite thedifferencesofopinionamongthosewho The matterofslumtourismisaninternationalreality. of someformtouristactivityinthesecommunities. identification ofpotentialfortourismandthestructuring besides developingamodelactionplanthatpermitsthe generating employmentandincomeinpacifiedfavelas, the implantationof tourism-oriented activitiescapableof experience, gatheringinformationanddatathatguide order toenhancetheknowledgeonthisinnovative of aresearchmadeinfivefavelasRiodeJaneiro international reality.Thearticlepresentstheresults The issueoftourisminfavelas(slumareas)isan ABSTRACT ARTICLE Study conductedbyorderoftheMinistry ofTourism,throughouttheyear2011. educated (61.4%have completed theirhigher foreign, young(agedbetween 25and34),well Marta slumis,inthevastmajorityofcases, It wasnotedthatthetouristwhovisitsSanta HERE COMES THEGRINGO... visitors. determine theprofileofBrazilianandforeign Botafogo) wasthepilot,usedasmodelto profile). MorroSantaMarta(intheBoroughof potential touristattractions)anddemand(tourist the gatheringofinformationonoffer(currentand Five RiodeJaneiroslumswereinvestigated,with activities, aswellthehindrances the tourists’impressions,potentialitiesof in theslumsofRiodeJaneiro,takingadeeplookat conducted astudyofthetourismactivitiesdeveloped It waswithinthiscontextthatFGVProjetos water, andthelossofecosystemservices. as theeffectsofclimatechange,greatershortage considerable adverserisks,atthesametime,such jobs andeconomicprogress,whileavoiding incompatible. Greeneconomywouldgenerate 1 . experiences of theirsocialrelations information tourists followacleartrend ofseekingintheprior slums before,eveninother partsoftheworld.The (55.4%) saythattheyknow peoplewhohavevisited slum representsanewexperience, morethanhalf majority ofthevisitorstourtoSantaMarta An interestingfactisthat,eventhoughforthevast Marta Slum. a relevantfactorwhendecidingtovisittheSanta 22.2% wereunfamiliarwithit)andtoqualifyitas information aboutthenewpolicingmethod(only than 5%),showamuchgreatertendencytoseek who considerthecity“extremelyunsafe”(less On theotherhand,asmallminorityoftourists, negative viewofthevenue. to theextentthattheyhaveamorepositivethan concern formostofthetouristsvisitinglocation, indication that the concern with safety is not a core Generally, thisinformationmaybe construed asan tourists. among Latin-American and Eastern European offers evidence of a greater perception of insecurity with theinformationinprecedingparagraph, Europe). Thisinformation,especiallyifcompared European tourists(withtheexceptionofEastern by no more than 40% of the North-American and well-known by 69.9% of all Latin-Americans, but the UPP. However, this new policing experience is in theSantaMartacommunity,representedby the existenceofdifferentiatedpolicesurveillance Approximately 57%ofalltouristswereunaware funk) andsolidaritiespreserved. cultural expression (the birthplace of samba and violence, asarule,itisalsoseenvenueof while itisseenasaspaceofutterpovertyand representation oftheslumisoftenambiguous: Janeiro isfrequentlyassociatedwithviolence.The In theinternationalmedia,imageofRiode enjoying thecity’sentertainmentoptions. in thecompanyoffriends,withintention usually travelascouples,ingroupsoftouristsor are first-timevisitorstoRiodeJaneiro(85%).They income isapproximately R$ 8.5 thousand and they representing 18% of the visitors. Their monthly one mightassume,studentsarenotthemajority, education) andemployed(47%).Contrarytowhat CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY tour. expressed little or sheer dissatisfaction with the the visit met their expectations in part. Only 5.2% expectations, whileanother 39.8%answeredthat that 39.3%answered thevisitexceededtheir expressed satisfactionwiththetour,provided Santa Martaslum,themajorityoftourists In termsoftheirexpectationsforthevisitto residents bytakingphotographs. “the visitors” of disrespecting the privacyof the residents’ image.On the otherhand, they accused and thebeliefthatvisitationdidnottarnish considering thepositiveeffectsoncommunity individual reasontoexplainthevisitslum, In thisaspect,thetouristspresentedagood “other tourists”duringthetourtoslum. referred totheevaluationofbehavior Finally, thetwomostcontroversialassertions denied bytheforeigntouristsvisitingSantaMarta. effect ontheresidents’image,wasalsostrongly the