In the Circuit Court

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

In the Circuit Court 1 1 FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION 2 CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH 3 4 5 6 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING 7 (AMDAC) 8 9 10 Thursday, April 25, 2019 11 8:30 a.m. to 4:36 p.m. 12 13 14 15 16 17 Tommy Douglas Conference Center 18 1000 New Hampshire Avenue 19 Silver Spring, Maryland 20 21 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 2 1 Meeting Roster 2 DESIGNATED FEDERAL OFFICER (Non-Voting) 3 Lauren Tesh Hotaki, PharmD, BCPS 4 Division of Advisory Committee and Consultant 5 Management 6 Office of Executive Programs, CDER, FDA 7 8 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS 9 (Voting) 10 Lindsey R. Baden, MD 11 (Chairperson) 12 Director of Clinical Research 13 Division of Infectious Diseases 14 Brigham and Women’s Hospital 15 Director, Infectious Disease Service 16 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute 17 Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School 18 Boston, Massachusetts 19 20 21 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 3 1 CAPT Timothy H. Burgess, MD, MPH, FACP 2 Director 3 Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program 4 Preventative Medicine & Biostatistics 5 Uniformed Services University of the Health 6 Sciences 7 Bethesda, Maryland 8 9 Nina M. Clark, MD 10 Professor 11 Stritch School of Medicine 12 Clinical Division Director, Infectious Diseases 13 Director, Transplant Infectious Disease Program 14 Loyola Medical Center 15 Maywood, Illinois 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 4 1 Dean A. Follmann, PhD 2 Assistant Director of Biostatistics 3 Chief Biostatistics Research Branch 4 National Institute of Allergy and 5 Infectious Diseases 6 National Institutes of Health 7 Bethesda, Maryland 8 9 Michael Green, MD, MPH 10 Professor of Pediatrics, Surgery and Clinical & 11 Translational Science 12 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 13 Division of Infectious Diseases 14 Director, Antimicrobial Stewardship & Infection 15 Prevention 16 Co-Director, Transplant Infectious Diseases 17 Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh 18 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 19 20 21 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 5 1 Barbara M. Gripshover, MD 2 Associate Professor of Medicine 3 University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center 4 Case Western Reserve University 5 Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine 6 Cleveland, Ohio 7 8 Ighovwerha Ofotokun, MD, MSc 9 Professor of Medicine 10 Division of Infectious Diseases 11 Department of Medicine 12 Emory University School of Medicine 13 Atlanta, Georgia 14 15 George K. Siberry, MD, MPH 16 Medical Officer 17 Adult Clinical Branch, Office of HIV/AIDS 18 S/GAC Senior Technical Advisor for Pediatrics 19 U.S. Agency for International Development 20 Arlington, Virginia 21 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 6 1 Sankar Swaminathan, MD 2 Professor and Chief, Division of Infectious 3 Diseases 4 Department of Internal Medicine 5 University of Utah School of Medicine 6 Salt Lake City, Utah 7 8 Peter Joseph Weina, PhD, MD 9 Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army 10 Branch Chief, Research Regulatory Oversight Office 11 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense 12 (Personnel and Readiness) 13 Defense Health Headquarters 14 Falls Church, Virginia 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 7 1 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS 2 (Non-Voting) 3 Nicholas A. Kartsonis, MD 4 (Industry Representative) 5 Sr. Vice President 6 Infectious Diseases & Vaccines, Clinical Research 7 Merck Research Laboratories 8 North Wales, Pennsylvania 9 10 TEMPORARY MEMBERS (Voting) 11 Judith Baker, DrPH, MHSA 12 (Consumer Representative) 13 Public Health Director 14 Western States Regional Hemophilia Network 15 Pacific Sickle Cell Regional Collaborative 16 Center for Inherited Blood Disorders 17 Adjunct Assistant Professor 18 UCLA-Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 