Publisher: Siemens d.o.o. Podgorica Communications Svetlane Kane Radević /I  Podgorica, Montenegro For the publisher: Jovana Vukotić Smart City [email protected] Project coordination: Snežana Ivanović, Siemens d.o.o. Podgorica [email protected] Podgorica Study Dragutin Đeković, Capital City Manager [email protected] Design & Prepress: Development of Energy Efficient Studio , Zoran Trišić, Belgrade Photography: Infrastructure and Services Aleksandar Jaredić Photo archive TO Podgorica (photographer: Duško Miljanić) Printing office: AP Print siemens.com April  Smart City Podgorica Study Development of Energy Efficient Infrastructure and Services

Developers: Full Professor emeritus Ilija Vujošević, PhD Faculty of Electrical Engineering - Podgorica Full Professor Vladan Radulović, PhD Faculty of Electrical Engineering - Podgorica Assisstant professor Zoran Miljanić, PhD Faculty of Electrical Engineering - Podgorica Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

The Smart City Podgorica Study is created within Siemens Business to Society global project. Through this project, adapted to a specific country, Siemens is trying to give its contribution to the society in which it operates. At Siemens, we believe that companies are successful if they listen and meet the needs of the society in which their operations take place and that they are obliged to give their contribution to the development of the environment by lasting values, investing and promoting. This implies expressing the success of a company in a wider sense, not just through profit. The company Siemens Montenegro and the authors of the Study thank the representatives of the Capital City, who provided the necessary input data for the preparation of this Study.

 Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

Contents

 Introduction  . Renewable energy sources (RES) potential (OIE)  . About the “smart city” concept – generally  .. Previous note  .. RES availability overview  . Smart energy planning  ... Hydropower potential  . General data about the capital city  ... Solar energy  ... Wind energy  Smart technologies application in energy sector  ... Biofuels potential  . Energy management system  .. Feasibility of distributed RES expansion  .. Present state  ... PV power plants  .. Energy balance  ... Biomass powered plants  .. Improvement possibilities  ... Heat pumps  ... Fulfilling of ISO  requirements  .. Biogas plants  ... BMS systems in public buildings  .. Micro RES installations at households  ... Establishing communication with energy .. Solar water heaters usage expansion  resources suppliers  .. Usage of biomass for supply of heat demand  . Energy efficiency potential  .. Potential usage of geothermal energy  .. Previous note  .. Harmonization of Montenegrin legislation with EU in the field of . Smart technologies in traffic and communal services  energy efficiency  . Traffic  ... Basic legislation on the state level  .. Trends of traffic development in the world  ... Basic legislation on the municipality level  .. Overview of traffic in Podgorica  .. Building sector  .. Possibilities for improvement of traffic in the city of Podgorica  ... Importance and EE improvement techniques in buildings  ... Moving of transit traffic from the city  ... Determining a building’s energy performance  ... Modifications of the modalities of the traffic  ... Building management systems (BMS) and ... Areas with different traffic arrangements  Siemens Desigo CC platform for building management  ... Intelligent Traffic Center  ... Energy consumption the Capital City of Podgorica  .. Possibilities for use of electric vehicles in public transportation  ... Estimation of EE potential in building sector of the capital city  . Improvement of public utilities using smart technologies  .. City lighting and traffic signalization  .. Water and wastewater management  ... Modern approaches for improvement of city lighting and .. Waste disposal  traffic signalization EE  ... Importance of solid waste management  ... EE potential of the capital city public lighting  ... Consideration of waste as asset  .. Transport  ... Determination of waste characteristics  ... Previous note  ... Application of smart technologies in waste management  ... Transport and economy  .. Parking service management  ... Transport share in the global energy consumption  ... Parking places on public spaces  ... Improvement of energy efficiency in transport sector  ... Parking places in the public garages  .. Additional benefits approach  .. System for notifications related to city services information  ... Geotransport position and transport infrastructure of the capital city  . Available EU funds for project financing  ... Energy balance of the capital city transport sector  . List of priority projects  ... Estimation of EE potential in transport sector  ... General recommendation  . References  .. Municipal waste  . List of abbreviations and acronyms  ... Solid municipal waste  ... Wastewaters  . List of figures  .. Water supply  . List of tables  ... Structure and functionality of water supply system  ... EE potential of water supply system 

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

as many initiatives as possible to contribute to the sustainability Some of the terms and ideas which are currently used in this and efficiency of resource use. It is the task of all subjects; relation have been categorised: Introduction primarily the city administration, but also the business sector, • General improvement of urban energy and planning non-governmental organizations and most of the citizens concepts; themselves. • Environmental sustainability (sustainable resource use) ; From the organisational perspective, a differentiation of term . About the “smart city” concept “smart cities” was classified into the following two hierarchi- • Social sustainability (realising social inclusion of different – in general cally counter-directed approaches: kinds of urban residents in public services, citizen democra- tisation/cultural and societal empowerment) ; We are living in the convergence of two term “sustainable city” is largely replaced by • Top-down smart cities are usually initiated by city institu- important phenomena in the history of the word “smart city”. tions, information and communication technology (ICT) • Higher quality of life through technical improvements in mankind: accelerating the global urbanization and/or research facilities, and it is a straight forward plan- telecommunication infrastructure/administration/networks/ There are more definitions for ‘smart city’. and digital revolution. The UN points out that ning concept; living/mobility; One of the more comprehensive definitions is for the first time in history more than half of the ITU Study Group on SSC: • Bottom-up smart cities are usually modelled by local inhab- • Economic development/efficiency; the population on the planet (.% or . itants, and an innovative potential, societal knowledge and • Integrating private sector, business-oriented urban develop- billion) lives in cities. Also, UN predictions are “A smart sustainable city is an innovative city networks is used by the cities themselves to design the city. that by , urban dwellers will make up that uses information and communication ment; more than % of the world’s population technologies (ICTs) and other means to It is important to notice the key difference between these two • High-tech/creative industries in long-term growth; (over  billion), .% in developing coun- improve quality of life, efficiency of urban approaches. Bottom-up approach is based on the develop- tries and .% in developed countries. With operation and services, and competitiveness, ment of the city, starting from the questions “What do people • Social/relational capital in city development; the Agenda , UN has developed a frame- while ensuring that it meets the needs of want?” instead of top-down approach: “What do city adminis- • Adaptivity. work for sustainable development (including present and future generations with respect tration and companies think is best for them?” Optimal solu- goals for cities, energy, infrastructure, etc.) to to economic, social, environmental as well as tion is reached in the combined application of both approach- The wide range of concepts and ideas that go with the con-  https://sustainabledevelopment. which Montenegro has also committed. The cultural aspects”. es, while the bottom-up approach assumes a very developed cept of “smart city” is presently presented at the theoretical un.org/content/documents/ global reference for determining the value level and classified into six functions: A shorter definition of a “smart city” is: it is a civil society. Montenegro%-%HLPF% created for society is the United Nations’  city that efficiently encompasses physical, • Smart economy (competitiveness); Report.pdf Agenda for Sustainable Development. It sets Apart from the general observation of factual issues, it is the digital and human systems to build an envi- out  Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) procedural setting which creates momentum in city develop- • Smart people (social and human capital); ronment that would contribute to improving to end poverty, to protect the planet and ment. Inside the functional framework, stakeholders can be the lives of citizens. • Smart governance (participation); ensure prosperity for all. identified as drivers in different institutions. Depending on Thanks to the advancement of ICT, the con- their field of expertise, they have to deal with diverse contex- • Smart mobility (transport and ICT); Therefore, cities are the fastest growing form tual issues. In this relation, it is important to know which cept of “smart cities” has become a reality in • Smart environment (natural resources); of settlement worldwide, which implies a highly developed countries. Advanced traffic actor plays a role, to which extent and how he or she is growing growing space demand for buildings, management, buildings, electricity grid and influencing the whole system of a city. • Smart living (quality of life). infrastructure and the supply of food, water waste disposal have allowed city authorities and energy. Around the world, especially to influence energy savings and air pollution, developed, various initiatives are launched, as and thus make life in cities better and more well as funds and legal regulations, so that comfortable. If one looks at the list of cities modern cities can cope with these challenges, with the best conditions for life, which is that is to become “smart cities”. annually compiled by the Economist Intelli- Smart Digital Infrastructure gence Unit, a research division of The Econo- Helps monitor different param- These challenges are great because cities eters of the city; analyze the were and will always be complex and perma- mist, it can be seen that the “smart cities” data collected nent (and sometimes chaotic) growing enti- strategy has already been successfully imple- Smart Health mented in several cities: Vienna, Vancouver, Shift in focus to prevention; ties. Each city has its own history, geography, remote access to healthcare and population, and in particular local political Melbourne, Zurich... In the literature there are personalized healthcare solutions numerous illustrations of the concept of circumstances. There are repeated patterns in Smart Buildings every urban area in every urban area which, “smart city”, with the structure of key stake- Improve comfort of users; together with the new ICT technologies, form holders and the possible positive effects in optimize usage of utilities Dong Wu: Smart Cities and the basis for an entirely new scientific view of various urban functions. Figure .. shows Smart Waste Management Infrastructure, UNCTAD, a more comprehensive presentation of this SMART Improve efficiency of waste the city and the development of various collection, pickup, separation, May  concept. INFRASTRUCTURE urban simulation models. reuse and recycle Finally, the “smart city” is the concept of Smart Mobility The term “smart city” was only developed Optimize traffic conditions; thinking of city development in terms of quite recently. As a reflection of the afore- customized traffic solutions; sustainability and efficiency with the help of reduce environmental footprint mentioned tendencies, many new attributes ICT. So, sustainability and efficiency are the Smart Water of “cities” come into scientific terminology Reduce cost and leakage; key words to consider when developing a city, and political discourse in the last two de- increase reliability and transpar- if the city administration wants the city to ency of water distribution cades, such as “sustainable”, “green”, “digital”, become truly “smart”. Smart Energy “smart”, “intelligent”, “eco”, “low carbon”, Optimize energy distribution “knowledge cities”, etc. For conceptual confu- The plan of each individual ‘smart city’ is differ- and usage; enable community- based energy monitoring sion to be greater, even combinations such as ently focused on what “smart” or “smarter city” “low carbon eco cities” and “ubiquitous eco means and defines the goals and means of its cities” are used. By inspecting numerous further development on that concept. Recent texts, it can be concluded that since  the experience shows that it is necessary to initiate Figure .. Concept, participants and possible effects of a “smart city”

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

Also, in order to achieve a more comprehensive (holistic) narios along with thorough economic and technical specifi- with the help of a modelling or design process. energy sources (e.g. solar heat and photovol- approach, it is even defined as so-called smart city matrix that cation to enable a holistic planning process. On the other hand, ELAS and SPI can deal with taic) with nearby industrial waste heat and systematizes institutional categories, professional fields and interdisciplinary issues of complex settlement cooling at different temperatures and grid- Energy planning that leads to ‘smart’ urban solutions requires keywords: structures and a comprehensive ecological based resources such as existing district integration of energy design into spatial planning and urban evaluation. Process cycles of various energy heating, natural gas, and electricity. The case • Institutional category (public science, government, non- planning. This means that the design of new settlements, as systems can so be ecologically evaluated and study also includes the competition between governmental organisation (NGO), private businesses, etc.); well as the refurbishment of existing city quarters, requires provide usable information and a practical centralised technologies (e.g. large scale an interdisciplinary planning approach that takes spatial and • Field of expertise (spatial planning, architecture, urbanism, model for a stakeholder process. combined heat and power and heat pumps mobility planning, energy systems design, building and energy planning, mobility, climate research, social research, with district heating grids) and decentralised infrastructure design and the evaluation of ecological impacts One method in particular that has proven its etc.); technologies (e.g. small scale combined heat into account. worth in planning tasks like integrated spatial and power, single building gas boilers, solar • Keywords (energy standard, consumption, resources, and energy planning is PNS. This method has The spatial plans set the framework for energy consumption, collectors, etc. in buildings). Ecological as- renovation, insulation, networks, logistics, etc.). been developed in the framework of process production and distribution, regardless of whether it is done sessment with the ELAS calculator provides technology. It uses a directed bipartite graph In this respect, technological expansions of city infrastructure with modern planning methods or randomly - often with an evaluation of the ecological impact of the (p-graph or process-graph) method to describe do not simultaneously imply improvements, neither regard- negative effects on energy efficiency and the environment. developed energy systems. process networks and employs combinatorial ing sustainability issues nor the reduction of energy demand Energy efficient housing structures lead to high quality of life rules to find all feasible network solutions using The result of the optimal structure of PNS and increase in quality of life, wealth and benefit for the and have several common opportunities such as decentral- all possible resources, intermediates and obtained for a particular set of economic whole community. There may be the risk that a “smart city” ized concentration, multifunctionality, proximity within products as well as all relevant technologies boundary conditions (a scenario) is used as development is interpreted one-sidedly from a technical-busi- pedestrian and/or cycling distances. processing these mass and energy flows (su- input for ELAS evaluation. Amounts of re- ness perspective only, and social and environmental require- Although the relationships between inhabited structures and perstructure). All data concerning flows and sources (in this case, energy flows for the ments can be missed again. Smart city planners must not energy demand are known, there is more and more real cost of technologies, pipes and transport can supply of the city quarter) resulting from PNS forget that just letting new businesses grow to produce smart development that does not adhere to these relations. This be provided in predefined material and operat- are one input for the assessment with ELAS technologies can have rebound effects, so that social and leads to an increase in demand for energy, even in spite of ing units input tables of PNS Studio. Moreover, calculator. In addition, the input parameters environmental requirements of a sustainable urban develop- energy efficient buildings, appliances and vehicles. parameters like the required and maximum for ELAS are the site-specific data, building ment can be missed again. Environmental savings and social flows, lower bound and upper bound of capac- standards, infrastructure, induced mobility justice can be outweighed by an additional implementation In addition to spatial organization, spatial planning decisions ity constraints for operating units can be set. and energy, construction and mobility costs. of technologies whose main goal is to increase quality of life. also affect energy demand by choosing a side with a certain Flows are split into resources, intermediates Results are the ecological footprint (SPI), topography and exposure, as well as construction of buildings and products. Flows can then be set as input energy demand and CO . The total sequence according to already existing building patterns. Transforma-  . Smart energy planning and output flows in the operating units to proceeds as shown in Figure ... tion and distribution of energy as well as its provision are display conversion and production interdepen- Since energy systems are a key social infrastructure, they are subject to fewer or more land demand, especially in the case ELAS was developed to analyze urban struc- dencies between the technologies considered. also an important segment of spatial planning. The link of bioenergy, wind energy, solar and similar resources. Re- tures ranging from single houses to whole between spatial planning and energy systems is mainly due quirements for the use of specific renewable sources in some Using the PNS network enables optimization settlement structures regarding their energy to the fact that the provision of energy is guaranteed with the cases may be in conflict with already defined urban land use of energy systems using various energy situation and in particular their ecological protection of the built environment, whether it is residential, planning for some more priority purposes - for example, for sources for heating, storage and cooling. The performance. The calculator allows the commercial or industrial development. Ultimately, it is essen- agriculture. method is interesting as it combines on-site evaluation of single buildings as well as tial that the growing population density and the size of cities Electricity supply in urban areas has moved to the centre of are accompanied by viable, “smart” energy systems. debate on how to supply urban areas with renewable energy. Cities with a large population density have high demands for Heat integration and heat storage, the integration of indus- energy. Usually these requests exceed the availability of local trial waste heat and solar thermal energy in supply networks Economic optimum Energetic long-term analysis (with PNS) Energy demand and (with ELAS) resources. Individually developed options for covering energy have also become major aspects of smart city development. framework according to requirements vary from place to place and can also be The development of a ‘smart’ energy system contributes to an project area Reininghaus changed within the boundaries of the city. In the concept of increase in the production of electricity from the OIE. This is Input parameters: (OIB- and NZE-standard) Input parameters: European governance, cities are focused on energy savings, at the same time part of the decarbonisation strategy of cities • Energy supply technologies • Optimal technology renewable sources (OIEs) and reduced dependence on im- that play a key role in mitigating climate change. • Efficiency factors system ports of fossil fuels. There are many innovative concepts and Modern mathematically oriented software can be used to • Transport distances • Resource demand technologies available to address these needs. determine the optimal choice of energy balance structure, • Resources • Resident specific data Planning and implementation of smart urban energy systems, technology networks, as well as ecological and socio-eco- • Available waste heat / cold • Mobility data however, involves a wide spectrum of stakeholders: from city nomic evaluation of various options for future city plans and water • Cost- / market price situation administration to developers to energy providers to current as projects. One of the more efficient optimization approaches, Results: well as future inhabitants. The planning discourse between successfully applied to a case study for a few ‘smart cities’, is • Total life cycle / resource demand / these stakeholders can be supported by reliable and compre- briefly presented below. Results: emissions / ecological footprint, hensive methods to design and evaluate complex energy The aim of this methodological framework is to provide infor- • Target parameter: financially most categorised systems. Such decision support methods: mation about optimal technology networks and the ecological feasible technology system • Most ecological technology system • Provide answers to the different perceptions of the eco- and socio-economic evaluation of different options for future • Testing: scenarios (variations, • Division of energy demand for nomic framework for the development of smart energy city developments. It consists of the Process Network Synthesis cost / price / availability municipal services systems brought to the table by various stakeholders by (PNS) and, inter alia, the tool Energetic Long-term Assessment limits, etc.) • Mobility measures creating reliable scenarios; of Settlement Structures (ELAS), the tool applying the Sustain- • Construction measures able Process Index (SPI). In order to achieve the research goals • Road- / waste- and street lighting • Allow comparison of the scenarios by guaranteeing optimal raised in the framework plan to find smart and sustainable infrastructure energy systems generated by using different resource energy systems for cities, the PNS was chosen. With this meth- options and economic frameworks; od, it is possible to model complex systems and find optimal • Provide comprehensive ecological evaluation of the sce- energy systems before studying the relevant matters in depth Figure .. Software package for the optimization of energy systems

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

whole settlements. It can be applied to existing structures as number of dwellings is , and the number of house- well as planning tasks and also allows the evaluation of holds is ,. refurbishing and extension plans to existing settlements. Smart technologies According to spatial-demographic analysis, the capital city The calculator takes site-specific data of residential settle- belongs to the type of high concentration area with a popula- ments into account. This consists of energy consumption and tion density of  inh./ km² in , which is significantly supply, mobility induced by the location of the settlement as higher than the national average (. inh./km²). Observed application in energy sector well as the distances to service provision. It uses a life cycle by individual areas, this indicator drastically differs: urban approach to the evaluation and accounts for the ecological areas ,. inh./km², Podgorica ,. inh./km², suburbs impact of construction, use and disposal of all buildings and . inh./ km², Plain area ,  inh./ km², Eastern hills , inh./ energy infrastructure in a settlement, such as roads, waste- km², North hills , inh./km² and West hills , inh./ km². water drains and lighting of public space. According to the number of inhabitants, the most populated area is in the area of GUP Podgorica, which is home to about Results of the ELAS calculator contain accumulated energy % of the population. The share of the population in other demand, ecological footprint (calculated with the SPI meth- planned areas is as follows: od), CO life cycle emissions and regional economic impact (turn over, value added, imports, jobs created or lost) of the • Plain area .% settlements. The Sustainable Process Index is an ecological • Eastern hills .% footprint method. The SPI has been applied in several fields . Energy management system • North hills .% such as ecological evaluation of agricultural products or Energy management is a process of continuous improve- available qualified staff designated for the task. In addition, collectively shown in the evaluation of energy technology • West hills .% ment of energy performance. Energy performance of an as a result of the energy performance analysis the staff systems based on renewable resources. The ELAS calculator is object is defined by its energy consumption, the manner should propose measures for further improvement in form an online tool that runs SPI evaluations in the background Podgorica’s climate is classified as a Mediterranean climate of an action plan which is the basic tool for energy manage- (along with other technical parameters and statistical vari- with dry summers and cold winters, which is conditioned by energy and available energy resources are used and the ables). The ELAS calculator allows users to provide specific the vicinity of the sea as well as the proximity of the Dinaric degree of achieved energy efficiency. In order to success- ment. These tasks can be performed only by staff qualified data via a GUI (graphical user interface). Alps in the north. Temperature exceeds  °C in about  fully perform energy management, the energy performance in the technical field (engineering). days a year, while the average annual number of tropical days has to be monitored. Therefore, a quantification of energy When there are available qualified staff and established ELAS provides municipalities a basis for sustainable energy (max. temperature above  °C) is  to . Podgorica is espe- supply and appropriate policy decisions or gives an overview performance is needed. It is achieved through adoption of reliable system for energy consumption monitoring, the cially known for exceptionally warm summers, with the energy performance indicators. These indicators may be of individual energy consumption and its economic and highest recorded temperature being . °C. The number of following actions should be performed in order to establish general, like energy consumption or degree of energy ecological effects. The tool is freely available online. rainy days is about , while with strong wind it is about  an energy management system: efficiency, but in order to thoroughly define energy perfor- This model may be used to develop consistent optimised days. The strong north wind is common in the city and affects mance of an object some specially designed indicators are • Identification of responsibility hierarchy for realization scenarios for different economic framework configurations the climate in winter. used (indicators that correlate energy consumption/supply and operation of energy management system; and evaluates them economically and ecologically. The According to estimates from the Spatial Urbanistic Plan, the with the degree of activity of an object, like number of • Defining of procedures for establishing and operation of scenarios serve as a solid basis for negotiations between the total GDP in  in Podgorica is estimated at . billion employees, production quantity, etc.). When there is a basis various stakeholders, whose interactions will shape the euros, which makes % of Montenegro’s total GDP. The the energy management system; district’s future smart energy system. The goal of using this for energy performance monitoring, the continuous im- territory of the capital city is covered by all the most impor- • Defining of energy performance indicators basing on the model is to provide stakeholders and decision makers with a provement of energy performance is achieved through tant traffic flows, except maritime navigation, in Montenegro, monitored dynamic and available static data; factual basis for a discourse on the development and imple- starting from the international airport, railroads to Belgrade, planning process, implementation of adopted plans and mentation of a smart energy system in their action plans. Skadar, Bar and Nikšić, to main and regional roads, as well as monitoring of their realization. The plans are formulated as • Defining of procedures for monitoring of the energy the routes of future highways: the Adriatic-Ionian and Bar- the set of actions that have to be done within the defined management system efficiency, i.e. form and frequency . General data about the capital city Boljare-Belgrade. timeframe in order to achieve the adopted goal, i.e. im- of reporting (energy related data). Podgorica is the capital city of Montenegro with certain The organizational scheme of the capital city is very complex provement of energy performance (lower energy consump- The expected results of energy management system opera- international functions and it is the largest urban agglomera- due to the wide field of activity. Administrative bodies are tion, sustainable energy supply, fuel substitution, renew- tion are: tion of the country. In Podgorica, numerous administrative, organized through: secretariats, administrations and director- able energy usage, etc.). cultural, educational and health centers are concentrated, as ates. For performing professional and other tasks for the • Higher productivity for the same amount of energy well as large economic capacities. However, the intensive Mayor, Chief Administrator, managers and administrative In order to establish an energy management system there consumed; expansion and the socio-economic consequences of the bodies, professional services have been established. For the are two main prerequisites: • Lower specific costs of energy usage; multiannual transition have led to urban imbalance and performance of tasks requiring special professional knowl- • Reliable monitoring of energy consumption (as well as unplanned expansion of settlements, which has become the edge and autonomy in work, the Mayor may form an Agency • Increase of energy supply independence and security; other parameters of interest for energy consumption) main threat to the sustainable development of the capital by the special decision. The capital city is the founder of  city. Considerable aggravating circumstances may include the • Higher diversification of energy resources; companies that deal with activities of interest for the normal • Availability of qualified staff (technical education). poor state of the economy, the large spread of informal functioning and development of the city and city infrastruc- • Leaving energy resources that have bad impact on construction, energy inefficiency and insufficient construc- Without reliable monitoring of energy consumption, as the ture, as well as  public institutions active in the field of environment; tion of transport and communal-technical infrastructure. culture and social activities. basic energy performance indicator, there is no energy performance monitoring. Therefore, the efficiency of mea- • Increasing use of renewable energy resources; Podgorica occupies an area of , km² or .% of the Within this Study, an analysis was made of the possibility of territory of Montenegro. Municipalities of Tuzi and Golubovci applying modern solutions from the aspect of energy effi- sures from energy related plans cannot be evaluated, which • Awareness rising regarding positive impacts of EE, RES also form part of the Capital City of Podgorica. According to cient infrastructure and services in the capital city. In order to may lead to selection of inappropriate measures with poor and energy demand management; the official  census, the number of inhabitants of Pod- examine the benefits that can be expected by implementing impact on energy performance and the budget (high invest- gorica is ,, although due to developments and other these solutions, a breakdown of the existing situation in the ment with low return). • Important contribution towards achieving of national trends it is estimated that this number is higher. The number capital city is given, followed by measures and possibilities for policy goals in the field of energy and environment; of inhabitants per household is ., which is close to Monte- Also, since the data regarding energy performance have to improvement of the existing situation in order to achieve the • Sustainable usage of available energy resources; negrin average of . inhabitants per household. According desired effects in terms of energy efficient infrastructure and be analyzed in order to evaluate some of the applied mea- to the data from the Statistical Office (), the absolute services. sures or energy management decisions, there should be • Positive impact on the budget.

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

.. Present state ate solution for modern energy manage- information systems, which makes difficult availability of specific energy data, creation Energy management related activities defined ment system for the capital city. The ben- to estimate fuel wood consumption even on of energy balance for municipality is more by ISO  are not performed by the efits of a modern energy management the sectorial level. Also, great number of often a top-down procedure. designated energy team as it is the custom system directly depend on the energy inten- consumers use own fuel wood (owned In the following text various energy balance for complex organizations with large energy sity of all processes within the municipality. forests) which is very difficult to monitor on related data for the capital city will be consumption. A part of the activities that are The costs depend on the number of moni- the regular basis. Therefore, as the main presented. Fuels used in the capital city are:  Due to unavailability of the related to the energy management are per- tored objects, selected hardware (monitor- option for monitoring fuel wood consump- electricity, fuel wood and oil derivatives energy information system, formed by the Secretariat for Planning and ing and control) and software (visualization, tion, there are periodical inquiries or the various sources for data were (diesel, petrol and LPG). Electricity and oil Spatial Regulation and Environment, Sector archiving, data processing) functionalities. data collected by the Statistical Office of used: previous studies, urban derivatives have the dominant shares in the for Environment and Sustainable Develop- Without reliable energy supply/demand Montenegro (Monstat). plans, local energy plan, SEAP, total final energy consumption, which are National energy strategy and ment. Within the sector, the Energy Manage- monitoring, there is no reliable energy The mentioned problems of collecting data around % (Figure ..). Within oil deriva- electricity data measured by ment Office and Info Center with  employ- balance preparation. supplier. 3 necessary for energy balance creation are tives the share of diesel is around %. The The office was established in ees were established in  (3). Its .. Energy balance rest of final energy consumption corre- 2010 as a part of the project, activities are: collecting energy consumption applicable for all levels, but when the num- but since 2014 it has operated sponds to fuel wood which participates with data on municipality level, energy consump- The first step in analysis of energy perfor- ber of observed consumers is small, the as a part of the Sector for % share. All needs for oil derivatives, as it tion data analysis and proposing measures for mance is creation of energy balance for an main source of information are consumers. Environment and Sustainable is the case for the whole country, are satis- Development. energy efficiency improvement; work on object, or, in this case, municipality. With Therefore, when preparing energy balances fied through import performed by several local, national and international projects in energy information system available (moni- on the level of buildings and companies major and various small companies that act energy field; organization of the event “En- toring of energy consumption/supply and operated (owned) by the capital city, all data as suppliers. Therefore, reliability of oil ergy Days of Podgorica” which promotes other relevant parameters), the process of regarding energy consumption have to be derivatives supply is good. On the other energy efficiency, its importance and environ- energy balance creation is straight forward. obtained from consumers. Since energy hand, the needs for fuel wood are fully mental protection. In order to achieve reliable overview of the information system is often unavailable, the satisfied by local and suppliers from north- energy performance, energy balance should main source of information are bills for fuels The Sector for Environment and Sustainable ern municipalities. As for electricity, as be prepared for several levels: used. Availability of bills for greater time Development performs certain energy period (large number of billing intervals) is mentioned earlier, there is only one electric- planning activities which have resulted in • Municipality level - includes all sectors questionable if there is no established form ity supplier in the capital city, i.e. public the preparation of SEAP (Sustainable Energy (commercial, service, residential, indus- of energy consumption monitoring within electricity supplier (EPCG). There are no Action Plan, ) and LEP (Local Energy trial and transport); the building/company. Similarly as men- significant distributed energy resources, Plan -, ). The preparation of although there are plans for solar power • Buildings and utility companies owned by tioned earlier, electricity consumption per the mentioned documents included partici- potential utilization. Although there is a the municipality management; consumer can be accessed through the pation of extern experts. Both of the docu- supplier’s database which contains data for single electricity supplier, the supply reliabil- ments point out the challenge of reliable • Single building or utility company. long period (necessary for reliable energy ity is acceptable due to the following facts: energy consumption data collection. Energy The energy balance for municipality level is consumption analyses). However, this is not balances used for the analysis are often necessary prerequisite for creation of energy the case for other fuels whose consumption estimated basing on the scarce available plans that target the development of the monitoring can be performed only by the data which significantly limits the evalua- whole municipality. Preparation of the consumer itself. tion and monitoring of selected measures % energy balance for municipality level is very (Action Plan). Single object consumption monitoring can demanding due to the number of consum- % be very simple even in case of unavailability % There is no reliable energy information ers and energy suppliers that possess the of modern energy information system. In system established. However, some basic necessary information for the balance order to achieve it, the energy consumption procedures for energy consumption data creation. Although some energy resources monitoring procedures should be defined collection are established. They require a lot are reliably monitored (like electricity), that % (archiving of the fuel bills, reporting of the of manual data collection from hard copy is not the case for all of them. Main energy energy and financial quantities, etc.). How- materials (especially for the energy carriers resources used in Montenegro are: fuel ever, it demands greater number of employ- other than electricity). These procedures are wood, electricity, coal and oil derivatives. ees with respect to the ITC based energy time demanding and there is a lot of poten- There is only one supplier for electricity, so % information system (modern BMS systems) tial for increasing their efficiency and effec- it is rather easy to obtain the electricity when greater number of objects is included tiveness through implementation of avail- consumption per sector or per single con- in energy consumption monitoring. able ICT solutions. A first step could be sumer. As for coal and oil derivatives, there custom made software solutions for data are more suppliers with various develop- Creation of energy balances on a single Electricity % collection and processing. In order to enable ment level of information system that object or group of objects level is better more reliable energy management, modern monitors quantity of supplied fuel. Collect- suited for analyzing object specific measures Fuel wood % hardware and software solutions for energy ing information from these suppliers is which enables more reliable planning. LPG % information system (and control) should be rather demanding but it can be performed Combining balances created for single or Petrol % considered for implementation. However, with the acceptable reliability. Fuel wood is group of objects enables bottom-up prin- Diesel % these solutions are much more financially very important energy resource in Montene- ciple of energy balance creation for the demanding, so a cost/benefit analysis gro. There is a large number of suppliers and municipality level. However, it should be Figure .. Final energy consumption structure for should be performed to select the appropri- majority of them with very poorly developed taken into account that due to the low the capital city in 