sensethatvisitsallegedlyhadanadverse misery. Inaddition,anothernegativeassertion,in agencies were profiting from the slum population’s assertions waspreciselyinthesensethat On theotherhand,oneofmoststronglyrejected tourists attheslumhasbeennegligible. and slightly), althoughtheamountspent by the the location(addingoptions“agrees”strongly bring economicdevelopmentandsocialbenefitsto wager isontheabilitythatthisformoftourismwill visitation istolearndifferentlifestyles.Anotherfair “strongly agree”thattheprimarymotivationfor who buyandselltheslumtours,foreigntourists exploitation ofotherpeople’smiseryagainstthose In spiteoftheaccusationsvoyeurismand MOTIVATION ANDIMPRESSIONS this aspect,nearaverageindicators. (28.6%). Thetouristsfromotherregionspresent,in East havehadtheleastcontactwithsuchpersons slum (78.6%),whilethetouristsfromMiddle contact withotherpersonswhohavevisiteda It istheLatin-Americanswhohavehadmost references havebeenrelativesandfriends(46.8%). slum. Inthissense,itisnotsurprisingthatthemain to supporttheirdecisionmakeapaidvisit

111 112 items notdirectlyproducedbytheresidentsof them spentlessthanR$5,withthepurchaseof purchased anything, insofar as three fifths of Among thetouristsinterviewed,only36.6% and craftsclothing. place toenablethesaleofproducts, such asarts or the“Cantão”area,thereisnoinfrastructurein important stops,liketheMichaelJacksonrooftop people observingthetournoticethat,atmost toward the promotion of the local trade. The the visitationisperformeddoesnotcontribute might beanindicationthattheforminwhich please notethat12.4%allegedlackoftime.This or thattheysawnoshopsduringthevisit.Besides, other things,thatnoproductwasofferedtothem, reasons theydidnotbuyanything,noting,among nothing indicatedthelackofofferasone Approximately 40.6%ofthetouriststhatbought expenditures wererelativelyminor. tourists boughtanythingduringtheirvisitandthe tourist destinations,only36.6%oftheforeign the relevanceoftradeproductswithin (34.9%). Asfortherecognizedimportanceand their introductiontotheexistingsocialprojects and the view of the city (41.1%), in addition to slum relatedtothelocation’sarchitecture(55.9%) The bestimpressionsthetouristshadabout ARTICLE visitation totheslum.Thiswasfollowedbyonemore main things that they would expect to see during the shabby housinganddrugtraffickingarethethree For Brazilianandforeigntouristsalike,poverty, Brazilian tourists(36.7%). among foreigntourists(63.3%),than expected, thisproportionismuchmoreexpressive heard oftoursto the slums.However, as wouldbe the touristsinterviewedatairporthadnever Considering thesample,approximately47%of city’s pointsofarrivalanddeparture. interviewed. Thesubjectswereapproachedatthe tourists whodidnotvisitslumswerealso In order to minimize possible opinion trends, WANT TO? DO THOSE WHOHAVE NOT SEENIT products attheslum,especiallyfoodanddrinks. which oftendiscouragetheconsumptionof issues relatedtobasicsanitationandcleanliness, mentioned by11.1%ofthevisitors,whichpointsto that isnottheonlyfactor.Thelackofhygienewas apparently residesinthelowofferofproducts,but Part oftheproblemidentifiedbytourists community, suchasbottledwaterandbeverages. products, receivedscores under5. to consumption,suchas barsandsalesoflocal score ofonly6.5and,moreover, itemsrelated instance, werepoorly evaluated, receivinga infrastructure. The tourist attractions, for criticized the tour, especially in terms of the Some ofthetouristswhovisitedslumalso OPPORTUNITIES could bebetterexploredbythefieldworkers. repressed demandamongBraziliantourists,which this findingmaybearelevantindicationof foreign touristsinthismodeoftourism.However, considering thenearlyabsolutepredominanceof was notbig,butitisinconsistentwiththereality, difference betweenthetwogroups(6.9percent) tourists (58.2%)thanamongforeigntourists.The percentile wassomewhathigheramongBrazilian Most answeredaffirmatively,providedthatthis be interested in visiting a slum community. tourist wasaskedstraightoutifhewouldeffectively about the activity of tourism, at a certain point, the After askingthetouristabouthisorherperceptions tourism mightbenefittheslums. may effectivelybeconsideringthatotherformsof appear inconsistent,thefact is that the tourist profit frommisery.Althoughtheseopinionsmay that they accept the fact that the travel agencies in socialandeconomicbenefits,atthesametime tourists