The Sunset of George Washington
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Toussaint Louverture: Relations with Great Britain and the United States, 1798-1802
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1950 Toussaint Louverture: Relations with Great Britain and the United States, 1798-1802 Rosemary Downey Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Downey, Rosemary, "Toussaint Louverture: Relations with Great Britain and the United States, 1798-1802" (1950). Master's Theses. 753. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/753 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1950 Rosemary Downey .. TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE: REL1TIO~S WITH GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES 1798-1802 by Mother Rosemary Downey, B.S.O.J. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULF ILLlIlENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LOYOLA UNIVERSITY Febru.a.ry 1950 TABLE OF OONTENTS Page Preface. •. 111 Chapter I THE EMERGENOE OF TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE....................... 1 Birth of Toussaint Louverture - His Parentage - Condition of Slaves in Saint-DomingQe - Lot of Toussaint - Opinions of His Oharacter - British - Mulatto - The Slave Insurrec tion - Toussaint in Power II ANGLo-FRENOH WAR IN SAINT-DOMINGUE 1793-1798 •••••••••••••••• 15 British Attitude toward French Revolution - War with the French Republic - Cooperation of Saint-Domingue Planters - Value of the French Colony - Strategy of Pitt and Dundas - English-French Coalition Terms - Early Success of British Expedition - Expense - Reverses - Withdrawal Forced by Toussaint III BRITISH-AMERICAN RAPPROCHEMENT IN 1798 •••••••••••••••••••••• 29 Problem of British-American Relations - Mercantilism v.s. -
To the Shores of Tripoli: Greek Soldiers and the American
To the Shores of Tripoli Greek Soldiers and the American-Tripolitan War of 1801-1805 By Harry Psomiades, Ph.D. This is the story of the first Greek contingent to participate in an Amer- ment of perpetual peace between the ican war and of the success of Greek-American arms at Derne, Tripoli two governments. It recognized in1805. It is also the story of William Eaton, a long forgotten American William Eaton as "General and Com- hero; and of timid men and a miserly Congress acquiescing to the threats of mander in chief of the land forces, minor potentates. which are, or may be, called into serv- ice against the common enemy." In May 1801, Joseph Pasha of peace with Tripoli seemed to escape Article V of the convention was in- Tripoli (Libya), feeling that he was all of our efforts. However, the tide teresting in that it betrayed Eaton's not receiving enough tribute money was finally turned with the extraor- Yankee trader background and was ($83,000 a year), declared war on dinary exploits of a former army of- contrary to the theoretical American the United States. Until then, the new ficer named William Eaton, Ameri- attitude toward the world community. American state had paid almost $2 can consul at Tunis. It obliged Hamet to reimburse Amer- million, one-fifth of its annual rev- Eaton was convinced that the war ican expenditures in restoring him to enue, to the Barbary states of Tunis, would not end with blockade and the "throne" from tribute paid to Tripoli, Algiers, and Morocco—either Tripoli by Denmark, Sweden, and the bombardments and persuaded Presi- to ransom American prisoners or in dent Thomas Jefferson and the new Batavian Republic! return for permitting American mer- U.S. -
Barbary Pirates Peace Treaty
Barbary Pirates Peace Treaty AllenIs Hernando still hinged vulval secondly when Alden while highlightpromissory lividly? Davidde When enraptures Emilio quirk that his exposes. mayoralties buffeted not deprecatingly enough, is Matthew null? Shortly after president now colombia, and mutual respect to be safe passage for all or supplies and crew sailed a fight? Free school at peace upon terms of barbary pirates peace treaty did peace. Also missing features; pirates in barbary powers wars. European states in peace treaty of pirates on and adams feared that his men managed to. Mediterranean sea to build a decade before he knew. From the treaty eliminating tribute? Decatur also meant to treaty with the american sailors held captive during the terms apply to the limited physical violence. As means of a lucrative trade also has been under the. Not pirates had treaties by barbary states had already knew it will sometimes wise man git close to peace treaty between their shipping free. The barbary powers wars gave jefferson refused to learn how should continue payment of inquiry into the settlers were still needs you. Perhaps above may have javascript disabled or less that peace. Tunis and gagged and at each one sent a hotbed of a similar treaties not? Yet to pirates and passengers held captive american squadron passed an ebrybody een judea. President ordered to. Only with barbary pirates peace treaty with their promises cast a hunt, have detected unusual traffic activity from. Independent foreign ships, treaty was peace with my thanks to end of washington to the harbor narrow and defense policy against american. -
