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Courthouse-Narrative.Pdf
Second Leesburg Courthouse, 1815 REPORT OF THE LOUDOUN COUNTY HERITAGE COMMISSION THE HISTORY OF THE COUNTY COURTHOUSE AND ITS ROLE IN THE PATH TO FREEDOM, JUSTICE AND RACIAL EQUALITY IN LOUDOUN COUNTY March 1, 2019 Robert A. Pollard, Editor This report is not intended to be a complete history of the Loudoun County Courthouse, but contains a series of vignettes, representations of specific events and people, selected statistics, reprints of published articles, original articles by Commissioners, copies of historic documents and other materials that help illustrate its role in the almost three century struggle to find justice for all people in Loudoun County. Attachment 2 Page 2 MEMBERS OF HERITAGE COMMISSION COURTHOUSE SUBCOMMITTEE Co-Chairs – Donna Bohanon, Robert A. Pollard Members –Mitch Diamond, Lori Kimball, Bronwen Souders, Michelle Thomas, William E. Wilkin, Kacey Young. Staff – Heidi Siebentritt, John Merrithew TABLE OF CONTENTS Prologue -- p. 3 Overview Time Line of Events in Loudoun County History -- pp. 4-8 Brief History of the Courthouse and the Confederate Monument -- pp. 9-12 I: The Period of Enslavement Enslavement, Freedom and the Courthouse 1757-1861 -- pp. 13-20 Law and Order in Colonial Loudoun (1768) -- pp. 21-23 Loudoun and the Revolution, 1774-1776 -- pp. 24-25 Ludwell Lee, Margaret Mercer and the Auxiliary Colonization Society of Loudoun County -- pp. 27-28 Loudoun, Slavery and Three Brave Men (1828) -- pp. 29-31 Joseph Trammell’s Tin Box -- p. 32 Petition from Loudoun County Court to expel “Free Negroes” to Africa (1836) -- pp. 33-35 The Leonard Grimes Trial (1840) -- pp. 36-37 Trial for Wife Stealing (1846) -- pp. -
Underground Railroad Activists in Washington, D.C
This abolitionistsong sheet depicts the undergroundrailroad as a freedom train. Abolitionists demanded"Immediate Emancipation" and warnedopponents to "GetOff the Track." Courtesy, Libraryof Congress. 28 UndergroundRailroad Activists in Washington,D.C. by Hilary Russell Underground Railroad was a existed except in legend, but more localized series of efforts, whether highly networks did. Theiroperations were partic- organized, spontaneous, successful, ularly important in the border states or failed, to assist those fleeing from slav- between slave and free lands. Men and ery by providing them with forged passes, women from almost all walks of life partici- transportation,shelter, and other necessary pated in these local networks, though the resources.Such efforts, in violation of state participation of African Americans, both and federal laws, occurred everywhere free and enslaved, was especially crucial to slavery existed. An estimated 100,000 their success. In the antebellum period, the bondsmen and women successfully assistance that such networks provided to escaped to freedom between the Revolu- runaways undermined the institution of tionaryEra and the Civil War,though some slavery and profoundly unsettled slave- did so with little or no covert assistance. holders, contributingto widening divisions The metaphor "undergroundrailroad" between North and South and the passage came into being in the 1830s as a potent of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850. Such weapon in the propaganda war to win underground railroad operations also pro- hearts and minds to the cause of abolition. duced a diverse pantheon of American It conjured up a clandestine and highly heroes, one that extends from millionaires organized national network of "conduc- like GerritSmith and Louis Tappan to for- tors" and "station masters" ever ready to mer runaways like Harriet Tubman and offer assistance to the runaways who were FrederickDouglass. -
COLLEGE of LETTERS and SCIENCE a Showcase of the People and Progress in the UCLA College of Letters and Science