tendtointerpretthatslumtourismresults reinforces theinformation.Onotherhand, interviewed attheSantaMartaslum,which coincides withtheinterpretationoftourists people isgettingtoknowotherlifestyles”.This agreement statedthat“themainmotivationfor the answersthatresultedingreatestlevelof who did not visitthe slum), provided that oneof the two tourist profiles (Brazilians and foreigners We didfindasimilarpatternofanswersamong joy andsamba. with greaterstatureinthefifthposition:solidarity, that itspositivecharacteristicsareonlyreferenced associated withnegativeperceptions,somuch So, wefindthattheslumispredominantly Brazilians anddisorganizationbytheforeigners. negative characteristicnoted:uncleanlinessbythe CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY the arrivalofUPPs, the slumsbecameeven effectively sparkstheinterest ofitsvisitors.With the existenceofthisbranch oftourism,which destination bynature, can nolongerignore The cityofRiodeJaneiro,whichisatourist interest inthistypeoftour. the greatersenseofsafety, different levels,theinterestinvisitingslums: in termsofthecity’ssafety,influences,albeitat tourist’s perception,whetherBrazilianorforeign, as safe,especiallyamongforeigntourists.The Finally, wedeterminedthatthecityisperceived advertised bythemedia(Freire-Medeiros,2009). association betweentheslumandviolence which mightservetopreventtheunequivocal the relevantaspectsofthistourism,as oneof by other residents of slums, especially Rocinha, This processofreinterpretationisevenreferenced joy, freedom,tranquilityanddevelopment. other more positive aspects, such as solidarity, violence. Thesecategorieslosepower,infavorof the perceptionsofdisorganization,despairand to itdropsconsiderably.Thesamehappenswith perceived aspect,butthenumberofreferences positive manner.Povertyremainsthemost experience, theslumisrecognizedinamore visit cannotbetreatedsuperficially.Afterthe that thecognitiveandsensorialimpactof who effectivelywentontheslumtourshow Generally, thesurveysperformedwithtourists a viableoption. 30% ofthetouristssaidthattheyconsidered lodging market,totheextentthatapproximately we caninferthatthereisalsospacefortheslum sustains thistypeofactivity.Fromtheresults, the mouth-to-mouthpromotioncyclethatpartly to other people, which preserves the benefit of stated thattheywouldrecommendtheattraction is reinforcedbythefactthatmorethan80% met theirexpectationstoacertainlevel,which the experience.For79.1%ofthem,visit tourists leave the location very satisfied with with theproperplanningandincentives, site’s economicpotential,whichcanberemedied deficiencies and the considerable underuse of the The goodnewsisthat,despitethesestructural

113 114 production ofartsandcraftslodging. slums possessandshoulddevelop,suchasthe capacity thatthecommunitiesresidingin welfarism, butontheentrepreneurial,creative inclusion. Theseoptionsarenotbasedonmere generation ofjobs,leveragingincomeandsocial combined withslumtourism,potentializingthe The studylistsoptionsofactivitiesthatcanbe environmental aspectsarerespected. for everyoneaslongtheactivity’ssocialand form of tourism can bring good opportunities of thespacesthatwere once segregated.This the restofcity,thusallowingintegration of touristsandresidents,bothintheslums It isimportantthatthecityinvestinwellbeing its alleysarenoweasilyaccessiblebythepublic. more integratedwiththecity’sdailyroutineand REASON TO VISITTHESLUM COMMUNITY, PERTYPEOFTOURIST (%YES) CHART 1 ARTICLE inclusion. to theeradicationofpovertyandfavorssocial opportunity togeneratebusinessthatcontributes to integrate these territories and affords an tourism emergesasasustainable,viablemeans enabling thefreecirculationofcitizens.Slum years has been crucial to enable this approach, pacifying initiativesadoptedinthepastfour trafficking. Thepublicsecuritypolicybasedon the territoriessegregatedbyviolenceanddrug Since then,thecityhassoughtwaystodealwith determined thattheslumswouldnotberemoved. and restatedbythecity’sMasterPlan,whichthen proposals derivedfromtheEarthSummitof1992 of thecityisconsistentwithsustainability The integrationbetweenslumsandtheremainder SOURCE: DRAFTINGFGV PROJECTS COMPARISON BETWEEN EXPECTATION ANDSUBSEQUENT EVALUATION OFTHESLUM CHART 3 CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / REASON FOR THELACK OFINTEREST INVISITINGASLUM COMMUNITY (%YES) CHART 2 RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY SOURCE: DRAFTINGFGV PROJECTS SOURCE: DRAFTINGFGV PROJECTS