19 Los Angeles, California 20 21 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 8 1 Catherine M. Brown, DVM, MSc, MPH 2 State Epidemiologist and State Public Health 3 Veterinarian 4 Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory 5 Sciences 6 Massachusetts Department of Public Health 7 National Association of State Public Health 8 Veterinarian’s Compendium of Animal Rabies 9 Control and Prevention, Co-chair 10 Boston, Massachusetts 11 12 James A. Ellison, PhD 13 (speaker and temporary member) 14 Microbiologist 15 Poxvirus and Rabies Branch 16 Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and 17 Pathology 18 National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic 19 Infectious Diseases 20 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 21 Atlanta, Georgia 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 9 1 Alexia Harrist, MD, PhD 2 State Health Officer and State Epidemiologist 3 Chief, Public Health Sciences Section 4 Public Health Division 5 Wyoming Department of Health 6 Cheyenne, Wyoming 7 8 Susan M. Moore, PhD, MS, HCLD(ABB), MT(ASCP)SBB 9 Clinical Assistant Professor/Rabies Laboratory 10 Director 11 Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory 12 College of Veterinary Medicine 13 Kansas State University 14 Manhattan, Kansas 15 16 Laura D. Porter, MD 17 (Patient Representative) 18 Cheverly, Maryland 19 20 21 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 10 1 FDA PARTICIPANTS (Non-Voting) 2 John Farley, MD, MPH 3 Deputy Director 4 Office of Antimicrobial Products (OAP) 5 Office of New Drugs (OND) 6 CDER, FDA 7 8 Debra Birnkrant, MD 9 Director 10 Division of Antiviral Products (DAVP) 11 OAP, OND, CDER, FDA 12 13 Jeffrey Murray, MD, MPH 14 Deputy Director 15 DAVP, OAP, OND, CDER, FDA 16 17 Stephanie Troy, MD 18 Medical Officer 19 DAVP, OAP, OND, CDER, FDA 20 21 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 11 1 Tanvir Bell, MD, FACP, FIDSA 2 Medical Officer 3 DAVP, OAP, OND, CDER, FDA 4 5 Damon Deming, PhD 6 Clinical Virology Reviewer 7 DAVP, OAP, OND, CDER, FDA 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 12 1 C O N T E N T S 2 AGENDA ITEM PAGE 3 Call to Order and Introduction of Committee 4 Lindsey Baden, MD 14 5 Conflict of Interest Statement 6 Lauren Tesh Hotaki, PharmD, BCPS 19 7 FDA Opening Remarks 8 Jeffrey Murray, MD 22 9 FDA Presentations 10 Background on Rabies and Why 11 Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) are Being 12 Developed for Rabies PEP 13 Tanvir Bell, MD, FACP, FIDSA 26 14 Neutralizing Activity of Anti-Rabies 15 Virus Antibodies in Cell Culture 16 Damon Deming, PhD 42 17 Speaker Presentation 18 Use of Animal Models in Rabies 19 Product Development 20 James Ellison, PhD 55 21 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 13 1 C O N T E N T S (continued) 2 AGENDA ITEM PAGE 3 FDA Presentations (continued) 4 Clinical Trials to Evaluate Rabies mAb 5 Cocktails as a Component of 6 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and a 7 Proposed Development Pathway 8 Stephanie Troy, MD 64 9 Clarifying Questions 90 10 Questions to the Committee and Discussion 221 11 Adjournment 340 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 14 1 P R O C E E D I N G S 2 (8:30 a.m.) 3 Call to Order 4 Introduction of Committee 5 DR. BADEN: Good morning. I'd like to call 6 this meeting to order. I would first like to 7 remind everyone to please silence your cell phones, 8 smartphones, and any other devices if you've not 9 already done so. I would also like to identify the 10 FDA press contact, Allison Hunt. If you are 11 present, please stand. Allison will be joining us 12 later. 13 My name is Dr. Lindsey Baden. I'm the 14 chairperson of the Antimicrobial Drugs Advisory 15 Committee, and I will be chairing this meeting. I 16 will now call this meeting to order. We'll start 17 by going around the table and introduce ourselves. 