Winter 2011 Volume Fifteen COLLEGE OF LETTERS AND SCIENCE A showcase of the people and progress in the UCLA College of Letters and Science 8 10 12 Making Sense of Our Life Lessons: The Changing Nature of 6 Inner Worlds Beyond the Lecture Hall Forging Friendships Migra Shelley Taylor, winner of the 2010 At the first College Summer Institute, A new study of students on Historian Kelly Lytle Hernández has Lifetime Achievement Award from the new Bruins got a head start on Facebook by sociologists traced the little-known history of how American Psychological Association, is university life that included a Andreas Wimmer and Kevin Lewis Mexican immigrants slowly became a founder of three fields in psychology civic engagement project to deepen found that race is trumped by the primary target of U.S. immigration that explore the issues that profoundly their involvement in the campus social connections and geographic law enforcement. affect mental and physical health. community. origins in friendship-building. On the cover: The Complexity of Emotion A Wondrous Machine to Unlock the Secrets of the The UCLA Physics & Astronomy Building, Harryette Mullen, professor of home to state-of-the-art research and English and winner of the 2010 Universe education space for the sciences. Jackson Prize for Poetry, uses UCLA scientists are playing her writings to explore globalism, Photo by Reed Hutchinson pivotal roles in the international the African American experience, consortium of researchers women’s issues, and a love of seeking fundamental insights wordplay. about the Big Bang. 14 16 S n a p s h o t s College News Great Futures for the College An update of events and progress The impact of philanthropy in the UCLA College of Letters on the College. -
Marcus 16 Years Old House Servant at Mount Vernon Hercules “Uncle Harkless” 43 Years Old Father of Three Children Personal C
Marcus Hercules “Uncle Harkless” 16 Years Old 43 Years Old Father of Three Children House Servant at Mount Vernon Personal Chef to General Geo. Washington Chief Cook at Mansion House Earned a salary of one to two hundred dollars a year by selling leftovers from the presidential kitchen. Kitt Caesar 25 Years Old 45 - 50 Years Old Father of Two Spiritual Leader of the Enslaved Community Wife died in childbirth with second child. at Mount Vernon Carpenter Washington’s Union Farm Field Hand Thomas Christopher Sheels (Father was free and white) 13 Years Old 25 Years Old Field Hand Received permission to marry a woman from (Father was sold to the West Indies by a neighboring farm. George Washington when he was captured after escaping from Mount Vernon) Personal Assistant to George Washington Billy Lee Slammin’ Joe 40 Years Old 45 Years Old Married a Free Black Woman in Philadelphia Married to Silla at Dogue Run Farm ● Served as Washington’s huntsman Six Children prior to Revolutionary War. ● Served with Washington during the Revolutionary War. Ditcher at the Mansion House Farm ● Shoemaker to other slaves at Mt. (A ditcher helped drain marshy lands so they Vernon after the Revolutionary War. were suitable for farming) Savary Austin Son of a ditcher and a field hand. 25 Years Old 11 Years Old Waiter at the Mansion House. Assisted with the care of the animals at Dogue Run Farm. Married to Charlotte Five children Simms Tom Davis 17 Years Old 25 Years Old Carpenter’s Apprentice at Dower House Brick Layer (Temporarily relocated to Mr. -
The American Contradiction: Conceived in Liberty, Born in Shackles Kenneth C
Social Education 84(2), p. 76–82 ©2020 National Council for the Social Studies The American Contradiction: Conceived in Liberty, Born in Shackles Kenneth C. Davis America was conceived in liberty and But “The past is never dead,” as must acknowledge that slavery rocked born in shackles. This is the Great William Faulkner, a son of the South, the cradle of American history. Contradiction at the heart of our nation’s once wrote. “It’s not even past.” We need a new framework to teach story. Let’s be clear. American slavery was that subject. I believe it must begin When the United States of America not a minor subplot in the American with five central points about the role was founded in 1776, the Founding drama, but one of the central acts in its that racial slavery played in the found- Fathers declared the lofty ideal of “all history. For many years, the long, tragic ing, creation, and development of the Men are created equal.” The Framers narrative of slavery’s destructive power American republic. We must weave of the Constitution later set out to form and its cruel savagery were concealed these fundamental facts into the bed- a “more perfect Union” to secure “the rock of how we teach American History Blessings of Liberty.” and Civics. But among their ranks were many men “Let’s be clear. American who bought, sold, and enslaved people. •Enslaved people were in America Slavery was present at the nation’s birth slavery was not a minor before the Mayflower Pilgrims. and was essential to the foundation of subplot in the American the political and economic power that In August 1619, a shipload of Africans built the country in the early nineteenth drama, but one of the captured to be sold arrived in Jamestown, century. -
ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S WHITE DREAM (Johnson Publishing, 1999)
GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE 1 TWO PRESIDENTS, EMBODIMENTS OF AMERICAN RACISM “Lincoln must be seen as the embodiment, not the transcendence, of the American tradition of racism.” — Lerone Bennett, Jr., FORCED INTO GLORY: ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S WHITE DREAM (Johnson Publishing, 1999) 1. “Crosseyed people look funny.” — This is the 1st known image of Lincoln, a plate that was exposed in about 1846. Lincoln had a “lazy eye,” and at that early point the Daguerreotypists had not yet learned how to pose their subjects in order to evade the problem of one eye staring off at an angle. This wasn’t just Susan B. Anthony, and Francis Ellingwood Abbot, and Abraham Lincoln, and Jean-Paul Sartre, and Galileo Galilei, and Ben Turpin and Marty Feldman. Actually, this is a very general problem, with approximately one person out of every 25 to 50 suffering from some degree of strabismus (termed crossed eyes, lazy eye, turned eye, squint, double vision, floating, wandering, wayward, drifting, truant eyes, wall eyes described as having “one eye in York and the other in Cork”). Strabismus that is congenital, or develops in infancy, can create a brain condition known as amblyopia, in which to some degree the input from an eye are ignored although it is still capable of sight — or at least privileges inputs from the other eye. An article entitled “Was Rembrandt stereoblind?,” outlining research by Professor Margaret Livingstone of Harvard University and colleagues, was published in the September 14, 2004, issue of the _New England Journal of Medicine_. Rembrandt, a prolific painter of self-portraits, producing almost 100 if we include some 20 etchings. -
“Ona” Judge Staines, Or
ONEY “ONA” JUDGE STAINES, OR, HOW DADDY-O GEORGE FUCKED WITH HIS SLAVES “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Oney “Ona” Staines HDT WHAT? INDEX ONEY “ONA” STAINES ONEY “ONA” JUDGE 1752 July: Upon the death of his half-brother Lawrence Washington, George Washington inherited rights to the Mount Vernon plantation in Virginia, inclusive of 18 slaves. (The ledgers and account books which he kept show that he then bought slaves when necessary and possible, to replenish this original 18. In the account books of Washington, the entries show that in 1754 he bought two males and a female; in 1756, two males, two females and a child, etc. In 1759, the year in which he was married, his wife Martha, brought him 39 “dower-Negroes.” He kept separate records of these Negroes all his life and mentions them as a separate unit in his will. Washington purchased his slaves in Alexandria from Mr. Piper and perhaps in the District in 1770 “went over to Colo. Thos. Moore’s Sale and purchased two Negroes. During Washington’s lifetime, the number of slaves would increase to 200.) It would seem that during Washington’s youth, he would be rather casual in regard to the lives and fortunes of black slaves. For instance, Henry Wiencek reports in AN IMPERFECT GOD: GEORGE WASHINGTON, HIS SLAVES, AND THE CREATION OF AMERICA (NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2003) that at one point, the young man found it not to be beneath him, to participate in a lottery some of the prizes of which were slave children! November 4, Saturday: La clemenza di Tito, a dramma per musica by Christoph Willibald Gluck to words of Metastasio, was performed for the initial time, in the Teatro San Carlo of Naples. -
Fall 2008 – No