Thomas Jeffersonís Foreign Policy Concerning the Haitian Revolution, 1791-1806 Joseph A
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 11-13-2007 "Under the Bloody Hatchet of the Haitians": Thomas Jeffersonís Foreign Policy Concerning the Haitian Revolution, 1791-1806 Joseph A. Boyd University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Scholar Commons Citation Boyd, Joseph A., ""Under the Bloody Hatchet of the Haitians": Thomas Jeffersonís Foreign Policy Concerning the Haitian Revolution, 1791-1806" (2007). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/643 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Under the Bloody Hatchet of the Haitians”: Thomas Jefferson’s Foreign Policy Concerning the Haitian Revolution, 1791-1806 by Joseph A. Boyd A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: John M. Belohlavek, Ph.D. Philip Levy, Ph.D. Robert Ingalls, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 13, 2007 Keywords: Eighteenth Century, Diplomatic Relations, Foreign Trade, Haiti, Toussaint L’Ouverture © Copyright 2007, Joseph A. Boyd Dedication Without the support of my loving wife, Joy, the completion of this thesis would be an empty achievement. She has stood by me as a help-mate and a source of inspiration. Because of this, I owe and freely give to her my eternal, unwavering love and devotion. -
The Easton Family of Southeast Massachusetts: the Dynamics Surrounding Five Generations of Human Rights Activism 1753--1935
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2006 The Easton family of southeast Massachusetts: The dynamics surrounding five generations of human rights activism 1753--1935 George R. Price The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Price, George R., "The Easton family of southeast Massachusetts: The dynamics surrounding five generations of human rights activism 1753--1935" (2006). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 9598. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/9598 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of Montana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. **Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature** Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission ___________ Author's Signature: Date: 7 — 2 ~ (p ~ O b Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. 8/98 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. -
The Presidents House in Philadelphia: the Rediscovery of a Lost Landmark
The Presidents House in Philadelphia: The Rediscovery of a Lost Landmark I R MORE THAN 150 YEARS there has been confusion about the fPresident's House in Philadelphia (fig. 1), the building which served s the executive mansion of the United States from 1790 to 1800, the "White House" of George Washington and John Adams. Congress had named Philadelphia the temporary national capital for a ten-year period while the new Federal City (now Washington, D.C.) was under con- struction, and one of the finest houses in Philadelphia was selected for President Washington's residence and office. Prior to its tenure as the President's House, the building had housed such other famous (or infamous) residents as proprietary governor Richard Penn, British general Sir William Howe, American general Benedict Arnold, French consul John Holker, and financier Robert Morris. Historians have long recognized the importance of the house, and many have attempted to tell its story, but most of them have gotten the facts wrong about how the building looked when Washington and Adams lived there, and even about where it stood. 1 am indebted to John Alviti, Penelope Hartshorne Batcheler, George Brighitbill, Mr. and Mrs. Nathaniel Burt, Jeffrey A- Cohen, William Creech, David Dashiell, Scott DeHaven, Susan Drinan, Kenneth Fmkel, Jeffrey Faherty, Marsha Fritz, Kristen Froehlich, Roy Harker, Sharon Ann Holt, Sue Keeler, Roger G. Kennedy, Bruce Laverty, Edward Lawler, Sr., Jack and Alice-Mary Lawler, Joann Lawler, Andrea Ashby Lerari, Mark Fraze Lloyd, Barbara A. McMillan, Jefferson M. Moak, Howell T. Morgan, Gene Morris, Roger W. Moss, C. -
COLLEGE of LETTERS and SCIENCE a Showcase of the People and Progress in the UCLA College of Letters and Science