18 We'll start with the FDA to the far left. 19 DR. FARLEY: Good morning. John Farley, 20 deputy director of the Office of Antimicrobial 21 Products, CDER, FDA. 22 DR. BIRNKRANT: Good morning. Debbie A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 15 1 Birnkrant, director of Division of Antiviral 2 Products, FDA. 3 DR. MURRAY: Jeff Murray, deputy, Division 4 of Antiviral Products, FDA. 5 DR. TROY: Stephanie Troy, clinical 6 reviewer, Division of Antiviral Products, FDA. 7 DR. BELL: Tanvir Bell, medical officer, 8 Division of Antiviral Products, FDA. 9 DR. DEMING: Damon Deming, virology 10 reviewer, Division of Antiviral Products, FDA. 11 DR. SWAMINATHAN: Sankar Swaminathan, 12 University of Utah. 13 DR. SIBERRY: Good morning. George Siberry, 14 medical officer, USAID. 15 DR. GRIPSHOVER: Barb Gripshover, infectious 16 disease, Case Western Reserve University. 17 DR. GREEN: Michael Green, pediatric 18 infectious disease, Children's Hospital Pittsburgh 19 and the University of Pittsburgh School of 20 Medicine. 21 DR. WEINA: Good morning. Peter Weina, 22 infectious disease physician with the Office of the A Matter of Record (301) 890-4188 16 1 Undersecretary of Defense. 2 DR. HOTAKI: Lauren Hotaki, designated 3 federal officer. 4 DR. BADEN: Lindsey Baden, infectious 5 diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber 6 Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School in 7 Boston. 8 DR. CLARK: Nina Clark, infectious diseases, 9 Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, 10 Illinois. 11 DR. FOLLMANN: Dean Follmann, biostatistics, 12 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious 13 Diseases. 14 DR. OFOTOKUN: Igho Ofotokun, Emory 15 University in Atlanta, adult infectious diseases. 16 CAPT BURGESS: Tim Burgess, adult infectious 17 diseases, Uniformed Services University and DoD's 18 infectious disease clinical research program. 19 DR. PORTER: Laura Porter, patient 20 representative.
Recommended publications
  • Snake Bite Protocol
    Lavonas et al. BMC Emergency Medicine 2011, 11:2 Page 4 of 15 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-227X/11/2 and other Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center treatment of patients bitten by coral snakes (family Ela- staff. The antivenom manufacturer provided funding pidae), nor by snakes that are not indigenous to the US. support. Sponsor representatives were not present dur- At the time this algorithm was developed, the only ing the webinar or panel discussions. Sponsor represen- antivenom commercially available for the treatment of tatives reviewed the final manuscript before publication pit viper envenomation in the US is Crotalidae Polyva- ® for the sole purpose of identifying proprietary informa- lent Immune Fab (ovine) (CroFab , Protherics, Nash- tion. No modifications of the manuscript were requested ville, TN). All treatment recommendations and dosing by the manufacturer. apply to this antivenom. This algorithm does not con- sider treatment with whole IgG antivenom (Antivenin Results (Crotalidae) Polyvalent, equine origin (Wyeth-Ayerst, Final unified treatment algorithm Marietta, Pennsylvania, USA)), because production of The unified treatment algorithm is shown in Figure 1. that antivenom has been discontinued and all extant The final version was endorsed unanimously. Specific lots have expired. This antivenom also does not consider considerations endorsed by the panelists are as follows: treatment with other antivenom products under devel- opment. Because the panel members are all hospital- Role of the unified treatment algorithm
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Effects of Snake Envenoming
    toxins Review Long-Term Effects of Snake Envenoming Subodha Waiddyanatha 1,2, Anjana Silva 1,2 , Sisira Siribaddana 1 and Geoffrey K. Isbister 2,3,* 1 Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka; [email protected] (S.W.); [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (S.S.) 2 South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka 3 Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +612-4921-1211 Received: 14 March 2019; Accepted: 29 March 2019; Published: 31 March 2019 Abstract: Long-term effects of envenoming compromise the quality of life of the survivors of snakebite. We searched MEDLINE (from 1946) and EMBASE (from 1947) until October 2018 for clinical literature on the long-term effects of snake