115 116 ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSING: SERVICE OFSUSTAINABILITY AN INSTRUMENT AT THE ISADORA RUIZ article ISADORA RUIZ in ordertomakeitevenmoreefficient. regulation, aswellthechallenges thatmustbeovercome the sustainabledevelopmentof thestate,evolutionofits this context,theimportanceof environmentallicensingfor the targetedinvestments.Thisarticleintendstoshow,in record amountofR$211.5billioninthestate,surpassing Businessmen wanttoinvest-intheperiod2012-2014a Rio deJaneiroisgoingthroughanuniquemoment. ABSTRACT and advisorspecializingatFGVProjetos. Law graduateatFGVFoundation,IsadoraRuizisalawyer SPECIALIST AT FGV PROJETOS Isadora Ruiz CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY

117 118 importance ofsaidinstrumentforthesustainable This articleproposestoshow,inbrief,the demands forgrowthanddevelopment. social impacts, while at the same time meeting the the environmentalresourcesandcontrolling operate efficiently and expeditiously, protecting elements ofdevelopment,whichiswhyitmust Environmental LicensingSystemisoneofthekey activities. And,preciselyforthisreason,the impact theenvironmentcannotstartuptheir environmental bodies,theenterprisesthat However, withoutthelicensefrom received. 5 Latin-Americancitiesintermsofinvestments that itscapitalwasincludedinthelistofTop reached StandardandPoor’sinvestmentgrade,or Paulo. Anditwasnotbychancethatthisstate directed tothestatesofMinasGeraisandSão billion inthestate,exceedinginvestments plans to invest the – record – amount of R$ 211.5 between 2012-2014,thebusinesscommunity State ofRiodeJaneiro(Firjan),duringtheperiod produced bytheFederationofIndustries numbers areimpressive.Asshownbytheappraisal state, reflectsthecountry’sexcellentmoment.The Rio deJaneiro,morethananyotherBrazilian good economicphase. wants toparticipateandtakeadvantageofthe through amomentofeuphoria,inwhicheveryone regained itsbeliefinthestate,butisnowgoing has nowchanged.Thepopulationnotonly the country’saverage.Fortunately,reality which constantlyregisteredagrowthratebelow of security and opportunity in the metropolis, through decadesofdissatisfactionwiththelack their marvelous city, on the other hand, suffered when askedaboutthegeographyandlifestyleof The peopleofthiscity,alwaysverypatriotic Rio deJaneiroisexperiencingauniquemoment. ARTICLE environmental licensingprocesses. efficiency and,mainly,theexpeditiousnessofits investments isdirectlytiedtothereasonableness, why thestate’scapacitytoabsorbsizeable pollutant arerareexceptions.Thisisprecisely that arenotenvironmentallyimpactingand/or to thisapprovalprocedure,sincetheactivities enterprises plannedforRioare,inprinciple,subject As itslegaldefinitionsuggests,practicallyallnew life –theenvironment. preservation of anasset that is essential to human of the national economy compatible with the environmental nature,makingthedevelopment So, environmentallicensinghasamixedeconomic- enjoying theirbenefits. that thenextgenerationsarenotpreventedfrom preservation oftheenvironmentalresources,so will reconcileitseconomicdevelopmentwiththe that, tolicenseanactivitymeansattestthatit environmental degradation”.Andevenmorethan activities that,inanyway,arecapableofcausing deemed effectivelyorpotentiallypollutant,any aggressive toanyenvironmentalresources, operation of enterprises and activities that are physical setting,installation,expansionand environmental viabilityofandauthorizes)the the competentbodylicenses(investigates licensing asan“administrativeprocessbywhich CONAMA Resolution 237/97 defines environmental RIO DEJANEIRO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENT FOR THESUSTAINABLE LICENSING AS ANECESSARY THE IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL be overcomeinordertomakeitevenmoreefficient. its regulation,aswellthechallengesthatmust development ofRiodeJaneiro,theadvancement control ofsuchimpacts,CompanhiaSiderúrgica the entrepreneur.Toillustrateextentof which mustbemitigatedand/orcompensatedby social impacts,orimpactstotheculturalheritage, not only environmental impacts, but also any essentially preventive.Theyareusedtoidentify Ambiente, RIMA).Thenatureofthesestudiesis Impact Report(RelatóriodeImpactodoMeio Ambiental, EIA)andtherespectiveEnvironmental