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A Companion to American Indian History A COMPANION TO AMERICAN INDIAN HISTORY Edited by Philip J. Deloria and Neal Salisbury A Companion to American Indian History Blackwell Companions to American History This series provides essential and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our present understanding of the American past. Edited by eminent histori- ans, each volume tackles one of the major periods or themes of American history, with individual topics authored by key scholars who have spent considerable time in research on the questions and controversies that have sparked debate in their field of interest. The volumes are accessible for the non-specialist, while also engaging scholars seeking a reference to the historiography or future concerns. Published: 1 A Companion to the American Revolution edited by Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole 2 A Companion to 19th-Century America edited by William L. Barney 3 A Companion to the American South edited by John B. Boles 4 A Companion to American Indian History edited by Philip J. Deloria and Neal Salisbury In Preparation: A Companion to Colonial America edited by Daniel Vickers A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction edited by Lacy K. Ford, Jr. A Companion to 20th-Century America edited by Stephen J. Whitfield A Companion to Post-1945 America edited by Roy Rosenzwieg and Jean Christophe Agnew A Companion to the Vietnam War edited by Marilyn Young and Robert Buzzanco A Companion to the American West edited by William Deverell A Companion to Women’s History edited by Nancy Hewitt Copyright © Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2002 editorial introduction and organization copyright © Philip J. Deloria and Neal Salisbury 2002 First published 2002 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 Blackwell Publishers Inc. 350 Main Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148 USA Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 1JF UK All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to American Indian history/edited by Philip J. Deloria and Neal Salisbury. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to American history; #4) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-631-20975-1 (alk. paper) 1. Indians of North America – History. I. Deloria, Philip Joseph. II. Salisbury, Neal III. Series. E77.C74 2001 970’.00497–dc21 2001018461 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 10/12.5 Galliard by Newgen Imaging Systems, Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain by T.J. International, Padstow, Cornwall This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents List of Contributors vii Introduction 1 1 Historiography 6 Philip J. Deloria PART ONE: CONTACTS 25 2 First Contacts 27 John E. Kicza 3 Wag the Imperial Dog: Indians and Overseas Empires in 46 North America, 1650–1776 Gregory Evans Dowd 4 Health, Disease, and Demography 68 Russell Thornton PART TWO: NATIVE PRACTICE AND BELIEF 85 5 Native American Systems of Knowledge 87 Clara Sue Kidwell 6 Native American Spirituality: History, Theory, and Reformulation 103 Lee Irwin 7 Indians and Christianity 121 Willard Hughes Rollings 8 Kinship, Family Kindreds, and Community 139 Jay Miller 9 American Indian Warfare: The Cycles of Conflict and the 154 Militarization of Native North America Tom Holm PART THREE: LANGUAGE, IDENTITY, and EXPRESSION 173 10 Languages: Linguistic Change and the Study of Indian Languages 175 from Colonial Times to the Present Regna Darnell 11 Performative Traditions in American Indian History 193 L. G. Moses vi CONTENTS 12 Indigenous Art: Creating Value and Sharing Beauty 209 Nancy Parezo 13 Native American Literatures 234 P. Jane Hafen 14 Wanted: More Histories of Indian Identity 248 Alexandra Harmon PART FOUR: EXCHANGE AND SOCIAL RELATIONS 267 15 Labor and Exchange in American Indian History 269 Patricia Albers 16 The Nature of Conquest: Indians, Americans, and 287 Environmental History Louis S. Warren 17 Gender in Native America 307 Betty Bell 18 Métis, Mestizo, and Mixed-Blood 321 Jennifer Brown and Theresa Schenck 19 Transforming Outsiders: Captivity, Adoption, and 339 Slavery Reconsidered Pauline Turner Strong 20 Translation and Cultural Brokerage 357 Eric Hinderaker PART FIVE: GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS 377 21 Federal and State Policies and American Indians 379 Donald Fixico 22 Native Americans and the United States, Canada, and Mexico 397 R. David Edmunds 23 American Indian Education: by Indians versus for Indians 422 K. Tsianina Lomawaima 24 Indian Law, Sovereignty, and State Law: Native People and the Law 441 Sidney L. Harring 25 Sovereignty 460 Taiaiake Alfred Bibliography 475 Index 495 Contributors Patricia Albers Professor of American Indian Studies, University of Minnesota Taiaiake Alfred Associate Professor in the Faculty of Human and Social Development and Director, Indigenous Governance Program, University of Victoria Betty Bell Associate Professor of English, Women’s Studies and American Culture, University of Michigan Jennifer Brown Professor of History, University of Winnipeg Regna Darnell Professor of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario Philip J. Deloria Associate Professor of History and American Culture, University of Michigan Gregory Evans Dowd Associate Professor of History, University of Notre Dame R. David Edmunds Watson Professor of American History, University of Texas at Dallas Donald Fixico Professor of History; Director, Indigenous Nations Studies Program, University of Kansas P. Jane Hafen Associate Professor of English, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Alexandra Harmon Associate Professor of American Indian Studies, University of Washington Sidney L. Harring Professor of Law, City University of New York School of Law, Queens College Eric Hinderaker Associate Professor of History, University of Utah Tom Holm Professor of American Indian Studies, University of Arizona Lee Irwin Associate Professor of Religious Studies, College of Charleston John E. Kicza Professor of History, Washington State University viii CONTRIBUTORS Clara Sue Kidwell Professor and Director of Native American Studies, University of Oklahoma Tsianina Lomawaima Professor of American Indian Studies, University of Arizona Jay Miller First Nations Culture and Language Education, Prince Rupert Program, Simon Fraser University L. G. Moses Professor of History, Oklahoma State University Nancy Parezo Professor of American Indian Studies, University of Arizona Willard Hughes Rollings Associate Professor of History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Theresa Schenck Assistant Professor of Comparative American Cultures, Washington State University Pauline Turner Strong Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin Russell Thornton Professor of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles Louis S. Warren Associate Professor of History, University of California, Davis A Companion to American Indian History Edited by Philip J. Deloria, Neal Salisbury Copyright © Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2002 Introduction What is American Indian, Native American, or First Nations history? What are its boundaries? Its methods? Its struggles and debates? What is its relation to the broader, interdisciplinary field of American Indian Studies? No single book could hope for a definitive answer to these questions, for they imply a coherence that is – and probably should be – lacking. A single volume may, however, aspire to discuss basic ideas, survey useful writings, trace developing intellectual patterns, and pro- pose questions that may structure Native American history in the years to come. That, indeed, is our goal for this book. It is meant to serve as a useful reference guide to concepts and literatures while at the same time moving readers to think deeply about the issues at stake. Indian history – as it is and has been preserved, narrated, and owned by native people – is absolutely central to any thinking about American Indian pasts. First Nations history-telling exists in oral traditions and written texts, in autobiographies and “as-told-to” narratives, in geographies and memories throughout Indian coun- try. Over the last several decades, however, its place has shifted: rather than existing as the subject of inquiry, Indian history has become a critical agent of history-telling itself – both in local native communities and in the world of global intellectual dis- course. A fundamental premise of this book is that, in addition to changes driven by the transformations of North American scholarship during the last generation, First Nations history has been utterly remade by the challenges and engagements of Native American people within and without the academy. Since the 1960s, American Indian history has also emerged as a distinct and sig- nificant field of academic study in predominantly Euro-American institutions. During those decades, a significant number of historically
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