envenoming using different combinations of search terms. We classified conditions that last or appear more than six weeks following envenoming as long term or delayed effects of envenoming. Of 257 records identified, 51 articles describe the long-term effects of snake envenoming and were reviewed. Disability due to amputations, deformities, contracture formation, and chronic ulceration, rarely with malignant change, have resulted from local necrosis due to bites mainly from African and Asian cobras, and Central and South American Pit-vipers. Progression of acute kidney injury into chronic renal failure in Russell’s viper bites has been reported in several studies from India and Sri Lanka. Neuromuscular toxicity does not appear to result in long-term effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Snakebite: the World's Biggest Hidden Health Crisis
    Snakebite: The world's biggest hidden health crisis Snakebite is a potentially life-threatening neglected tropical disease (NTD) that is responsible for immense suffering among some 5.8 billion people who are at risk of encountering a venomous snake. The human cost of snakebite Snakebite Treatment Timeline Each year, approximately 5.4 million people are bitten by a snake, of whom 2.7 million are injected with venom. The first snake antivenom This leads to 400,000 people being permanently dis- produced, against the Indian Cobra. abled and between 83,000-138,000 deaths annually, Immunotherapy with animal- mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. 1895 derived antivenom has continued to be the main treatment for snakebite evenoming for 120 years Snakebite: both a consequence and a cause of tropical poverty The Fav-Afrique antivenom, 2014 produced by Sanofi Pasteur (France) Survivors of untreated envenoming may be left with permanently discontinued amputation, blindness, mental health issues, and other forms of disability that severely affect their productivity. World Health Organization Most victims are agricultural workers and children in 2018 (WHO) lists snakebite envenoming the poorest parts of Africa and Asia. The economic as a neglected tropical disease cost of treating snakebite envenoming is unimaginable in most communities and puts families and communi- ties at risk of economic peril just to pay for treatment. WHO launches a strategy to prevent and control snakebite envenoming, including a program targeting affected communities and their health systems Global antivenom crisis 2019 The world produces less than half of the antivenom it The Scientific Research Partnership needs, and this only covers 57% of the world’s species for Neglected Tropical Snakbites of venomous snake.
    [Show full text]
  • Bitis Arietans) Venom, and Their Neutralization by Antivenom
    Toxins 2014, 6, 1586-1597; doi:10.3390/toxins6051586 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Article In Vitro Toxic Effects of Puff Adder (Bitis arietans) Venom, and Their Neutralization by Antivenom Steven Fernandez 1, Wayne Hodgson 1, Janeyuth Chaisakul 2, Rachelle Kornhauser 1, Nicki Konstantakopoulos 1, Alexander Ian Smith 3 and Sanjaya Kuruppu 3,* 1 Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Building 13E, Wellington Road, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (S.F.); [email protected] (W.H.); [email protected] (R.K.); [email protected] (N.K.) 2 Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Building 77, Wellington Road, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel: +61-3-9902-9372; Fax: + 61-3-9902-9500. Received: 24 November 2013; in revised form: 6 April 2014 / Accepted: 4 May 2014 / Published: 19 May 2014 Abstract: This study investigated the in vitro toxic effects of Bitis arietans venom and the ability of antivenom produced by the South African Institute of Medical Research (SAIMR) to neutralize these effects. The venom (50 µg/mL) reduced nerve-mediated twitches of the chick biventer muscle to 19% ± 2% of initial magnitude (n = 4) within 2 h. This inhibitory effect of the venom was significantly attenuated by prior incubation of tissues with SAIMR antivenom (0.864 µg/µL; 67% ± 4%; P < 0.05; n = 3–5, unpaired t-test).