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• Small country electricity import trend can be confirmed through the change amount of electricity consumed it is obvious data from the Statistical Office of Montene-  About % of the total country dependence; in power demand over the same period that measures aimed at the residential sector gro are for year . The structure of electricity consumption is (Figure ..). With respect to the power will provide the best overall results, but needs for energy as well as for what pur- • Reliable grid infrastructure characterized imported. This share may demand, the capital city has the share of these measures are often difficult to imple- poses the fuels are used is similar for the increase in the years with long by  supply points (substations connected about % of the country power demand. ment thoroughly. On the other hand, service capital city as on the country level due to droughts due to the depen- to the transmission grid) and medium dence of hydro power plants. sector has shown better potential for imple- the dominant share of the capital city in the voltage cable grid with the reserves in In order to better understand the electricity mentation of measures due to clear manage- total country consumption. The share of  Approximately % of Monte- capacity; consumption, a comparison of the two ment structure, and due to this is often the energy carriers used in household sector are negro population is located in selected years with similar consumption is • The most important  kV substation is main target of energy plans. This is espe- presented in the following figure. the capital city.  It is not calculated with the made (Figure ..). The comparison is located in the capital city. cially the case for buildings and companies electricity consumed by national performed on monthly base. The selected As it can be seen from Figure .., there are railroad companies, since it is not owned by municipality. Also, it should be The final energy consumption structure per years are:  and . Although both  energy carriers in use in a typical Monte- managed by the capital city. taken into account that national policy sector (commercial, service, residential, years are characterized with similar annual negrin household: through plans and strategic documents industry and transport) for the capital city is consumption, there are significant differ- strongly promotes and even demands imple- • Electricity very demanding for creation due to the ences that should be noted with respect to mentation of measures for energy perfor- unavailability of the energy consumption the consumption on the monthly level. • The most dominant energy carrier in mance improvement in public buildings. In monitoring, as well as due to the great num- These differences are important for selec- household sector is electricity. Although order to define appropriate measures for the ber of consumers that have to be monitored. tion of measures that could increase energy its dominance can be expected due to the mentioned sectors, the corresponding However, it can be stated that approximately performance. On the other hand, there are versatility of its usage, it should be point- energy balances should be created. the total share of oil derivatives is consumed similarities that characterize the strong ed out that its usage for heating is great, within the transport sector. Negligible share is seasonal dependence of electricity con- Since the data regarding household con- especially in central and southern region used for heating purposes in service sector. sumption, i.e. “V-shape” curve. sumption in the capital city is not systemati- of Montenegro, which is recognized as a Fuel wood is used mainly in residential sector, The fact that larger electricity consumption cally monitored, energy balance preparation great potential for energy efficiency. but a small part of it is used in commercial corresponds to the winter months suggests is very challenging because of the need for • Fuel wood and service sectors. Electricity, as the most that the electricity is greatly used for fulfilling time demanding data collection process. versatile energy resource is used in all men- of the heating needs. Also, a slight increase in The household energy balance data which • Fuel wood as an energy carrier is mostly tioned sectors. Since the data regarding the electricity consumption in July and Au- are reliable and based on surveys conducted used in Montenegrin areas character- electricity consumption are the most reliable gust points to the greater need for electricity by licensed organization are available only ized by cold winters, which is the case (and easily available through communication consumed by air conditioning. The differ- for a typical Montenegrin household, or for the north of the country. Also, the with the supplier), and the electricity is the ences between monthly electricity consump- household sector as a whole. Mentioned energy balance of households in the most important energy resource, an addi- tions corresponding to the observed years data are available in publications of the central region of Montenegro (Podgori- tional analysis of the available electricity arise because of different weather character- Statistical Office of Montenegro, and raw ca, Nikšić and Cetinje) includes a signifi- consumption data follows. istics of the respective years. survey data used for preparation of Monte- cant share of fuel wood. negrin strategy Strategy for Development of The trend in electricity consumption for the More than % of the total electricity con- • Coal Energy Sector until . It should be past several years is a soft decrease (Figure sumption of the capital city corresponds to pointed out that the data from Strategy for • Due to the great availability of lignite ..). Although the number of consumers is the residential sector. The remaining share Development of Energy Sector are for year from the local mine, coal is used by slightly increased, the total electricity con- corresponds to service and commercial  (base year in the Strategy), and the households in Pljevlja. sumed is lower or at the same level. This sector. Therefore, with respect to the

Energy [MWh] Linear (Energy [MWh]) Peak demand [MW] Linear (Peak demand[MW])  

   .%  .%   % .%   .%  

  .% .% W [MWh] W [MWh]

P [MWh]  

   Fuel wood .% LPG .%  Electricity .% Coal .%

  District heating .% Other oil              derivates .%          

Figure .. Total metered annual electricity consumption for all Figure .. Total metered annual peak demand for all supply Figure .. Total metered monthly electricity consumption for all supply Figure .. Final energy consumption structure per fuel for supply nodes of Podgorica in the period - nodes of Podgorica in the period - nodes of Podgorica ( and ) household sector in Montenegro []

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• District heating The structure of final energy use for household sector according to the data from Monstat  is given in Figure • District heating in Montenegro exists in a very limited ... The main reason for the differences between the amount. It is not developed or well researched in spite energy balances for  and  is due to the change in of the climatic circumstances and availability of suit- .% methodology for collection of data related to the use of fuel able energy carriers (biomass, fuel wood) in the north- wood in Montenegrin households, which is changed in ern part of the country; .%  by the Statistical Office of Montenegro (the data for Air conditioning .% • According to the available information (Strategy of the both balances are essentially obtained from the same Cooking .% Development of Energy Sector in Montenegro until source – Statistical Office of Montenegro). Due to the Appliances and lighting .% .), there are only two plants for district heating of mentioned methodology, the absolute value of fuel wood .% .% lower importance in Pljevlja (Public Heating Company consumption increased for more than  fold (.) be- Hot water preparation .% and Sports Center Ada); tween  and . A small part of increase can be Space heating .% explained by certain increase in consumption due to the • The expansion of the district heating system is planned increase of electricity price, but the main reason is domi- for Pljevlja and it will be done when the new unit of nantly the change in the methodology. Therefore, the share .% power plant Pljevlja is built according to the mentioned of fuel wood consumption in the final energy consumption energy strategy (the estimated district heating capacity of household sector is greatly increased. of the future system is about  MWth); • District heating systems are planned to be constructed At the same time, the absolute value of electricity consump- a) Space heating in other northern cities, but in lower amount than it is tion has also changed, but not as drastically as the fuel Fuel wood .% planned for Pljevlja (about  MWth). wood. Consumption of electricity increased by about %. On the other side, consumption of coal and oil derivatives Electricity .% .% • Gas has decreased for % and % respectively, which makes District heating .% .% • Liquid natural gas is not available in Montenegro due to their share in the final consumption of household sector the absence of necessary infrastructure. This energy almost negligible (.% share in the total final energy % .% carrier is not treated as an important strategic potential consumption of households). The district heat component .% (within the Energy Strategy) until . Since then it is is neglected by the recent energy balance prepared by LPG .% expected to be known which option for connecting of Statistical Office of Montenegro. Therefore, from the en- Coal .% .% Montenegrin consume on the Adriatic gas transmission ergy point of view, there are only two energy carriers of .% Other oil derivates .% system will be available (Ionic-Adriatic Pipeline or Trans significance in use in household sector, i.e. residential Adriatic Pipeline); buildings: fuel wood and electricity. • Liquid petroleum gas is present in the energy balance The greatest share of the energy of a household is used for b) Cooking of an average household, but with a very low share. space heating (Figure ..), and this need is fulfilled by .% using all available energy carriers (Figure .. a). The most .% dominant energy carrier used for space heating is fuel wood (.%) and it is followed by electricity (.%) and Electricity .% .% coal (%). District heat, LPG and other petroleum products Fuel wood .% have a total share of .%. Taking into account the recent LPG .% statistical data, the share of coal, district heat, LPG and other petroleum products is even smaller (.% share in the .%

.% total final consumption of household sector in ). It can be concluded that significant share of energy used for .% space heating is represented by electricity, which is a great potential for energy efficiency measures. Thus, for the c) Hot water preparation .% .% present state, use of energy carriers other than fuel wood .% and electricity for space heating can be neglected.

The other energy intensive needs of a household are cook- .% LPG .% ing (Figure .. b) and hot water preparation (Figure .. c). There are three energy carriers used for cooking in Other fuel derivates .% household sector: electricity (.%), fuel wood (.%) Fuel wood .% and LPG (.%). Therefore, the share of electricity is domi- Electricity .% Gas/diesel oil and fuel oil .% nant, and its dominance is even greater for households Coal .% from southern cities. Households from northern part of the Electricity .% country rely more on fuel wood as an energy carrier due to .% Fuel wood .% its availability and price. It is interesting to note that LPG has a share that should not be neglected, although there is

Figure .. Final energy consumption structure per fuel for no gas infrastructure in Montenegro. When LPG is in ques- Figure .. Final energy consumption structure for household sector in household sector in Montenegro [Monstat, ] tion, it also should be pointed out that the level of aware- Montenegro []

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ness about LPG good energy characteristics, as well as to city utility companies. Residential and Number Area Purpose of the objects of objects [m ] about safety issues, is rather low in household sector, which commercial buildings are also characterized City management  . certainly limits its greater usage. by high specific energy consumption. Na- tional rulebooks and analyses in the field of City utility companies  . On the other hand, almost the only energy carrier used for energy efficient buildings treat energy hot water preparation in households is electricity (.%). City regional bodies  . classes of buildings. It is expected that these Only small amount of households is equipped with boilers Culture related buildings  . classes will be available in the near time, but that use fuel wood (.%), LPG (.%) or other petroleum Sport related buildings  . taking into account the working material in products (.%). In terms of energy intensity, with respect Figure ... the line that corresponds to  Other buildings  . to other energy needs of a household, it can be said that the buildings with energy class A (green Residential and commercial buildings (parts of)  . present energy use for hot water preparation is the least  energy buildings) is marked. It can be seen efficient. If it is taken into account the availability of solar Table .. Number and area of building objects owned by that most of the buildings managed by the  the capital city [] thermal potential in Montenegro and level of its usage, the capital city correspond to the lower energy situation is even worse.  classes, i.e. there is a lot of potential for ] According to the national strategic documents and plans, improvement of energy performance.   the most important target for measures, taking into the  Another important aspect of energy balance [kWH/m .% account the implementation potential, are buildings man- .% beside energy consumption structure and spec .% aged (owned) by the government or municipality, i.e. public W  energy intensity is the diversification of buildings. Therefore, buildings managed by the capital city energy carriers used by the buildings man-  should be target of the special attention when energy aged by the capital city (Figure ..). The  .% balance is in question. There are  objects (including part overall dominance of electricity is evident, City City City Culture Sport Other Residential of buildings) owned by the capital city (Table ..). management utility regional related related buildings and which participates with approximately % companies bodies buildings buildings commer- The share of buildings per purpose in the total building area cial .% in all energy needs of buildings in question. buildings is presented in Figure ... Although it is expected that (part of) .% Other used energy carriers are fuel wood sport related objects have the greatest share due to their .% (approximately % share) and residual fuel Figure .. Annual energy consumption per unit of area of the buildings owned nature, a significant share in the total area corresponds to oil (approximately % share). Therefore, the by the capital city the city utility companies, city management and various level of energy carrier diversification is very residential and commercial buildings. The mentioned low, which represents an indication of low sport related buildings .% city management .% buildings should be the main target when analyzing poten- energy performance. The most obvious culture related buildings .% residential and commercial tial energy performance improvement. However, beside the conclusion is that electricity is dominantly buildings (parts of) .% city regional bodies .% share in the total area, it is important to analyze the energy used for heating purposes, which is not other buildings .% city utility companies .% consumption of the respective buildings. energy efficient taking into account how the The structure of the final energy consumption per building electricity is produced (approximately % Figure .. Structure of the buildings (owned by the capital city) area groups owned by the capital city is presented in Figure of electricity in Montenegro is produced by .% per their purpose [] ... It is evident that the energy consumption structure thermal plant Pljevlja), and in addition, there is no distributed renewable resources differs from the area structure, but there are some similari- .% ties. City management buildings have almost the same in the capital city. On the other hand, en- share in the total consumption as in the total area, but city ergy carrier diversification leads to higher utility companies and various residential and commercial energy supply security. .% Electricity .% .% buildings have significantly greater share in the total final In order to design reliable measures that energy consumption than in the total building area. This target improvement of the capital city Fuel wood .% situation points out the fact that the buildings used by city energy performance (on municipality level Residual utility companies and various residential and commercial fuel oil .% .% or for only directly managed objects), it is buildings are characterized by greater energy intensity with necessary to create reliable energy balance, respect to the rest of buildings managed by the capital city. .% which is only possible in the presence of the .% .% Energy performance indicator is often used for buildings is reliable energy consumption monitoring sys- the ratio of the annual final energy consumed and the total tem. This system should be on the object .% area of the building (Figure ..). Its value is indicative level in case of public objects (Figure ..), and in the case of residential sector, Figure .. Energy consumption structure per fuel for the buildings owned by for evaluation of how intensive is energy used by some the capital city .% building. High energy intensity is often a good indicator of it should be a hybrid system of monitoring sport related buildings .% city management .% potential for energy performance improvement. By combin- metered and estimated energy consumption culture related buildings .% residential and commercial ing it with other performance indicators that calculate with data. In both cases, there are available buildings (parts of) .% hardware and software solutions with city regional bodies .% the activity indicators of buildings (number of employees, other buildings .% friendly interfaces that could be operated by city utility companies .% production rate, etc.), a more reliable evaluation of energy performance can be made. the municipality staff designated for energy management. Figure .. Structure of the buildings (owned by the capital city) According to the data regarding energy consumption and energy consumption per their purpose [] area, the highest consumption per unit of area corresponds

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.. Improvement possibilities tion. The organization can choose which of the mentioned Despite the fact that establishing of the energy manage- aspects of energy performance it will select as the focal ment system is an obligation defined by the law, the evi- point of its interest. A model of energy management system dent positive impact on energy performance improvement according to ISO  is presented in Figure ... is enough reason for municipalities to strongly support the In order to perform energy management tasks, the energy development and operation of an energy management management team should be defined. For small organiza- system. There are various guidelines for the best manner of tions, it can be one person, but for larger organizations, a energy management system establishing, but the most cross-functional team provides an effective mechanism to referent is International Standard ISO . This standard engage different parts of the organization in the planning represents the guideline for development of energy man- and implementation of the energy management system. QAX agement system of arbitrary complexity (for a process, an object or an organization), and therefore it is the best start As it can be seen from the model (Figure ..), energy OZW for a municipality that needs reliable and effective energy policy is the starting point, or the driver of an energy man- management system. agement system. The policy may be a brief statement that members of the organization can readily understand and On the other hand, for building related energy manage- apply to their work activities. In case of municipality, energy KNX TP Ethernet ment there are various solutions available on the market. policy has to be in line with the national energy policy These solutions are designed basing on the recommenda- which, through corresponding strategic documents treats tions from ISO , although their standard is EN  energy goals in various sectors and levels, i.e. the munici- that covers building automation and control. These solu- pality level. Also, regulatory obligations should be taken tions are BMS (building management systems) and they into account when designing energy policy, i.e. defining are common part of modern business buildings, but BMS goals in the energy related sphere. can also be installed in old buildings. There are various simple BMS for residential buildings that are not cost With the energy policy available, the next step is the plan- demanding but provide significant energy performance ning phase. Energy planning is an obligation of a munici- KNX RF improvement. pality mandated by Law on Energy Efficiency, and the important element of an energy management system. It is A possibility of improvement of energy consumption moni- a complex process (Figure ..) of analyzing energy toring and archiving that is free is the establishing of direct supply/demand chain in order to identify hot spots, barriers communication with energy suppliers in order to collect and opportunities for energy performance improvement. the consumption data from their databases. Energy suppli- The main result of an energy planning process is the action ers often dispose of advanced information systems that plan with clearly specified measures that should result with WRI collect and archive consumption data from all of their customers. The data can be obtained from them after an agreement between all sides is made. This is a simple procedure which enables access to reliable consumption Continual data for long time periods. The access to reliable energy improvement Energy policy consumption data is of crucial importance for energy management process. Energy M-Bus In the following text, the mentioned improvement possibili- planning ties for the present energy management system in the Impulse Impulse capital city will be analyzed with more details. Management review Implementation ... Fulfilling of ISO  requirements and operation The main goal of this International Standard is the imple- mentation of an energy management system which will Monitoring, measurement result in improved energy performance. The Standard and analysis implies that the organization will periodically review and evaluate its energy management system in order to identify

opportunities for improvement and their implementation. Checking The organization is given flexibility in how it implements the energy management system. The organization can take into account economic and other considerations when determining the rate, extent and timescale of the continual improvement process.

The standard defines the scope and boundaries of an energy Non-comformities, Internal audit correction, corrective management system, which allows flexibility to the organi- of the EnMS and preventative action zation to define what is included within it. The main scope is to achieve energy performance improvement, which Figure .. An example of the energy consumption data collection system [Siemens] includes energy use, energy efficiency and energy consump- Figure .. Energy management system model for ISO 

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reaching of the desired goals. The significance of the reli- measures are selected (fuel substitution, solar power However, internal audits of an energy management system buildings especially for energy management – trending and able energy consumption monitoring is evident from Figure utilization, building envelope improvement, etc.); should be periodically performed. The audits can be per- alarming capabilities and detection of unnecessary energy .. since it represents the necessary input of the plan- formed by personnel from within the organization, or by use. An energy demand/supply scheme form BMS systems is • Targets – quantification of the selected objectives (de- ning process. The quality of the planning outputs is directly external persons selected by the organization, working on presented in Figure ... sired level of renewable energy production, energy con- impacted with the availability of reliable data regarding its behalf. In either case, the persons conducting the audit sumption), i.e. achieving of the specified values of se- It is evident from the presented energy demand/supply energy consumption and other variables affecting signifi- should be competent and in a position to do so impartially lected energy performance indicators; model (Figure ..) that each significant consumer is cant energy use (activity indicators). and objectively. In smaller organizations, auditor indepen- monitored (energy consumption quantity as well as respec- • Action plans – a set of selected measures designed for dence can be demonstrated by an auditor being free from The core of an energy planning process is the energy re- tive consumption patterns) as well as the available energy reaching the specified objectives and targets which responsibility for the activity being audited. view. It represents a set of analyses performed on the supply (including production available on site, like RES). The ensure desired level of energy performance improve- available data affecting the energy use with the goal to ... BMS systems in public buildings main goal is to supply energy to the consumer according to ment. The action plan should include the methodology detect and identify energy consumption hot spots (energy energy demand signals, keeping the losses in distribution of monitoring and evaluating its implementation and In order to support the Directive of Energy Performance of intensive consumers) and possibilities to improve overall and generation to an absolute minimum. effects. Building (EPBD) to enhance energy performance of build- energy performance. An energy audit is a detailed review of ings in the member states of the EU, standard EN  that Energy efficiency-relevant functions of BMS are: the energy performance of an organization (or single object After the finalization of the energy planning phase, the treats BMS is developed. Standard EN  specifies meth- or process). Energy audits of public buildings are an obliga- designed Action Plan enters the implementation phase and • Heating control ods to assess the impact of Building Automation and Con- tion for all municipalities in Montenegro. the measures provide the first effects on the energy perfor- • Emission control mance. The implementation phase includes the need for trol System and Technical Building Management functions The results of the planning process are: on the energy performance of buildings, and a method to contracting external services. The energy management · Central automatic control - Supply output depending define minimum requirements of these functions to be • Energy baseline – a quantitative reference(s) providing a team handles the process, as well as the monitoring of the on the outside temperature for example (correspond- implemented in buildings of different complexities. basis for comparison of energy performance for the speci- ActionPlan realization, i.e. the effects of measures through ing to the probable heat demand of the consumers). fied time period. It is also used for calculation of energy monitoring of the adopted energy performance indicators. BMS has an impact on building energy performance from Energy losses under part load conditions are reduced, savings, as a reference before and after implementation The organization defines competence, training and aware- many aspects. It provides effective automation and control but no advantage can be taken of individual heat of energy performance improvement actions. It is essen- ness requirements based on its organizational needs. of heating, ventilation, cooling, hot water and lighting gains in the rooms; tial for monitoring and evaluation of the effects of imple- Competency is based on a relevant combination of educa- appliances, etc., that increase operational and energy · Advanced central automatic control - Taking advan- mented measures; tion, training, skills and experience. The energy manage- efficiencies. Also, it calculates the “natural” energy gains tage of self-regulating effects during operating times ment team prepares periodical reports regarding the Action – passive solar, ventilation cooling, daylight, etc. together • Energy performance indicators – adopted quantitative fulfills comfort requirements in all the rooms and Plan implementation with potential corrective measures with internal gains (occupants, lighting, electrical equip- values that closely describe monitored characteristics, i.e. reduces heat demand as much as possible. Different proposals. The efficiency of Action Plan, i.e. the quality of ment, etc.). BMS includes monitoring and control of renew- energy performance. There are simple (energy consump- setpoints for heating and cooling (e.g. through the achieved results is the main indicator of energy manage- able energy sources production and cogeneration on the tion, generation, activity, etc.) and complex indicators use of a setpoint range for the flow temperature) can ment process quality. The energy management is defined building premises. Complex and integrated energy saving (specially customized indicators that include various prevent unnecessary overheating or undercooling. by the degree of achieved energy performance improve- functions and routines can be configured on the actual use quantities impacting energy performance of a specific Additional energy can be saved by compensating for ment. It is a process of continuous improvement of energy of a building depending on real user needs to avoid unnec- object or process); known heat gains in the building (e.g. by adjusting performance. essary energy use and CO₂ emissions. BMS provides infor- the flow temperatures over the weekend in office • Objectives – a general direction of action for which mation for operation, maintenance and management of buildings – if there are no internal heat gains). Within a specified outside temperature range (transition period), the changeover between heating and cool- ing occurs (indirectly) based on heat gains in the PLANNING INPUTS ENERGY REVIEW PLANNING OUTPUTS Energy flow building. This may enhance comfort and automate Customer Control/monitoring operation (no need for the operator to manually signals change over); A. Past and present energy uses ANALYSE ENERGY USE · Individual room control - Supply output based on AND CONSUMPTION room temperature (= controlled variable). It consid- Customer ers heat sources in the room as well (heat from solar radiation, people, animals, technical equipment). The • ENERGY BASELINE room can be kept comfortable with less energy; B. • EnPI(s) • Relevant variables affecting Production Distribution Customer · Individual room control with communication - sched- significant energy use IDENTIFY AREAS OF • OBJECTIVES SIGNIFICANT ENERGY USE ulers make it possible to reduce output during non- • Performance AND CONSUMPTION • TARGETS occupancy, and operating and monitoring functions • ACTION PLANS further optimize building energy supply operation;

Demand Customer · Individual room control with communication and control presence control - Effective occupancy control results C. in additional energy savings in the room under part IDENTIFY OPPORTUNITIES load conditions. Demand-controlled energy provision FOR IMPROVING ENERGY This diagram (production of energy) results in minimum losses in shows the basic PERFORMANCE Customer concepts of provision and distribution. energy planning • Control of distribution network hot water temperature Figure .. Energy planning process (ISO ) Figure .. Energy demand/supply model in buildings for BMS (supply or return)

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· Outside temperature-compensated control - Distribu- · Priorities only based on loads - Only the generators • Control of DHW storage temperature, · Automatic control of solar storage tion temperature is controlled depending on the for covering the current load are in operation; varying seasonally: with heat genera- charge (Prio. ) and supplementary outside (corresponding to the probable temperature tion or integrated electric heating storage charge and demand-oriented · Priorities based on loads and demand of the genera- demand of the consumers). This reduces energy supply or multi-sensor storage man- tor capacities - adaptation of the current generator · Automatic selected control with losses under part load conditions; agement - Solar storage tank charging output to load can be more precise, the large genera- charging pump on/off or electric has the highest priority. The remain- · Demand-based control - Distribution temperature tors operate in a more efficient partial load range; heating and charging time release - ing, required coverage is provided by depending on the room temperature (controlled Generator is shut down automatically · Priorities based on generator efficiency - The genera- the heat generator via demand-con- variable). It considers heat sources in the room as during non-heating periods and tor operational control is set individually to available trolled supply temperatures, thus well (solar irradiance, people, animals, technical electric heating is released. Just the generators, so that they operate with an overall high reducing heat losses in generation equipment). Keeps energy losses under part load opposite during heating periods. This degree of efficiency or using the cheapest energy and distribution. Multi sensors allow conditions at an optimum (low). increases the level of use for the heat form (e.g. solar, geothermic heat, cogeneration for dividing the DHW storage tank generator. If the DHW temperature • Control of distribution pumps in networks plant, fossil fuels). into various zones, ensuring better drops below a certain reduced level, adaptation to usage. This reduces · On off control - Electrical power for the pump is • Domestic hot water supply control recharging takes place even without a heat losses in the storage tank; drawn only as required – e.g. during occupancy time-based release; • Control of DHW storage temperature with integrated periods or in protection mode (frost hazard); · Automatic control of solar storage electric heating or electric heat pump · Automatic selected control with charge (Prio. ) and supplementary · Multi-stage control - Operating at a lower speed charging pump on/off or electric reduces power consumption of multi-speed pumps; · Automatic control on/off and charging time release storage charge, demand-oriented - Release of the charging time results in energy heating, charging time release and supply, return temperature control · Variable speed pump control - With constant or savings (losses in the DHW storage tank) by defining demand-oriented supply or multi- and multi-sensor storage manage- variable Δp and with demand evaluation to reduce the charging duration and preventing frequent sensor storage management - De- ment - Solar storage tank charging has the auxiliary energy demand of the pumps. charging. If the DHW temperature drops below a mand-controlled supply temperature the highest priority. The remaining, reduces heat losses in generation and • Intermittent control of emission and/or distribution certain reduced level, recharging takes place even required coverage is provided by the without a time-based release; distribution. The supply temperature heat generator via demand-controlled · Automatic control with fixed time program - Savings can be matched to the DHW storage supply temperatures, thus reducing · Automatic control on/off and charging time release in emission and/or distribution outside the nominal tank temperature and increased as heat losses in generation and distribu- and multi-sensor storage management - Multi sen- operating hours; needed. Spreading the load over time tion. Lower return temperature can be sors allow for dividing the DHW storage tank into (e.g. heating circuits) lowers the · Automatic control with optimum start/stop - Addi- achieved through a reduction in the various zones ensuring better adaptation to usage. maximum output for generation: Gen- tional savings in emission and/or distribution by supply volume flow. This is required This reduces heat losses in the storage tank. eration can be operated in an opti- continuously optimizing the plant operating hours to for condensing boilers, heat pumps, mum part load range and efficiency; the occupancy times; • Control of DHW storage temperature using heat and district heating substations and generation · Automatic selected control with heat saves energy. Storage tank manage- · Automatic control with demand evaluation - The ment is optimized to use only heats · Automatic control on/off and charging time release generation, demand oriented supply operating time and/or the temperature setpoint for storage tank zones required for the - Release of the charging time enable results in and return temperature control or emission and/or distribution is determined based on respective demand. This reduces heat energy savings (losses in storage tank) by defining electric heating, charging time release consumer demand. losses in the storage tank. the charging duration and preventing frequent and multi-sensor storage manage- • Generator control for combustion and district heating charging. If the DHW temperature drops below a ment - Multi sensors allow for divid- • Control of DHW circulation pump ing the DHW storage tank into various · Variable temperature control depending on outdoor certain reduced level, recharging takes place even zones, ensuring better adaptation to · With time switch program - Heat temperature - Generation temperature is controlled without a time-based release; usage. This reduces heat losses in the losses in hot water circulation are depending on the outside temperature (correspond- · Automatic control on/off, charging time release and storage tank. Lower return tempera- limited to primary occupancy periods; ing to the probable temperature demand of the demand oriented supply or multi-sensor storage man- tures can be achieved through a · Demand-oriented control - Heat losses consumers), considerably reducing energy losses; agement - Demand-controlled supply temperature reduction in the supply volume. This in hot water circulation are limited to reduces heat losses in generation and distribution. The · Variable temperature control depending on the load is required for condensing boilers, current occupancy periods. Use can supply temperature can be matched to the DHW stor- - Generation temperature is controlled depending on heat pumps, and district heating be determined using consumption age tank temperature and increased as needed. the effective heat demand of the consumers, keeping substations and saves energy. measurement or acquiring the circula- Spreading the load over time (e.g. heating circuits) energy losses at the generator to an optimum (low). tion temperature. The windshield lowers the maximum output for generation: Genera- • Control of DHW storage temperature washer function (periodic pump run, • Generator control for heat pumps tion can be operated in an optimum part load range; with solar collector and heat generation measuring circulation temperature, · Variable temperature control depending on outdoor · Automatic control on/off, charging time release, · Automatic control of solar storage charge deciding on whether a pump run is temperature - Generation temperature is controlled demand oriented supply or return temperature con- (Prio. ) and supplementary storage needed) can also be used to deter- depending on the effective temperature demand of the trol and multisensory storage management - Multi- charge - The solar collector can recharge mine use. consumers, keeping the COP at an optimum (high); sensors allow for dividing the DHW storage tank into any amount of freely available energy up • Cooling control  In general, similar advantages various zones, ensuring better adaptation to usage. to the maximum DHW storage tank · Variable temperature control depending on the load as from heating control. Some This reduces heat losses in the storage tank. Lower temperature so that the maximum • Emission control - Priority control adapts current generation output (with differences are pointed out return temperature can be achieved through a reduc- possible share of solar energy is used. depending on the control mode. priority to renewable forms of energy) to current load in · Central automatic control; tion in the supply volume. These are required for Heat generation only supplements the an energy-efficient manner. condensing boilers, heat pumps, and district heating required energy amount to ensure a · Advanced central automatic control • Sequencing of different generators substations and save energy. sufficient DHW temperature at any time. - Using different setpoints for heating