Environmental ImpactStudies(EstudosdeImpacto One ofthemainstagesisproduction same iscompliantwiththeenvironmentallaws. ensure that,forthedurationofenterprise, The lattermustbeperpetuallyrenewed,soasto and theOperatingLicense(LicençaOperação,LO). Installation License(LicençadeInstalação,LI), Preliminary License(LicençaPrévia,LP),the process comprising,asarule,3stages–the consist ofasingleact,but,rather,itisanongoing The environmentallicensingprocessdoesnot the System. by thesocial-environmentalbenefitsafforded of statecontroloverprivateenterprisesisjustified to transformtheirprojectsintoreality.Thislevel procurement ofenvironmentallicensinginorder All thesesegmentsarehighlydependentonthe R$ 6.1billion(15.1%). the petrochemicalindustry,withinvestmentsof industry, whichwillreceiveR$10.1billion;and 15.4 billion(38%);followedbythemetalworking construction industry,withinvestmentsofR$ which willreceiveR$51billion(24.1%);theship most investmentsaretheinfrastructuresegment, events. Amongthesegmentsthatwillreceive beyond theoilfieldsandmajorinternational enterprises willbeestablished,whichgo Minas GeraisandSãoPaulo.Over230new Rio deJaneiroreceivesmoreinvestmentsthan The neighbor’sgrassisnolongergreener. Today, CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY operation or functionality of their facilities or issued toindividualsorlegalentities,forthe established thepreliminary“authorization”, Rio deJaneiro,underDecree-Law134/75,which Brazilian lawbythelegislationofState Environmental licensingwasfirstaddressedunder ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSING RIO DEJANEIRO AT THEFOREFRONT OF development. instrument toensureacity’ssustainable expeditiously, itbecomesaneffective,crucial conducted efficiently,reasonablyand,especially, Licensing System,itbecomesclearthat,when In lightofthecharacteristicsEnvironmental the entrepreneur. administrative process,andmustbeaddressedby upon theirfiling,becomeanintegralpartofthe public isallowedtoformulatequestions,which, since, duringthecourseofhearing, the primarychanneltoallowsocialparticipation, and theresultsofimpactstudies.Itisalso enterprise of the characteristics of the projects of informingthecommunitiesimpactedby is theholdingofPublicHearings,withpurpose Another importantstageinthelicensingprocess billion inenvironmentalrecoveryinitiatives. same instrument,thecommitmenttoinvestR$1.1 de CaxiasRefinery(Reduc),assumed,underthe renewal oftheoperatinglicenseDuque of RiodeJaneiro.Petrobrás,inturn,uponthe treatment plantinVoltaRedonda,theState special noticetotheconstructionofasewage improvements initsindustrialcompound,with in viewoftheimplementationenvironmental TAC) involving no less than 250 million Reais, Conduct (TermodeAjustamentoConduta, Nacional (CSN) signed a Term of Adjustment of

119 120 well asthecreationofnewinstruments,more and LOR),manyofwhichdidnotexistbefore,as kinds ofspecificlicenses(theLAS,LPI,LIO,LAR innovations wastheinstitutionofsixnewtypesor basically, oftheLI,LOandLP.Oneimportant traditional licensingprocess,whichconsisted, introduced byDecree42159/09,breakswiththe environmental licensing.Thenewsystem–SLAM, most advancedlegislationsin Brazil in terms of there. ThestateofRiodeJaneirohasonethe But the groundbreaking initiatives do not stop replicated inseveralBrazilianstates. this newmodelwassogreatthatitcopiedand control ofenvironmentalimpacts.Thesuccess is lesslegalinsecurityandgreaterefficiencyinthe among thethreeentities.Asaresult,todaythere overlapping understandingsthatoftenoccurred avoided thecountlessconflictsofjurisdictionand (Instituto Estadual do Ambiente – INEA). This named the State Institute of the Environment IEF andSERLA)intoasingleinstrumentality, combining allitsenvironmentalbodies(FEEMA, toward thefuturewithappropriateinitiativeof environmental pollution.AndRiotookanotherstep activities thatmight,effectivelyorpotentially,cause the rulesgoverningsustainability. and fasterprocedure,whichnonethelessadheresto subject totheauthorization–aninfinitelysimpler waived (Class 1). Such enterprises will then only be is negligibleorminimal,thelicensingmayevenbe In certaincases,whentheenvironmentalimpact the reachandpollutingpotentialofactivities. according tothelevelofenvironmentalimpactand of theactivityunderdifferentlicensingsystems, the creationofasystemthatallowsclassification Another innovation