    [Show full text]
  • Medicines/Pharmaceuticals of Animal Origin V3.0 November 2020
    Medicines/pharmaceuticals of animal origin V3.0 November 2020 Medicines/pharmaceuticals of animal origin - This guideline provides information for all clinical staff within Hospital and Health Services (HHS) on best practice for avoidance of issues related to animal products. Medicines/pharmaceuticals of animal origin - V3.0 November 2020 Published by the State of Queensland (Queensland Health), November 2020 This document is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. To view a copy of this licence, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au © State of Queensland (Queensland Health) 2020 You are free to copy, communicate and adapt the work, as long as you attribute the State of Queensland (Queensland Health). For more information contact: Medication Services Queensland, Queensland Health, GPO Box 48, Brisbane QLD 4001, email [email protected] An electronic version of this document is available at https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/147507/qh-gdl-954.pdf Disclaimer: The content presented in this publication is distributed by the Queensland Government as an information source only. The State of Queensland makes no statements, representations or warranties about the accuracy, completeness or reliability of any information contained in this publication. The State of Queensland disclaims all responsibility and all liability (including without limitation for liability in negligence) for all expenses, losses, damages and costs you might incur as a result of the information being inaccurate
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology and Clinical Outcomes of Snakebite in the Elderly: a Toxic Database Study
    Clinical Toxicology ISSN: 1556-3650 (Print) 1556-9519 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ictx20 Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of snakebite in the elderly: a ToxIC database study Meghan B. Spyres, Anne-Michelle Ruha, Kurt Kleinschmidt, Rais Vohra, Eric Smith & Angela Padilla-Jones To cite this article: Meghan B. Spyres, Anne-Michelle Ruha, Kurt Kleinschmidt, Rais Vohra, Eric Smith & Angela Padilla-Jones (2018) Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of snakebite in the elderly: a ToxIC database study, Clinical Toxicology, 56:2, 108-112, DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1342829 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2017.1342829 Published online: 13 Jul 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 120 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ictx20 CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY, 2018 VOL. 56, NO. 2, 108–112 https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2017.1342829 CLINICAL RESEARCH Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of snakebite in the elderly: a ToxIC Ã database study Meghan B. Spyresa, Anne-Michelle Ruhab, Kurt Kleinschmidtc, Rais Vohrad, Eric Smithc and Angela Padilla-Jonesb aDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; bDepartment of Medical Toxicology, Banner-University Medical Center Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA; cDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Univesity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; dDepartment of Emergency Medicine, UCSF Fresno Medical Center, Fresno, CA, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Introduction: Epidemiologic studies of snakebites in the United States report typical victims to be Received 23 February 2017 young men.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyvalent Horse F(Ab`)2 Snake Antivenom: Development of Process to Produce Polyvalent Horse F(Ab`)2 Antibodies Anti-African Snake Venom
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9 (16), pp. 2446-2455, 19 April, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Polyvalent horse F(Ab`)2 snake antivenom: Development of process to produce polyvalent horse F(Ab`)2 antibodies anti-african snake venom R. G. Guidlolin1, R. M. Marcelino1, H. H. Gondo1, J. F. Morais1, R. A. Ferreira2, C. L. Silva2, T. L. Kipnis2, J. A. Silva2, J. Fafetine3 and W. D. da Silva2* 1Divisao Bioindustrial, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense – Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. 3Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique. Accepted 23 March, 2010 A method to obtain polyvalent anti-Bitis and polyvalent-anti-Naja antibodies was developed by immunizing horses with B. arietans, B. nasicornis, B. rhinoceros, N. melanoleuca and N. mossambica crude venoms. Antibody production was followed by the ELISA method during the immunization procedure. Once the desired anti-venom antibody titers were attained, horses were bled and the immunoglobulins were separated from the sera by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, cleaved with pepsin and filtered through a 30 kDa ultrafiltration membrane. F(ab´)2 fragments were further purified by Q-Fast Flow chromatography, concentrated by molecular ultrafiltration and sterilized by filtration through 0.22 m membranes. The resulting F(ab´)2 preparations were rich in intact L and in pieces of H IgG(T) chains, as demonstrated by electrophoresis and Western blot and exhibited high antibody titers, as assayed by the ELISA method.