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and cooling (e.g. through the use of a setpoint range ing and cooling (large neutral zones), the more • Heat recovery control (prevention of overheating) • Lighting control for the flow temperature) can prevent unnecessary efficiently provisioning can be locked; overheating or undercooling. Additional energy can · With overheating control - Temperature sequence • Occupancy control · Total interlock - A complete lock (e.g. a room tem- be saved by compensating for known heat gains in control at heat recovery prevents unnecessary recool- perature sequence controller) prevents any energy · Manual on/off switch + additional sweeping extinc- the building (e.g. by adjusting the flow temperatures ing of the supply air. absorption in the individual room. The demand-de- tion signal - The luminary is switched on and off with over the weekend in office buildings – if there are no pendent setpoints for heating and cooling from the • Free mechanical cooling a manual switch in the room. In addition, an auto- internal heat gains). Within a specified outside tem- rooms can prevent that the room temperature con- matic signal automatically switches off the luminary perature range (transition period), the changeover · Night cooling - During the night, heat stored in the trollers used in connection with terminal units reheat at least once a day, typically in the evening to avoid between heating and cooling occurs (indirectly) building mass is removed by cool outdoor air until in the summer or recool in the winter. The more needless operation during the night; based on heat gains in the building. This may en- the lower limit of the comfort range is reached, apart the setpoints of all individual room controllers hance comfort and automate operation (no need for reducing the use of active cooling energy during the · Automatic detection - Current occupancy is recorded for heating and cooling (large neutral zones), the the operator to manually change over); daytime; in each area, in large rooms, hallways, etc. Then, more efficiently provisioning can be locked. automatic lighting control: turns on lighting in an · Advanced central automatic control with intermittent · Free cooling - Reduces energy demand on active • Different generator control area at the start of occupancy, reduces lighting to a operation and/or room temperature feedback control - cooling of supply air. Heat recovery is opened when- maximum of % in the area at the end of occupan- Even more electricity can be saved through the pump · Variable temperature control depending on outdoor ever the exhaust air temperature is lower than the cy, turns off lighting in the room  minutes after the cycling. In addition, the switch-on phases can be temperature; outside temperature. Production of chilled water with end of occupancy. executed in some cases if energy efficiency can be · Variable temperature control depending on the load. outside air has priority (favorably priced energy) as gained or at times when energy is available at lower long as the outside temperature suffices for cooling; • Daylight control rates (e.g. cooling at night at lower outside tempera- • Sequencing of different generators · H,x- directed control - Heat recovery is opened when- · Automatic - Automatically supplemented lighting to tures or at lower electricity rates). Heat gains can be · Priorities only based on loads; ever exhaust air enthalpy is lower than outdoor air the incoming daylight always ensures that there is used to save energy through the use of room tempera- enthalpy, reducing energy demand on active cooling sufficient lighting at minimum energy. ture control in a reference room by readjusting the · Priorities based on loads and demand; of supply air. BMS includes various additional functionalities that are not flow temperature setpoint. Room temperature control · Priorities based on generator efficiency. automates the compensation of additional or missing • Supply air temperature control directly related to energy management and depend on the heat gains and if required corrects incorrectly set • Ventilation and air conditioning control building purpose, i.e. its operation needs. An example of · Constant set point - The supply air temperature is set weather-compensated control in a restricted range; simple BMS for a residential building is presented in Figure • Air flow control at the room level manually. The air is supplied to the rooms or provid- .. with BMS components legend given in Table ... · Individual room control; · Time control - Air flow for the maximum load in the room ed for re-treatment. Temperature is increased manu- ally as needed, but then often not reduced to correct · Individual room control with communication; is used up during nominal occupancy times, resulting in significant energy losses under part load conditions in the levels. Behavior is suboptimum; · Individual room control with communication and room; · Variable set point with outdoor temperature compen- presence control. · Presence control - Air flow for the maximum load in the sation - Supply air temperature is controlled depend- • Control of distribution network cold water temperature room is only used up during current occupancy times. ing on the outside temperature (corresponding to the (supply or return) Energy losses under part load conditions in the room are probable demand of the individual rooms). Individual load of all individual rooms is not, however, consid- · Outside temperature compensated control; reduced to actual occupancy; ered. As a result, there is no way to influence how · Demand based control. · Demand control - Air flow in the room controlled by an air many individual room temperature controllers reheat quality sensor, for example, ensuring air quality at lower in the summer or recool in the winter; • Control of distribution pumps in networks energy for air handling and distribution. · Variable set point with load dependant compensation · On off control; • Air flow or pressure control at the air handler level - Supply air temperature is controlled depending on the · Multi-stage control; · On off time control - Air handling unit supplies air load in the single room plant or reference room plant (single room case). The supply air temperature is con- · Variable speed pump control. flow for a maximum load of all; trolled depending on the largest individual load of all • Intermittent control of emission and/or distribution · Connected rooms during nominal occupancy times, individual rooms. This reduces the number of individual still resulting in significant energy losses under part room temperature controllers that reheat in the summer · Automatic control with fixed time program; load conditions; or recool in the winter (multi room case). Energy demand · Automatic control with optimum start/stop; · Multi-stage control - Operation at a lower speed placed on the HVAC plant drops as the load decreases. The more apart the setpoints of all room controllers for · Automatic control with demand evaluation. reduces the electrical consumption of multi-speed fan motor; heating and cooling (large neutral zones), the smaller the • Interlock between heating and cooling control of energy demand placed on the HVAC plant. emission and/or distribution · Automatic flow or pressure control - Air flow adapts to demand of all connected consumers. Under part load • Humidity control · Partial interlock (dependant of the HVAC system) conditions, electrical power is reduced at the fan in · Dewpoint control - Control to the dewpoint requires - The outside temperature-dependent generation the air handling unit. additional energy to ensure the required inlet tem- setpoints for heating and cooling can prevent – to perature direct humidity control; some extent – that room temperature controllers • Heat recovery exhaust air side icing protection control used in connection with terminal units reheat in the · With defrost control - The power of the exhaust air · Direct humidity control - Only cooled, humidified, summer or recool in the winter. The more apart the fan needs not be increased with icing protection and reheated to the extent required, resulting in setpoints of all individual room controllers for heat- limitation control. lower energy consumption.

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The heart and brain of the system. From here you can control all different functions 1 for up to 12 rooms quickly and easily and monitor them via the display.

The room unit measures the room temperature and allows the settings entered into the central apartment unit, such as temperature and operating parameters, to be adjusted for individual rooms. The comfort settings can be extended at the push of a 2 button. The room temperature sensor measures the room temperature and communicates this by radio to the central apartment unit. 4 Receives the pre-set desired temperature for this room by radio signal from the central apartment unit and regulates room temperature by adjusting the radiator 3 valve. It can also regulate up to 5 additional radiators per room, thereby ensuring an 7 even temperature between radiators.

The heating circuit controller compares the actual values and setpoints for each room communicated from the central apartment unit via RF and regulates the temperature 9 2 by adjusting the valve settings of the heat distributer. The multicontroller is for 2 4 precontrol of up to 2 independent hydraulic room groups (e.g. radiators, floor 2 heating) or for control of ventilation plant with up to 3 stages.

5 3 The web server connects the home automation system to the internet. It allows you 3 3 to access and operate the system from a remote location via smartphone, tablet or PC. With the HomeControl app from Siemens, you have an intuitive and simple 5 control for your heating, air conditioning and ventilation system, as well as light and shading control. Alarm messages, reports and consumption data can be sent to email recipients as required. 9 9 9 8 The consumption data interface collects consumption data of heat/cool energy, 6 electricity, water and gas. 2 1 8 8

Acquires the outside temperature and atmospheric pressure and communicates this 7 via RF to the central apartment unit.

Convenient control of lighting and blinds − centrally, locally in the room, or as a 2 scene. Naturally, the components can also be operated automatically, e.g. via time 6 10 8 programs or simulation of presence. 4 3

Monitors the status of windows, doors and gates and transmits the relevant data to 3 the central apartment unit. In the case of deviations from the norm, the system can 9 alert you in a variety of ways. In addition, it saves energy and makes stay comfortable.

Supervision of laundry machine, dish washer, aquarium or any other potential source of water damage. The water monitor with detached sensor for detecting water leaks 10 sends its status by radio to the central apartment unit in the event of a water leakage.

Figure .. BMS for a single building [Siemens] Table .. BMS components [Siemens]

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An important component of energy manage- and other documents which are indispens- tion. In the absence of energy monitoring system (or en- consumption analysis, and as a result, for designing appro- ment system is the user interface, i.e. soft- able part of any energy management system. ergy management system), the only source of the men- priate measures for energy performance improvement. The ware that collects, archives, analyzes and tioned data are energy bills. As the archiving of the bills is procedure for collecting the data from energy supplier is The advantages of building automation presents the energy related parameters in often not performed, the only source of data are energy straight forward even in the absence of energy information solutions in terms of energy performance order to enable performing analysis and suppliers. Therefore, the existence of communication link system. Although, in the absence of the energy information improvement are evident. However, since actions towards improvement of energy with suppliers is of the most importance for establishing system (and software), data preparation and processing there are various solutions available on the performance of a monitored building(s). An energy monitoring (and management) system. Modern have to be done by the staff experienced in the field. market, it is necessary to select the solution interface of one of the available software is supplier companies rely on the modern information sys- that corresponds to the needs, taking into In the case data collection is performed manually, there are presented in Figure ... All of the men- tems which enable simple access to energy consumption account the possible energy performance some hardware and software solutions that can improve tioned functions are available and great care information of any client for arbitrary time period. There- improvements as well as the financial aspect the efficiency of the process and decrease the need for the is given to the graphical data processing in fore, taking into account the flexibility of modern ICT of BMS system installation. Therefore, in staff: installation of metering devices, data loggers, or order to ease the analysis process. The energy solutions, it is possible to connect energy information case of the buildings managed by the capi- some simple BMS systems, etc. In case that the hard copy management software is an important tool in system with the supplier’s information system to enable tal city, there is a need for feasibility study bills are the only available energy consumption data source, the process of selecting energy performance simple data collection, which includes only software adjust- of BMS solution that would be the optimal there is a possibility to design a PC application that would improvement measures, i.e. preparing plans ments. choice. As mentioned earlier, with respect to convert the bills data into an electronic format whose use is the analyzed energy performance indicators In the case of Montenegro, not all suppliers possess modern more versatile. When the energy consumption data is of the buildings, there is an evident poten- information systems. National electric company is the only available in electronic format, there are various applications tial for energy performance improvement. supplier with the advanced information system that can for data processing (graphical presentations, trends extrap- However, in order to select the precise provide the opportunity of interaction with energy informa- olation etc.) that are available or that can be designed in technical parameters of the needed BMS, a tion systems of consumers (objects, municipalities). Taking order to process the data. There are specialized softwares detailed inspection of the buildings has to into account that electricity is the most dominant energy for energy data analyzing (Figure ..) that are available be performed, and the financial feasibility carrier, this opportunity should be used. As the suppliers of with or without the connection with energy consumption analysis needs to be prepared. This inspec- other energy resources in Montenegro cannot provide the monitoring system. tion can be done at the same time with mentioned service, the energy information system should Regardless whether the energy consumption data are col- energy audits of the buildings, which is an rely on the own data collection possibilities. This is done lected manually or from the supplier, the data have to be obligation for all public buildings. The data through design of appropriate procedures for data collec- archived in order to enable reliable energy performance from energy audits of buildings would tion as well as through designation of the necessary staff analysis. The data represent the energy signature of an object enable reliable design of the needed BMS, for the task. These procedures depend of the object in that is the target of energy management. In the absence of as well as the financial analysis, which question, energy suppliers and available staff. would result with the establishing of an the data (which is often the case for some energy carriers and energy management system. An example of electricity consumption data that can be longer past periods in Montenegro), estimations have to be obtained from electricity supplier for a large consumer is made, which significantly decreases reliability of the results ... Establishing communication with presented in Figure ... The mentioned data can be of planned measures for energy performance improvement. energy resources suppliers extracted for a desired time interval, taking into account Therefore, the first step in the establishing of energy man- The analysis of energy performance of an that billing is performed on monthly base. The data include agement system has to be the energy information system object or group of objects includes time all metered values that are billed (active energy, reactive forming, preferably ICT based in order to enable a flexible series of data regarding energy consump- energy and peak power), which is necessary for reliable transition towards modern energy management systems.

Figure .. Communication between BMS components

Figure .. An example of energy management software Figure .. An example of energy card from the database of electricity supplier

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. Energy efficiency potential . . Previous note The only form of energy that exists in unlimited quantities . . Harmonization of Montenegrin legislation with EU ... Basic legislation on the municipality level ment, etc.) and traffic to improve EE; is energy efficiency. Any more serious national energy in the field of energy efficiency strategy or a local energy plan unavoidably addresses the Article  of the Law on Energy defines the obligation of • specific EE measures in buildings that are protected as potential of energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy ... Basic legislation on the state level local self-government units to plan the needs and the way cultural property, etc; of energy supply, as well as the measures for efficient use sources (RES). It is considered that increasing energy effi- Montenegro opened negotiating Chapter  - Energy in • other EE measures to be implemented in the area of of energy, energy from RES and cogeneration, with the ciency can be the cheapest and the most productive energy December . The European Commission and the Energy local self-government; local energy plan. The local energy plan (LEP) that should alternative, with practically unlimited possibilities. Rational- Community in their reports note that the adoption of the be adopted for a period of  years and for the area of local ) the dynamics and the way of implementing EE measures izing energy use can significantly contribute to stimulating new Law on Energy and the Law on Efficient Use of Energy self-government includes the following: innovation, employment and economic growth and reduc- in Montenegro has made some progress in the field of ) the resources necessary for the implementation of the ing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). With relatively small harmonization of Montenegrin legislation with the Third EU ) presentation of the situation in the energy sources program, the sources and way of their provision. investments, better choice of energy-efficient technologies, Energy Package. However, these institutions estimate that supply, as well as the presentation of all types of energy In January , the European Commission launched a better organization and quality improvement, significant in order to further harmonize and implement EU energy production (electricity production, district heating and / major initiative to connect mayors of European cities, that energy and financial savings can be achieved. policies, especially in the areas of EE and RES, it is necessary or cooling systems and other types of energy produc- are aware of needs of sustainable energy management, in a to complete the by-laws and establish effective mechanisms tion); World experience shows that energy inefficiency needs to durable network, with the aim of exchanging experiences for meeting the set objectives in these areas. be attacked across the whole front, from production to end ) data on energy consumption, by type of energy source in applying effective measures to improve energy efficiency consumer. In view of the complexity, in order to prepare The main documents and policy in the field of energy are: and sectors of activity and households; in urban areas. The Covenant of Mayors is the first and and implement a comprehensive EE strategy and action Energy Efficiency Strategy of the Republic of Montenegro most ambitious initiative of the European Commission ) data on local emissions and greenhouse gases; plans, it is necessary to engage in the long-term available (SEE, ), Energy Policy of Montenegro until  (EP aimed directly at the active involvement and continuous domestic potentials from the science and industry sectors , ), Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro ) estimation of planned energy consumption, by type of participation of city administrations and citizens in the fight in order to accurately identify the potentials of EE and to by  (SRE , ), with the accompanying Action energy source and sectors of activity and households; against global warming. promote modern, highly efficient and environmentally Plan for the period - () and the Energy Effi- ) assessment of energy production possibilities; By signing the Agreement, the Mayors committed them- friendly energy technologies, measures and procedures for ciency Action Plan for - (APEE, ). The basic selves to the creation of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan the production and use of energy in Montenegro. The legislations is: Law on Efficient Use of Energy (“Official ) assessment of the possibility of using EE measures in all (SEAP) that should be submitted to the European Commis- encountered challenges should be tackled with internation- Gazette of Montenegro” No. /) and Law on Energy sectors of activity and households, especially in the sion for a period of one year. In accordance with this obliga- al expert and financial support. The potential of EE is huge, (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. /). public sector; as energy savings are realized on the producer’s side (coal, tion, on the basis of collected information on the situation, oil, gas and electricity production, transmission and distri- The indicative target of increasing EE in Montenegro from ) assessment of the potential and possibilities of increas- Podgorica prepared and adopted the “Action Plan for Sus- bution) as well as on the users’ side (energy use in house-  is defined at the level of % of the saving of the aver- ing the use of energy from RES; tainable Use of Energy as a Resource”, with the period of age final energy consumption by . This target amount implementation of the Action Plan until . holds, transport and industry). ) assessment of the possibility of introducing a district is also confirmed in the APEE in . However, the new The term EE is the most often encountered in two possible heating and / or cooling system; Also, on the basis of the obligations from the Law on Energy, Energy Efficiency Directive //EU (EED) requires from meanings, one of which refers to devices and the other to the capital city has prepared and adopted “Local Energy Plan member states a compulsory savings of % of the average ) energy targets and indicators for their monitoring; measures and behaviors. An energy efficient device is one of capital city  - ” (LEP). One of the important final energy consumption by . The EED defines savings that has a high degree of useful effect, i.e. small losses ) measures to achieve the set goals; prerequisites for a successful implementation of the LEP is its of % of the average final energy consumption by , when transforming one type of energy into another. For full compliance with relevant strategic documents, national and Article  of this Directive defines the establishment of ) assessment of the financial resources needed for the example, “ordinary” incandescent bulbs convert a large legislation and all applicable local documents. an EE obligatory scheme requiring all Member States, from implementation of the local energy plan and possible portion of electricity into heat energy, and only small in  January , to start to realize annual energy savings of sources of financing. Finally, based on the Law on Efficient Use of Energy, the useful light energy, and in that sense it represents an .% of total final energy consumption. Secretariat for Spatial Planning and Environmental Protec- The LEP must be in line with the key documents at the energy-inefficient device. tion of the Capital City in  prepared the “Energy Effi- Ministerial Council of the Energy Community (EC) in Octo- national level: the Energy Development Strategy, the Re- Consequently, constant concern about increasing EE is one ciency Improvement Program for the Period -” ber  made the decision (D///MC-EnC), which newable Energy Action Plan, the Action Plan for the Devel- of the fundamental components of sustainable develop- (PPEE). One of the main goals of the Program is to establish transpose of the new EED becomes obligatory for the EC opment and Use of District Heating and / or Cooling and ment of Montenegro and a strategic goal at the national in the coming period the energy management system in the Member States and therefore also for Montenegro. Since High Efficiency Cogeneration and the Energy Efficiency level. It is clear that in order to balance or mitigate the capital city, as well as to implement measures that will Montenegro’s indicative target of % expires in , ac- Action Plan. The local self-government unit is obliged, in expected increase in energy consumption in all sectors, a influence the reduction of both energy needs and energy cording to the undertaken obligations under the EC mem- accordance with the possibilities, to give priority to the decisive energy policy is needed, with emphasis on mea- consumption in the future. Establishment of an integral bership, Montenegro has the obligation to define an indica- heating and / or cooling energy from the RES in the process sures in the building sector (housing and commercial) and system involves the identification of all places of energy tive target after  in accordance with the EED. According of urban infrastructure planning. in the transport sector. From the EE point of view, a particu- consumption in the capital city, the creation of a database to the available data, Montenegro is still in the process of larly high share of electricity used for space heating (over Also, the Law on Efficient Use of Energy, Article , obliges and an adequate structure that will manage energy in all making a decision on the application of the EE scheme, %) is a particularly high problem, which is the first conse- the local self-government communities to adopt energy facilities. These facilities not only include public buildings, with some modifications that would imply an objective of quence of low electricity prices over a long period of time. efficiency improvement programs for their territory for a but also public lighting, water supply and wastewater .% savings for  and . and .% in . period of three years. Such a program should include: systems, as well as all other consumers, individual facilities, A significant improvement in EE and increased use of RES is Following the Law on Efficient Use of Energy as a basic sports centers, public fountains, street billboards, traffic closely linked to general economy and social policies. There ) Proposal of EE measures to include: legal document in this field,  by-laws (regulations, orders lights and festive lighting. Only such an approach can is a real potential for contributing to sustainable develop- and instructions) have been adopted, which regulate more • The plan for the adaptation and maintenance of provide a complete insight into energy costs and give a ment and economic growth that can affect all areas of closely the respective sub-areas. buildings used by local self-government and public clear overview of the effects of the measures to be applied. economic activity. In order to achieve energy goals, Monte- service bodies established by the local self-govern- negro must take on international obligations regarding The most important goal of this PPEE is to reduce annual ment, with the aim of improving EE; institutional, legal and other changes. The implementation energy and water costs by % - % by the end of . It of EU norms and standards in the field of EE will have an • Plans for improving the system of public utility ser- is emphasized that EU experience as well as examples from impact on the integration of Montenegro into the EU. vices (public lighting, water supply, waste manage- other municipalities in Montenegro show that this goal is

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realistic and that with the establishment of ating costs for supply-side options. In addi- stage but can also be done during refurbish- • The percentage of the building’s energy an integrated energy management system, tion, energy efficiency investments gener- ment. requirement that is supplied by renewable energy. this can be achieved without major invest- ally have much shorter lead times than Internal heat gain is the thermal energy from ments. In the document, the goal is given energy supply investments, a particularly people, lighting and appliances that give off ... Determining a building’s energy optionally: % is the minimum savings that important consideration in countries where heat to the indoor environment. This is performance need to be made by the end of the imple- the demand for energy services is growing desirable in cold weather as it reduces the The calculation of energy use in buildings is mentation period. On the other hand, a rapidly. energy requirements for heating, in hot based on the characteristics of the building more ambitious % variant, which is con- weather it increases the energy required for Figure .. illustrates the typical energy and its installed equipment. It is structured sidered to be still realistic in PPEE, is condi- cooling. In office buildings, commercial flows in a building. The building gross in three levels as illustrated below (Figure tioned with the moment of launching of stores, shopping centres, entertainment halls, energy needs represent the anticipated ..), and the calculation is performed program implementation activities. etc. much of the overheating problem during buildings requirements for heating, lighting, from the bottom-up. . . Building sector cooling, ventilation, air conditioning and the summer can be caused by heat produced humidification. The indoor climate require- by equipment or by a high level of artificial Step One is the calculation of the building’s ... Importance and EE improvement ments, outdoor climatic conditions and the lighting. When there is a large number of net energy requirements, i.e. the amount of techniques in buildings building properties (surface/transmission occupants or clients, their metabolic heat can energy required to provide the indoor cli- According to the European Parliament’s heat transfer and heat transfer due to air also add to the problem. mate requirements as specified by the leakage) are the parameters used for deter- building code. The calculation is used to analysis, EU buildings account for % of Delivered energy is the amount of energy mining what the gross energy needs of the determine the net energy required based on total energy consumption and % of CO₂ supplied to meet a building’s net energy building will be. the outdoor climate and indoor climate emissions. Globally, the building sector demand i.e. to provide energy for heating, requirements while considering the contri- accounts for more electricity use than any cooling, ventilation, hot water and lighting. It As illustrated in the diagram, delivered butions from internal gains, solar gains and other sector, %. No wonder considering is usually expressed in kilowatt hours (kWh) energy, natural energy gains and internal natural lighting and losses due to building that we spend more than % of our time in and the main energy carriers are electricity heat gains all contribute to providing the properties, i.e. heat transmission and air- buildings. Also, energy used in buildings and fuel, i.e. gas, oil or biomass for boilers. As energy needs of a building. flows (air infiltration and exfiltration). This (residential and commercial) accounts for a seen in Figure .., the delivered energy calculation is used to determine the intrinsic significant percentage of a country’s total Natural energy gains include passive solar could be supplemented by on-site renewable energy performance of the building. energy consumption. This percentage de- heating, passive cooling, natural ventilation energy, this could be in the form of solar PV, pends greatly on the degree of electrifica- flow and daylight. Intelligent maximization of solar water heaters or wind. Step Two is the determination of the build- tion, the level of urbanization, the amount natural energy gains can result in significant ing’s delivered energy, i.e. the energy perfor- Exported energy is the fraction of delivered of building area per capita, the prevailing reduction of delivered energy required to mance of the building in actual use. This is energy that, where applicable, is sold to climate, as well as national and local policies meet a building’s energy needs. Environmen- the amount of energy used for heating, external users. to promote efficiency. tally smart buildings make intelligent use of cooling, hot water, lighting, ventilation energy resources, while minimizing waste. With increasing urbanization, higher in System losses result from the inefficiencies systems, inclusive of controls and building developing countries, the number and size Natural energy gains can be maximized by in transporting and converting the delivered automation, and includes the auxiliary of buildings in urban areas will increase, exploiting the potential contribution to a energy, i.e. of the  per cent delivered resulting in an increased demand for elec- building’s performance offered by the site energy, only  per cent may be used to tricity and other forms of energy commonly and its surroundings through: provide the actual services, e.g. lighting, used in buildings. Investments in energy cooling or ventilation, due to the inefficien- • A building plan which places functions in ENERGY USE / CO₂ EMISSIONS INDICATORS efficiency in a building can be compared cy of the equipment used. locations that minimize the need for with the cost of capital investments neces- applied energy; When addressing the energy efficiency issue sary on the supply side of the energy system in buildings, the main focus is on the energy Step : to produce a similar amount of peak capac- • A shape which encourages the use of Energy use indicators = Conversion used to attain the required indoor climate ity or annual energy production. Usually, the daylight and natural ventilation, and conversion of energy for factors Step : standards. The amount of energy a building different uses from Building’s delivered capital costs of efficiency are lower than reduces heat losses; different fuels to a will be required to purchase to attain this is energy = energy used comparable investments in increased supply similar energy unit for ventilation, cooling • An orientation that takes account of the dependant on: and there are no additional operating costs heating, lighting and potential benefits from solar gains while hot water of efficiency compared to substantial oper- • The properties of the building: reducing the risk of glare and overheating; Heating Cooling Ventilation • The level of heat transfer: the lower the Hot water Lighting • Effective use of natural daylight combined system system system heat transfer the lower the heat loss with the avoidance of glare and unwanted NATURAL ENERGY GAINS during cold weather and heat gain during solar gains; RENEWABLE ENERGY warm weather. This will reduce the energy • Natural ventilation wherever practical and requirements for heating or cooling; Automation and controls Step : BUILDING appropriate, with mechanical ventilation Building’s net energy = • Whether the building is designed to building’s gross energy BUILDING NET and/or air conditioning used only to the Building GROSS ENERGY minimize the need for applied energy needs less (natural ENERGY USE DELIVERED extent they are actually required; Natural energy gains and internal NEEDS ENERGY depending on the outdoor climatic daylight hea gains) • Good levels of thermal insulation and conditions. prevention of unwanted air infiltration through the building envelope; • How efficiently the delivered energy is used to meet the building’s net energy Internal Heat Air Indoor and Solar outdoor INTERNAL HEAT GAINS • Intrinsically efficient and well-controlled demand i.e. the efficiency of the equip- gas transmission flows climate gains EXPORTED building services, well-matched to the ment and appliances used; SYSTEM LOSSES ENERGY building fabric and to the expected use. • How efficiently energy is used by people Figure .. Overview of the process of calculating energy consumption indicators for Figure .. Typical energy flows in a building This is best achieved at the building’s design in the building; buildings

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energy needed for fans, pumps, etc. Energy calculation, be taken into account: there is a need for information to be config- and enabling integration from single to used for different purposes and by different ured in a versatile way for different decision multiple building disciplines, such as build- (a) local solar exposure conditions, active fuels is recorded. makers. For building owners, it may be an ing management – heating, ventilation and solar systems and other heating and overall upgrading of building quality and air conditioning, lighting and shading – up Step Three is the determination of the electricity systems based on energy asset value, improved productivity or com- to fire safety and security. Its extensible overall energy performance indicators: It from renewable sources; fort, while for governments it may be em- driver concept allows integration through combines the results from Step  above for (b) electricity produced by cogeneration; ployment content or health benefits, as well BACnet or other protocols. As a building different purposes and from different fuels as climate policy advancement. A useful management platform, it is certified to fulfill to obtain the overall energy use and associ- (c) district or block heating and cooling illustration of the multiple benefits of en- the highest possible BACnet profile B-AWS. ated performance indicators. Since a build- systems; ergy efficiency is given in (Figure ..). Thanks to its extensive scalability, the plat- ing can use more than one fuel (e.g. gas and form is an ideal choice for medium and large electricity), the different energy sources (d) natural lighting. ... Building management systems commercial buildings as well as large, have to be converted and combined in terms (BMS) and Siemens Desigo CC Therefore, the improvement of EE in build- distributed building complexes and campus of primary energy to provide the optional platform for building management ings means a continuous and wide range of infrastructures. Desigo CC can grow along end result of the calculation of energy activities, which is the ultimate goal of As can be seen from Figure .., one con- with building management requirements as performance. Commonly used energy reducing the consumption of all types of sistent quality in the building sector is that it well as integrate successive additional indicators for buildings are kWh/m² (energy energy with the same or better conditions in is subject to a high degree of regulation. disciplines. consumption in kilowatt hours per square the facility. As a result of the reduction of Building codes often influence material use meter of floor area) or CO₂ emissions. the consumption of fossil fuels due to EE and appliance standards that have a signifi- It is the government’s responsibility to measures and the use of OIEs, there is a cant effect on energy efficiency. Regulatory provide, at national or local level, calculation reduction in the emission of harmful gases BETTER regimes, to the extent that they exist, may “QUALITY OF LIFE” guidelines and methodologies for determin- (CO₂, etc.) which contributes to the protec- therefore provide a pathway to improve Energy provider tion of the natural environment, the reduc- Enterprise Asset ing energy performance. In most instances, efficiency for both building construction and benefits productiv- values software is developed for these calculations. tion of global warming and the sustainable a variety of building appliances. ity development of the country. Because of the The general framework for the calculation of Public Disposable long lifespan of buildings, their impact on A large number of buildings can be moni- budgets income EE buildings is defined by the Directive the environment in which we live is long tored continuously, with reports generated / / EU of the European Parliament and and uninterrupted and cannot be neglected. automatically when certain conditions are the Council on Energy Efficiency of Buildings Satisfying E forms: Energy-Economy-Ecolo- detected. More recently there has been Macro Poverty impact alleviation (recast) as well as a methodology that takes gy-Efficiency-Education is a new challenging interest in building management systems into account the following aspects: goal set before planners, designers and (BMS) as another means of continuously collecting data about system performance. ENERGY (a) the following actual thermal character- builders. EFFICIENCY European Standard EN: was Job Health & istics of the building including its inter- IMPROVEMENT Low-energy buildings and “almost zero created to establish conventions and meth- creation Wellbeing nal partitions:  “Nearly zero energy building” or energy buildings” (NZEB) can make a sig- ods for estimating the impact of building “energy-neutral building” is a (i) thermal capacity; nificant contribution to saving energy and automation and control systems on energy building with a very high EE. A reducing GHG emissions. Therefore, the EU performance and energy use in buildings. A Energy Energy large share of energy required (ii) insulation; adopted the  Directive on Energy Per- building control assessment scheme imple- security savings should be covered from renew- formance of Buildings and the  Energy able sources, including energy (iii) passive heating; menting EN: and a rating label Climate Efficiency Directive, which state that all has been developed by the trade association Develop- change produced at the site of the (iv) cooling elements; and ment public buildings by  and all new build- mitigation building or nearby. (eu.bac) to facilitate this. The assessment Resource Energy (v) thermal bridges; ings by  must be near zero energy. The scheme and label are concerned with con- manage- prices ment regulations clearly point out that smart trol capability rather than measured energy (b) heating installation and hot water initiatives have to incorporate more ‘smart performance of systems and buildings, but supply, including their insulation char- grid’ technologies and technical automation they may have a role to play in determining acteristics; processes into existing infrastructure. From how relevant data can be captured and Figure .. Multiple uses of EE in buildings (Source: IEA) (c) air-conditioning installations; a sociological standpoint it is necessary to transmitted to automatic monitoring spread holistic and sustainable systems schemes for continuing long-term analysis. (d) natural and mechanical ventilation thinking through the different layers of which may include air-tightness; The increasingly wide use of BMS may be society. This requires a critical discussion of the key to further progress, though standard (e) built-in lighting installation (mainly in sustainable development and innovation data formats and transmission protocols will the non-residential sector); itself, and how theoretically viable concepts have to be agreed to ensure interoperability can be realized in practice. (f) the design, positioning and orientation between devices and equipment from of the building, including outdoor To achieve NZEB and deep renovation up- different manufacturers and the networks climate; take on a large scale, two particular require- infrastructure. ments have been identified as vital: firstly, (g) passive solar systems and solar protec- Today’s buildings are becoming increasingly insight and understanding of the attitudes tion; complex, and the need to integrate dissimilar and motives of building owners and inves- systems into a comprehensive platform is (h) indoor climatic conditions, including the tors, and secondly, the availability of suit- growing. Desigo CC is the latest building man- designed indoor climate; able finance. Regarding the motives and agement platform from Siemens (Figure ..). decisionmaking processes of these parties, (i) internal loads. energy efficiency is not often the main Desigo CC is based on a SCADA platform, The positive influence of the following argument and there are different perspec- making it fully compliant with BACnet Figure .. Desigo CC Siemens building management platform (Siemens Building aspects shall, where relevant in the tives from different stakeholders. Thus, Advanced Operator Workstation (B-AWS) Technologies - Outlook )