The National Underground Railroad National Park Service Network to Freedom Program US Department of the Interior National Capital Region Washington, DC THE CONDUCTOR (Fall 2008 – No. 24) New NCR Network to Freedom Members The Site of John Little’s Manor House (DC) in Kalorama Park was the residence of freedom seeker Hortense Prout who was found in a Union army camp. The Northampton Slave Quarters and Archaeological Park (Prince George’s County, Maryland) was the starting point for eight bondsmen escaping from the Sprigg family. The Freedom Site for Emily Plummer (Prince George’s County, Maryland) is now called Riversdale, and was where her husband brought her back from jail in Baltimore. NATIONAL HARRIET TUBMAN PARKS APPROACHING REALITY The momentum toward national commemoration of Harriet Tubman is growing. Along with Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman is a bigger-than-life figure identified with the Underground Railroad and known by school children across the United States. Tubman’s House in Auburn 1 Despite the fact that the Harriet Tubman acreage is within Blackwater National Special Resource Study has not yet been Wildlife Refuge or is private property presented by NPS to Congress, a bill to adjoining the refuge. The Harriet Tubman establish two NPS units has been National Historical Park in upper New introduced to Congress. On August 1, York State would include Tubman’s 2008, US Senators Benjamin L. Cardin home, the Home for the Aged she and Barbara A. Mikulski from Maryland founded, the local AME Zion Church, and joined Senators Hilary Rodham Clinton the cemetery where she is buried. -
Biographical Sketches of the Slaves Portrayed In
Biographical Sketches of the Slaves Portrayed in I Ain’t No Three Fifths of a Person: Slavery and the Constitution & Hear My Story: The Enslaved Community at Mount Vernon William “Billy” Lee Caroline Banham Christopher Sheels Slammin’ Joe Oney Judge Robert “Bob” Hemings With the generous support of the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation, George Washington’s Mount Vernon Estate, Museum & Gardens and the Fairfax Network partnered to provide schools with engaging programs. Watch I Ain't No Three Fifths of a Person: Slavery and the Constitution on our YouTube channel at http://bit.ly/2mzjQ9w. Watch Hear My Story: The Enslaved Community at Mount Vernon on our YouTube channel at http://bit.ly/2mzjQ9w. Fairfax Network https://www.fcps.edu/news-and-calendars/fairfax-network [email protected] Biographical Sketches of the Slaves Portrayed in I Ain’t No Three Fifths of a Person: Slavery and the Constitution & Hear My Story: The Enslaved Community at Mount Vernon William "Billy" Lee George Washington purchased William Lee (also known as Billy or Will) in 1768. Through primary source research, we believe Billy was at least 16 years old at the time. Early records refer to him as Washington's "huntsman", which means that he would have accompanied Washington on foxhunts and most likely helped manage his hounds. Washington was considered the best horseman in Virginia and several accounts reflect on Billy's skill as well. Billy eventually became Washington's body servant or valet d'chambre. This position kept him by Washington's side throughout the day and responsible for a number of duties including laying out clothes, helping Washington dress, serving meals as needed, delivering personal correspondence as well as a variety of other tasks. -
Leonard Grimes by Deborah A. Lee from Essence of a People II: African Americans Who Made Their Lives Anew in Loudoun County, Virginia, and Beyond
Leonard Grimes by Deborah A. Lee from Essence of A People II: African Americans Who Made Their Lives Anew in Loudoun County, Virginia, and Beyond Leonard Andrew Grimes was a twelve-year-old “very bright mulatto boy” when his parents, Andrew and Polly Grimes, registered their status as free Negroes in 1826 at the Loudoun County Court House in Leesburg. The boy had been born free in Leesburg, but for all blacks in the South, freedom was relative and often tenuous. As a youth, Grimes worked for a butcher and an apothecary in Washington, D.C., but maintained his ties to Loudoun. And, in 1834, when Grimes would have been about twenty years of age, he registered his free status at the courthouse in Leesburg. For a time he worked for a