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The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization WHO Technical Report Series 933 THE SELECTION AND USE OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES Report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2005 (including the 14th Model List of Essential Medicines) World Health Organization Geneva 2006 i WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data WHO Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines (14th : 2005: Geneva, Switzerland) The selection and use of essential medicines : report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2005 : (including the 14th model list of essential medicines). (WHO technical report series ; 933) 1.Essential drugs — standards 2.Formularies — standards 3.Drug information services — organization and administration 4.Drug utilization 5. Pharmaceutical preparations — classification 6.Guidelines I.Title II.Title: 14th model list of essential medicines III.Series. ISBN 92 4 120933 X (LC/NLM classification: QV 55) ISSN 0512-3054 © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publica- tions — whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution — should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distin- guished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. This publication contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization. Typeset in China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Open session 2 3. Update on current activities on selection and rational use 3 3.1 Dissemination of the previous report of the Expert Committee (including the 13th Model List) 3 3.2 WHO Model Formulary and WHO Essential Medicines Library 4 3.3 Plans for further revisions of the Model List and WHO model formulary 4 3.4 Review of essential medicines for reproductive health 5 3.5 Review of the Interagency Emergency Health Kit 2005 5 3.6 Report of the WHO Advisory Committee on Safety of Medicinal Products 6 3.7 Update on current activities in the field of rational use of medicines 6 3.8 Report of the Critically Important Antibiotics for Human Health Meeting, Canberra, Australia, 15–17 February 2005 7 3.9 Update on the Priority Medicines Project 8 3.10 Collaboration with the International Society of Drug Bulletins 8 3.11 Discussion 8 4. Changes made in revising the Model List 9 4.1 Applications for deletions 9 4.1.1 Aminophylline and theophylline 9 4.1.2 Atropine 10 4.1.3 Calcium gluconate 10 4.1.4 Clonazepam 11 4.1.5 Codeine 11 4.1.6 Colchicine 12 4.1.7 Cromoglycic acid 12 4.1.8 Diethyltoluamide 13 4.1.9 Ergotamine 13 4.1.10 Ergometrine 14 4.1.11 Ether 14 4.1.12 Factors VIII and IX concentrates 15 4.1.13 Imipenem + cilastatin 16 4.1.14 Isoprenaline 17 4.1.15 Levofloxacin 17 4.1.16 Local anaesthetic, astringent or anti-inflammatory as antihaemhorrhoidal medicines 18 4.1.17 Medroxyprogesterone acetate (depot injection 150mg/ml) 18 4.1.18 Medroxyprogesterone acetate (tablet 5mg) 19 4.1.19 Nalidixic acid 19 4.1.20 Niclosamide 20 4.1.21 Nifedipine 20 4.1.22 Oxamniquine 21 iii 4.1.23 Polygeline 21 4.1.24 Procainamide 22 4.1.25 Pyrantel 22 4.1.26 Quinidine 23 4.1.27 Salbutamol 23 4.1.28 Silver nitrate eye solution 23 4.1.29 Sodium fluoride 24 4.1.30 Spectinomycin 24 4.1.31 Sun protection agents 25 4.1.32 Thioacetazone + isoniazid 25 4.1.33 Triclabendazole 27 4.2 Applications for additions 27 4.2.1 Caffeine citrate 27 4.2.2 Cefixime 28 4.2.3 Clotrimazole 28 4.2.4 Combination injectable contraceptives 29 4.2.5 Emtricitabine 29 4.2.6 Emtricitabine + tenofovir fixed-dose combination 30 4.2.7 Etonogestrel-releasing implant 30 4.2.8 Ibuprofen paediatric suspension 31 4.2.9 Levonorgestrel-releasing implant 32 4.2.10 Levonorgestrel-releasing IUD 32 4.2.11 Methadone and buprenorphine 33 4.2.12 Methoxyflurane 34 4.2.13 Miltefosine 35 4.2.14 Nifedipine 35 4.2.15 Mifepristone with misoprostol 36 4.2.16 Misoprostol, low dose 37 4.2.17 Nifedipine 38 4.2.18 Tenofovir 38 4.2.19 Zinc sulfate 39 4.3 Other changes 40 4.3.1 Alcuronium and vecuronium 40 4.3.2 Antiretroviral medicines 40 4.3.3 Ceftriaxone 1g injection 41 4.3.4 Immunoglobulin, human normal 41 4.3.5 Labetalol 42 4.3.6 Prostaglandins for postpartum haemorrhage 43 5. Reviews of sections of the