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... Energy consumption of the capital consumption is considerably less and their . Residential buildings and business • Abandoned , or .% city of Podgorica amount is under .%. premises; • There are  , or .% temporary According to the LEP, the energy balance ... Estimation of EE potential in . Residential buildings - households. facilities, as follows: and corresponding CO₂ emissions include building sector of the capital city This division is incomplete because it has not • Cottage house  , or .% of the building, traffic, public lighting, water and For the purpose of the calculation EE in included a significant number of facilities of total number of facilities; sewage and industry sectors (without KAP). building sector, according to Directive international institutions and representative Results of data processing for energy con- • Family homes  , or .%; / / EU of the European Parliament and offices, state-owned buildings (Parliament, sumption of the sector by energy products the Council on Energy Performance Build- Government and line ministries, judicial • Another type of building , or .%; for  are shown in the following table ings (EPBD-Recast), buildings are classified authorities, departments, directorates, agen- (Table ..) and figure (Figure ..). • There are no data for the remaining  into the following categories: cies, funds, army, etc.) that are also located in or .% of objects. In the energy balance two sectors are domi- the territory of the capital city. Only after a) single-family houses of different types; nant: building (.%) and traffic providing data on the areas, age and energy a. Potential of EE in households (.%), and among energy products: b) apartment blocks; consumption of the facilities of these catego- We will begin this analysis for the category diesel (gas and diesel) with .%, fol- ries it will be possible to evaluate the potential c) offices; of household that is tightly linked to the lowed by electricity with .% and heat- of EE in the building sector of the capital city. building, and it has the greatest potential for ing wood with .%. This indicates that, d) educational buildings; In the period -, the number of improving the EE. If KAP is excluded, the if KAP is excluded, the greatest potential of e) hospitals; dwellings in the municipality almost dou- building sector participates with around % EE is in building and transport sectors. The bled. By far the strongest increase was in the energy balance of the capital city. In share of other fuels (LPG and fuel oil) in f) hotels and restaurants; recorded by the area of GUP, where a large the LEP of the Capital City for Energy Con- g) sports facilities; number of newly built housing blocks sumption in the household category, data developed. The number of apartments in for  are used. The total number of TJ  h) wholesale and retail trade services the city suburban area has also increased, objects for permanent dwellings in  was buildings;  among other things, due to the formation of   with an area of    m². The i) other types of energy-consuming informal settlements. average area of the apartment is . m².  According to Montenegrin Electric Enterprise buildings. According to the  Census, the use of data,   households consumed    For the consideration of various aspects in housing facilities has the following distribu-  kWh of electricity in . The highest determination of the energy performance of tion (Figure ..):  consumption was recorded in winter months buildings, the following categories are recog- • There are  , or ,%, accommoda- (maximum in February    kWh),  nized in the LEP of the capital city (): tion facilities for dwelling, as follows: and the smallest in May and September, in  the months when there was no heating and . Buildings used by the city administration; • Housing in apartments  , or cooling of space (Figure ..).  . Buildings used by city enterprises; .% of the total number of facilities; As an additional energy source,   house- • Housing with activities , or .%;  . Buildings used by local authorities; holds (.%) have used wood for heating in Transport Public Buildings Industry Water supply and lighting (without KAP) wastewater . Buildings used for the needs of • Facilities for performing activities , ., in the total amount of ,. m³. treatment institutions in the sphere of culture; or .%. Of this, in urban settlements,   house- Electricity Diesel Petrol LPG Residual Fuel wood holds (.% of the number of households use • There are  , or .% uninhabited fuel oil . Buildings for sporting activities; wood for heating) have consumed  , housing facilities, as follows: . Other buildings and premises owned m³. In addition to the wood for heating, a Figure .. Energy consumption in the capital city by sector and energy (without KAP) by the city; • Temporarily uninhabited ,, or small percentage of households (about %)  .% of the total number of objects use as supplementary energy LPG and fuel oil.

Energy Transport Public lighting Buildings Industry Water supply Total per energy carriers .% carrier and waste water (TJ) % .. (without KAP) treatment .%

Diesel ., ., . % .% .. Petrol , , , % .. LPG , , , %

Electricity , , ., , , ., ,  % ..

Residual fuel , , , % .. oil .% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Fuel ., ., , % .. wood Inhabited .% Total . ,  ,  . , , , . ,  % Uninhabited .%  Sectorial Occasionally used .% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec share , % , % , % , % , %  % Other objects .%

Figure .. Overview of the use of residential Figure .. Total energy consumption in households Table .. Energy consumption by sectors of the capital city  (TJ) facilities  in  (kWh)

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The following table (Table ..) gives an overview of the However, the number of informal facilities is considerably Even % - % of housing and non-residen- make a more precise estimate of energy total energy consumption in households. higher than the data provided by the Real Estate Directorate, tial buildings, built after the adoption of savings in the household category in the especially taking into account the fact that a significant technical conditions in terms of thermal shorter and longer terms. The situation Taking into account the tables (Table .. and Table ..), number of informal facilities are not registered in the Real protection within the standard JUS U. J.  further complicates the lack of up-to-date households in energy consumption participate with .%. If Estate Evidence. Also, it is not known how many illegal from , can be considered to have unsat- statistics on the average share of household a total residential area of    m² is taken, it follows buildings were built before and after , but it can be isfactory thermal protection, with an average energy consumption by purpose (heating, that the average specific energy consumption in the house- assumed that at least % were raised during the transition energy consumption for heating the space cooling, cooking, lighting, etc.). Otherwise, hold category is . kWh / m² / year. Both data from this after . It can also be assumed that a significant number from  to  kWh / m². With the growing the potential of EE is different for individual analysis on specific energy consumption in kWh / household of illegal buildings are energetically inefficient, and they can presence of refrigeration units in recent purposes, so it is the largest in heating and and kWh / m² / year testify to the significant potential of EE in also be treated as if they were built before . decades, the problem of thermal insulation of cooling and in thermal consumers such as existing housing facilities. For estimation of EE potential, data buildings is equally related to space cooling. stoves, washing and drying machines, dish- on the age of permanently inhabited housing are also rel- As already mentioned, the main potential of energy savings In essence, the rapid development of the washers, etc. evant. Using data from the MONSTAT statistics office, the in buildings is the thermal insulation of buildings. Insufficient market, the economy, penetration and the data from the  census on the number and total areas of thermal insulation leads to increased heat losses in winter, For the purposes of Illustrations, as well as influence of capital leave a trace on architec- permanently occupied housing units by construction periods cold peripheral structures, damage caused by condensation some resemblance to the trends in the house-  (humidity) and overheating of the area during the summer. tural realizations that are often of doubtful holds of the Capital City of Podgorica, Figure Energy efficiency trends in from  to  are presented in table (Table ..). residential and commercial quality and without an energy concept. .. presents the share of individual energy Consequences are damage to the structure, uncomfortable buildings, U.S. Department of From the table (Table ..) it is obvious that up to the year of However, in recent years, there has been a  and unhealthy housing and work, increasing the cost of using needs according to US sources . Energy, October  ,  , or about % of housing units were built. and maintaining space and increasing environmental pollu- practice of installing external thermal insula- However, according to the available data of the Real Estate tion on buildings as well as windows with As shown in Figure (Figure ..), since tion. Thus, due to the construction method and the lack of  The pie chart includes .% of Directorate,   objects in cadastral municipalities in the better thermal characteristics. This is a conse- , the area of housing units in the United and failure to comply with the regulations on thermal protec- energy that is a statistical States grew, while the number of tenants per territory of the capital city - Podgorica, which were built con- tion, during the period of the largest housing construction quence of the increased awareness of inves- adjustment by the Energy dwellings declined. Fewer people have more trary to the law, were entered in the evidence of Real Estate from  to , a series of residential and non-residential tors, buyers and tenants, as well as the imple- Information Administration to space due to factors such as higher income, Directorate. The total area of these facilities is    m², or buildings with an average energy consumption of heating mentation of the Rulebook on Minimum reconcile two divergent data smaller families and postpone of marriages. an average of . m² per object. Out of the above number, exceeding  kWh / m² / year were built. The average old Energy Efficiency Requirements which is in sources.   objects were completed, with the total area of these buildings consume - kWh / m² / year of energy for force since . facilities of    m², or an average of . m² per heating, standardly insulated buildings under , modern The low cost of electricity in the past in the object. Bearing in mind the fact that the competent Real Estate low-energy buildings below , and passive buildings and residential sector, as well as the benefits of . % Directorate in the previous period made the registration of the Other . % “almost zero consumption” buildings  kWh / m² / year. It using electrical devices for space heating, objects most often at the request of the party, it is expected Computers . % means that energy consumed in a standardly isolated house have led to dominant use of electricity for that the number of illegal buildings in the territory of the Cooking . % today can heat up to  to  low-energy, or  to  passive heating the space in residential buildings, . % Space Heating capital city will be higher than the above. The following figure houses. The average energy for residential buildings in the EU especially in urban areas. Heat pumps / air Wet Clean . % shows the areas of illegal construction (Figure ..). is  kWh / m² / year. conditioners (“split systems”) commonly used Buildings built before  were built in the period when for heating have generally “low” performance, Electronics . % Parameter Value new materials, static lighter and thinner structures appeared, primarily because of their poor quality, inad- and at the same time in the period of cheap energy and lack equate installations and poor maintenance. Number of households . of regulations on the need for their thermal protection. Today Direct electric heating (heat accumulators, Refrigeration . % Total electricity consumption energy (kWh) .. such buildings are large energy consumers and do not meet electric heat boilers, electric heaters) are Specific electricity (kWh / household) . the modern tendencies of reducing energy consumption in often used to heat rooms, sometimes as the  . % Space Cooling them, in order to achieve greater comfort, more pleasant and only source of heat. Electricity is also used to Heating energy from wood .. Lighting  % healthier stay, and environmental protection and reduction of prepare hot water in households, especially in Specific energy of fires. wood (kWh / household) ., climate change. urban areas. Thermal solar systems are rarely  . % Water Heating Total (kWh / year) .. used. There is usual use of conventional Specific total (kWh / household / year) ., electric bulbs in Montenegrin households. In Figure .. Residential primary energy end-use splits,   the summer period, there is an evident in- Table .. Overview of energy consumption in households (kWh) crease in electricity consumption due to the massive use of air conditioners for the needs . . of room cooling. In rural as well as in subur- ban areas, the use of wood for room heating . . Podgorica Dwellings built is significant. Otherwise, as in all of Montene- . Until  - - - - gro, natural gas is not available, and district Number .  . . . heating is not developed. . . Area (m²) . . . . .. As it is emphasized in the APEE -, . Unknown Unfinished Montenegro has not yet finalized activities to . - - - year of but . construction habitated create the conditions for certification of

dwellings energy characteristics of buildings. National . . Household Size Average Number . . . .  software for assessment and certification of Area (m²) . . .. .  energy characteristics is still not available, Feet) Home Size (Square Average . . Vranići  Total . Zagorič - park šuma and there are no relevant databases of build-       . Malo brdo Number . ings in Montenegro (number, structure, . Kakaricka Gora With AC With Computer With Dishwasher Area (m²) .. . Dajbabska Gora ownership, construction period, construction and technical characteristics, etc.). Table .. Dwellings for permanent living by year of construction Figure .. Critical areas of illegal Figure .. Average size of new dwellings and average number of persons per and area, census  construction Under these circumstances, it is difficult to household

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As home size grows, so does residential Figure .. is an index for total energy tor was %, and individual heating appliances were then tioned technical rationalization capabilities, the achieved energy consumption, with new end uses consumption, number of households, house represented with .%. results, even in technically-technologically developed driving much of the growth (Figure ..). size, a combined structural component that countries, are significantly below the savings potential of According to numerous sources, around % of households Air conditioners, dishwashers, computers, captures many of the “other explanatory -% in older buildings. Due to the known inertia of this spend about % for heating and cooling space, about % televisions and small appliances are increas- factors,” and energy intensity over the sector, the success of the program for the rational use of for domestic hot water, and about % for total heat con- ingly prevalent in American homes. Micro- period from  to . The number of energy in households implies long-term persistent engage- sumption. Also, in the balance of total consumption of wave ovens were found in  percent of households increased over this period is . ment of various subjects, and primarily the citizens them- households, the stated needs in the heat energy are about homes in ; by ,  percent of percent, while energy consumption in- selves. In fact, these are actions that should become an %, so it can be estimated that the energy for heating and households had them. Over that same period, creased  percent. Residential energy integral part of the lives of all people who live and work in a cooling of the space is about -% of the total household households with air conditioning increased consumption, measured as total energy (i.e. particular urban environment. from  percent to  percent. Personal energy consumption. Due to the moderate Mediterranean including electricity losses), increased computers, nonexistent  years ago, are climate, the capital city can be counted with a lower value b. Public and commercial buildings overall by about  percent. Consumption now almost standard in U.S. homes. of %. Also, when heating households, especially with declined in , ,  and , From the previous analysis, it can be concluded that public wood, they do not heat and cool all rooms. It is realistic to Most of the energy used in a home goes years of mild winter weather. The overall and commercial buildings have a share of .% in the assume that the living area that is heated is about % of towards conditioning the space, which is effect of non-efficiency-related changes has energy consumption of the building sector, which is equiva- the average area of the apartment in the capital city, or often more affected by the size of the house lent to    kWh / year energy. However, apart been to increase energy use by about . . m². Starting from the total household energy given in than the number of occupants. Heating, from residential and public buildings owned by the capital percent. The residential energy intensity Table .. and assumed percentage participation, it is cooling, and lighting are still the largest city, there are no data on the share of energy sources, total index, based on energy use per square foot, estimated that the engaged energy for heating and cooling single energy end-uses in a home, despite areas and areas for heating and cooling for state owned has generally trended downward since , of residential space in the capital city is    kWh / increased energy efficiency of this equip- buildings, foreign offices and commercial sector (shops, with the greatest declines observed in the year. It follows that specific energy consumption for heating ment (Figure ..). services, business buildings, tourist facilities, etc.). There- early part of the s. and cooling in the households of the capital city is . fore, it is impossible to estimate more accurately the poten- kWh / m² / year, or about % above the EU average. For a more precise assessment of EE poten- tial of EE in this part of the building sector, which makes up tials in Montenegrin households, it would be  The first key objective of the SRE by  in the field of EE a large number of buildings of different ages, thermal very important to conduct similar research, households is to reduce the consumption of heating energy technical performance, daily and seasonal activities etc.  either for the Montenegro or at the level of to the level of  kWh / m² of heated area from , to According to LEP data, total energy consumption (electric- the regions (southern, central and north- only  kWh / m² after  (a building with almost zero ity, heating wood and fuel oil) of buildings owned by the  ern), and even better at the level of local consumption), through the application of the regulations capital city was    kWh in , or .% of the self-governments. on thermal protection in new buildings. Taking into account  energy of all public and commercial buildings. The total that this is in the scope of future objects, it remains to use As already pointed out, energy consumption area of  buildings owned by the capital city (administra- the stated potential of EE by consistent application of  in the building is influenced by: characteris- tion, public companies, local authorities, culture, sports, construction regulations. tics of the building, energy systems, i.e. housing and other facilities) is   m². The heating and  Percent of Households Percent heating and cooling units in the building, The second key goal of the SRE is to rehabilitate % of cooling energy of these facilities is   . kWh, or climatic conditions and user habits. The lack existing housing units by , with a reduction in heat .% of the total energy of the buildings owned by the  of natural gas and low, subsidized electricity losses by a rehabilitated housing unit by %. This would capital city. Assuming that % of the total space is heated, prices in the past have resulted in excessive  mean that , housing units will be rehabilitated in the the specific energy of heating and cooling the room would              direct use of electricity for space heating capital city by , or around , units per year from be . kWh / m² / year. The value obtained indicates that With AC With Computer With Dishwasher and domestic water heating. Regardless of . The specific energy consumption for heating and they are comfortable buildings of recent construction with the social and economic sensitivity of this cooling the area of rehabilitated dwellings should be re- good insulating properties. Namely, as stated above, the Figure .. Market saturation for residential equipment and appliances sector, rising energy prices already have duced to . kWh / m² / year. The average annual savings value of specific heating and cooling consumption should affect to its more rational consumption and would be    kWh per year in the category of be reduced to the level of previously built dwelling build- substitution with cheaper and more afford- households in the capital city. ings after their rehabilitation. However, a significant part of able energy sources. In this regard, not only the commercial activities is located in previously built The third key objective of the SRE is to reduce the net con- . energy wasted in housing and other work buildings, so the specific consumption for heating and sumption of household electricity by  kWh per year by facilities is in scope of interest, but also the cooling of other non-owned buildings would be above . . . This goal is based on measures of energy labeling of energy quality of devices used in buildings kWh / m² / year, so it is undisputed that in this segment of household appliances and other measures on the consumption . (cookers, refrigerators, water heaters, construction there is a significant potential for EE. side. Accordingly, the savings in electricity from non-thermal . dishwashers and washing machines, etc.) consumption in the households of the capital city, taking into As for households, the SRE for the commercial and public and their rational use. . account   consumers in , would be    kWh. buildings sector also insists on the application of the regula-

. Of the total number of apartments for It is obvious that with the expected increase in the number of tions on thermal protection in new buildings, which will housing, based on data from the  Cen- consumers, this amount would grow proportionally. reduce the consumption of heat energy to a level of  , sus published by MONSTAT, .% of apart- kWh/m of heated area from  to the level of  kWh/ On the basis of the estimates presented above, the poten- , ments in the capital city have air condition- m² after . Then, as a goal, the rehabilitation of two- tial of EE in households in the capital city at the level of . ing systems, while .% of the apartments thirds of the area of the services sector is established, to a

Total Energy Index (=.) Index Energy Total  is    kWh / year, i.e. .% of the total house- have central heating installations, with no consumption level of  kWh / m² to , according to the hold energy consumption. . situation in . Finally, there is the reduction of electric-           available data on the use of the system itself. The remaining .% of the dwellings It is important to note that through the implementation of ity consumption for non-thermal needs up to % through the operation of energy agencies and ESCO companies. As Housing Intensity Structure Total Energy use heating wood in combination with an EE measures there is also improvement of comfort in hous- Size (per SF) (incl. weather) Households use electrical heating device (heaters and heat ing objects by the fact that using the same or less energy noted above, certain data are missing for a more precise accumulators). According to SEAP, the share can heat the entire living space instead of the current quantification of energy savings, which should be argued Figure .. Energy use intensity and factors in the residential sector of heating wood in the residential sub-sec- around % of the surface. However, despite the aforemen- by a separate study. Considering the experience of some

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countries in the region, it is possible to ties, gatherings, sports, socializing and semiconductor diodes, and consists of a LED sodium (Na) lamps, while mercury (Hg) estimate that it is possible to save at least entertainment, etc. Exterior lighting can be chip from semiconductor materials, cath- bulbs are represented by %. The bulb %, or ,, kWh / year. divided into road lighting (street lighting), odes and anodes, reflectors, lenses and structure per installed power is: urban lighting (lighting of squares and enclosures. LED public lighting lamps consist Taking into account the previously obtained • Na high pressure pedestrian zones) and reflector lighting of a small diode matrix that gradually weak- assessment for households, the total savings bulbs -  W %; (lighting of facades and prestigious objects). ens in intensity, not all at once. in the building sector of the capital city • Na high pressure (taking into account the level in ) would The basic recommendations for efficient Street lighting is a public service whose bulbs -  W %; be ,, kWh / year, or .% of the public lighting and dynamic savings are: expenditures are not at all negligible. Name- total energy consumption of this sector, ly, in electricity consumption, in order to • Na high pressure • use of energy efficient light sources which was . TJ / year, or    illuminate the streets in some cities, up to bulb -  W %;  kWh / year in . (advanced technologies); % of the city budget for energy is spent. • Na high pressure bulb • use of efficient lamps (light pollution); . . City lighting and traffic signalization By replacing existing street lighting, LED -  W+W + energy saving %; • design of public lighting in accordance bulbs reduce energy and maintenance costs ... Modern approaches for by up to %. In order to take full advantage • Hg bulb %. improvement of city lighting and with the norms; of LED lighting, these bulbs should be net- About % of the luminaires do not have the traffic signalization EE • efficient management of public lighting; worked. This allows remote control and ability to control the brightness level. Only Nowadays, the human need for mobility has • monitoring the costs and consumption of improved operation with the possibility of about % of luminaires have this possibility generated the necessity of high-quality public lighting (cadaster of lamps, tariff dimming street lighting and controlling their using two-stage ballasts (ballast with two public lighting, both during the day through model selection); time of operation depending on conditions levels) for night mode. There are no lumi- natural, and during the night through (for example, shorter/longer days). This naires with dimming functionality. artificial sources of light. Quality public • regular maintenance. principle of controlled networking action In the public lighting system there are traffic lighting enables us to securely carry out Regarding the energy efficiency of light brings an additional -% of the energy lights that regulate traffic to a total of   www.osram.hr traffic and smoothly perform various activi- sources, lifetime and basic photo-technical savings in addition to the savings made by intersections in the capital city (Figure characteristics, there is a historical process the use of LED lighting alone. Networking ..). Since , the complete traffic light of continuous improvement, as illustrated in makes it easier to detect outages, and thus system is based on LED technology, so their Figure .. and Table ... The lamps of reduce maintenance and repair costs with STANDARD LIGHT SOURCES consumption is almost negligible. Also, the  the classical type and modern, energy-effi- more precise dispatch. Networked LED lamps complete traffic light system is time-pro- cient type are shown in Figure ... bring slightly higher investment costs, but they have more advantages and a significant grammed. The power of traffic light bulbs White light sources, similar to natural sun- benefit than just installing LED lamps. ranges to about - W, so the total power light, such as LED (Light Emitting Diode) are along the intersection should not be greater increasingly used for high-quality and ener- LED lamps should be accompanied by a than - W, which in terms of energy  Lum (Watt) Lum gy-efficient lighting. There are numerous manufacturer’s declaration on the energy requirements is at a satisfactory level. advantages of this technology, which has efficiency class, where the classification of It should be noted that the holiday lighting

Efficiency of light source been used so far in various industrial appli- lamps is carried out according to the EU that is used from December th to January WHTE cations, mobile phones, computers, internal Regulation /, as an addition to the LED th belongs to the public lighting system. LUMINAIRE lighting, and in recent times, its great ben- European Directive //EU. It is recom- Generally, modern decorations with low efit is brought to public lighting. LED is a mended that the lamps belong to the en- energy requirements (LED technology) are First incandescent bulb CFP bulb Fluorescent tube light semiconductor diode that emits direc- ergy class A+, which includes the highest Halogen bulb Mercury bulb Metal-halogen bulb used, and there are over  units that are tional light due to the effect of electrolumi- quality LED modules and bulbs. supplied from the distribution network of  nescence. It represents a special type of Figure .. The efficiency of light sources ... EE potential of capital city public lighting. public lighting Public lighting in the energy balance of the Bulb type Application Efficiency Operation Color (lm/W) life (h) reproduction capital city took part with . TJ (i.e. with    kWh of electricity) in , i.e. Fluorescent tubes Energy saving up to % compared to a standard bulb; one of the most - . Good with .%. The size of the EE potential of popular light sources; application in public and commercial buildings. this sector in relation to the overall EE potential of the capital city is low, but it is Low pressure sodium Extremely high efficiency and relatively poor color reproduction; produced  . Bad lamp with power from  to  W; not used in new systems. very high in relation to its own sector con- sumption and, in the case of switching to Mercury lamp Used in road and industrial lighting, produced with power of - W; will - . Acceptable networked LED technology, it can be -% be banned in the EU due to the high content of mercury of present consumption. The effects of this replacement would greatly relieve the city Metal-halogen bulb It is applied in a very wide area, from automotive to interior and exterior budget and, at the same time, raise the lighting; it is produced with power of - W; it is possible to get to  . Very good different color temperatures quality and functionality of public lighting. According to LEP data in , in the public Sodium bulb Maximum efficiency, but with poorer color reproduction (accentuated warm to  . Bad lighting system there were , lamps, yellow), the best solution for road lighting , different poles and  semaforized AB intersections. As far as the bulbs in use are Table .. Characteristics of light sources used for public lighting concerned, most of them are high-pressure Figure .. Classical (a) and modern, energy efficient lamp (b)

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According to the planning documents, as observed city. The following is a brief over- goods accounts for % of total primary will remain the single largest final energy well as this year’s information from the view of the listed factors that impact the energy use and % of energy-related CO consuming sector (Figure ..).  Vijesti online, June , , media, we see a proactive local govern- energy efficiency of transport in cities. emissions (IEA, a). Worldwide % of Road transport consumes approximately “Podgorica model” of public ment policy in the direction of switching of the energy consumption by transport is Decision makers in developing cities face % of the energy used in the global trans- lighting modernization presented the complete system of public lighting on based on oil. For that reason the transport in Vienna, First forum on sustain- the challenge of establishing sustainable port system. Road passenger transport LED technologies in the next period. By sector is very dependent on the price and ability of EEC urban transport systems. The pursuit of alone accounts for % of this energy implementing this ESP-ESCO model, the availability of oil. Recent years have shown energy efficiency is a huge opportunity for consumption. There is close correlation capital city will save over % of the current that the oil price can increase to unexpected achieving this goal. Not only do energy between income levels and passenger consumption. From this savings, the in- heights due to e.g. geopolitical instabilities, efficiency measures reduce fuel consump- light-duty vehicle (LDV) ownership, al- stalled luminaries will be repaid and main- natural disasters and technical setbacks. though a specific per capita income does tion, they also help us tackle other trans- Furthermore the worldwide demand for oil tained in the next twelve years. The saving not always result in the same ownership port-related problems. Organising and is increasing due to increased demand from in the public lighting sector would amount rate. For example, today the LDV ownership operating urban transport efficiently reduc- Western countries and the rapid economic to about  TJ if calculated at the  rate in the USA is higher than  per   es costs (for energy), and also lowers con- development of some Asian countries. consumption level. people, while the highly industrialised gestion, noise emissions, local air pollution, Although worldwide oil resources are still countries of Europe have around  ve- . . Transport accident risks and global greenhouse gas considerable, they are much more limited hicles per  . By contrast, in emerging emissions, while securing economic growth. than the resources of coal and gas. In any ... Previous note countries like China and India the ownership case exploitation costs of oil are expected to ... Transport and economy is well below  per   people. In the The task of determining the energy efficien- increase. At the same time, various analysts Capital City of Podgorica LDV ownership was cy potential in the transport sector in cities is Transport is often called the “engine” of expect that in the next one to three decades  vehicles per  people in . a very complex problem, with many influ- economy. Affordable modes of freight trans- the world-wide oil production will reach a encing factors. It is not enough, as it often port allow other economic sectors to optimize peak (“peak oil”), with supply no longer able ... Improvement of energy efficiency happens to us, to state the legislative frame- the various steps in the value chain from raw to meet growing demand. This is expected in transport sector work, table out the energy consumption by materials to final products. Personal mobility to lead to large fluctuations in oil price with type of energy sources, types and number of offers freedom to people and allows them to possible negative economic consequences. Energy-efficient transport offers huge registered vehicles and the road infrastruc- optimally organise work, living and recre- potential for reducing the demand both for ture sketches. First of all, it is necessary to ation, as such transport is inextricably con- The World Energy Outlook (WEO), published oil and for energy in general. The IEA esti- take into account global current trends of nected to the structure of our modern society. each year by the IEA, provides an insight mates that advanced technologies and improving the operational and energy effi- Transport policies therefore aim to improve into possible future trends in energy supply alternative fuels (e.g. hybrid vehicles, elec-  Basic study of spatial traffic ciency of transport in cities, new more the mobility of people and goods as a prereq- and demand. For example, in their Refer- tric vehicles and fuell cell vehicles) can development of the narrower efficient generation of vehicles and propul- uisite for further economic growth. ence Scenario (WEO ) the IEA describes and wider area of the capital city how global energy markets will evolve if - Podgorica, RIKO doo, OMEGA sion fuels, with smaller GHG emissions and, The transport sector in itself represents a large governments make no changes to their consult d.o.o., Ljubljana,  finally, socio-economic opportunities of the amount of economic activities, comprising the . existing policies and if the trends in energy Other activities of e.g. transport companies, vehicle . renewables demand and supply continue. The Reference Mtoe . manufacturers, oil companies, building com- Scenario should not be seen as a forecast, as Biomass panies for construction and maintenance of it does not include possible or likely future . Hydro infrastructure, and a range of supply industries policy initiatives. . and services. In some large European countries Nuclear Average annual worldwide primary energy . Gas % of the population directly or indirectly . works for the automotive industry. demand is projected to increase by .% by  (Figure ..). This would lead to an . Oil Developing countries and emerging econo- overall increase in energy demand of % . Coal mies are experiencing a rapid increase in between  and . Fossil fuels will  WEO- demand for transport energy. High rates of remain the primary source of energy world-       total population growth and urbanisation are wide, while the share of renewables will causing transport needs to expand, and the only increase slowly. Figure .. World primary energy demand by fuel in the Reference emerging middle class aspires to the use of IEA Scenario () The growth in energy demand will vary private motor vehicles, which means fuel regionally. Over % of the projected in- consumption is also escalating. It is therefore crease will come from non-OECD countries. no longer a luxury but a necessity to establish They will experience an annual increase in . an efficient transport system that meets primary energy demand of .%, whereas Mtoe . demand, but consumes as little energy as Other the OECD countries are expected to have an renewables possible. This is important as the fast and safe . annual growth of .%. The highest growth transportation of people and goods is a prereq- Biomass rates are projected for China, India, and the . uisite for economic growth. Considering the Heat Middle East. Despite the higher annual challenges of climate change, limited resourc- . increase in the demand for energy of non- Electricity es, increasing energy prices, environmental OECD countries, their per-capita consump- . Gas pollution and health risks, it is essential that tion will remain much lower than in the rest we take the right path in order to cope with  Oil of the world. Coal the rapidly growing demand for transport.  The different sectors of end use (transport,           ... Transport share in the global Transport Industry Residential Services Other industry, households, services, agriculture energy consumption and non-energy uses) will drive the growth Figure .. World final energy consumption by fuel and sector in the Reference IEA Figure .. The network of semaforized intersections in the capital city in  Currently, the global mobility of people and in demand in different ways, but transport Scenario ()