slaveholder, traveling with him to the Deep South. There, he witnessed slavery at its harshest and vowed to combat the institution. Returning to Washington in the middle or late 1830s, he established himself as a hackney carriage driver, providing transportation for politicians, professional, and other in the nation’s capital and well beyond the capital’s environs. He married, fathered two children, purchased property at the corner of H and 22nd Streets, and earned the respect of the blacks and whites who knew him. But Grimes was also leading a secret life. At great risk to himself and his family, he became a part of the Underground Railroad, a network of assistance given to slaves escaping to the North. He served as a conductor, a role for which his job as a hackney driver gave him the perfect cover. -
2А–Аwho Claims
2 – Who Claims Me? By Gary Collison 1851: Boston becomes the center of the abolitionist movement From the beginning of the slave trade in the colonies, Black women and men rebelled against the brutal institution. In the fields, slaves engaged in passive resistance by refusing to work. Some organized armed uprisings. Many followed the abolitionist advice to "vote for freedom with their feet" by fleeing their masters. By the mid19th century, thousands of slaves were escaping each year on the legendary Underground Railroad. To appease Southern slaveholders, Congress passed a harsh new Fugitive Slave Law in 1850. The measure obligated all citizens to aid federal agents in recapturing runaways and imposed severe penalties on anyone assisting escaped slaves. Black abolitionists many of whom were former slaves themselves joined with their White allies to vehemently denounce the measure. In Boston, widely regarded as the center of the abolition movement, Black leaders called on citizens "to trample this law underfoot" and "to make Massachusetts a battlefield in defense of liberty." It wouldn't take long before they had a chance to act on their pledge of resistance. In Boston, the 15th of February, 1851, was a dreary, raindrenched day in the middle of a winter thaw. At the Cornhill Coffee House in the heart of downtown, young Shadrach Minkins bent over his early morning customers as they sipped their coffee. A fugitive slave from Norfolk, Va., Minkins had escaped to Boston only nine months before. He had been lucky to find this job as a waiter at one of the city's most popular restaurants soon after arriving. -
Dr. Yevette Richards Preferred Contact Method: E
Dr. Yevette Richards Preferred contact method: e-mail through Blackboard (courses.gmu.edu) Office Location: Robinson Hall B 373C History and Art History Office Phone: 703-993-1250 Office Hours: Tuesdays 1:30 to 3:30; Thursdays 1:30-2:30 or by appointment COURSE SYLLABUS Women Preachers, Teachers, Activists and Captives during the Enslavement Era HIST 389-003 Class Location: Robinson Hall A412 TR 12:00pm - 1:15pm Course Description This course examines the history of African American women in antebellum America, both the general experiences of enslaved and nominally free women, and the lives of noted women who were involved in the public arena as orators, writers, preachers, abolitionists and women's rights activists. Within the context of the national political debates and compromises that took place on the issue of slavery and the status of free blacks, the course uses an intersectional analysis in examining the effect of gender, class and race on the development of ideologies concerning abolition, colonization, women’s rights and enslavement. Course Books Marilyn Richardson, Maria W. Stewart, America's First Black Woman Political Writer: Essays and Speeches William L. Andrews, Six Women's Slave Narratives Dorothy Sterling, We are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century Bert James Loewenberg and Ruth Bogin, Black Women in Nineteenth-Century American Life: Their Words, Their Thoughts, Their Feelings To find journal articles on E-Journal - Go to http://library.gmu.edu/ - Search for electronic journals and publications under “Articles and more.” - Some databases may only have the abstract so try another one if you have a choice In your search with the E-Journal Finder, do not include “The” or “A” at the beginning.