introduced by the decree was were combinedintoone,thusexpeditingit. activities. Thisway,thethreestagesofprocess implementation and/oroperationofenterprisesor viability, physicalsettingandauthorizationofthe can attest,withasingleact,theenvironmental traditional process.Withit,theenvironmentalbody as itsnamesuggests,ismuchsimplerthanthe (Licença Ambiental Simplificada, LAS), which, of thisistheSimplifiedEnvironmentalLicense peculiarities ofeachconcretecase.Anexample different licensingprocessesmoresensitivetothe certificates. Thenewlicensesaresimpler,andtheir environmental authorizationsand appropriate tothecontrolofpollution,suchas generating acrisisintheLicensingSystem. agents appearsasthemainelementcapableof ideas andcoordinationamongthevariouscompetent Lastly, thelackofcommunication,consistency impose requirementsnotanticipatedunderthelaw. deciding whetherornottograntthelicenses,and environmental body’sbroaddiscretionarypowerin of SupplementaryLaw140/2011; in addition tothe are notrare,andstillexistevenaftertheenactment special noticetotheconflictsofjurisdiction,which protection. Thereasonsforthedelaysaremany,with celerity is not explainedexclusivelybyenvironmental which are liable to improvement. However, the lack of laws, therearestillcertainsetbacksintheprocesses, Despite theadvancementsintermsofenvironmental – SLAM THE ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSINGSYSTEM Brazil, whichdirectlybenefitsthecity. most advancedenvironmentalcontrolsystemsin has becomeabenchmark,possessingoneofthe management practices,thestateofRiodeJaneiro enhancement oftheexistinginstrumentsandgood In light of this ongoing process ofmodernization, CADERNOS FGV PROJETOS / RIO AND THECHALLENGES FOR ASUSTAINABLE CITY as a last resort, when it proves impossible to The appeal to the Judiciaryshould be used the matter. having moretechnicalknowledgetodeliberateon of the process, which should be decided by those involved, inthatitaffectstheefficiencyandquality body. Thissituationisprejudicialtoalltheparties disputes, oftenassumestheroleoflicensing Judiciary, which,whencalled upon to settle the is preciselywhymanyprocessesaretakentothe to the intervention of each stakeholder. And this To date,therearenorulesthatclearlysetlimits development. this hascauseddetrimentaldelaystothestate’s rendering itmore legitimate, on the other hand, ensures theintensescrutinyofprocess, the one hand, the large number of bodies involved Office (MinistérioPúblico,MP)andsociety.If,on legitimate players,suchasthePublicAttorney’s prejudice totheparticipationandcontrolofother Mendes andIBAMA,atthefederallevel,without and DRM,atthestatelevel,InstitutoChico INEA, otherinstitutionsalsoact,suchasINEPAC Janeiro isacomplexone,inwhich,additionto The environmentallicensingprocessinRiode

121 122 the setbacksthathamperprocess. of the risks involved in this process, so as to mitigate certain actionsmaycontributetothemanagement no definitivesolutionscanbeproposed.However, the LicensingSystemofStateRiodeJaneiro, In light of the high complexity of the current stage of CHALLENGES: sustainable essence. expeditious, without,however,compromisingits System remainsclear,soastoensurethatitisalways for theongoingimprovementofexistingLicensing the manyexamplesthatwecouldmention.So,need World CupofSoccerandtheOlympicsarejustsome as welltheinfrastructureworkinpreparationfor construction yard,theCOMPERJprojectofPetrobrás, mill (TKCSA),theBrazilianMarinenuclearsubmarine (Wonderful Port)project,theThyssenKruppCSAsteel Açu PortandSteelMillComplex,the“PortoMaravilha” megaprojects planned in Brazil. The Pre-Salt Layer, the which makesthestatemaindestinationof approximately 1.9trillionwillbeinvestedinRio, Nonetheless, thestateGovernmentestimatesthat knowledgeable entrepreneurs. Herculean task,evenforthemostexperiencedand environmental licensingofmajorenterprisesintoa agents involved,whichhasturnedtheprocessof the enterprise,greaternumberwillbeof therefore, favorsthelackofconsensus.Thelarger the systemintoaveritableBabelTower,which, or methodologiesamongtheagentshasturned The lackofcompatibility,interests,policies conciliate theinterestsofallpartiesinvolved. of otherpossibilitieswithinthewiderange certificate, whichdonotexcludeanynumber that couldbecertifiedintheenvironmental These arejustsomeexamplesoftheinformation partnership withtheenvironmentalbodies. it