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reduce the energy intensity of transport by ciency) and trips (travel efficiency), as well a. System efficiency - the avoid/reduce strategy efficiency are the relative preponderance of different trans-  to % by , compared to its own as the whole transport system (system port modes (modal split) and the load factor of the vehicles. System efficiency relates to how the demand for transport and Reference Scenario. Such achievements efficiency). Specific energy consumption per passenger-kilometre or per the different mode of transport are generated. Research has could also halve the need for fossil fuels. tonne-kilometre varies between different modes of trans- Corresponding to these three levels of shown that infrastructure and city structures influence trans- However, even if the energy intensity is port. An alternative way of enhancing energy efficiency is energy efficiency in transport, three basic port demand. Energy consumption per capita rises proportion- reduced, the total energy demand is still to encourage travelers or shippers to use more efficient strategies exist to improve energy efficiency: ally as city density falls. The reduction of traffic volume is a likely to rise above current levels due to forms of transport, such as public transport and non-mo- crucial aspect of energy efficient transport. Land-use planning overall increase in demand for transport and • Avoiding increased transport activity and torised vehicles. should therefore optimise the positioning of settlement and motorisation. To cut future demand from reducing the current demand for transport; production structure to avoid traffic or to reduce travel distanc- In general, private motorised modes of transport are much the current levels, it is necessary not only es. A dense urban structure with mixed uses is essential for less energy-efficient than public transport. Other important that we shift to more efficient modes of • Shifting demand to more efficient modes high system efficiency. It involves shorter travel distances and alternatives include non-motorised forms of transport that transport, but also that we reduce the of transport; a model shift from road transport (which consumes an enor- do not need any fuel at all. Per capita energy consumption overall per capita demand for travel. • Improving the vehicles and fuels used. mous amount of space) to more efficient transport modes depends to a great extent on the occupancy rate of the At the moment it is difficult to quantify the These principles are summarised in the such as walking, cycling and public transport. The prerequisites vehicles used. value of energy efficiency improvement and for system efficiency do not only include a dense city system, known Avoid-Shift-Improve (ASI) Approach, Travel using motorised transport needs to be reduced, while alternative fuels in relation to the issue of but also proper management of the demand for transport and which provides a holistic framework for the share of non-motorised and public transport must be energy security. The economic value certainly strategic action to encourage a sustainable an adequate public transport network. increased. Especially in urban areas, most journeys involve seems larger than the avoided fuel consump- transport system (Figure ..). Each Freight transport also benefits from dense city structures with distances of below five kilometers. A variety of measures can tion alone. In order to better balance various strategy addresses a different level of en- short distances. Combining residential and commercial areas be implemented to encourage citizens to travel such distanc- objectives in the formulation of new policy ergy efficiency: avoiding/reducing the reduces transportation of private goods. The challenge, es by bike or on foot, thus avoiding unnecessary fuel con- measures it would be advisable to develop a demand for transport improves system however, is to ensure there is sufficient space and high-quali- sumption. For longer journeys, public transport provides an methodology to quantify energy security efficiency; shifting demand increases travel ty infrastructure for modern industry. One possible solution is alternative to the automobile. Increasing the share of public aspects in such a way that they can be made efficiency; and improving vehicles and fuels to locate a dense, suburban industrial area close to a freight transport will lead to higher rate of occupancy in buses and comparable to environmental indicators such will increase vehicle efficiency. consolidation centre. This would make it possible to consoli- as greenhouse gas abatement costs. trains, which will further increase their energy efficiency. As Figure .. shows, overall energy date cargo from/to similar sources/destinations. Outgoing and Beside passenger transport, energy efficiency also needs to Improving energy efficiency means using efficiency of the urban transport system incoming freight is therefore organised and freight transport be increased in freight transport. Rail freight is particularly less energy to provide the same service or results from the performance on all three can be improved. Moreover, the bundling of deliveries to the energy efficient because of the high load factor; its flexibility level of activity, or it means getting more of levels: city centre minimises pollution and noise. is of course, limited. A sophisticated logistics network, includ- a service for the same energy input. A Generally, to measure the success of energy efficiency strate- Urban transport = ing multimodal logistics centres (rail/road or port/road) can relative reduction in energy consumption gies and to quantify the energy saving achieved, it is necessary may be associated with technological chang- vehicle efficiency × travel efficiency help to shift freight to more efficient modes of transport. × system efficiency. to use several indicators, which together describe the perfor- es, but it can also be achieved through mance of the transport system at all tree levels of efficiency. Therefore, travel efficiency depends mainly on the share of better organisation and management, and In the following sections, each of the tree Most indicators are based on local statistics, or they require energy-efficient modes of transport used. Besides that, the through behavioural changes. levels is described in more detail. These passenger and household surveys. Limited data availability energy intensity of each mode of transport used is also Energy-efficient transportation needs to be sections are followed by an outline of indi- often impedes proper planning or adequate evaluation energy important, which depends on both the vehicle efficiency encouraged on three different levels. There cators that can be used for measuring efficiency potential and corresponding measures. and the occupancy rate. is potential to achieve greater energy effi- energy efficiency performance. As already pointed out, the traffic volume generated and • The share of each mode of transport in the total number ciency for individual vehicles (vehicle effi- the system efficiency of a city are closely connected. Travel of trips made, as well as the respective passenger-km activity is influenced not only by the urban structure, but (pkm) or tonne-km (tkm) moved can be used as an indi- also by economic, cultural or behavioural factors. Neverthe- cator for travel efficiency; less, planning decisions have a significant effect on traffic ENERGY EFFICIENCY volume and the efficiency of the system. • It is also necessary to consider the energy use per passen- - More with less - ger-km (MJ/pkm) or tonne-km (MJ/tkm) of each mode; • Because energy consumption is directly related to traffic volume, a key indicator for evaluating system efficiency is • Finally, the occupancy rate of vehicles is a crucial aspect the per capita annual passenger-km. This is calculated by of travel efficiency. This is already considered under dividing the amount of total distances travelled in a given energy use per pkm/tkm, but a separate analysis is often System Travel Vehicle period by the number of people who travelled. For in- useful. efficiency efficiency efficiency stance, in , in Germany approximately   km per c. Vehicles efficiency – the improve strategy capita were travelled in urban, interurban and rural areas, Organise land use, social and Make use of energy-efficient Consuming as little energy as while in China the figure was just   km per capita. Reducing the per-kilometre fuel consumption of vehicles economic activities in such a modes like public transport possible per vehicle kilometre increases their efficiency. This can be done with technology • Another indicator for system efficiency is urban density way that the need for and non-motorised modes to by using advanced technolo- and design improvements, but also through efficient driv- transport and the use of reduce energy consumption gies and fuels and by opti- (person/km²), which can reveal structural reasons for ing techniques. Measures can be clustered into three cat- fossil fuels is reduced. per trip. mising vehicle operation. different traffic volumes. egories: • A possible third indicator is passenger transport energy Reduce or avoid travel Shift to more energy Improve the efficiency through • Improvement of existing vehicles; or the need to travel efficient modes vehicle technology use per capita (MJ/person). This summarises the different measurements of urban energy efficiency. • New fuel concepts;

b. Travel efficiency – the shift strategy • Development of new car concepts. AVOID/REDUCE SHIFT IMPROVE Travel efficiency relates to the energy consumption of The strategy of improvement is not only relevant for private Figure .. The ACI concept of EE in traffic different modes of transport. The main parameters of travel cars, but also for freight and public transport. Specific

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measures for passenger cars include the use economy (km travelled per litre). In different . . Additional benefits approach of lightweight materials, downsizing (reduc- countries different measures have to be In the transport sector, municipalities often other areas for recreation. Noise from road ing the volume of the engine and the size of taken, such as meeting standards for fuel have to bear additional costs to provide transport impairs the quality of life of many the car) and/or using hybrid engines. A economy and CO₂ emissions. Figure .. energy-efficient transport systems, although combination of such measures significantly shows fuel economy standards in units of residents, and it decreases the value of land it is companies and the population that reduces energy consumption in comparison energy intensity from current volume and and buildings. Sustainable transport also benefit from them. However, some invest- reduces health risks in terms of road safety to an average passenger car. Comparing GHG standard ( litre gasoline =  MJ). different cars of the same size, where con- ment do pay back in the long run. Energy as well as air pollution. Furthermore, as sumption can vary by as much as %, Unlike travel efficiency, which is measured efficiency improvements may have multiple many people in developing cities cannot underlines the potential benefits of vehicle using passenger-km or tonne-km, vehicle benefits and thus provide an additional afford to own a vehicle, investments in technology. efficiency is important both for private mo- incentive for local and national governments public transport and non-motorised modes torised vehicles and for public transport ve- to carry out the expensive measures, depend- of transport count as pro-poor policies. Such technological improvements are main- hicles. ing on the local circumstances, and the ly a job for vehicle manufactures and re- c. Better energy security • Measuring the fuel or energy consump- co-benefits of energy efficiency policies search institutes. However, legislation and might even be the original reason for enact- Fuels subsidies and other forms of support fiscal measures can be important drivers of tion per vehicle-kilometre (MJ/km) is an easy way to monitor vehicle efficiency. As ing them, and may justify the investment. for the automotive sector put pressure on a technological advances. Local and national Common co-benefits can be grouped into the government’s budget, while also worsening authorities can support the diffusion of fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions are related, another way to assess vehicle following four categories (Figure ..). energy security and increasing the depen- efficiency technologies in the market by dency on oil imports and prices. As ‘peak oil’ setting standards, raising awareness and efficiency is by measuring CO₂ emissions a. Stronger economic development per vehicle-kilometre (gCO₂/km), However becomes a reality, worldwide oil production creating incentives for consumers to buy As a rule, dependency on oil and cars does is likely to fall over the next decade. Oil more energy efficient vehicles. it is important to consider that not all fuels provide the same energy output; not foster local jobs or the sustainable, eco- prices will rise further as a result, reaching Fuel efficiency can be measured in terms of nomic development of cities. Like in Monte- €/barrel or more. However, lower fuel fuel consumption (litres per  km) or fuel • The overall vehicle efficiency or a city’s negro, in many countries vehicles and fuels consumption due to energy efficiency fleet is also influenced by the average age are the largest category of imported goods measures reduces the oil dependency of a of the fleet. and such costs can be reduced significantly. state or individual regions. By contrast, an increase in the share of public . Cities differ in terms of their topographical, d. Other benefits historical, economic and political circum- transport and non-motorised modes of . By promoting the role of public transport, USA stances. It is best to compare one’s own transport can bring economic advantages for . transport system with those of other cities cities. For instance, a reduction in congestion traffic congestion and accident risks can be CA . with similar conditions, as this will ensure leads to time savings. The more efficient use reduced significantly. A large proportion of a Japan that the results are transferable. Table .. of energy resources is also accompanied by city’s budget is spent on mitigating the . EU gives examples of values for several perfor- greater efficiency in the use of other scarce negative consequences of road transport.

. PR China mance indicator in different world regions. and valuable resources, such as land. An Such costs are not borne directly by user but are imposed upon society. Cities may have . It should be noted that the values refer to urban transport system that is based on the situation in . Thus, they cannot public transport needs far less space than on to invest in noise prevention measures, for  reflect the status quo, but such a compre- automobile based transport system. instance, or in health care to cover diseases        hensive analysis gives a unique overview caused by air pollution and accidents. Cities with a smart urban transport system about cities in different world regions. and low congestion levels often attract ... Geotransport position and transport Figure .. Fuel economy standards in units of energy intensity extrapolated from higher levels of foreign direct investment infrastructure of the capital city current volume and GHG standards than other cities, because large companies It was previously emphasized that the po- acknowledge that their employees are tential of EE in the transport sector depends healthier, that they can commute more Indicator US Western High Latin African largely on the level of construction and easily and arrive punctually, and that they cities European income American cities functionality of the transport system. Trans- cities Asian cities cities like the place in which they work. The func- tionality of such cities as business locations SYSTEM EFFICIENCY is also secure, since deliveries and business Passenger transport energy use per capita (MJ/person) . . . . . trips can be planned and carried out effi- Lower Private individual mobility (pkm/capita) . . . . . ciently using a smart urban transport sys- Less noise energy costs tem. Singapore and Hong Kong are impres- Less Better road Urban density (person/km²) . . . . . safety & less sive examples of this in Asia. imported fuel TRAVEL EFFICIENCY - “Modal split” of all trips Better Less accidents energy security externalities Non-motorised modes ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% b. Increased quality of life Reduced SUSTAINABLE Less Public transport ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% Lower energy consumption reduces emis- congestion & health risks time savings TRANSPORT Motorised private modes ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% sions of pollutants and enhances urban air quality. Urban space is limited and a trans- Stronger economic Increased Energy use per public transport passenger – km (MJ/pkm) , , , , , port system based on the car usually con- development quality of life Lower More local VEHICLE EFFICIENCY sumes a lot of space for roads and parking. welfare costs jobs Increased Better (hospitals, etc.) Energy use in private passenger vehicle-km (MJ/km) , , , , , This is at the expense of urban parks, side- private air quality walks or recreation areas. In contrast, public investments Energy use per public transport vehicle-km (MJ/km) , , , , , transport needs far less space to fulfil similar demands, which means that city planners Table .. Examples of values for different efficiency indicators – mean values of several cities in each region,  can provide green roads as well as parks and Figure .. Possible (co-)benefits of improved EE in the transport sector

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port infrastructure in European cities today It is a similar situation with transit traffic S-T territory of the capital city is characterized by a large num- is developing primarily in the direction of cargo flows across the capital city. Outside ber of  bridges. A number of major city streets have relocating transit traffic to city bypass, the main tourist season, cargo road traffic is insufficient bandwidth to the position of joining with the adapting to public passenger and non-mo- about  t / day in the direction of Bijelo main, regional and local road directions. Polje - Nikšić,  t / working day in the torized traffic. Problems related to road traffic and non-moving traffic are still direction of Nikšić - Bar, while in the direc- present, although the bridges on Morača and Ribnica have been The main incentive generators of transport tion of Serbia - Bar there are  t / working built as well as the internal city ring (which has improved the development are the traffic position in day. Accordingly, the total daily S-T cargo connection within certain central zones of the city), and the relation to regional communications, de- transport of the capital city is about  t / part of the eastern by-pass (the relocation of transit traffic from mography, economic activity and employ- business day. ment, educational and cultural profile of the old and new towns). The undeveloped traffic network and the population in a certain territory. For this Another synthetic map of traffic flows in the parking management remain a serious problem in the city. city area is presented in the following figure reason, a shorter view of the traffic system The total length of local roads in  was . km (covered (Figure ..). The number of passengers in in the territory of the capital city follows, with asphalt . km, and the other part is . km of the direction of the capital city exceeds   with the situation around . macadam and slip roadway). Most of the local roads were a day. The most intense urban traffic flows made without previously designed project documentation. As The wider area of the capital city, especially are towards the city center from suburban a consequence, there are a number of local roads that have the hilly and mountainous part, is not settlements and towards the southern part damage and represent a danger to the safety of road users. supported by adequate and quality roads of the city, where the density of jobs is that would improve the existing conditions higher. Obviously, a large part of traffic The scheme of existing urban and suburban lines is shown and enable integrated development on the flows flow through the very center of the in the following picture (Figure ..). basis of evident potentials (agriculture, city, which makes the overall traffic system energy, tourism, forestry...). ineffective in functional, energy and ecologi- Public transport on the territory of Podgorica in  was performed by  buses on  city and  suburban lines and The characteristic that essentially affects the cal terms. about  taxi vehicles. More detailed information on the quality of the road network of the capital The entire spectrum of relief characteristics lengths of bus lines, the number of stops and stations, the city is its age. Namely, over % of the of the area (plains, hills, mountains, river number of rides on working and non-working days, etc. can be regional and main roads are older than  valleys, canyons, surfaces) with different found in available literature. For illustration purposes, a graphi- years, and investments in their construction Figure .. Traffic network load - motorized passengers on a working climatic conditions of individual zones of . cal and tabular display of the city line  Masline - Zabjelo and maintenance have been very low for the day in  (source: OMEGA consult, d.o.o., ) m to   m above sea level were condi- last  years. In addition, % of the net- tioned by the volume and quality of the built work is above   m. Vehicles are often road and railroads. This is also the main inadequately loaded (transit cargo), which reason that most of the settlements in the contributes to the rapid decline of roads. hilly and mountainous area of the capital In addition, during the tourist season (June- city are very poorly supported by road September), the road network is overloaded infrastructure. Namely, almost all the roads with transit traffic when traffic is increased in this area are significantly below the basic up to  times. Transit traffic takes place existential requirements for activating the through the urban area of the capital city, or development possibilities of local resources. interweaves with the city traffic system, Large climbs and falls, low road width, which diminishes the quality and contin- serpentine, contrabands, often in bad gency of traffic on the main roads. condition, cause a long and uncertain journey to the city center of Podgorica. Time Mini bypass built in  in the length of  distances to individual settlements range up km on the north-south road (from the to  minutes (for example, Tuzi direction of Zlatica, through Konik and the Ljevorečke). Also, it should be kept in mind Old Airport), significantly relieved local and transit traffic and pointed to optimal future that some mountain and mountain settle- solutions. In addition to the bypass, very ments in snow conditions are often inacces- efficient solutions for urban centers are also sible, or with extremely difficult communi- roundabouts, especially when it comes to cation. highways designing. The following figure shows the population The traffic load of Podgorica’s road infrastruc- density in the capital city area, with a spe- ture with the number of daily passengers and cial focus on the urban area (Figure ..). the amount of cargo on the transport network This indicator, as well as the spatial distribu- can be seen from the figures shown below. tion of workplaces, significantly determines Figure .. shows the main source - target the configuration, bandwidth and function- (S-T) passenger flows that come from Monte- ality of the road network. The potential of negro and international space to Podgorica on EE depends on these indicators, which a working day in . Traffic flows of passen- assessment is, ultimately, the main goal of gers in the capital city - Podgorica are out of this chapter. the main tourist season of the order of  Driveway constructions of the city network passengers / day from the direction of Bijelo in  were maintained in the length of Polje, while from the direction of Niksić more  km,   square meters of block Figure .. Traffic S-T passenger flows to Podgorica (source: OMEGA Figure .. Population density in the area of the capital city, with a than   passengers / working day. roads with parking lots. Also, traffic on the consult, d.o.o, ) focus on the city zone

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(Figure ..) is given. It is a diametric line that connects the (%), then gasoline (.%) dominates, while gas (LPG) northern axis to the southern part of the city. Driving on the and electricity participate with .% and .% respectively. line is equally distributed between : - :. With regard to transport means, about % are involved in cargo vehicles (.%) and passenger cars (.%), so the Priority tasks in transport mean improvement of the traffic highest EE potential is in the specific consumption and use connections through better maintenance of the existing and of these two types of vehicles. construction of new infrastructure, full integration of environ- mental protection in the construction of infrastructure proj- For the purposes of the analyses carried out in the LEP, the ects, reduction of traffic pollution and traffic safety. classification of energy consumption in three subsectors was performed: ... Energy balance of the capital city transport sector • The fleet owned and used by the capital city; As in most countries and regions, the road sector is a major consumer of imported petroleum products. From an energy • Public transport (city bus, taxi and rail); and environmental point of view, this circumstance requires • Private and commercial vehicles. special measures of savings and rationalization. Consump- tion analysis for  is based on the data of the authori- The analysis of the situation in this sector is based on the ties of the capital city and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, following characteristics: published in the LEP of the capital city. • Number of vehicles by individual subsectors; However, it should be noted that the presented data must be • Energy types in use; accepted with a certain doubt. Exact data on the amount of fuel consumed at the capital city level as a whole cannot be • Consumed energy of individual energy sources in TJ. secured, because, in fact, it is impossible to keep accurate a. The vehicles fleet owned and used by the Capital records of certain energy products. The fact is that Podgorica City of Podgorica is a transit center with a high traffic dynamics, so data on the quantity of sold fuel on gas stations cannot represent enough Table .. shows the data of the vehicles fleet owned and relevant indicators. The total quantity of fuel sold would used by the capital city in  with the consumption of certainly deviate significantly from the quantities sold exclu- individual energy sources in TJ. The main city’s fleet consists sively for the needs of vehicles moving within the city limits. of vehicles used for the purpose of carrying out tasks within Likewise, due to the absence of the relevant records, it is not the jurisdiction of the services and the capital city. In , possible to determine even the kilometers traveled in the the total number of vehicles was , out of which  Figure .. The scheme of existing urban and suburban lines in Podgorica territory of the city, and especially the indicators of the pas- were commercial and  official vehicles. Considering the senger-kilometer (pkm) and tonne-kilometer (tkm) which, activity they perform, city companies use cargo, combined, according to the methodology, are the precondition for the special and working vehicles (Čistoća doo, Zelenilo d.o.o, quantification of EE potentials in this sector. Deponija d.o.o, Protection Service and Municipal Police). Line designation  Masline - Zabjelo The largest numbers of commercial vehicles are special and Operator BLT According to LEP data, the transport sector participated in working vehicles, which number is  or % of the total Bus type Standard  (Table .. and Figure ..) with .%, or  number of vehicles owned by the capital city. The men- No. of vehicle  . TJ. Table .. shows data on energy consumption tioned category includes fire trucks, excavators, bulldozers, Fare zone  in traffic at the capital city by type of vehicle and type of auto couples, sweepers, grapples, snow blowers, etc. Line A Masline - Zabjelo fuel, and Figure .. share of individual fuels in total Line length (km) , consumption in . From the table and the figure it Participation of this subsector’s fleet in the total consump- No. of bus stops  follows that in the transport sector the share of diesel tion of the capital city (Figure ..) is almost negligible No. of stops per km 

Smjer B Zabjelo - Masline Line length (km) , Type of vehicle Number Fuel type and fuel consumption (TJ) Total % participation No. of bus stops  .% Diesel Gasoline Gas Electric (TJ) of vehicles No. of stops per km  .% BMB energy in energy Working day : - : .% consumption Frequency (A and B)  Motorcycle  , , , Total length, Line A  Total length, Line B  Passenger car . , , , ., ,

Saturday : - : Van  , , , Frequency (A and B)  Buses  , , , Total length, Line A  Total length, Line B  Trucks . ., ., , % Sunday : - : Special Vehicles . , , , Frequency (A and B)  Total length, Line A  Diesel % Tractors  , , , LPG .% Total length, Line B  Railway . , , , , Petrol .% Figure .. Graphic presentation and basic data on the city bus line  Masline - Zabjelo Electricity .% In total . .    . ,  % participation of energy source  , , ,  Figure .. Share of individual fuels (%) in total consumption in  Table .. Energy consumption in the capital city traffic in 

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(.%), and thus does not represent a sig- buses in the city and some in the suburban per day. The reason for all of the states is that taxi transport spond with the existing, and especially, developmental nificant domain for improvement of EE in transport have dozens of departures and has a significant place in the transport sector, in terms of needs on the corridor that covers (insufficient frequency, traffic. Otherwise, a large number of old returns, the number of passengers in one traffic intensities, consumption of automotive fuel and slow travel, road congestion due to failures on the power vehicles are replaced by new energy effi- turn of city lines is below . This low environmental impacts. supply network, etc.). Also, the upcoming economic devel- cient models that have better performance, occupancy has the effect of significant opment will require significantly more efficient cargo and consequently mitigates the negative energy inefficiency and low profitability of b. Railway traffic transport with this line. On the non-electric line Podgorica- impact on the environment compared to the this traffic, which is significantly reduced by According to technical standards of rail transport, train Skadar only cargo transport is preformed, which is not previous period. increased use of taxi. traffic at the distance of stations up to  km is treated as rational either for Montenegro or Albania. suburban, which means that the territory of Podgorica is b. Public traffic Also, under certain assumptions it is pos- c. Private and commercial vehicles sible to roughly estimate the mileage trav- mainly covered by suburban rail traffic. These include Public transport in the capital city is carried eled in this subsector of public transport. routes from Podgorica to Bar, Kolašin and to Nikšić. The Data on the energy consumption of certain categories of length of the line between Podgorica and Bar is . km, vehicles in this subsector are presented in Table ... This out using taxis, buses and railways. The The total consumption of diesel as the only and Podgorica - Kolašin is . km. Traffic of passenger transport subsector has a dominant share in total energy type, number of vehicles and energy con- propulsion fuel of these vehicles of . TJ trains on the Podgorica-Nikšić route, in the length of . consumption of .% (Figure ..) and thus represents sumption are shown in the following table corresponds to a quantity of . liters km, was established in October . The intensity of the largest resource for increasing the EE of traffic in the of that fuel. In the city run, buses with (Table ..), and percentage participation passenger train traffic is determined by the number and capital city. Consequently there is also a great potential for average consumption of about  l /  km in the previous figure (Figure ..). type of car, the relation and the period of traffic, as well as reducing GHG emissions. are engaged, while on the suburban lines the order of delivery of cars in the set on the relation of the b. Public bus transport the average consumption of vans and mini- For the purposes of this document, the LEP data on the train traffic. buses is about  l /  km. Considering  number of vehicles by type (passenger and cargo) and It was stated that urban traffic transport in times higher frequency of vehicles on urban Rail traffic in the public transport subsector in  partici- ownership (individual and legal entities) registered on the the territory of Podgorica in  was car- pated with %, with the consumed electricity of   territory of the city are used as the most reliable. Number of ried out  carriers, which performed trans- lines compared to suburban ones, it is  kWh and consumption of . liters of diesel. There registered motor vehicles and trailers in  is  . port on  lines ( city and  suburban), possible to assume that suburban transport, were   passengers and an unknown quantity of Because of the dominant number of passenger cars, the with a total of  vehicles (buses, vans and due to longer lines, participates with about cargo transported. The journey was    km. For the number of vehicles owned by private individuals is more minibuses). The average age of the bus was % in total mileage. The average vehicle performance of the comparative indicators on the efficiency than four times higher than the number of vehicles owned from  to  years old, with an average of consumption is about  l /  km, and the of rail transport, detailed data on the transferred cargo, by legal entities.  years. The analysis also showed that the total annual journey is    km, or  number and condition of the vehicle and technical infra- time availability of the lines was not ad- . km per day, or  km per bus per Due to the lack of precise records, the transit character of structure are missing. equate to the spatial. In the city center, the day. Energy consumption per passenger is Podgorica, etc., the estimation of consumption expressed in frequency of driving is approximately  . liters or . MJ of diesel. As a transport system that dominantly uses electricity, rail the LEP was done in the same way and with possible mis- minutes on average, but in a wider area Unfortunately, no additional data are avail- transport vehicles can be classified into energy efficient takes, both for public transport and for the fleet of the about  minutes. Total number of passen- able, which are necessary to more precisely consumers, and this is the biggest contribution of this type capital city. Namely, the quantities of sold fuel at gas sta- gers transported in  was   , determine energy consumption indicators of traffic to the preservation of the quality of the environ- tions cannot represent enough relevant indicators for which was less by   passengers per km and traveler. ment. In general terms, trains need less power in relation to vehicles registered in Podgorica. Approximate total con- compared to the previous period (- private and commercial vehicles and other public transport sumption is based on data on the participation of certain ). The information obtained from the b. Taxi transport vehicles. This is explained by the lower resistance in contact types of vehicles, their age and average fuel consumption (l carrier does not contain information that between the wheel and rail wheels, as opposed to the /  km), etc. Bearing in mind the lack of parking space, defines the precise division of the number of contact of the road vehicle wheels on the asphalt. In addi- both in the narrow, and in the wider center For the purposes of this analysis, vehicles are classified into passengers on city or suburban routes. tion, stopping and changing speeds are considerably less of Podgorica, as well as the affordability of seven categories (Table ..): motorcycles, passenger cars, expensive, which also rationalizes the consumption of the Based on the available data on the number the taxi, this type of public transport is vans, buses, trucks, special and traction vehicles and agricul- power source. of passengers carried, it can be determined largely used in the city. In , there were tural tractors. Total consumption is dominated by commercial that the daily average number of passengers  registered companies with a taxi opera- However, the status of the Bar-Belgrade railroad as the most vehicles (%) and passenger cars (%), which means that per vehicle is .. Bearing in mind that tor license, and the total number of taxi important railway segment of Montenegro does not corre- the other five categories participate with %. Therefore, the vehicles was , with the problem of a certain number of unregistered (“wild”) taxi drivers present. Also, as mentioned above, Vehicle fleet Number Gasoline Diesel LPG Total (TJ) this type of public transport is increasingly .% .% Fleet Number Benzin Disel LPG Total (TJ) Vehicles  , , , ,  being used rather than a bus. Taxi passen- gers accept and take off from any departure Motorcycles  ,   , Total  , , , ,  to the desired address, and there is a prac- Cars . , , , ., tice of “car sharing” according to which Table .. Consumption of fuels for vehicles fleet owned by the capital city in  more passengers use one taxi vehicle for Vans   ,  , transport to one or more destinations, where they share the cost of transportation. Buses   ,  , Electric Total Trucks .  .,  ., Fleet Number Gasoline Diesel The total amount of fuel consumed was energy (TJ) .% approximately ,, liters of diesel. Special and tractive vehicles .  ,  , Buses   ,  , Also, the specific consumption for taxi vehicles is . l / vehicle or . TJ / Private and commercial vehicles .% Tractors   ,  , Taxi vehicles   ,  , Public transport .% vehicle per year, while for buses in public Vehicles of the capital city .% In total . ,  ., , ., Railways .  , , , transport specific consumption is . TJ / % participation  , ,  Total .  , , ,  vehicle per year. With an estimated con- Figure .. Participation of traffic sumption of  l /  km taxis, the all-wheel sub-sector of capital city in Table .. Consumption of energy sources in public transport in the capital city in  drive is    km, or  km / vehicle energy consumption in  Table .. Consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the capital city in 