Winter 2011 Volume Fifteen COLLEGE OF LETTERS AND SCIENCE A showcase of the people and progress in the UCLA College of Letters and Science 8 10 12 Making Sense of Our Life Lessons: The Changing Nature of 6 Inner Worlds Beyond the Lecture Hall Forging Friendships Migra Shelley Taylor, winner of the 2010 At the first College Summer Institute, A new study of students on Historian Kelly Lytle Hernández has Lifetime Achievement Award from the new Bruins got a head start on Facebook by sociologists traced the little-known history of how American Psychological Association, is university life that included a Andreas Wimmer and Kevin Lewis Mexican immigrants slowly became a founder of three fields in psychology civic engagement project to deepen found that race is trumped by the primary target of U.S. immigration that explore the issues that profoundly their involvement in the campus social connections and geographic law enforcement. affect mental and physical health. community. origins in friendship-building. On the cover: The Complexity of Emotion A Wondrous Machine to Unlock the Secrets of the The UCLA Physics & Astronomy Building, Harryette Mullen, professor of home to state-of-the-art research and English and winner of the 2010 Universe education space for the sciences. Jackson Prize for Poetry, uses UCLA scientists are playing her writings to explore globalism, Photo by Reed Hutchinson pivotal roles in the international the African American experience, consortium of researchers women’s issues, and a love of seeking fundamental insights wordplay. about the Big Bang. 14 16 S n a p s h o t s College News Great Futures for the College An update of events and progress The impact of philanthropy in the UCLA College of Letters on the College. -
Marcus 16 Years Old House Servant at Mount Vernon Hercules “Uncle Harkless” 43 Years Old Father of Three Children Personal C
Marcus Hercules “Uncle Harkless” 16 Years Old 43 Years Old Father of Three Children House Servant at Mount Vernon Personal Chef to General Geo. Washington Chief Cook at Mansion House Earned a salary of one to two hundred dollars a year by selling leftovers from the presidential kitchen. Kitt Caesar 25 Years Old 45 - 50 Years Old Father of Two Spiritual Leader of the Enslaved Community Wife died in childbirth with second child. at Mount Vernon Carpenter Washington’s Union Farm Field Hand Thomas Christopher Sheels (Father was free and white) 13 Years Old 25 Years Old Field Hand Received permission to marry a woman from (Father was sold to the West Indies by a neighboring farm. George Washington when he was captured after escaping from Mount Vernon) Personal Assistant to George Washington Billy Lee Slammin’ Joe 40 Years Old 45 Years Old Married a Free Black Woman in Philadelphia Married to Silla at Dogue Run Farm ● Served as Washington’s huntsman Six Children prior to Revolutionary War. ● Served with Washington during the Revolutionary War. Ditcher at the Mansion House Farm ● Shoemaker to other slaves at Mt. (A ditcher helped drain marshy lands so they Vernon after the Revolutionary War. were suitable for farming) Savary Austin Son of a ditcher and a field hand. 25 Years Old 11 Years Old Waiter at the Mansion House. Assisted with the care of the animals at Dogue Run Farm. Married to Charlotte Five children Simms Tom Davis 17 Years Old 25 Years Old Carpenter’s Apprentice at Dower House Brick Layer (Temporarily relocated to Mr. -
The American Contradiction: Conceived in Liberty, Born in Shackles Kenneth C
Social Education 84(2), p. 76–82 ©2020 National Council for the Social Studies The American Contradiction: Conceived in Liberty, Born in Shackles Kenneth C. Davis America was conceived in liberty and But “The past is never dead,” as must acknowledge that slavery rocked born in shackles. This is the Great William Faulkner, a son of the South, the cradle of American history. Contradiction at the heart of our nation’s once wrote. “It’s not even past.” We need a new framework to teach story. Let’s be clear. American slavery was that subject. I believe it must begin When the United States of America not a minor subplot in the American with five central points about the role was founded in 1776, the Founding drama, but one of the central acts in its that racial slavery played in the found- Fathers declared the lofty ideal of “all history. For many years, the long, tragic ing, creation, and development of the Men are created equal.” The Framers narrative of slavery’s destructive power American republic. We must weave of the Constitution later set out to form and its cruel savagery were concealed these fundamental facts into the bed- a “more perfect Union” to secure “the rock of how we teach American History Blessings of Liberty.” and Civics. But among their ranks were many men “Let’s be clear. American who bought, sold, and enslaved people. •Enslaved people were in America Slavery was present at the nation’s birth slavery was not a minor before the Mayflower Pilgrims. and was essential to the foundation of subplot in the American the political and economic power that In August 1619, a shipload of Africans built the country in the early nineteenth drama, but one of the captured to be sold arrived in Jamestown, century. -
The Foreign Service Journal, April 1936