    [Show full text]
  • Snakebite Management in Nepal
    NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR SNAKEBITE MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL 2019 Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population Department of Health Services Epidemiology and Disease Control Division Teku, Kathmandu NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR SNAKEBITE MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population Department of Health Services Epidemiology and Disease Control Division Teku, Kathmandu ii NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR SNAKEBITE MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 SNAKES OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE IN NEPAL 3 2.1 Elapidae Family 4 2.2 Viperidae Family 9 3 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF COMMON VENOMOUS SNAKES OF NEPAL 17 3.1 Local manifestations 18 3.2 Systemic manifestations 19 3.3 Clinical syndrome of snakebite envenoming in Nepal 27 3.4 Long term complications (sequelae) of snakebite envenoming 28 4 DIAGNOSIS OF SNAKEBITE ENVENOMING 29 5 MANAGEMENT OF SNAKEBITE ENVENOMING 31 5.1 First aid treatment and transport to the hospital 31 5.2 Rapid clinical assessment and resuscitation 36 5.3 Antivenom treatment 37 5.4 Supportive/ancillary treatment 42 5.5 Treatment of the bitten part 43 6 REFERRAL OF SNAKEBITE PATIENTS 45 7 ROLE OF DIFFERENT LEVEL OF HEALTH SERVICES FOR SNAKEBITE MANAGEMENT 47 8 MANAGEMENT OF SNAKEBITE ENVENOMING WHEN NO ANTIVENOM IS AVAILABLE 49 9 PREVENTION OF SNAKEBITE 51 iii NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR SNAKEBITE MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL ANNEXES Annexe 1: 20 minutes whole blood clotting test (20wbct) 58 Annexe 2: Treatment of antivenom reactions 60 Annexe 3: Airway protection and management 64 Annexe 4: Treatment of hypotension
    [Show full text]
  • Draft: Primary Health Care Services
    11/27/2019 DRAFT: PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES COUNCIL FOR MEDICAL SCHEMES Disclaimer The proposed set of services and interventions are a first step towards defining services that should be available in a primary health care setting. It should be noted that at this stage, these proposals comprise inputs by different stakeholders and do not represent the final views of the PMB Review Advisory Committee. Page 1 of 109 Acknowledgements This draft document is the culmination of a task that has involved many stakeholders. It benefitted greatly from ideas, inputs and review from a broad range of participation from providers, academia, funders, professional bodies and consumers. A special thanks to the PMB Review Advisory Committee for providing guidance on the review of the PMBs. A special tribute is paid to the clinical experts who contributed their time and experience to review the proposed package. Without their contributions, the Council for Medical Schemes would not have achieved this important milestone. The project was co-ordinated for the Council for Medical Schemes, by the Clinical Unit. Page 2 of 109 Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CMS Council for Medical Schemes DALYs Disability Adjusted Life Years DCSTs District Specialist Teams DTPs Diagnosis Treatment Pairs EPI Expanded Program on Immunisation GDP Gross Domestic Product HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus MCDA Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis MDGs Millennium Developmental Goals MDT Multi-Disciplinary Teams MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination MOCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment NDP National Developmental Plan NDoH National Department of Health NHI National Health Insurance NPC National Planning Commission PHC Primary Health Care PMBs Prescribed Minimum Benefits SDGs Sustainable Development Goals StatsSA Statistics South Africa TB Tuberculosis UHC Universal Health Coverage Page 3 of 109 Table of Contents Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines
    This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization WHO Technical Report Series 933 THE SELECTION AND USE OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES Report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2005 (including the 14th Model List of Essential Medicines) World Health Organization Geneva 2006 i WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data WHO Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines (14th : 2005: Geneva, Switzerland) The selection and use of essential medicines : report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2005 : (including the 14th model list of essential medicines). (WHO technical report series ; 933) 1.Essential drugs — standards 2.Formularies — standards 3.Drug information services — organization and administration 4.Drug utilization 5. Pharmaceutical preparations — classification 6.Guidelines I.Title II.Title: 14th model list of essential medicines III.Series. ISBN 92 4 120933 X (LC/NLM classification: QV 55) ISSN 0512-3054 © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publica- tions — whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution — should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Pasteur and Behringwerke Antivenoms In
    BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1 MARCH 1980 607 Comparison of Pasteur and Behringwerke antivenoms in envenoming by the carpet viper (Echis carinatus) Br Med J: first published as 10.1136/bmj.280.6214.607 on 1 March 1980. Downloaded from D A WARRELL, M J WARRELL, W EDGAR, C R M PRENTICE, JERRELL MATHISON, JOYCE MATHISON Summary and conclusions In 1975 two of us began to achieve good results with the Pasteur Echis antivenom at Bambur General Hospital, which admits over Bites and envenoming by the carpet viper Echis carinatus 100 cases of Echis bite each year. This studyis a formal compari- are common medical emergencies in parts ofNigeria, but son of these two antivenoms. the most effective use of the various commercially produced antivenoms in treatment has not been estab- lished. Pasteur Paris Echis monospecific and Behring- werke West and North Africa Bitis-Echis-Naja poly- Patients and methods specific antivenoms were compared in two groups of seven patients with incoagulable blood after E carinatus Patients-Fourteen patients with snake bites admitted to Bambur General Hospital in May and June 1977 were found to have in- bites. In both groups spontaneous bleeding stopped coagulable blood, which in West Africa is diagnostic of envenoming a few hours and local swelling within two within subsided by E carinatus.2 In six cases the dead snake was brought in and found weeks after the initial antivenom injection. Pasteur anti- to be E carinatus ocellatus Stemmler; the average length was 60 cm venom (20-40 ml) restored blood coagulability within 12 (these specimens were deposited at the British Museum, Natural hours in all cases, but 60-180 ml of Behringwerke anti- History (accession numbers 1979 31-6)).
    [Show full text]
  • Moringa Oleifera Extract Extenuates Echis Ocellatus Venom-Induced Toxicities, Histopathological Impairments and Inflammation Via Enhancement of Nrf2 Expression in Rats
    Article Moringa oleifera Extract Extenuates Echis ocellatus Venom-Induced Toxicities, Histopathological Impairments and Inflammation via Enhancement of Nrf2 Expression in Rats Akindele O. Adeyi 1,*, Sodiq O. Adeyemi 1, Enoh-Obong P. Effiong 1, Babafemi S. Ajisebiola 2, Olubisi E. Adeyi 3 and Adewale S. James 3 1 Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan P.M.B. 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria; [email protected] (S.O.A.); [email protected] (E.-O.P.E.) 2 Department of Zoology, Osun State University, Oshogbo P.M.B. 230212, Osun State, Nigeria; [email protected] 3 Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria; [email protected] (O.E.A.); [email protected] (A.S.J.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +234-80-3069-2698 Abstract: Echis ocellatus snakebite causes more fatalities than all other African snake species combined. Moringa oleifera reportedly possesses an antivenom property. Therefore, we evaluated the effective- ness of M. oleifera ethanol extract (MOE) against E. ocellatus venom (EOV) toxicities. Thirty male rats were grouped as follows (n = 5): Group 1 (normal control received saline), groups 2 to 6 were administered intraperitoneally, 0.22 mg/kg (LD50) of EOV. Group 2 was left untreated while group 3 to 6 were treated post-envenoming with 0.2 mL of polyvalent antivenom, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of MOE respectively. MOE significantly (p < 0.05) normalized the altered haematological indices and Citation: Adeyi, A.O.; Adeyemi, blood electrolytes profiles. MOE attenuated venom-induced cellular dysfunctions, characterized by a S.O.; Effiong, E.-O.P.; Ajisebiola, B.S.; Adeyi, O.E.; James, A.S.
    [Show full text]