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main area of EE potential is for these two hicles from , and it causes extended ment. To this end, public promotional cam- ..). However, despite efforts, it was not categories. This does not mean that there is driving to find free parking. At the same paigns are needed to raise awareness of the possible to obtain relevant data for the no need to repair EE within other categories, time, improper parking causes conflict with benefits of procurement and optimal use of estimation of the passenger kilometer (pkm) but this potential in absolute amount is the city space and other purposes of its use. energy-efficient vehicles, as well as various and the tone-kilometer (tkm) that are the almost negligible in relation to cargo vehicles incentive measures towards greater use of basis for the determination of the men- and passenger cars. ... Estimation of EE potential in public transport. tioned indicators. Only data of this kind transport sector have been published in the information of Specific fuel consumption increases with The analysis of the structure of the fuels in MONSTAT for Montenegro as a whole for the a. Use of energy-efficient vehicles frequent stopping and driving in the column. this subsector (Figure ..) shows that years -. From this document, These phenomena can be reduced by appro- participation of diesel is .%, followed by As shown (Figure ..), new generation of Table .. is derived, from which, due to priate traffic signals in urban environments, gasoline with % and LPG with .%. In the all types of vehicles has improved energy the growth of indicators, the so-called based on the number and speed of vehicle consumption of diesel, the utility vehicles and environmental performance. For exam- “building boom” in the south region of tracking, the intensity of traffic and, accord- have the highest share (%), followed by ple, the EU reduces the specific fuel con- Montenegro and the capital city around passenger cars (%), while five other cat- ingly, the adjustment of the light signaling. sumption per vehicle by % (from  MJ /  can be recognized. Economic measures, with a time-defined road egories participate with %, with no diesel vehicle from  to . MJ / vehicle in consumption registered for the motorcycles. map in urban areas, are also recommended, For illustration purposes, the EU Energy ), while this indicator in the EU in  which discourage the use of vehicles at the Efficiency Policy in Transport will be briefly The large share of sub-sectors of private and was significantly lower than that in the time of the biggest traffic jams and at the mentioned. An EU policy review for achiev- commercial vehicles in energy consumption Montenegro for same period. For conven- same time direct public transitions to public ing EE targets in transport suggests that a of .% indicates the already mentioned, tional car consumption in Montenegro of  l transport. In intercity traffic, it is possible to wide range of instruments is used in the rather worrying situation of over-individual- /  km, according to the same methodol- reduce the delay with the appropriate infor- Member States. The most common are fiscal ly motorized vehicles of . vehicles per ogy, specific consumption is estimated at . mation support that informs the drivers of measures that make up % of all measures inhabitant, or almost  vehicle per  inhabit- MJ / vehicle. By taking measures to improve crowds, congestions, collisions, etc., so that and are applied in almost all Member States. ants. This should be added to the large age transport infrastructure and excluding older the drivers will be able to choose an alterna- In recent years (since ) there is a ten- of the vehicle as there are no available data vehicles from , specific consumption tive route in a timely manner. dency to use less regulatory or normative for the capital city. However, having in mind would reduce to . MJ / vehicle and the measures, and more cooperative, such as that about / of registered vehicles in potential of EE in automotive traffic of the Also, a very efficient measure, aimed at voluntary agreements. Montenegro are in the capital city, then capital city would be %, or . TJ in renewing the fleet with more energy-efficient MONSTAT data for Montenegro can be used relation to the  consumption. The high vehicles with lower specific consumption, and The most common aim of measures accord- for approximate estimation of the age of the potential of EE is replacing older vehicles, therefore even lower specific CO₂ emissions, ing to the review carried out at European vehicle (Figure ..). It follows that about even at a level of %, which would result in is the introduction of a fee that is proportion- level (Figure ..), and shown in the % (or about   vehicles) were pro- savings of around  TJ on this basis. With al to the prescribed fuel consumption. This above figure, is to improve efficiency of duced before . Most of these cars were a possible % savings in private bus traffic measure involves paying higher taxes when passenger transport, mainly through im- cheaply purchased from Western European (around  TJ), the total EE potential of this buying a new vehicle with higher fuel con- provements to the efficiency of cars or countries which, due to their energy inef- dominant subsector is estimated at  TJ. sumption, which motivates the purchase of measures to increase the uptake of cleaner ficiency, ecological standards and reduced more energy efficient vehicles. vehicles, but also through promoting modal security, get rid of their old cars. If % of public transport savings (. TJ) shift. Measures are also beginning, but not based on improved infrastructure and fleet b. Other possibilities of increasing EE in predominantly, to tackle improving the Another unfavorable factor which made EE driving, especially taxi vehicles, and % traffic efficiency of other modes, and encouraging worse in the traffic of the capital city should savings in the capital city fleet (. TJ) is The authors of this Study had the ambition modal shift of freight from road to other less be added. This is the problem of parking added, it will generate the total EE potential to evaluate the indicators for the capital city energy intensive modes such as sea and rail. spaces, which are intended for only about of the traffic sector of  TJ. With this, the at all three levels of EE (system efficiency, , vehicles. This is significantly less potential energy savings of the transport These conclusions correspond to the review travel efficiency and vehicle efficiency, Table than the number of registered motor ve- sector of the capital city would be about carried out by the European Commission in .% compared to the level of consumption , about the first National Energy Effi- of the sector in . ciency Action Plans (NEEAPS). A large num- ber included technological measures to .% Figure .. illustrates the percentage .% improve vehicle efficiency and fiscal incen- participation of individual subsectors in total .% tives and subsides to encourage cleaner .% .% EE traffic potential based on the use of new vehicles, but fewer had policies on other generations of more energy efficient and strategies such as modal shift and mobility environmentally friendly vehicles. The basic management. problem for activating this potential is that .% .% its predominant part refers to the subsector of private and commercial traffic. Due to the large number of entities in this subsector Traffic Indicator       and the right to freely dispose of vehicles in .% .% their ownership, insufficient awareness of pkm       Road the good and bad personal and collective tkm       Diesel .% till  - .% effects, this subsector is more difficult to Private and comm. vehicles - .% Petrol .% from  till  - .% influence than the other two. Modern city Public transport - .% pkm       LPG .% from  - .% Rail Vehicles of the capital city - .% development must provide adequate condi- tkm       tions for the life and functioning of citizens, Figure .. Participation (%) of energy Figure .. Structure of registered products in the consumption passenger cars in Montenegro but citizens, who actually make cities, must Figure .. Participation (%) of the subsector Table .. Indicators pkm and tkm for road and rail transport in Montenegro, of private and commercial according to year of have a more humane attitude towards the in the EE traffic of the capital city - (× ) vehicles in  production city’s values as a specific collective environ- using more efficient vehicles

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Since only a few member states have pre- sustainable development policies. about .- kg / day per citizen of the city, auto-tanks) in  is € ,, which is sented clear and consistent energy transport about . - . kg / day per inhabitant of % lower than in . If the quantity of strategies, it is interesting to note the con- ... General recommendation urban settlements, below . kg / day per waste transported is higher by .%, then it clusions of the EU Commission which have To achieve the full potential of EE and mea- inhabitant of rural settlements and about can be concluded that the company Čistoća insisted on more comprehensive strategic sures, it is important to appreciate the . kg / day per tourist. In the capital city, a doo, whose founder is the capital city, has approaches that include technological, complexity of the transport sector. Single, modern sanitary landfill “Livade” was built achieved significant savings in its overall infrastructure, financial and behavioral uncoordinated measures can only have a on Vrela Ribnička and created conditions for energy consumption frameworks, thanks to measures (road and road) and spatial plan- limited success. A proper policy to enhance standardized sanitary-technical collection the newly acquired vehicles, and possibly an ning measures. For example, studies under EE in the urban transport system must and disposal of waste. At this landfill, a improved organization of work. the European Climate Program have shown regional recycling center and facilities for address all three levels of energy-efficient Also, the data on energy consumption of the that the appropriate modes and driving transport: system efficiency, travel efficien- the treatment of vehicles out of use with a company “Deponija d.o.o” (presses, shears, techniques (without sudden braking and cy and vehicle efficiency. Strategies and capacity of   t / year were built and conveyor belts, excavators, etc.) are not acceleration, etc.) can increase EE  to policy packages deliver that kind of mixed put into operation. In this way, the capital available, which is also cumulatively covered % and reduce GHG emissions by  to %. approach. Ideally, positive incentives (“pull” city has solved the problem of landfilling by the consumption of the capital city. Given measures) need to be supported by disin- and recycling of municipal waste and cre- Also, transport avoidance measures include that new, modern plants are in question, centives (“push” measures). ated conditions for its pre-selection at the cycling and hiking. In urban areas there are place of formation and the treatment of one can assume that they are very efficient. often short distances which, instead of A well developed and convenient public vehicles out of use. Otherwise, municipal waste will be treated motorized vehicles, can be crossed on foot transport infrastructure can attract more as an energy resource in chapter regarding or on a bicycle. To increase the share of this passengers, but that is often not enough, in The quantities of municipal waste deposited RES. mode of transport, an adequate traffic itself, to inspire a major shift from private at the third sanitary bath within the city ... Wastewaters infrastructure is needed, which would, car use to public transport. Underlying landfill “Livade” are shown for  and   above all, enable bicyclists to increase the factors that sustain car use, such as conve- . (Figure .. ). The largest polluters of surface and ground- ’Čistoća’’ d.o.o. Podgorica, nience and status, continue to prevent Work Report for  radius of movement as well as safer driving. Total collected quantity of all types of waste water in the area of the capital city are people who can afford cars rather than Cycling reduces the density of traffic and (municipal, vegetable, cabbage and other untreated wastewaters of settlements, that using public transport. Therefore, steps have congestion, as to the direct method allows waste) in  was   tons, an increase is municipal sewage. Namely, the current to be taken to overcome these factors, such the vehicle to the same period of time of .% compared to the previous year ( state of infrastructure equipment is such as pricing measures that increase the cost of exceeds a greater distance.  t). The amount of municipal waste that the collector network continues to the car use, or parking restrictions that disposed of in purpose-built containers in cover mostly only the central parts of urban These EU policies and concrete measures reduce the convenience. Generally speak- the territory of the city is   t, which is settlements. Wastewater collected by the are very instructive and somewhat binding ing, these steps will prompt a more rapid .% more than in the previous year. In collector network, with a part of wastewater for Montenegro as a future Member State. shift towards energy-efficient modes of , there were   containers on the which, however, is treated on the existing According to these policies and measures, transport. there is a significant additional potential on premises of the capital city on   loca- waste treatment plant (PPOV) Podgorica, is various grounds, illustrated in the previous . . Municipal waste tions. At the end of ,  underground discharged without purification into the picture, which may be at the level of the containers were installed at  locations, recipient. ... Solid municipal waste already estimated EE efficiency of transport with a volume of  or  m³. In addition to disposing of municipal waste in containers According to estimates, about  to  means. This potential is difficult to quantify The collection, transport and disposal of distributed in the area of the city, certain km of canalization network was built for for certain urban areas. Its activation de- municipal waste represent a public interest types of household waste are deposited in collection and drainage of wastewater in pends on national and local legislation, the of special importance for the state of the five recycling yards. Podgorica. A total of   m of pipelines quality of spatial plans, administrative and environment of the capital city and are one and   manholes were recorded in . financial predispositions, and in particular of the more important conditions for the For transport and waste disposal in ,  The sewage system of Podgorica is separate, of the general awareness and culture of proper course of lives and work of citizens. dedicated vehicles were used ( trucks for i.e. atmospheric and fecal wastewater is citizens to accept and exploit contemporary The estimated amount of waste ranges from discharging containers,  open vehicles collected and drained separately. Virtually - sculptors,  loader,  half-way pick-ups,  all wastewater is gravitated through the tractors,  vans) as well as  passenger public sewage system to PPOV. Only used vehicles. Diesel fuel was used for the propul- waters, sewage and industrial waters with % sion of these  vehicles, but at the moment  pre-treatment are taken away by sewage % the used quantities are not available. These % , network.  quantities, and even the savings potential, % , , , are cumulatively covered by the main city’s The current PPOV in Kruševac (on the right %  fleet, which was discussed in the previous bank of Morača) has been in operation since % section regarding traffic. From the men- . It was designed and implemented for %  tioned source, it is known only that the cost mechanical and biological wastewater treat- % of fuel and lubricants (including fuel for  ment with a hydraulic load of   m³ / day  %

 

cars All types of Municipal fiscal Other Driver Driver

freight waste waste Year Electric energy electric Biofuels labelling Efficiency Efficiency behaviour passenger Active energy (kWh) Reactive energy (kVArh) Modal shift Modal shift

Speed limits  other models other High tariff Low tariff High tariff Low tariff  Cleaner vehicles - - Cleaner vehicles - Cleaner vehicles Cleaner vehicles - - Cleaner vehicles  ,. ,. ,. ,.

Figure .. European measures for improving transport efficiency, declared objectives, Figure .. The collected quantities of all types of TOTAL (€): ,. ,. - waste and municipal waste (t) in  and  Table .. Overview of consumption of active (kWh) and reactive (kVArh) energy of PPOV pumps in 

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and an organic load for   equivalent from all water sources is    m³ per The unique water supply system of the quantity of water, as well as losses in all inhabitants. About   inhabitants are year. capital city has tanks with a total capacity of three water supply systems in the capital connected to the city sewage system, which , m³. city in  are presented. causes the overload of the plant, due to its Water source “Mareza” is the oldest water In addition to the aforementioned, there are In , the largest losses (.%) were insufficient capacity and inability to purify all source in the capital city. The “Mareza ” several rural water supply systems on the recorded in the water supply system of Tuzi. the wastewaters. Since there is no possibility pumping station is equipped with four territory of the capital city, built in the Namely, the greatest technical losses of of further expansion at the mentioned loca- pumps with a total capacity of  l/s. The previous period without the corresponding water from the system are realized in the tion of the plant, the problem of wastewater modernization project of this pumping secondary and tertiary network, and a treatment capacity is planned to be solved by station was completed in mid-. The project documentation. These are: “Mareza ” pumping station is equipped significant part refers to illegal connections the construction of a new PPOV at the site of • water supply system of settlements Bioče, with seven pumps. The operating capacity is and water theft. the KAP. Vranjina, Lješanska Nahija, Komani –  l/s, and , l/s is installed capacity. During , , water meters for remote The total annual electricity consumption of Bandići, Karabuško polje, Fundina; Replacement of pump aggregates and reading and disconnection were installed for the three pumps in PPOV in , as well as electric motors in  also solved the • smaller water supply systems: Rijeka the category of legal entities, which was the consumption and costs for active and problem of increased vibration, which piperska, Duga, Selište, Peuta, Gornji about % of the total number of active reactive energy is given in the following prevented the operation of pump aggre-  consumers in that category. The installation Energy Efficiency table (Table ..), as well as the month- Crnci, Okno. gates at full capacity. of these water meters significantly increased Improvement Program of the ly active energy consumption diagram capital city for the Period - The water source “Zagorič” uses water from The basic problem that is present in a cer- the level of collection rate, which was % (Figure ..). , Podgorica  drilled wells, and its exploitation began  tain part of the rural water supply systems is for legal entities at the end of . From the previous table it can be concluded years ago. The capacity of this water supply related to the part of the water supply ... EE potential of water supply system that, due to the large share of reactive is  l/s. Wells B and B are equipped with system done in the previous period, and in which the equipment’s aging (over  years) energy, cosϕ= . - ., the cost of reactive aggregates of older production (with long Pump stations are significant consumers of is very much present. This group includes: energy is almost   € / year. This low shaft), with capacity of  l/s. Wells B and electricity, so it is necessary to regularly water supply of the Lješanska nahija, Bioče, cosϕ can be raised to the desired value cosϕ B have submersible pump aggregates of monitor the mode of operation of pump Komani-Bandići, Zagarač and Piperi. = . with the installation of capacitor recent production with capacity of  l/s and aggregates and the degree of their utiliza- batteries.  l/s. One of the basic preconditions for proper tion. This approach can affect the reduction water supply is the adequate water supply in the consumption of electricity. . . Water supply Water source “Ćemovsko polje” has  wells, network and its maintenance. The water with total capacity of  l/s. On this water The characteristic of the capital city’s water supply network is divided into a primary ... Structure and functionality of water source,  piezometer boreholes of profile supply system is the relatively high specific network, which includes transport distribu- supply system ” with depth of  m were built. The object water consumption. In relation to the tive pipelines, a secondary network used for There are three water supply systems in the was built in . During the period from amount of suppressed water, the average  to , the wells were commissioned supply of consumers, and a tertiary network specific consumption is about  l/capita  Report on the work of the capital city area: successively. In , new water automatic that in most cases constitutes a connecting per day. Given that, due to losses in the company “Water and Sewage” part of the pipeline from the secondary - Podgorica in , Podgorica, • Water supply system of Podgorica and chlorination equipment with additional network, the invoiced amount is about %, network to the customer metering point. March  Gornja Zeta villages measuring equipment was installed in this water source. The estimated value of the primary and • Water supply system of City municipality secondary network lengths, through which Tuzi The water supply system “Tuzi” supplies water is distributed to consumers, is ap- water to the City Municipality of Tuzi. The proximately  km of primary and  km • Water supply system of Dinoša. water uses the wells PS “Tuzi”, PS “Milješ” of secondary network, while the length of and PS “Vuksanlekići” with a total installed The water supply system of Podgorica the tertiary network is estimated at  km capacity of about  l/s. supplies with water the consumers of the (, connections, length to the  m Capital city (with suburban settlements), The water supply system “Dinoša” was connection). The total estimated length of part of the City municipality of Golubovci commissioned in . The water is used the water supply network in the area of and part of the Municipality of Danilovgrad. from the well with capacity of  l/s. The Podgorica water supply system is approxi- This water supply system consists of three well is equipped with a pumping station mately , km. springs: “Mareza  and ”, “Zagorič” and facility with electro-mechanical and chlorine The water supply network in Podgorica on “Ćemovsko polje”. The maximum capacity equipment. the Google Earth geodetic surface is shown in the following figure (Figure ..). The amount of ,, m³ of water was Active energy (kWh) supressed from the water supply system in Figure .. Water supply network of Podgorica .. Podgorica, of which from: “Mareza” ,, m³, PS “Zagorič” ,, m³ .. and PS “Ćemovsko polje” ,, m³. Water supply system Supreessed Billed Losses .. Also, from the PS “Dinoša B”, for the needs (m³) (€) (%) .. of Podgorica, the amount of , m³ was suppressed, so the total amount of Podgorica .. .. , .. water in the Podgorica system amounted to Tuzi .. . , .. ,, m³. In total, ,, m³ Dinoša . . ,  were invoiced, which meant that technical jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec Total . . .. ,              and commercial losses for Podgorica were % in . In the following table, the Figure .. Review of monthly consumption of active electrical energy (kWh) of PPOV pumps in  data regarding suppressed and invoiced Table .. Supressed and billed quantity of water per water supply systems in  (m³)

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it follows that the average consumption of secondary and tertiary network (about . Renewable energy sources (RES) potential water is about  l/inhabitant per day. %). In Europe, average losses are around About % of the mentioned m³ corre- %, and the goal is to reduce water losses .. Previous note • Sources for combined production of heat and power sponds to households, or  l/inhabitant per to  %. Naturally, the reduction of these First of all, due to various and sometimes confusing defini- (CHP): thermal power plants, diesel generators, fuel cells, day. For comparison, in developed countries, losses requires investments for the recon- tions of distributed energy sources, and for the purpose of geothermal power plants, small household cogeneration; correct processing in further analysis, firstly, a few general daily consumption of drinking water per struction of the water supply network, as • Peak load shaving sources: fast micro turbine power headings regarding the topic in the title are listed. capita ranges from  to almost  liters. well as the intolerant attitude towards illegal plants, accumulation small hydropower plants; The USA is leader of the countries with the consumers and theft of water. Reducing The most acceptable definition of distributed generation is highest daily consumption of drinking water losses is important for the conservation of • Base load sources: small hydropower plants, wind farms, that it is a production system of electricity that is directly - up to  liters of water per day per inhab- natural resources, as well as due to the solar power plants, etc. connected to the medium voltage or low voltage distribu- itant, while in Germany the average daily proportional decrease of electricity cost. tion network, or connected in the installation from the Some of these distributed sources will be elaborated in water consumption is  liters. Large seasonal unevenness of consumption consumer side. Also, the distributed sources include au- more detail below. Taking into account these indicators of is also expressed as a result of the use of tonomous sources (stand-alone) and backup supplies for water for irrigation of the garden, agricul- .. Hydropower potential  A primer on energy efficiency average invoiced consumption, it follows consumers in the distribution system. that there is room for savings of -%. tural and green areas in the summer ... Hydropower potential for municipal water and Distributed sources, according to the type of primary en- wastewater utilities, Technical However, the greatest potential is to reduce months. The following figure shows the Previous research and various energy programs at the na- Report /, ESMAP, . unacceptably large water losses in the monthly suppressed water (Figure ..). ergy source, are divided into: tional and local level have shown that regarding RES, the In , the amount of total suppressed • Renewable (wind power plants, solar power plants, small Capital City of Podgorica has significant hydroelectric poten- water from all sources was .% less hydropower plants, biomass and biogas power plants, compared to the previous year, which was tials, a very generous resource for solar energy, and prelimi- geothermal power plants and power plants using sea .. achieved by the appropriate selection of the nary possibilities for using the wind have been examined by energy (tides and waves); .. pump aggregates regime. installing the test wind turbines. It has also been noted that • Non-renewable (fossil fuel power plants: coal, oil and both biomass and municipal waste are a significant resource. .. In , the amount of ,, kWh of electricity was spent, so, according to the avail- natural gas and fuel cells). Hydroenergy represents the most rational RES, the most .. able data, compared to , the consump- According to the installed power, the distributed sources manageable and environmentally the friendliest, and opens tion of electricity at the pumping stations are divided into: micro, small, medium and large sources, the space for economic development in the catchment area. .. decreased by , kWh or .%. Figure as illustrated (Figure ..). Potential hydroelectric plants are located at the territory of .. .. shows the consumption of pump the capital city: Zlatica, Milunovici, Raslovici on the main electricity consumption in kWh for . Finally, for precise purposes, the division of distributed stream of Moraca, Prifta on Cijevna, then Opasanica, Kruse- .. sources according to the functional role is stated: It is now possible to determine the values of vica, Nozica and Brskut (State Water Management Basis, Hydro Energy Development Strategy, Energy Development .. specific electricity consumption in kWh/m • Distributed sources for backup supplies (standby): diesel- for the suppressed and invoiced quantities electric aggregates, fuel cells and rechargeable batteries; Strategy, etc.) on the same watercourses. Table .. gives . of water in . According to the above the hydroelectric characteristics of these power plants, and • Autonomous sources (stand-alone): diesel-electric aggre- data, it follows that the specific electricity Figure .. gives a graphic representation of the available  gates, PV systems, wind turbines and hybrid systems; jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec consumption for suppressed water is . potential for the watercourses of Montenegro. kWh/m, and for the billed water . kWh/ • Distributed sources for supply of remote and rural con- From the above table, and from the graphic illustration of the Realised in  m. For example, the specific consumption sumer centers (rural and remote applications): small longitudinal hydropotential (potential proportional to the Plan for  of electricity per m³ of invoiced drinking hydropower plants, biomass power plants, wind and width of the blue corridor), the previous statement about the Realized in   water in the New York state amounts to diesel aggregates; great potential of this quality resource ( GWh/year) is . - . kWh/m³, while the indicator Figure .. Suppressed water per month in  and  for USA is . kWh/m³. It should be em- phasized that this indicator is very depen- dent on the type of water supply system. For gravitational water supply, which is the . dominant case in the state of New York, it is . natural that this indicator is much lower DISTRIBUTED SOURCES than for a system with pumping aggregates . for which operation electricity (or some

. other energy resource) is required. According to the above mentioned, if the . losses in water supply networks were reduced Micro Small Medium Big . by %, and with the possibility of % saving in electricity consumption of pumping mo- . tors, the total energy savings potential would Rated capacity Rated capacity Rated capacity Rated capacity . be ,, kWh/year with respect to the level of consumption from . .

 <  kW  kW to  MW  MW to  MW  MW to  MW jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

Mareza Ćemovsko Polje Zagorič Tuzi

Figure .. Electricity consumption of pumping stations in kWh,  Figure .. Classification of distributed sources according to installed power

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obvious, with the possibility of multipurpose ... Solar energy grid (off-grid), or stand-alone systems; use of individual accumulations of a total In order to specify some of the concepts that • PV systems connected to the public elec- volume of . hm³. often interfere with solar energy, a brief tricity network (on-grid). The construction of the above mentioned overview of the basic concepts, technical A more detailed division of the PV system is HPPs on the Morača River (including the HPP solutions and terms in this domain is given. shown schematically in the following figure Andrijevo, which is the first in a row, located There are two basic ways to use solar radia- (Figure ..). in the territory of the municipality of tion energy: thermal and photovoltaic (PV) Kolašin) has been planned in various strate- Independent PV system is an excellent conversion. Thermal conversion involves gic documents over the past  years, and source of energy for distant homes, catuns, conversion of solar energy into heat, which Photovoltaic during the ’s of last century, the main caravans, telecommunication facilities, Thermal is later used for heating water, rooms, energy projects were also made. Other HPPs were boats and sailing boats. Figure .. shows conversion greenhouses, etc. PV conversion, however, conversion analyzed at the level of conceptual solu- a standalone PV system for consumers implies direct transformation of solar energy tions. The accumulation of the HPP Zlatica operating on a DC current with the indicated into electricity through a photoelectric represents a compensatory pool of upstream basic components. For this PV system, two • Water heatin • Photovoltaic cells effect. The mentioned transformations are hydroelectric power plants and, beside basic processes are present: • Space heating • Solar power stations illustrated below (Figure ..). electricity, it would also have water manage- • Solar furnace a) the transformation of the Sun’s radia- ment, tourist and other importance. The heat energy obtained by conversion • Absorption refrigeration tion, that is, the light energy into the from a solar is used for: electric, necessary for the operation of • Air conditioning • Heating of sanitary water in apartments, consumer and; Watercourse Accumulation Dam KNU Volume Power Production houses, hotels, restaurants, sports facili- position height (m) (mnm) (hm³) (MW) (GWh/god) b) transformation of electricity into chemi- Figure .. Possible use of solar energy ties, etc.; Opasanica Opasanica  .. .  . cal and, vice versa, chemical in electrical, Kruševica Kruševica - .. -  . • Heating of sanitary water in settlements due to the need to store energy in the that have the distribution of hot water battery. Nožica Nožica . . .  . from city heating plants in periods when It should be noted that there are so-called Brskut Brskut . . .  . the heating plants do not work; Photovoltaic hybrid PV systems using a combination of PV Cijevna Prifta . . .  . systems • Heating of water in swimming pools and other energy sources (aggregates for Morača Raslovići . . .  . (private and swimming pools in sports diesel, gas or petrol, wind turbines or small Morača Milunovići . . .  . and recreation centers); hydrogenerators). With these systems, Morača Zlatica . . .  . electricity produced in solar modules or • Heating water or other fluids in industrial Autonomous systems Interconnected Total  .  . wind turbines is supplied to consumers, and processes; the surplus energy is stored in the so-called • Heating of greenhouses in agricultural solar batteries. In the absence of conditions directly connected Table .. Hydropower potential of the capital city no storage storage hybrid systems to public grid production; for the production of electricity by solar (solar power modules or a wind turbine, the power stations) • Drying of agricultural products; source for DC or AC consumers will be a regular devices via wind connected to turbines battery. If the battery does not have any low voltage public grid via • Distillation of water for industrial purposes; home’s electrical AC independent via more energy to power the consumer, the system systems cogeneration • Warming up space as a complementary generator powered by diesel or biodiesel DC independent via dizel tool in periods when there are plenty of fuel takes over the supply of consumers. systems generators sunny days; via fuel cells PV systems connected to the public grid • Production of electricity based on heat (Figure ..) via a home installation belong conversion of solar radiation (steam to a distributed electricity generation. They Figure .. PV systems types turbines); are connected mainly to the low voltage • In processes for space cooling. distribution network. The PV system, connected to the public grid The thermal conversion of solar energy fotonalopnski moduli regulator punjenja takes place on the entire sun-exposed over DC/AC inverter (), delivers the surplus of electricity to the grid, and in the case of insuf- surface. In order to direct the Sun’s energy ficient solar energy, the needs of the consumer and use it for specific purposes, it is neces- are satisfied using the energy from the grid. sary to have an appropriate receiver or Measurement of produced (surplus) or con- collector as the most important part of the sumed electricity is done using a meter (). solar thermal conversion system. PV systems are not installed only on build- Under the PV conversion, the direct transfor- trošila ings or in their immediate vicinity, but also mation of solar energy into electricity by on free surfaces, and they are connected akumulator photoelectric effect is implied. PV systems directly to the power system by constructing are systems used for the supply of consum- a part of the connection network. The ers with DC and AC current. PV systems can described type of PV system is called solar or be divided into two basic groups: PV power plant. The production of electricity Figure .. Available hydropower potential of Montenegro per watercourses • PV systems that are not connected to the by solar power plants takes place in the Figure .. Standalone PV system with DC current consumers

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following order: energy of the Sun → con- The highest average monthly value of solar centration of heat energy on the working radiation in Podgorica, recorded in July, was, medium → steam generation → mechanical in the same observation period, , Wh/ energy in the steam turbine → electricity. m²/day. It is evident from the figure that among the eight observed municipalities Solar power plants deliver all electricity only the lower values with respect to Pod- produced to the power system. They have gorica were recorded in the northern mu- higher power and are mostly installed on nicipalities of Pljevlja and Zabljak (Figure larger areas, often in the deserts. They are ..). characterized by their efficiency in the range of % - %. Due to the need for high As will be seen in section ..., in the temperatures, almost all types of solar power document “Strategy for the Valorization of plants have to use some form of concentrat- Spatial Planning for Renewable Energy ing the solar rays from a large area to a small Sources and Demonstration Pilot Projects”  Strategija valorizacije prostora surface. Given the diversity between mirrors for the territory of the capital city,  urban u cilju proizvodnje energije iz (heliostats) and the overall system perfor- zones with a total area of . ha and  obnovljivih solarnih izvora i mance, solar power plants are divided into: rural areas . ha were analysed for demonstracioni pilot projekti, IBI GROUP, oktobar . possible construction of PV power plants. • power plants with parabolic (distributed) The solar potential of urban areas is esti- collectors; mated at . MW, and the rural ones are • power plants with central receiver (solar at . MW, or . MW in total. towers); Podgorica, as a city with a large number of • solar panels. sunny days, should give solar energy more importance when it comes to EE (use in Which of the above solutions is the most housing and economy), and it is also worth suitable for possible zones in the territory of examining the possibility of producing solar the capital city, should be thoroughly ana- collectors and other elements. Measures to lyzed in feasibility studies. The first two promote low-energy buildings and the types require significant space, with the application of RES in buildings (especially other being able to relocate in the hilly active and passive solar systems) should be terrain, while the third is more demanding enabled. Also, research and evaluation of in terms of continuous monitoring and spatial-planning documentation for the maintenance. Due to the relief configura- development of PV systems needs to be Figure .. Basic components of PV system connected to the public electrical grid tion of the rural areas for the Solar Power carried out. When issuing urban-technical Plant in the capital city, a variant with a conditions for construction objects, it is solar tower could be an optimal choice mandatory to provide guidelines for EE and (Figure ..). use of solar and other forms of RES. Montenegro has great potential for the development of solar energy systems, since total insolation time for most of the territory of Montenegro is over , hours a year . and more than , hours per year along

the coast. Podgorica has a higher annual . amount of solar energy (, kWh/m²) compared to other cities of South-Eastern . Europe, such as Rome or Athens. . The data of the Hydrometeorological Institute of Montenegro (HMZ) show (Figure ..) . that the highest annual average of solar radiation was recorded in the southernmost . coastal areas (Ulcinj and Bar), and the small- est in the interior of the state (Pljevlja). .