Model List 43 5.1 Beta-lactam medicines 43 5.2 General anaesthetics and oxygen 44 5.3 Muscle relaxants 44 5.4 Ophthalmological preparations 44 6. Rare diseases 44 7. Future priorities 45 7.1 Summary of recommendations — additions, changes and deletions to the Model List 45 7.2 Methodological issues 48 7.3 Rational medicine use 48 iv References 49 Annex 1 The 14th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines 54 Annex 2 The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system 93 Alphabetical list of essential medicines (with ATC classification code numbers) 112 v WHO Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines Geneva, 7–11 March 2005 Members Dr T.I. Bhutta, International Paediatric Association, Lahore, Pakistan Dr P.M. de Buschiazzo, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Univer- sity of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina Dr A. Helali, Director, Centre National de Pharmacovigilance et Matériovigilance, Ministère de la Santé et de la Population, Algiers, Algeria Dr S. Hill, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia (Rapporteur) Dr J.-R. Laporte, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Fundacio Institut Català de Farmacologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Chairman) Mr D. Mehta, Executive Editor, British National Formulary, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, London, England Dr E.M.A. Ombaka, Coordinator, Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network, Nairobi, Kenya Dr Marcus M. Reidenberg, Chief, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA Dr S. Suryawati, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Clinical Phar- macology and Drug Policy Studies, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Dr L. Wannmacher, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Dr L. Ziganshina, Kazan State Medical Academy, Department of Clinical Pharma- cology and Pharmacotherapy, Kazan, Russian Federation Representatives of other organizations* Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Dr Julian Fleet, Senior Adviser, Care and Public Policy, UNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Ms T. Huong Ha, Pharmaceuticals and Micronutrients, Supply Division UNICEF, Copenhagen, Denmark United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Dr G. Walker, Director, Country Services Team for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Bratislava, Slovakia Dr Vincent Fauveau, Maison Internationale de l’environnement, Chatelaine, Geneva, Switzerland * Unable to attend: the World Bank and the WHO Collaborating Cetre for International Drug Monitoring. vi Secretariat Dr L.A. Bero, University of California at San Franscisco, San Francisco, CA, USA (Temporary Adviser) Dr J. Collier, International Society of Drug Bulletins, Medicines Policy Unit, Pharma- cology and Clinical Pharmacology, St George’s Hospital Medical School, London, England ( Temporary Adviser) Dr L.G. Cuervo-Amore, Clinical Evidence, BMA House, London, England (Tempo- rary Adviser) Dr A. Gray, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, South Africa (Temporary Adviser) Dr R. Gray, Medical Officer, Policy, Access and Rational Use, Department of Medicines Policy and Standards, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland Dr U. Gupta, Delhi Society for Promotion of Rational Use Of Drugs, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India (Temporary Adviser) Dr H.V. Hogerzeil, Director, Department of Medicines Policy and Standards, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (Secretary) Dr R.O. Laing, Medical Officer, Policy Access and Rational Use, Department of Medicines Policy and Standards, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland Dr V.K. Lepakhin, Assistant Director-General, Health Technology and Pharmaceu- ticals (HTP Cluster), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland Dr Y. Li, Chinese Cochrane Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China (Temporary Adviser) Dr A.G. Miranda, HIV-TB Care and Treatment Team, Global AIDS Program, Na- tional Centers for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA (Temporary Adviser) Dr G.
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