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UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Subjunctive and Sequence of Tense in Three Varieties of Spanish: Corpus and Experimental Studies of Change in Progress Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2qq173p9 Author Guajardo, Gustavo Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Subjunctive and Sequence of Tense in Three Varieties of Spanish: Corpus and Experimental Studies of Change in Progress A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Gustavo Guajardo Committee in charge: Professor Grant Goodall, Chair Professor David Barner Professor Jeff Elman Professor Ackerman Farrell Professor John Moore Professor Scott Rifkin 2017 Copyright Gustavo Guajardo, 2017. All rights reserved. ii The dissertation of Gustavo Guajardo is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California San Diego 2017 iii DEDICATION To my grandfather. A mi abuelo. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ................................................................................................................ iii Dedication ...................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ ix Vita ...................................................................................................................... x Abstract ..................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Sequence of Tense and The Spanish Subjunctive .................................... 15 Chapter 3: A Corpus Study of Violations of Concordantia Temporum ................... 46 Chapter 4: Sentence Acceptability Experiment .......................................................... 93 Chapter 5: Directionality of the Change and the Actuation Problem ..................... 128 References .................................................................................................................. 160 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Typology of Embedded Tense Interpretations ............................................................. 19 Table 2.2. Indicative paradigm for the verb hablar “to talk/ speak” ............................................. 23 Table 2.3. Subjunctive tenses of the verb hablar “to talk” ............................................................ 24 Table 3.1. Total token counts in present subjunctive and past subjunctive per main predicate in past tense and percentage of present tense subjunctive by predicate. ........................................... 58 Table 3.2. Pairwise Chi-Squared Test Results of Token Frequency per Main Predicate and Country. ................................................................................................................................ 59 Table 3.3. Distribution of subjunctive tense with querer in Argentina for the most frequent 100 verbs in the data. ............................................................................................................................ 62 Table 3.4. Distribution of subjunctive tense with querer in Mexico for the most frequent 100 verbs in the data. ............................................................................................................................ 63 Table 3.5 Distribution of subjunctive tense with querer in Spain for the most frequent 100 verbs in the data. ............................................................................................................................ 63 Table 3.6 Distribution of subjunctive tense with esperar in Argentina. ....................................... 64 Table 3.7 Distribution of subjunctive tense with esperar in Mexico for the most frequent 100 verbs in the data. ............................................................................................................................ 65 Table 3.8 Distribution of subjunctive tense with esperar in Spain the most frequent 100 verbs in the data. ................................................................................................................................ 65 Table 3.9. Distribution of subjunctive tense woth lograr in Argentina. ........................................ 67 Table 3.10. Distribution of subjunctive tense with lograr in Mexico. ........................................... 68 Table 3.11. Distribution of subjunctive tense with lograr in Spain. ............................................. 69 Table 3.12. Distribution of subjunctive tense with hacer in Argentina for the most frequent 100 verbs. ................................................................................................................................ 70 Table 3.13. Distribution of subjunctive tense with hacer in Mexico for the most frequent 100 verbs. ................................................................................................................................ 71 Table 3.14. Distribution of subjunctive tense with hacer in Spain for the most frequent 100 verbs. ................................................................................................................................ 72 Table 3.15. Type Frequency of the Embedded Verb with each Main Verb per Country .............. 73 vi Table 3.16. Pairwise Chi-Squared Tests of Type Frequency of Embedded Verbs with each Main Verb per Country ................................................................................................................. 73 Table 3.17. Top Ten Verbs in Corpus del Español ...................................................................... 77 Table 3.18. Counts of Present and Past Subjunctive and Percentages of Present Subjunctive for the Top Ten Verbs in Corpus del Español for the main predicate querer. .............................. 77 Table 3.19. Counts of Present and Past Subjunctive and Percentages of Present Subjunctive for the Top Ten Verbs in Corpus del Español for the main predicate esperar. ............................ 78 Table 3.20. Counts of Present and Past Subjunctive and Percentages of Present Subjunctive for the Top Ten Verbs in Corpus del Español for the main predicate lograr. .............................. 78 Table 3.21. Counts of Present and Past Subjunctive and Percentages of Present Subjunctive for the Top Ten Verbs in Corpus del Español for the main predicate hacer. ............................... 79 Table 3.22. Pairwise Chi-squared Tests Results of the Differences between each Main Predicate per Country using Token Frequency. ............................................................................ 81 Table 3.23. Number and percentage of sentences with more than one verb in the subjunctive. ... 82 Table 4.1. Number of participants and mean ages by country. ................................................... 100 Table 4.2. Examples of a filler of each type. ............................................................................... 103 Table 4.3. Mean and SD of filler raw scores ............................................................................... 109 Table 4.4. Overall means and standard deviations. ..................................................................... 110 Table 4.5. P-values for each factor in the linear mixed-effects model. Significant effects are shaded. .............................................................................................................................. 111 Table 4.6. p-values of the difference between present and past subjunctive tense by predicate and interpretation ......................................................................................................................... 118 Table 4.7. P-values for the interaction between SubjTense and Interpretation by country and main predicate .............................................................................................................................. 119 Table 4.8. DD Scores per Country and Main Predicate .............................................................. 120 Table 4.9. Summary of Results for SubjTense and DAR (= Interprt*SubjTense) ...................... 124 Table 5.1. Counts of Conditional and Past Subjunctive Percentage of Conditional in if-clauses. 134 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. Phrase Structure Tree for a tenseless subjunctive
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