Maximum monthly values were recorded in . the town of Bar for the month of July (, Wh/m²/day), and the lowest in Pljevlja in . December ( Wh/m²/day). The highest  values of solar radiation were recorded in July             Figure .. An example of solar power plant with central tower for all locations, and the annual survey shows the negative asymmetric curve of solar radia- month tion, where the averages in August are the same as in June, and then there is a relatively Figure .. Average monthly values of solar radiation (Wh/m/day) sharp fall in autumn and early winter. for the period -

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... Wind energy The capital city possesses good soil condi- the value of the higher harmonic current the roof is oriented to the south, with a tions for plantation, fast growing tree spe- that is normalized with respect to the deviation of ±  °. The most suitable type High wind speeds in the area of the capital cies, for energy needs. The most suitable short-circuit power at the connection point; of buildings for such integration are residen- city allows the wind generator to be installed. premises for such dedicated forestry produc- tial buildings, either for collective or indi- According to the PUP, the construction of a • three phase short-circuit current criterion tion are the coastal area of the Donja Zeta vidual housing. In the case of flat roof wind farm at Stijepova, northeast of the river (if the condition is not fulfilled, the three- and the coast of the Skadar Lake area of objects, the optimal solution is to install a Cijevna, is planned. Suitable areas for wind phase short circuit current limitation is , ha, which cover a space between . solar installation on the construction that energy use are also Radovce, Trmanje, Stravče performed or replacement of the switch- and . m above sea level. At  m³/ha, guarantees optimum inclination of the and Kučka Korita. There is no data regarding gear and other equipment has determined, the annual amount of fast-growing biomass collector. the precise locations, so the data from the change of the connection point, etc.). can be estimated at , m³. A detailed study “Assessment of the potential of renew- ... PV power plants feasibility study would point to more con- There are also additional positive and nega- able energy sources in the Republic of Monte- crete technological solutions for raising tive aspects, some of which are listed in the In the document “Strategy of Valorization of negro” from  can be used for this occa- intensive rapid-growing plantations in order following figure, which must be taken into Space for the Purpose of Production of  Procjena potencijala sion . According to the analytical maps of to produce energy biomass. account in the option of integration of RES Renewable Solar Energy Sources and Dem- obnovljivih izvora energije u the Study it can be estimated that the average Strategy for the Valorization of Republici Crnoj Gori, CETMA, into the power system (Figure ..). Also, onstration Pilot Projects” from October wind speed is in the range of . - . m/s. The company “Deponija d.o.o.”, whose main Space for Production of februar . there are often negative reactions of the , by analyzing all influential param- Typical values of the actual energy potential activity is the collection, disposal and further Renewable Sources of Energy local population to the construction of RES, eters, urban and rural areas of the capital of the wind are - W/m², while in the treatment of municipal waste, has carried out and Demonstration Pilot Projects, and depending on the type of power plant city were identified, which could be used for most winding regions, on the slopes and a feasibility study for the production of elec- IBI GROUP, October  (solar, wind turbines, biomass, etc.) there these purposes. Figure .. shows the peaks of the mountain wreaths, the actual tricity and hot water from the landfill and are more or less pronounced associated locations of PV power plants (zones with energy potential of the wind reaches values sanitary facilities ,  and . The study has negative environmental impacts. The above thick red borders). of over  W/m². determined the amount of biogas that arises factors should, before construction, be and the methane content, which is represent- The above document highlights the condi- ... Biofuels potential analyzed and documented for each individu- ed by more than %. The amount of biogas tions for setting up the PV system. Their al case. Thermal and/or electrical energy can be that could be produced in sanitary tubs  and installation has to be in balance with the produced using biomass (forest residue,  is  to  m³/h. Based on the above For the improvement of EE, a whole set of protection of significant natural, cultural and firewood, fruit-growing vineyard remains). data, it was concluded that it is possible to EU legal acts (Directives //EC, other values, and in accordance with other Firstly, it should be noted that the total produce  kW of electricity per hour. //EC and //EC, etc.) contains development projects and infrastructure. consumption of fire wood in , house- many elements related to the promotion of Physical, relief and climate parameters of .. Feasibility of distributed RES holds of Podgorica in  amounted to EE and the greater use of RES. Thus, in the expansion , m³, as well as certain smaller quan- construction of new larger facilities it is tities for the thermal needs of the commer- In addition to other factors, the feasibility of necessary to provide at least % of the cial sector, which was discussed in greater the distributed RES expansion is conditioned required energy from alternative sources, detail in chapter ... by certain technical problems of integration taking into account the ambient and land- of these sources in the power system: scape characteristics of the surroundings of The fruit and vineyards remains of the Planta-  future facilities. B. Glavonjić, Trenutni status tion “ July” amounted to , t in  . • the criterion of the allowed power of a korišćenja drvnog otpada za With an energy density of  kWh/t and a small power plant, defined by the short As it was emphasized in chapter ., energy proizvodnju energije u Crnoj Gori humidity of %, the energy potential of the circuit power at the point of connection to i komercijalne mogućnosti, . and environmentaly sustainable construc- biomass of the fruit and vineyard remains in the grid and the type of generator; tion includes: the state-owned plantation was , MWh. • flicker criterion evaluated by perturbation • Reduction of heat losses from the object In addition to this, there is a significant factors induced by long-lasting flicker by improving the thermal protection of potential of the fruit and vineyard remains (over two hours); external elements and favorable relation- from private plantations, which, at the level ship between the base and the volume of of the capital city, is difficult to estimate due • the criterion of allowable high harmonic the building; to low data availability. currents, which is evaluated on the basis of • Increase of thermal gain in the object by favorable orientation of the building and using solar energy;

Problematic and complex protective relay • Use of RES in buildings (biomass, sun, Impossibility to plan the production wind, etc.); Voltage control and stability • Increase of EE of thermal power systems. Electrical energy quality Negative impact on reliability not a problem As it is pointed out in the LEP and other Increase in short-circuit current problem planning documents of the capital city, the The need for active management geothermal energy of the abundance of Lack of electrical connector standards groundwater and the heat pump system Lack of equipment should be used for air conditioning. The architectural design of objects (roofs, fa- Worker safety cades) requires the integration of installa- % % % % % % tions for the exploitation of solar energy. The best way to integrate these installations Figure .. Participation (%) of negative and positive aspects of RES integration in power systems is to place the collector on a sloped roof if Figure .. Segment of the capital city territory with zones for solar power plants

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potential locations for the installation of solar projects are - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of • require large areas for accommodation; wide range of obtained power from . to  defined, as well as the identification of those in which it is the Capital City of Podgorica, on the Tusk road and near MW and more. The implementation of this • their production depends on sunshine. prohibited (protected natural assets). Environmental impacts, the railway line Podgorica-Bar. The area is . ha; system is the most cost-effective in areas economic benefits, etc. have also been considered. All future The approximate prices per installed kW of that are rich in forests, where the necessary - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of objects will be built to combine energy-efficient design and electric power are: biomass would be produced at the same the Capital City of Podgorica, on the Tusk road and near technology for the production from RES in order to achieve time. ORC uses a thermal circuit of the the railway line Podgorica-Bar. The area is . ha; • Solar power plants with distributed collec- the level of buildings with zero net energy consumption. thermal oil that serves as a medium for tors: cca.  -  €/kW; - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of the transferring heat from flue gases to a work- a. Zones in the rural area: Capital City of Podgorica, south of the Tuski road and east • Solar power plants With central receiver: ing fluid which, in this case, is not water but - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of the of the railway line Podgorica-Bar. The area is . ha; cca.   €/kW; an organic fluid. capital city, at the location of Velje brdo north of the - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of • Solar power plants with panels: The advantages of the ORC system are high settlement Tološi. The area is . ha; the Capital City of Podgorica, in the KAP complex. The cca.   -  €/kW. degree of cycle efficiency (especially in the - Zone PG-Z - in the southwestern part of the territory of area of the zone is . ha; case of cogeneration applications), flexibil- These elements should be taken into ac- the capital city, between the settlements Kornet and ity and system inertia, automatic and safe - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of count with care when developing a feasibil- Gornji Kokoti. The area is . ha; control, lower boiler pressure, high turbine the Capital City of Podgorica, at the location of Donja ity study for each concrete project for the efficiency (up to %), low mechanical - Zone PG-Z - in the southwestern part of the territory of Gorica, and along the left bank of the river Sitnica. The construction of PV power plants in the turbine stress, no turbine blade erosion, the capital city, between the settlements of Brezina and area is . ha; territory of the capital city. very long service life (no erosion and corro- Barutana. The area is , ha; - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of ... Biomass powered plants sion of pipelines, valves, turbine blades), no the Capital City of Podgorica, at the location of Donja water purification system, simple START- - Zone PG-Z - in the eastern part of the territory of the The term biomass includes a wide range of Gorica, along the left bank of the river Sitnica and along STOP procedure and quiet operation is capital city, southwest of Ubli village, and north of the residues of plant crops and biological mate- the main road M . Budva - Cetinje - Podgorica. The required. settlement of Medun. The area is . ha; rials. Solid biomass is biodegradable mate- area is . ha; - Zone PG-Z - in the southeastern part of the territory of rial derived from forest waste (branches, Given the flexibility, this cogeneration the capital city, at the Kaljturk site, and southeast of the - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of bark), wood industry (sawdust, shavings), system is used in various applications such urban area Tuzi. The area is . ha; the Capital City of Podgorica, at the location of Donja the rest of agricultural crops (fruit-growing as central heating (heating plants), pellet Gorica, near the left bank of the river Sitnica and along vineyard, straw, plow), dedicated energy production, sawmills (and similar industries - Zone PG-Z - in the southeast part of the territory of the the main road M . Budva-Cetinje-Podgorica. The area plants. Biomass is the first and oldest source that have biomass as a by-product), trigen- capital city, at the site of Kolj Ljekaj, and southeast of is . ha; of energy that people have used, which is eration systems with absorption chillers, etc. the urban area of Tuzi. The area is . ha; widely used today to obtain both heat and - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of the Montenegro and even the capital city have - Zone PG-Z - in the southeastern part of the territory of electricity, thus contributing to the conser- biomass resources to implement such sys- Capital Cityof Podgorica, at the site Bjelastavica, and vation and protection of the environment. the capital city, at the location of Kolj Ljekaj, and south- northeast of the settlement of Srpska. The area is . ha; tems, but it is necessary to educate farmers east of the urban area of Tuzi. The area is . ha. Depending on the type, moisture and vol- and agrocomplexes, to present correspond- - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of ume of biomass, the technologies of its ing advantages and benefits and to provide b. Zones in the urban area: the Capital City of Podgorica, at the airport “Golubovci”. preparation and combustion - that is, the wider support from local governments and - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of the The area is . ha. types (constructions) of the combustion the state itself. Capital City of Podgorica, at the site Momišićko polje, The most promising locations include the location located boilers. For combustion, classical combus- ... Heat pumps and in the settlement Tološi. The area is . ha; in the southern part of the territory of the capital city, on tion technologies on the grid (mainly immo- bile, moving, sloping and stepped) are Heat pumps today are among the most - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of the the left bank of the river Morača, as well as the location in the city center. Locations are roofs of buildings in complex- dominantly used. efficient heating and cooling systems. Of Capital City of Podgorica, in Block VI, and east of the the % energy generated by the heat es “Hemomont” d.o.o. and former factory “Titeks”, as well The production of thermal energy from settlement Tološi. The area is . ha; pump -% is free because it comes from  http://www.esco.rs/biomasa.html as PV power plant of installed capacity of  kW on the biomass has a number of specifics that must - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of the roof of the UN Eco-building, near the Millennium Bridge. be taken into account when designing ther- capital of Podgorica, at the site Krusevac. The area is . ha; Most buildings have a ground floor and a shed roof. There mal power systems, selecting equipment and is a wheeled approach with asphalt or concrete pavements Biomass combustion ORC Electrical energy - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of the during exploitation. Due to developments in of at least  m width to all buildings in complexes. The Organic Rankine Cycle Capital City of Podgorica, at the site Krusevac, and on electronics and its increasingly affordable nearest substation station  kV is located east of the site the right bank of the river Moraca. The area is . ha; prices, the regulation of operation should be at a distance of about  m. automated to the greatest extent possible, - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of At the end of this section, some of the main advantages which would enable their energy, economic Heat energy the Capital City of Podgorica, at the site of Kruševac. and disadvantages of PV power plants are outlined, as well and ecologically efficient operation, as well as Area of the zone is . ha; as the approximate cost per installed kW for the three types a significant increase in the level of reliability. - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of of solar power plants mentioned above. The lifetime of the biomass plant has been the Capital City of Podgorica, at the site of Kruševac. estimated on over  years. Biomass boilers Cooling Advantages of solar power plants: The area is . ha; are used to generate heat for industrial • produce clean energy, virtually no pollution; processes, or for the heating of residential - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of and commercial buildings. the Capital City of Podgorica, at the site Zabjelo and on • have high reliability; Technological processes the left bank of the river Moraca. The area is . ha; Recently, biomass has been used for cogen- • have small running costs. eration, i.e. for the simultaneous generation - Zone PG-Z - in the southern part of the territory of the of heat and electricity (Figure ..), Disadvantages of solar power plants: Capital City of Podgorica, at the site Zabjelo. The area is which is achieved using the Organic Rankin . ha; • have high investment costs; Cycle (ORC) already applied in Europe, in a Figure .. Combined heat and power generation from biomass 

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the surrounding environment, and only -% of the ence between them and the heat pumps is in the effect that nature. In order to install a heat pump, it is necessary to waste production and its disposal, biogas production in energy comes from the electric sources that are being paid. you want to achieve. In the case of cooling devices, the fulfill some of the conditions, such as: sufficiently high and anaerobic digesters is an excellent way to reduce the Heat pumps are thermal machines that operate in a ther- goal is cooling, or taking heat from a room or medium constant temperature of the heat source for a long time, a amount of municipal waste and activate valuable resources modynamic cycle, draining the heat (cooling effect) from (heat source), and in the case of heat pumps, the goal is to small distance of the heat source and the sink, a heat sink of at the same time. Since biogas production requires labor for the source of lower temperature and delivering heat (heat- heat or heat a room or medium (heat sink). moderate temperature, as well as a large number of hours the production, collection and transport of substrates, for ing effect) to the higher temperature sink with minimal of use during the year which enables higher profitability. the production of technical equipment and, ultimately, for In principle, two types of geothermal energy should be work consumed (Figure ..). The capacity of the heat the installation, management and maintenance of biogas distinguished (GTE): .. Biogas plants pumps ranges from  kW to several tens of MW. plants, this means that the development and application of a) High-Temperature (HGTE), formed as a result of creating Unlike fossil fuels, biogas is a permanently renewable fuel, this technology contributes to the creation of new enter- The same principle of operation applies to refrigerating a water vapor under high pressures in the Earth’s interior since it is produced from biomass which, in fact, is a living prises, the increase in income in rural areas and opening appliances (refrigerators, air conditioners). The basic differ- storage of solar energy through photosynthesis. The use of new jobs. b) Low-Temperature (LGTE) which is a result of the ab- biogas helps to improve the energy balance of the country sorbed solar energy in the ground. Since biogas is a very flexible fuel, it can be effectively used and contributes to the preservation of natural resources for the combined production of electricity, heat and/or In the text below, geothermal energy (GTE) will mean LGTE, and environmental protection. Although CO₂ also occurs cooling energy, pumped into a natural gas network or used that is, renewable energy generated in the ground due to when burning biogas, the main difference with respect to as a fuel for the propulsion of motor vehicles. Biogas tech- the influence of the Sun. fossil fuels is reflected in the fact that carbon in biogas is nology should show how agricultural individual farms, large recently absorbed from the atmosphere in the photosynthe- GHP As a heat source for heat pumps, ground, groundwater, agricultural producers and local communities can be less sis process. The carbon cycle closes in a very short time - Heat pump geothermal water, surface water (larger rivers, natural or energy dependent, while at the same time ecologically from one to several years. Production of biogas reduces artificial lakes), water and sewage networks, as well as clean. On this basis they can increase the competitiveness GHG emissions from untreated animal fertilizers. These are Ground-cou- Heating (Winter) waste heat from various industrial processes (use of air of their products and provide higher revenues. pled heat methane (CH₄) and nitrogen-suboxide (N₂O) that have a  from rooms or industrial wastewater). The nature and exchanger Cooling (Summer) and -fold stronger greenhouse effect than CO₂. The new Law on Energy of Montenegro, adopted in Decem- characteristics of heat sources and sinks have a significant ber , defines privileged producers of electricity and impact on the design, construction and method of fitting Biogas is a combustible gas that mostly consists of methane heat with the right to appropriate subsidies and privileges, the machine into the energy flows of the given object. (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). It occurs in a biochemical Circulator while meeting the requirements regarding energy efficien- pump process called anaerobic digestion, in which complex or- Heat pumps have wide application in the building industry cy and environmental protection. ganic matter (organic substrates) decomposes in the ab- (heating, cooling and hot water preparation) and in the sence of oxygen. Biogas is used for the production of heat, .. Micro RES installations at households industry for various technological processes (cooling and combined production of electricity and heat (in a cogenera- Winter heating of products, achieving higher temperatures in the Micro-generating or micro CHP (micro combined heat and tion plant), or combined production, electrical, heat and Summer technological process). The advantage of heat pumps is the power) is the name for a distributed energy source used in cooling energy (trigeneration). ratio of energy input and energy, ranging from : to :. households, or small generation units. At the micro CHP This means that for an investment of  kWh of electricity you Different types of organic substrates can be used for the system, heat and electricity are simultaneously produced GHE Ground heat exchanger can get - kWh of heat, depending on the type of heat production of biogas, and most commonly they are: with power smaller than  kW. Most importantly, the micro (ground pipes) pump, type of heating system and heat source from the CHP, instead of the conventional boiler in the central heat- • liquid and solid manure; Figure .. Thermodynamic cycle of a heat pump ing system, uses a small gas engine that powers an electric • degradable organic waste from the food and agro indus- generator. Possible motors for cogeneration can be a com- try (animal or plant origin); bustion engine, a Stirling engine, a steam engine and fuel BIOGAS PLANT cells. The engine’s waste heat is used in the primary circuit • organic fractions from municipal waste and catering; of the heating system, while the generated electricity is • dedicated cultivation of energy plants. used in the household, or the excess is transferred to the AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS PRODUCTS electrical network (Figure .., Figure ..). It has the The rest of anaerobic digestion can be used as high-quality same efficiency of converting gas into heat as a conven- AGRICULTURAL ELECTRICAL fermented biofuels, or as biomass (after pre-drying and/or RESIDUES ENERGY tional gas boiler and is about %. Unlike large CHP plants, palletizing). the primary production for micro CHP is the heat energy The configuration of the biogas production plant depends production. FOOD largely on the type and characteristic of the used substrates INDUSTRY (Figure ..), although numerous combinations of equip- WASTE ORGANIC ABSORPTION ment can be considered for the given combination of FERTILISER REFRIGERATOR Exhaust Pipe to Exterior substrates. The configuration of the equipment affects the Electricity HEATING quantity and quality (percentage of methane) of biogas. to Building Circuits ABSORPTION The substrates can be divided into liquid (which can be ORGANIC WASTE REFRIGERATOR pumped) and solid substrates. Liquid substrates, after Heating Return Pipe COOLING temporary storage in the tanks, are subjected to pasteurisa- Heating Flow Pipe MANURE tion and sent to the digester. The hard substrates are stored Elect. Gas Supply in a “trench” silos or underground concrete tanks (biological Dostrib. CO₂ panel waste from the food industry) and they are transported to a Connection to digester after the previous manipulation and preparation. Exported  x  amp Electricity Circuit Breakers Developing and implementing a biogas production system, based on national and regional biomass resources, increas- FARM DRYING FACILITY GREENHOUSE es the security of energy supply and reduces dependence -Phase Generated Engine Grid Supply Electricity Start on imported energy sources. At a time when we are increas- Figure .. Cogeneration plant using biogas as a fuel ingly faced with the problems associated with excessive Figure .. Micro CHP house system

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The most of installed micro CHP systems are in Japan (esti- of exploitation of solar energy for this purpose is shown in installation of solar collectors for six residential buildings The capital city possesses good soil conditions for planta- mated at over ,) and most of them have a Honda the figure below. Part A refers to the heating of the sanitary with a net surface of , m was designed. Solar collec- tion of fast growing tree species, for energy needs. The MCHP engine. Since , there are about  of them water, and part B to the heating of the space. tor type systems (plate or tubular) are planned and they most suitable premises for such dedicated forestry produc- installed in the UK and thet mainly have Whispergen Stirling would serve primarily for sanitary hot water heating. They tion are the coastal area of the Donja Zeta and the coast of Namely, the principle is as follows: The solar rays heat the engines and Senertec Dachs piston engines. About  can also be used as an additional segment in the heating the Skadar Lake area of , ha which covers a space liquid medium in the collector (). The medium heated to micro-generating systems have been installed in Germany. system, for example in combination with a heat pump. between . and . m above the sea level. A detailed  °C circulates between the collector and the storage (). According to the results achieved, the mentioned activity feasibility study would point to more concrete technological Figure .. shows a schematic representation of one In a heat exchanger, the medium heated by solar radiation would include a higher number of residential buildings solutions for raising intensive rapid-growing plantations in micro-CHP system (ecoPOWER), of German production, heats the water (). The storage accumulates the heat that owned by the capital city in the following phases. The goal order to produce energy biomass. present in our and regional markets. This is the first micro is available at night, as well as on cold days. of the project is to reduce the consumption of electricity for cogeneration in the market, which is certified according to Here, a very important energy-ecological project of the For the sake of remembrance, in today’s Podgorica, former heating space and sanitary water in buildings, which will the strict European Gas Appliances Directive (//EEC). system for collecting, draining and burning of landfill gas Titograd,  years ago, the idea was developed that solar serve as a benchmark for identifying the advantages and The system has a gas-driven gas engine with variable speed from sanitary tubs within the “Livade” landfill was launched energy through solar collectors was used to obtain warm benefits of applying these technical solutions. (, - , rpm), generating an electric power of . to water. In that time, such collectors were produced by an in . The collected landfill gas is combusted at the . kW and a heating power of . to . kW. The connec- Israeli collector factory that sold the license for the produc- In addition to the installation of solar collectors in residen- so-called “torches” (gas burning tower) with continuous tion to the public electricity distribution network is necessary. tion of collectors to the company “Elastik” in Titograd. Due tial buildings in the ownership of the capital city, the city measurement of the amount of gas to be burned. In the first plans also envisage the use of collectors for the thermal half of , the replacement of the existing torch with a The total efficiency of these systems is constant and to the fact that the complete technical documentation for needs of the following objects: “Ekoplant” - Tolosi, Elemen- capacity of  Nm/h with a new one with a capacity of amounts to over %. It is characterized by low GHG emis- the production of these collectors had been obtained, the tary School “Radojica Perovic”, Donja Gorica - Central Activ-  Nm/h was made, due to the increase in the amount of sions and a sound level of  dB (A) at a distance of  m. company “Elastik” managed to not only win such production ity Zone along Cetinje Road, “Titex” - Zabjelo, Agro-industri- biogas that would be aspirated from the two sanitary tubs. For this type the dimensions (height/width/depth in mm) but also seriously prepare for the placement of collectors al zone, Service-warehouse zone with marshalling station, are ,//,, it has a mass of  kg, and the outer especially on the Montenegrin coast. The first large installa- The company “Landfill” also implements activities aimed at Service-warehouse zone, KAP and Airport building. appearance (Figure ..) is aesthetically adapted to most tion of the collectors was carried out at the hotel “Plavi the construction of a plant for the production of electricity home appliances. horizonti” near Tivat, which at the time had  rooms to .. Usage of biomass for supply of heat demand and hot water from the landfill biogas obtained from the accommodate its guests from the then Czechoslovakia. The sanitary tub. The same entity plans to produce electricity However, the costs for a . kW electrical power system and As noted above, by using biomass (fuel wood, forest resi- installation of solar collectors has continued in other hotels from solar panels installed on the roofs of the municipal , Btu/h (. kW) heating capacity are twice the cost due, fruit and vine residue), heat and/or electricity can be on the Montenegrin coast and other locations in the coastal waste treatment facilities. In this sense, a project proposal of conventional heating equipment. The price of the system produced. cities of Montenegro. The demand for solar collectors was for the construction of the mentioned facility was devel- from  to  kW is from . to .€. The installation also present in other parts of the former SFRY, especially in In addition to the use for household heating, the residue oped, which was applied for the provision of funds from cost is also slightly higher than for the conventional heat- the Republic of Croatia. Unfortunately, however, this pro- from pruning is used for the production of briquettes at the international funds. One of the main goals of the project is ing system due to additional requirements for gas connec- duction was extinguished during the s and “Elastik” plant “PlantOMP” located near Podgorica on the plantations the combustion of gas for energy purposes, while achieving tion ventilation and measuring connections to the distribu- experienced the fate of most other industrial capacities in of the company “ July” . economic profit. Realizing it also means reducing the use of tion network. For new housing objects, it is around .€ transition in our country and in the wider region. fossil fuels, as well as significant economic savings. Also, for a system whose electrical power varies between  and The planned capacity of the factory is  tons of briquettes the maintenance of the necessary equipment is not finan- . kW. In addition to investment, there are administrative Solar collectors for sanitary water are used in domestic sani- per year, and according to plans, over % of production will cially demanding, which enables the directing of funds to barriers in procedures for obtaining approval for the use of tary water systems as well as for pool heating. The swimming be exported, while the remaining % will be placed on the solve other current issues. these systems, which is why they have not yet found a pool covers are also used to maintain heat whenever possible, domestic market. The main purpose of this briquette is for more significant application in our households. such as, for example, preheating sanitary water for hotels, grilling purposes, although the dimensions in which it is The construction of a power generation plant by combustion villas, pool water, agricultural greenhouses, etc. produced do not exclude the possibility of its use for the needs of landfill biogas involves multiple components, so that its .. Solar water heaters usage expansion Considering the possibilities in the part of the use of RES, of heating (in the appropriate combustion equipment). The purpose can be observed from several aspects. First of all, in Today, the heat conversion of solar energy is mostly used the proposed activity of placing solar collectors on residen- factory started operating in the second half of , but it had this way the issue of biogas is resolved and it establishes the for heating of sanitary water in residential buildings (domi- tial buildings owned by the Capital City of Podgorica is a number of technical problems and operates in a certain system of functioning of the landfill according to international nantly houses), as well as for space heating. The principle proposed. In connection with this, a pilot project for the capacity, but full production has not yet been established. standards. The purpose of this project is also the possibility of

 Akcioni plan korišćenja drvne biomase u Crnoj Gori, FODEMO ... for hot water ... for heating Project Office, . 9

 control panel Collector 7  catalytic flue gas heat exchanger Hot water Hot water  gas engine block 1 2 5 Collector 8  generator Heating  muffler 4   heat exchanger Buffer Additional Combi tank heating tank  connexions Regulator  gas supply 3 6  air and flue duct  heating system feed and return Heat exchanger Heat exchanger Water feed Water feed Figure .. Schematic representation of ecoPOWER Figure .. Micro CHP (ecoPOWER) aggregate – aggregate appearance Figure .. Principle of using solar energy for heating of space and sanitary water

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using electricity for the production of sanitary at speed of . x - m/s. Depth of the hot water, which will be used for the heating underground water level during the hydro- of residential buildings planned near the logical minimum amounts to: Smart technologies in location of the plant, which in itself represents an improvement in the quality of life of citizens • about  m in the vicinity of the Univer- and a number of other benefits. sity of Montenegro; • - m in the area near the watercourse traffic and communal .. Potential usage of geothermal energy Morača, between bridges “Millennium” As it is stated in the chapter ..., in order and “Union Bridge”; to use the heat energy within the ground, which is at relatively low temperature (+ ºC • about  m in the area near the wells in services to + ºC), it is necessary to lift it up to a Stari aerodrom; higher temperature which exists in the distri- bution system of the object (around + ºC). • about  m in the area of KAP (Aluminum Since the heat in question, by thermodynamic smelter company). laws, cannot be transferred from lower to Average well depth during the drought higher temperature by itself, some sort of a period is about  m. . Traffic pump is needed (like in hydraulics when pumping water from lower to higher level), There are several objects in Podgorica that .. Trends of traffic development in the world ing the health of people and ecosystems. In that sense, it is which will, using electricity, “pump” the heat use geothermal energy for space heating The development of the transportation system in the devel- important to harmonize traffic planning and spatial plan- energy from + ºC to + ºC. This kind of and cooling needs. One of the business oped industrial world has enabled an extremely high degree ning. In doing so, the key factor is the limitation of individu- device is called „geothermal heat pump“ objects (ATLAS Center) includes a residential of mobility of people. The development of mobility was al car traffic and the development of alternative forms of (GHP). part. Within the objects of ATLAS Center, primarily based on measures that encouraged the use of traffic []. and EUROPOINT, GHP systems are supplied individual vehicles. This has enabled comfort, indepen- Transport infrastructure in European cities is developing Systems with geothermal heat pumps can with water from wells of  m to  m depth dence, access to work, health services, education and social primarily in the direction of moving transit traffic to city be divided in  categories depending on the and of  mm diameter. After the water interactions. Technological improvements regarding vehicles by-passes, as well as toward public transportation and heat source/sink. These are: (a) under- traverses the installation, it flows out to and the accompanying traffic infrastructure have further non-motorized traffic. ground waters, (b) surface waters and (c) shallow wells. The temperature of under- contributed to the development of mobility, which has also ground. For the capital city area, due to ground water lies in the range  ºC to  ºC affected the affordability of transportation vehicles and all The construction of city by-passes reduces the traffic flow great availability of underground waters, the during the year, and exits the system with a other attributes of their attraction []. density of the most loaded roads that transit traffic through the city, as well as negative emissions to the environment. first category is especially interesting. temperature changed for ±  ºC to  ºC. Such a development of people’s mobility on the other hand Systems that use underground water are Generally, the impact of these systems on has influenced the unpredictable growth of external ecologi- To reduce the negative emissions that emerge as a result of often called “open cycle systems” or “open cal and economic costs. Within ecological costs, costs arise traffic flows in European cities, an active traffic policy is also  environment is problematic although it is N. Kažić, E. Tombarević, systems” . The main advantages of open the most economical from the energy point from excessive noise, air pollution and greenhouse gas important. It is aimed at encouraging the use of public Priručnik za upotrebu emissions. Degradation of urban space, time delays in traffic transportation with the appropriate public transport offer. geotermalne energije u Crnoj systems are: relatively low installation cost, of view. Namely, these systems consume congestion and traffic jams, traffic incidents fall within the Daily migration of the population should be redirected as far Gori, www.gbc.me simple design and small needed ground area relatively large quantity of water (- framework of socio-economic factors. with respect to other geothermal systems. l/h per kW), which, for the case in question, as possible to the public transport that must be competitive Drawback is that in some regions, under- represents the important resource of drink- Taking into account these consequences, the developed from the point of view of price, travel time and comfort. By ground waters are not available in the ing water of outstanding quality. Greater countries of the world are turning to the approach of sus- limiting individual road traffic in the city core, consequently needed amount or periodically disappear, use/pumping of underground waters may tainable mobility, which, within the framework of sustain- there are several infrastructure surfaces for the develop- and their low chemical quality can be also a lead to the decrease of their level within able urban development, connects the use of space more as ment of other sustainable forms of traffic (e.g. cycling problem. Also, proper dimensioning and ground and weakening of this important a system of activities with the overall traffic system. In routes). A high quality public passenger transport system usage of as efficient as possible submersible drinking water resource. Currently valid promoting sustainable mobility, it is necessary to emphasize and the development of non-motorized forms of transport pump is very important for the total effi- regulation refers only to usage of waters the turning to the values traditionally inclined by the major- are areas that need to be paid attention regarding the effective fulfillment of the criteria of sustainable develop- ciency of GHP installation, especially in the that are public good. In this case, according ity of inhabitants and through which the promotion itself is ment []. case the water level is at the depth of more to present legislation, it is necessary to ask easier to achieve: a healthier way of life, with reduced than  m. for a concession if the amount of water exhaust gases and an increase in the activity of the inhabit- Changes of transport modalities, along with the introduc- greater than  m³/day ( l/s) is pumped ants with the use of non-motorized transport modes, re- tion of new technologies, can be achieved with appropriate Although GHPs operate with the same out. In the case that well is located on a duced negative impacts on the environment and health. measures of traffic policy, with the reduction of traffic speed principle as “air” heat pumps (AHP), they private property, a concession is not needed in settlements, with greater restrictions on the access of have better efficiency, which is especially Part of this approach is also implemented by the EU with a although the water exceeds the boundaries individual vehicles to the city center, road taxes and the evident if they are used for cooling. This is strategy to limit CO₂ emissions in traffic. It is necessary to of the property. However, it is to be expect- develop cycling and pedestrian traffic, to encourage and increase in the speed of public transport of passengers. This the fact because the ground and under- ed that with the increase in use of under- improve mass public transport, to coordinate the use of promotes the development of non-motorized forms of travel ground waters are warmer during the winter ground waters an appropriate legislative will land, to improve the management of urban cargo and and the use of public forms of transport at the expense of and colder during the summer than the follow, which will limit unsustainable exploi- stationary traffic, to perform efficient transport charging the use of individual vehicles. outer air. According to available research, tation of underground waters. In each case, (parking fees, fees at the center...), implement measures to One of the recognizable solutions for establishing sustain- GHPs are more efficient than GHPs for about reduce traffic, to develop more acceptable forms of trans- it is necessary to research appropriate and able mobility is the construction of the “Park and Ride” % - %, depending on the climate condi- port, to restrict access to vehicles that pollute the space in economically sustainable areas and estimate system (“P+R”) on the periphery of the city, so that the daily tions and operating regime. which we live and encourage the use of cleaner and quieter potential for geothermal energy exploitation migrants from the region on their way to the settlements road vehicles. The area of Podgorica represents a special within the capital city. will take a more organized public transport of passengers. curiosity because below it there is a “real The goal of sustainable mobility planning is to meet the Passengers park their own vehicles on the “P+R” checkpoints river” of quality drinking water which flows needs of the inhabitants for movement without endanger- and continue their journey to the city with public transport