developsenvironmental education programsin in oroutoftheareaitsenterprise,yet, view ofenvironmentalconservationandrecovery, biome, or, (iv)thatitexecutesa voluntary plan in permanent vegetationtypicaloftheAtlanticForest endemic orthreatenedofextinction, are noplantandanimalspeciesqualifiedasrare, are nopermanentpreservationareas, area inwhichitsenterpriseisinstalled,(i) issuance ofacertificatetoattestthat,withinthe company thatisdulylicensedfromrequestingthe “There isnothingtoprevent,forinstance,a Janeiro” offersthefollowingexamples: Licensing System–SLAMoftheStateRiode in hisarticletitled“TheNewEnvironmental Certificate, StateAttorneyRafaelDaudtD’Oliveira, In termsofthepossibleusesEnvironmental connected withitsinstitutionalpurposes”. possesses the information and the information is any environmentalinformation,providedthebody instrumentalizes theentrepreneur’srightto“certify Certificate. Theenvironmentalcertificate(CA) legal securityoftheprocessisEnvironmental reducing unexpecteddemandsandincreasingthe a newinstrumentthatmightbequiteeffectivein stakeholder. Intermsoftheenvironmentalbody, tools tomitigatethequestionsraisedbyeach In brief,theproposalistouseappropriate (iii) thereisno (ii) (v) there there that environmental information that might be certified.” by the entrepreneur as soon as possible. By doing So, we find that the Environmental Certificates so, the likelihood of future questioning by non- are now the most important instrument in the government organizations (NGOs) and associations management of the risks inherent to the licensing of the representatives of groups affected by the process. In fact, if the entrepreneur has any doubt enterprise is minimized as well. as to the legal classification of its enterprise, it can appeal to the environmental body, which, Moreover, since the environmental inspection in turn, will be bound to respond. This way, any work by the Public Attorney’s Office focuses on the doubts concerning the process are elucidated, examination of the EIA/RIMA, the entrepreneur thus avoiding inconsistencies that might entail the should measure no financial resource in the selection submittal of questions to the body and, as a result, of the multidisciplinary team that will execute the delays in the licensing process. studies, and in the hiring of a specialized legal advisory, qualified to assess the proper compliance Another relevant aspect refers to the possibility of with the study’s legal requirements. Whenever lessening the reasons that might entail questions possible, the hiring of external auditors, to oversee by the MP. How can this be done? The premise is and require from the companies the production that the Public Attorney’s Office is responsible for of qualified environmental studies, is a welcome safeguarding the social and individual interests initiative. that happen to be inaccessible. So, as a rule, it does not act at its own initiative, but only when called to And last, but not least, it is most recommended do so by society. that the entrepreneur try to align the methodology employed in the Environmental Impact Studies with So, it is crucial to maintain an open dialog with the the methodology used by the technical teams of the communities residing near the enterprise. In other environmental body and the Public Attorney’s Office. words, social dialog should be used as a means to procure a “social license”. However, no matter how efficient the instruments produced are, they do not entirely eliminate the risk of To this end, the entrepreneur must bear in mind judicial conflicts in any given licensing process. The that the Public Hearing is an effective instrument to ideal situation would be if the environmental laws enable debates with the community. The execution advanced in the sense of establishing a mediating of preliminary work with the people directly body to act in the settlement of conflicts, assisting in involved and affected, mapping the most recurring the creation of consensus and determining a single demands and dialoguing with the main community direction for the licensing process, thus making the leaders is extremely important. The needs, negative lives of everyone easier and contributing to a more impacts, requirements, and any complaints by sustainable Rio de Janeiro. the population should be identified and resolved