g/« AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE * * JOURNAL * * he knows he may be president “Attentive” that’s the word most guests use when And what’s that to you ? Just this. Their “Yes, sirs” they’re speaking about our service. But not long are said just a bit more sprucely than you hear them ago, one of our guests expressed it differently. elsewhere . “Floor, please” sounds a trifle warm¬ Nodding toward a smart little bell boy, he said, er .. “Good morning, sir—it’s 7:30” comes over “That kid’s as eager to please as if he owned a lot the wire a little more hospitably . room service of stock in your hotel. I bet he’ll get somewhere!” is a.little quicker . table service a little more And that remark moved us to let you in on a secret courteous. Small things, if you will—but you like ...the secret of why all our employes show them, don’t you? And this same spirit of such a warm personal interest in what¬ service animates the bigger things that ever work they are doing—and in you. are done for your comfort and conveni¬ Each and every one of them knows 25^ reduction ence in each of our seven hotels. One that if he’s better than his job, he’ll get to diplomatic and of these “bigger things” is the man¬ a better job. And that rule goes right consular service agement that makes it possible to give up the ladder from the bottom to the top. NOTE: the special rate you such a very wide range of very That’s why they’re all “career men” who reduction applies only reasonable prices in rooms and res¬ work in our hotels. -
“Ona” Judge Staines, Or
ONEY “ONA” JUDGE STAINES, OR, HOW DADDY-O GEORGE FUCKED WITH HIS SLAVES “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Oney “Ona” Staines HDT WHAT? INDEX ONEY “ONA” STAINES ONEY “ONA” JUDGE 1752 July: Upon the death of his half-brother Lawrence Washington, George Washington inherited rights to the Mount Vernon plantation in Virginia, inclusive of 18 slaves. (The ledgers and account books which he kept show that he then bought slaves when necessary and possible, to replenish this original 18. In the account books of Washington, the entries show that in 1754 he bought two males and a female; in 1756, two males, two females and a child, etc. In 1759, the year in which he was married, his wife Martha, brought him 39 “dower-Negroes.” He kept separate records of these Negroes all his life and mentions them as a separate unit in his will. Washington purchased his slaves in Alexandria from Mr. Piper and perhaps in the District in 1770 “went over to Colo. Thos. Moore’s Sale and purchased two Negroes. During Washington’s lifetime, the number of slaves would increase to 200.) It would seem that during Washington’s youth, he would be rather casual in regard to the lives and fortunes of black slaves. For instance, Henry Wiencek reports in AN IMPERFECT GOD: GEORGE WASHINGTON, HIS SLAVES, AND THE CREATION OF AMERICA (NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2003) that at one point, the young man found it not to be beneath him, to participate in a lottery some of the prizes of which were slave children! November 4, Saturday: La clemenza di Tito, a dramma per musica by Christoph Willibald Gluck to words of Metastasio, was performed for the initial time, in the Teatro San Carlo of Naples. -
Fall 2008 – No
The National Underground Railroad National Park Service Network to Freedom Program US Department of the Interior National Capital Region Washington, DC THE CONDUCTOR (Fall 2008 – No. 24) New NCR Network to Freedom Members The Site of John Little’s Manor House (DC) in Kalorama Park was the residence of freedom seeker Hortense Prout who was found in a Union army camp. The Northampton Slave Quarters and Archaeological Park (Prince George’s County, Maryland) was the starting point for eight bondsmen escaping from the Sprigg family. The Freedom Site for Emily Plummer (Prince George’s County, Maryland) is now called Riversdale, and was where her husband brought her back from jail in Baltimore. NATIONAL HARRIET TUBMAN PARKS APPROACHING REALITY The momentum toward national commemoration of Harriet Tubman is growing. Along with Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman is a bigger-than-life figure identified with the Underground Railroad and known by school children across the United States. Tubman’s House in Auburn 1 Despite the fact that the Harriet Tubman acreage is within Blackwater National Special Resource Study has not yet been Wildlife Refuge or is private property presented by NPS to Congress, a bill to adjoining the refuge. The Harriet Tubman establish two NPS units has been National Historical Park in upper New introduced to Congress. On August 1, York State would include Tubman’s 2008, US Senators Benjamin L. Cardin home, the Home for the Aged she and Barbara A. Mikulski from Maryland founded, the local AME Zion Church, and joined Senators Hilary Rodham Clinton the cemetery where she is buried.