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

vehicles, because these locations or points are effectively the wider city center, which further weakens the quality of ing the number of users of public transport (PT). To accom- • Establish a visible and clear signaling, which simplifies the connected to the city. life in Podgorica and prevents the activation of development plish this, it is possible to carry out the following activities: traveler’s choice of the trip within the point of intersection; potentials of the city. .. Overview of traffic in Podgorica • Improvement of the PT system by: integrating city and • Provide an appropriate information system - good infor- .. Possibilities for improvement of traffic in the city of suburban bus transport and increasing the accessibility of mation regarding PT services, departure times, delays, The largest traffic generators in Podgorica are industry and Podgorica citizens to PT, introducing new lines and stops, increasing purchasing tickets, traffic announcements and availability tourism. The impact of tourism on transport is very high and frequencies of lines; of information over the Internet or mobile telephony as has a significant seasonal component. The purpose of sustainable mobility in Podgorica is the well as current passenger information through monitors, development of a traffic system based on meeting the • introduction of auxiliary road lanes for PT vehicles Podgorica has its tourist potential and the possibility to maps and information points; criteria of sustainable development. As part of sustainable enrich the tourist content of Montenegro through business, • introduction of the so-called “Park and Ride - “P + R” park- development, it is necessary to enable harmonious develop- • Include the possibility of additional informing - e.g. pro- transit, excursion, recreational - resort, hunting and sports ing lots i.e. “P + R” along of the city entrance main roads ment of sustainable mobility with spatial development. viding information on the chosen destination of travel tourism. It has a significant place in the increasingly fre- and so on. Sustainable transport is defined as the ability to create (cultural events, tourism, service activities, etc.); quent tourist traffic of the wider area. A good infrastructure conditions for free movement, with free access, communi- .... Improvement of the PT system connection with the coast as well as with the northern part • Provide security and surveillance and design solutions for cation and connectivity without sacrificing other important of Montenegro put Podgorica in the ranks of Montenegrin Improvement of the PT system can be carried out by: the safety of passengers and prevention of physical attack, human or environmental values today and in the future. car theft, bicycle, vandalism, etc. (patrols, video surveil- towns for which a large number of tourists decide. A special • Introduction of a tramway PT - the advantages of this type lance...); attraction is the vicinity of Skadar Lake National Park. Twen- The basis of this concept is []: of transport can be identified through reduced emissions ty minutes away from the Skadar Lake National Park, an • Moving transit traffic from the city with the construction of of pollutants, lower noise levels, adequate capacity for The concept of P+R parking lots is given in Figure ... hour and a half from the ski resort in Bjelasica, and forty the city bypass and connecting to the highway network; passenger transport and easier manipulation due to less minutes away from the sea - Podgorica is an excellent loca- space occupancy of the streets. Also, maintenance re- tion from which you can go on a tour of the whole of Mon- • Modifications of the modalities of the traffic with mea- quirements are much lower in relation to buses; tenegro. Not far from the city itself, there are the ruins of sures for improvement of the public transport system (bus the ancient city of Duklja, medieval Fortress Medun, and in and rail); • Introduction of buses powered by biodiesel or another type the very center of the city there are settlements Castle of of alternative fuels, hybrids and electric vehicles in PT; • Defining areas of different traffic arrangements to im- Nemanja, Old town and many other sights. prove the quality of living in the city with the increase of • Integration of all systems and carriers of suburban and In addition to tourism, a significant part of the traffic flows is areas for pedestrians and bikers at the expense of surfaces urban PTs with the introduction of a unique ticket: A single ticket for the payment of individual travel or in the func- generated by industry. About % of the total registered for individual vehicles; tion of the monthly ticket should be introduced. A unique enterprises in Montenegro are located in Podgorica []. A • Creation of an intelligent traffic center. ticket is an electronic card with a chip (standard banking large number of business entities is an indicator of the devel- card), to which the funds are deposited; opment of the economy in Podgorica and its strategic impor- ... Moving of transit traffic from the city tance for the whole country. The largest number of compa- Transit traffic represents passenger and cargo traffic flows. • Increasing the accessibility of citizens to PT system by introducing new lines and stops (special attention should nies is in the field of trade, transport, utilities, construction, Such flows represent a major traffic burden for the city and be paid to shopping centers, city center, etc.); and manufacturing. A significant number of businesses is its inhabitants. City by-passes generally provide transfer of registered in the category of hotels and restaurants. Figure .. Concept of P+R parking lots transit from the area of city center. In the example of cargo • Increasing the accessibility of citizens to PT system by The analyses carried out in  show that the number of traffic, the solution needs to be upgraded with the concept increasing the frequency of PT vehicles on the lines. passengers in the direction to the Podgorica exceeds , of a logistics center, which unites the road and rail terminal .... Introduction of auxiliary road lanes for PT vehicles / day. The most intensive urban traffic flows are in the with additional logistical services. The justification for the introduction of auxiliary road lanes direction to the center of the city from suburban areas and Transit traffic through the city center increases traffic con- for buses depends on the transported number of passengers towards the southern part of the city, where there is a gestion and this is another reason more for the downtimes with PT system on a business day. These auxiliary lanes can higher density of workplaces []. that occur, especially in the summer months. In addition to also be used in emergency situations for vehicles with the the lost time in traffic, consequences are also emissions that Forecasts by  show that traffic flows of passengers in right of passage priority. Podgorica outside the main tourist season will be in the pollute the environment. This creates high economic costs order of more than  passengers / day from the direction both at the level of the society and at the level of house- .... Introduction of the “Park and Ride - “P + R” of Bijelo Polje, while from the direction of Nikšić there will holds. Therefore, transit traffic is a threatening factor for the parking lots environment, taking into account the volume of traffic, the be more than , passengers / working day. From the The capacity of “P + R” parking lots and traffic modalities, possibility of occurrence of negative phenomena, which are direction of Bar, the demand for passengers will be greater which connect at one point of intersection, depends on the accompanied by traffic (noise, air pollution, dust, etc.). than  and from the direction of Cetinje  passen- existing and planned supply and demand for public trans- Moving this type of transport or relieving the city center of gers / business day. In total, the number of passengers in the port. When establishing a parking lot “P + R” it is necessary heavy cargo transport, as well as reducing the risk of pos- direction to Podgorica will exceed the number of , / to: day []. sible accidents during transportation, should be one of the priorities in the organization of traffic. • Determine the correct location; The growth of traffic with individual vehicles, the relatively inadequate system of public transportation system and ... Modifications of the modalities of the traffic • Identify potential groups of users and their accessibility needs (older, disabled, students, daily migrants, low transport subsystems with great negative impact on envi- The great traffic problem in Podgorica is the pressure of income people, parents with children’s strollers, passen- ronment are the goal areas that need to be taken into daily migrants, who drive with individual vehicles to the gers with heavy luggage, foreigners) and include them in consideration during modification process of existing trans- wider city center. Reduction of this pressure would partially the planning process; port system in the Podgorica. The main problem is the be mitigated with city bypasses, which would be in the transport of passengers with individual vehicles which is function of scheduling traffic on the city peripherals for the • Determine technical requirements and elements and reflected in traffic congestion, non-competitive public purpose of shorter trips within the city of Podgorica. An- integrate them with spatial requirements; transport due to the low performance of this system and other measure to reduce this pressure on the city is to • Design an appropriate architectural solution of the park- functional disconnection, the transit of cargo traffic through change the mode of transport of daily migrants by increas- ing lot; Figure ... Examples of P+R parking lots

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

Parking capacity, parking security, comfort, speed and unless there is adequate access to the PT system. • Automatic vehicle license plate recognition; on the statistical processing of data on the number of reliability of alternative transport should motivate people to vehicles in certain parts of the day, defined by the fixed It is necessary to provide access to vehicles that supply the • Parking management; use public transport. Additional motivation is achieved with speed of vehicle movement, experience, etc. In general, closed part of the city with passes for the needs of the the appropriate parking policy. Parking in the city center • Notifications of the current state of traffic; such solutions can be applied only on a certain number of shops, restaurants, shops and the availability of residents of should be limited, primarily parking on the streets. Some roads, and the actual state of traffic is largely not in line this area in case of emergencies. parts of the city should be completely closed for the traffic • Estimation and prediction of traffic intensity. with the planned solution. of individual vehicles. In this way, more areas for non-mo- ... Intelligent Traffic Center Each of these subsystems includes a complex infrastructure Modern and advanced solutions in this area include two torized traffic and pedestrian paths are released, while at consisting of a number of sensors, communication systems Intensive urban traffic flows and vehicle speeds require segments: active traffic signal control and variable traffic the same time more space is provided for parking in the and control units in which information is collected, pro- better control, greater safety and more efficient centralized signs management. Although they can be viewed separately city. cessed, analyzed and, on the basis of specialized algorithms, traffic management. Proper management and control of in certain scenarios, they should still be considered as a certain management actions are made. In this sense, each of A limited number of parking in the city should also be traffic flows becomes a concern of many European cities. single system. introduced with a stricter policy of charging, i.e. by charging these subsystems can be implemented as a separate system. Considering the increasingly important traffic functions in ..... Active traffic signal control a parking fee at a higher price, differentiated by location Podgorica, it is also necessary to develop Intelligent Traffic .... Measurement of traffic parameters and time of day (higher parking fees in the city at the time Center. Active control of traffic signals is an optimal control of when the intensity of traffic is greatest). The basic subsystem of an intelligent traffic system that traffic signals in real time. This contributes to the improve- The Center would manage and supervise the performance needs to provide the necessary input data and information ment of traffic flow in order to reduce number and duration It is necessary to regularly inform or notify about the possi- of traffic in the Podgorica. At the same time, it would offer for other subsystems is the measurement of traffic param- of traffic congestions, which contribute to increasing the bilities of parking to “P + R” outside the city and about the traffic information for public and individual traffic. It would eters. Traffic parameters that are important for all analyses capacity of roads, shorter duration of travel and less pollu- use of PT system. This part must be very well organized, in serve as a basis for expanding the ability to flexibly stream- in real time and offline are: tion of the surrounding environment by the exhaust gases order to provide quick access to all locations in the city, line traffic in terms of capacity expansion and load reduc- of the vehicle. Optimal control of traffic signalization in real especially those that are not accessible to an individual • number of vehicles; tion. It would collect all information about the state of time implies optimal coordination of signal time duration at vehicle. traffic in the city (statistical and existing) on the ground - by • speed of vehicles; traffic lights based on the current state of traffic. Informa- sensors, drivers, AMSCG, police, freight forwarders, those tion on the current state of traffic is obtained from the ... Areas with different traffic arrangements • spatial distribution of vehicles on roads; who maintain roads and others. The Center would integrate subsystem for measurement of traffic parameters. On the Following the example of European cities and for the pur- all data from existing sources related to traffic and even • announcement of pedestrians to cross over a pedestrian basis of the obtained information and certain optimization pose of protecting and preserving the city core (buildings, information on current construction works, public events, crossing etc. algorithms, the operation of the signal on the traffic light promenades, parks), some areas in cities and town centers i.e. data regarding all current events on the city’s traffic signalization is coordinated in real time. This system should should be accessible only with public transport and non- There are numerous solutions that enable the determination infrastructure. The Traffic Center would inform the partici- incorporate the following scenarios: motorized forms of transport. In order to successfully imple- pants in the traffic and provide comprehensive information of these parameters: inductive loops, cameras, sensors to ment such solutions, it is necessary to prepare appropriate to all participants. audio or video signals, etc. Modern sensors also allow • Pedestrians crossing – pedestrians crossing should be measures in advance and to work together to find new determining the type of vehicle as well as detection of realized with a variable frequency with prior announce- solutions. The example of Intelligent Traffic Center cockpit is given in pedestrians. The announcement of pedestrian crossing over ment. Information is obtained from the subsystem of Figure ... a pedestrian crossing is provided by pressing the appropriate The measures of restriction or the complete closure of the measurement of traffic parameters; button on the traffic lights. city traffic center have numerous positive as well as nega- Intelligent traffic system includes the following subsystems • Emergency or incidental situations in which cases the tive consequences. Positive include: positive impact on air for: All information collected can be made available to other passage of vehicles with the right of priority is provided. quality in the city, regeneration of the city core and service • Measurement of traffic parameters; subsystems through appropriate communication infrastruc- activities, development of non-motorized traffic and greater ture, while archived data can be used for simulation, analy- ..... Variable traffic signs management safety of pedestrians, etc. The negative consequence of the • Control of traffic light signaling (traffic light and variable sis and development of non-real time simulations and Variable traffic signs management allows the remote chang- closure of the city core is the decline in traffic and visitors, traffic signs); algorithms. es of traffic signs and/or traffic notifications regarding .... Traffic light signal control available parking spaces, cost of parking during specific period of day, billing in the city center, etc. This segment Traffic congestions are inevitable feature of major cities can be connected to the active traffic signal control in order around the world. There are many management strategies to improve the effects of reducing traffic congestion (e.g. by that are designed to reduce the intensity and duration of determining the allowed speed of movement, diverting traffic congestion, and the best results are achieved by traffic to alternative routes, etc.), to facilitate faster roadway control of the traffic lights, so called coordinated operation depletion due to emergency or incident situations, etc. of the signal in the context of traffic management on the corridor. The main advantages of coordinated signal mode are: • Higher level of service is ensured due to reduced number of stops and higher speeds; • Higher capacity is ensured, as the available time is more efficiently used; • The speed of the vehicle’s flow is evener, because they move in a wave; • The number of accidents decreases because time is strictly divided between pedestrians and vehicles; • Negative environmental impacts have been reduced. Existing solutions in this area involved adjusting the fixed Figure ... Example of Intelligent Traffic Center cockpit duration of the signal, the value of which was determined Figure ... Examples of variable traffic signs

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

.... Automatic vehicle license plate recognition A special notification system can be generated for multi- dependence on external conditions (out- modal transport or the so-called: Smart Mobility []. Smart side air temperature, cabin air condition- The system for automatic vehicle license plate recognition Mobility means transformation from a mono-modal trans- ing, operation of other electric vehicle should enable the realization of the following services: port system to a multi-modal transport system. Namely, the consumers, etc.); • Payment of access to certain (central) parts of the city; customary way of traveling predominantly meant the use of • Relatively short battery life; one means of transportation - the so-called monomodal • Traffic violation detection (exceeding the allowed speed, transport system. Research has shown that optimization of • Relatively high battery prices. passing through the red light, passing through unauthor- costs and time of travel (direct benefit for travelers), as well ized zones according to a restricted traffic zone, etc.). Other obstacles to the greater use of electric as reduction of gas emissions, increase of efficiency of cars are the lack of public and private infra- This system consists of a recording camera, digital image services and transport of goods can be achieved by applying structure and the fears of drivers from miss- processing software for license plate recognition and a multi-modal transport system. A multi-modal transport ing energy before reaching their destination database for archiving (Figure ..). system involves finding the optimal mode of transport due to the limited reach of existing electric (using different modes of transport) from the aspect of .... Parking management cars. travel time and / or traveling costs, which depends on the The parking management system is explained in a separate current state of traffic and its prediction for the estimated For all of the above reasons hybrid vehicles chapter of this Study. time of transport. An example is given in Figure ... are used as transient solution, which in the Individual users, depending on their trip starting and end- event of lack of power from electric batteries .... Notifications about the current state of traffic points, can obtain possibilities of multimodal transportation have the possibility of starting over a diesel Information collected, systematized and analyzed by the through applications for computers or mobile phones that, or gasoline engine. previously described subsystems can be transmitted through based on optimization algorithms, determine the types of Figure ... Fast charging station at the end of bus line The use of hybrid buses and electric buses appropriate communication media (radio signal, variable transport according to one or more criteria. combines the benefits of the vehicles them- traffic signs, mobile phone applications) in the appropriate .... Estimation and prediction of traffic intensity selves and the positive effects from redirec- notification form for the users. In addition, information on tion of passengers to greater use of public current construction works, public events, or information on Equipping all roads with systems for measuring the param- transport (PT). Analyses have shown that all current events in the city’s traffic infrastructure can be eters of traffic is a great investment, so it is therefore ex- most favorable approach for charging batter- forwarded. Examples of these notifications are: pected that all roads will not be covered by the mentioned ies of PT vehicles is the so-called “opportunity equipment, at least in the first stages of implementing the • recommendations for the use of alternative routes in case charging”. This approach implies the installa- intelligent transportation system. However, estimation of blockage of certain roads and / or congestion on roads; tion of fast charging stations at both ends of models can provide an approximate expected state on a the bus line. The batteries are charged for a • free parking spaces; certain number of traffic routes using measurement data. In short time, enough to be able to power this way, the range of traffic monitoring in certain zones can • Payment of access to certain traffic zones or use of certain electric motors and other bus consumers until be expanded analytically. roads. they reach the charge station at the other end Statistical data of measured traffic parameters archived in of the line. An example of such a charge is databases can serve for different types of analyses. The given in Figure ... obtained results, coupled with the planned events at a Opportunity charging has a number of certain time interval, can be used to predict the traffic inten- advantages: sity and to prepare the necessary measures in advance. • Requires lower capacity batteries; Figure ... Connection of vehicles to chargers at parking lots .. Possibilities for use of electric vehicles in public transportation • Charging takes place during the day when part of the necessary electricity can be Limited oil reserves, increased prices, highly developed produced from alternative sources (e.g. awareness of the harmful effects of exhaust gases, pro- from the Sun), which additionally has a nounced noise are reasons that slowly but surely affect the beneficial effect on reducing the emission world of oil and oil derivatives becoming a past. This is also of harmful gases; supported by the decision of EU countries to gradually and finally stop using fossil fuel vehicles in the near future. • The charging of a larger number of buses Different solutions appear as an alternative: the use of is not at the same time, thus relieving the Figure ... Automatic vehicles license plate recognition vehicles on other types of fuel (e.g. biodiesel, hydrogen...), network from simultaneous load. hybrid vehicles and electrically powered vehicles. The more intensive use of individual electric Of all these solutions, electrically powered vehicles have the vehicles is primarily conditioned by the highest number of advantages: development of the appropriate infrastruc- ture. It implies: • do not emit exhaust gases; • Development of a power distribution • have low noise levels; network; • maintenance costs are much lower compared to internal • Installation of slow charging station for combustion engines due to a smaller number of moving batteries charging overnight; parts. • Installation of fast charging station for The disadvantages of electric vehicles on the current devel- batteries charging as needed. opment of technology are: The development of a power distribution Figure ... Examples of multi modal transport [] • Relatively low autonomy with one battery charge and its network capable to supply new loads due to Figure ... Connection of vehicles to charger in garage

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

battery charging is a prerequisite for the expansion of the . Improvement of public use of electrically powered vehicles. Development should be utilities using smart directed both at higher voltage levels (by providing the technologies appropriate level of reliability), and at lower voltage levels by designing and constructing appropriate installations that . . Water and wastewater management Smart technologies can also be implemented waste management is becoming more and in this area, thus allowing utility companies to more related to the sustainability goal. will ensure battery charging. The application of smart technologies in the field of water manage municipal solid waste in an efficient Programs that encourage the prevention, Installation of slow chargers for charging batteries during supply and wastewater treatment includes smart meters, and sustainable way. As in other areas of recycling and recuperation of materials the night will be the biggest challenge, especially in residen- water loss sensors, pressure sensors, flow meters and water responsibility of city administration, informa- directly support new sustainability goals tial parts of the city with a high population density. In this quality sensors. tion and communication technologies (ICT) by reducing resource and energy require- situation, it is necessary to find a suitable technical solution All data obtained from the sensor is forwarded to the con- are launching many of these new solutions, ments and the need for creation of new that will provide the possibility for an appropriate connec- trol center for analysis in real time and offline, and for the especially in the area of waste collection. landfills. tion for each parking place (on roads and underground creation of management actions (SCADA system). garages) in order that each parking user has the opportunity Solid municipal waste refers to solid materi- The “zero-waste” approach is even more to charge the batteries at night. Expected benefits from the application of smart technolo- als that are no longer needed or their pri- pressing from the sustainability perspective. gies in water supply activities are: mary use is complete. In more developed This movement aims not only to eliminate Installation of fast chargers is necessary for recharging batter- countries, recycling, composting and energy waste through preventing the generation and ies during the day. These chargers have a significantly higher • Monitoring of the current state for preventive mainte- transformation programs are already redi- recycling of waste, but also restructuring the power than those intended for slow charging, and therefore nance. By analyzing the obtained data, the status of water recting significant amounts of municipal production and distribution system in order to their installation is more expensive and technically demand- pipes can be assessed and, according to their state, it is waste from landfills. However, the analysis restore everything - theoretically eliminates ing both in terms of the devices themselves and in terms of possible to define the strategies for repair or replacement suggests that the total amount of municipal the need for landfills and incineration com- power from the distribution network. Such charging station of existing pipes; waste continues to grow. pletely. This approach of product design in should be installed at places of former petrol stations, near • Measurement of water pressure in the pipes enables the the way that their materials can be constantly shopping centers, sports facilities, administrative buildings, ... Importance of solid waste implementation of corrective actions in order to reduce returned to the production process is the etc. management stress on the pipe, avoiding defects and prolonging the basis of what is called a circular economy. working life of pipes and related equipment; Cities must effectively deal with solid waste Numerous cities in the world and the region officially adopt zero waste as a goal. • Measurement of water flow allows monitoring of consump- for several reasons: tion in normal conditions, as well as determining the leakage • Protection of public health. First of all, ... Consideration of waste as asset of water due to the failure of pipelines and associated equip- cities manage waste to mitigate the im- A search for sustainability is a change in ment. Sensors and gauges allow the detection of leakage of pact on public health. As a propagation thinking about existing waste management water from water pipes due to failures before their escalation medium for bacteria, insects and pests, practices. Namely, waste should be consid- and the appearance of water on the surface. In addition, it is accumulated waste is associated with the ered as a source of funds for the renewal of possible with a certain degree of precision to determine the spread of diseases that are transmitted by materials and energy. The first message to location of the failure in order to send the team for repairs. air and water. The industrial revolution municipalities that discusses best practices for Also, by automatically activating the valves, water losses, and the mass movement of workers into waste management is to shift from the point floods and additional damage can be minimized; cities have prompted the first rigorous of view of discarded materials as waste and efforts in addressing and improving urban • Monitoring of water quality allows early warning and responsibility, to point of view according to sanitation. These efforts included the automatic control actions by closing the valve to prevent which each waste is potential asset that systematic collection of waste through the spread of infected water; needs to be recovered and returned to the separate combustion plants and landfills; market. This focus on widespread recovery of • Water consumption meters allow end users to monitor waste components aims to reduce the consumption in real time to conserve water and make it • Environmental protection. The environ- amount of waste going into problematic more efficient. Also, by analyzing these data, combined mental impacts of traditional methods for landfills and incinerators. But it also intro- with hydro and meteorological measurements, water waste disposal - and their impact on public duces the idea that waste represents a source supply companies can get better predictions of water health - have begun to be observed after Figure ... Public fast charging station at the place of previous demand requirements for planning dispatching of pump World War II. Gases at the landfill sites are petrol station operations, pool reservations, water supply network produced by decomposition of organic loads, etc; materials. They contain carbon dioxide, methane, volatile organic compounds, • Analyses of measured data can play an important role in hazardous air pollutants and unpleasant future planning of water supply network development compounds that can adversely affect and decision making. public health and the environment. There Similar solutions can be implemented in the wastewater are also significant emissions of carbon system, regardless if it is a separate or combined system of that are released when transporting sewage systems and atmospheric precipitation systems, as municipal solid waste; well as with wastewater treatment plants. • Cost control. Solid waste management can . . Waste disposal be a significant part of the municipal budget. For cities in poor countries, gar- The increase in the number of inhabitants in cities is not a bage collection and disposal is often the challenge only from the aspect of providing transport ser- largest budget item; vices, energy supply, public security and other utilities, but Figure ... Public fast charging stations near public objects also waste management. • Promoting sustainability. The practice of Figure ... The principles of application of smart technologies in water supply networks

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

of revenue. Cities now have the opportunity .... Waste collection ers and / or waste bins. This increases the ..... GPS truck tracking to sell their waste streams to companies that capacity of containers and further reduces Collecting solid waste in the municipality is a Use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) sort, redirect, and process waste into products the number of required journeys of waste relatively expensive activity that also has a has proved useful for optimization of waste trucks. that have a new market value. polluting effect on the environment. In collection routes, improvement of driver ... Determination of waste general terms, the collection of waste re- Trash compactor waste bins have the ability behavior and reduction of operating costs. quires a large number of employees (physical to compress mixed or specific content (plas- characteristics ..... Route planning based on GIS workers and drivers) who operate trucks that tics, paper, etc.) using built-in mechanical For cities that start new waste management emit exhaust gases into the environment. compressors, thus increasing the capacity of The Geographic Information System (GIS) initiatives, it is first necessary to determine the bucket and reducing the need for its can be used to create, record, analyze, Smart waste collection solutions can elimi- the characteristics of waste. Municipalities frequent discharge. Consequently, the costs manipulate and display geographic informa- nate the unnecessary departure of waste need to understand the nature of waste are reduced and operation of the utility is tion. GIS technology is now starting to play trucks to locations where there is not generation in their community, including optimized. These bins for their work use an important role in modern solid waste what is in it, where it comes from and how enough waste, which directly reduces fuel electricity that can be obtained from its own management practices. This can help with much of each type is present. Waste charac- costs and the effect of exhaust gases, while source through solar cells and small batteries waste collection planning routines, as well terization studies include urban demogra- reducing related operational and mainte- for the accumulation of electricity. An exam- as the thoughtful location of recycling phy, land use and business data. Using GIS nance costs regarding the collection ve- ple of such buckets is given in Figure ... centers, material recovery facilities, ware- hicles. data can help to plot the physical location of house waste yards and landfill sites. This ..... RFID tags on waste bins and waste generators, while useful analytical ..... Sensors in waste containers system is already in use in the city company tools help city management to determine recycling bins “Čistoća d.o.o.” and proven to be an effective where there are concentrations of large Fixed discharging schedules for waste con- In some cities, Radio Frequency Identifica- type of control. volume generators of certain types of waste. tainers according to specific times and tion (RFID) systems for waste collections are pathways dissipate both time and fuel when . . Parking service management ... Application of smart technologies in trucks arrive at some empty containers in being developed. Labels are associated with Due to the intense increase in the number of waste management the collection schedule. In order to better a particular resident or address and, similar to a bar code, can be read by equipment on private vehicles, especially during the tourist Smart waste management technologies can determine when the waste containers really vehicles for collection. Collected RFID infor- season, as well as the lower number of be considered through the following phases: need to be emptied, utility companies can parking spaces, one of the biggest problems install micro sensors in them that determine mation is sent to a city database where it in city centers are free parking spaces. • Waste collection; the status of their occupancy and forward can be analyzed to help cities in several ways. For example, RFID allows trucks to Studies show that in large cities: • Recycling of waste; this information to the central data center. record weight and filling capacity (Figure The operating principle and the example of • / traffic in the narrow city core is caused • Transformation of waste into energy; ..). Analysis of these data enables utility the sensors are given in Figure ... by the search for free parking places [], companies to optimize the routes and collec- • Waste disposal. []; In cooperation with the company “Čistoća tion schedules. The result is a smaller num- Waste recycling technologies, transforma- d.o.o.”, the possibility of using these sensors ber of trucks that operate less often, and the • . km is the average length of the addi- tion of waste into energy, and waste disposal has been analyzed and a proposal has been results reduce emissions of exhaust gases tional traveled road during search for a are technological operations in which the made for the sensors to be installed in and air pollution. The European Commis- free parking space [], []; impact of smart technology is largely reflect- underground containers with volumes of sion’s technical study on the use of RFID in   • Individual car is parked almost h daily in ed in the application of sensory techniques m and m , with well-designed software the recycling industry shows that the use of that enable process optimization. For this using GIS technology. an RFID system can reduce waste collection average (especially during working days), which makes difficult to find free parking reason, they are not the subject of this Garbage sensors can also be installed in costs by up to % due to reduced fuel places [], []. Study. combination with trash compactor contain- consumption and air pollution []. Another use of RFID tags is the monitoring of residents habits regarding recycling. Cities could then direct educational programs to those who do not participate in recycling, provide incentives for people who recycle, and so on. This technology can also be used to develop a pay-as-you-throw system (PAYT), by which each user of the utility company’s services is charged as much as the waste they produce and throw. The proposal by company “Čistoća doo” is that RFID tags would be most relevant in recyclable yards, which are also located on the territory of the capital city, where citi- zens would receive identification cards. These cards would contain evidence of the number of citizen’s visits to recyclable yards and the amount of disposal waste, which would then affect the reduction of their Figure ... Examples of sensors in Figure ... Example of trash monthly bill for the removal and disposal of waste containers compactor bins municipal waste. Figure ... Reading RFID label of container

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

All this points to the necessity of appropriate parking man- • Allows the user to book a free parking space through an agement system. Studies show that use of such systems can application which helps drives to directly go to the re- [], []: served location. • Reduce the search time for free parking places by about %; . . System for notifications related to city services Smartphone information Traffic • Reduce the distance traveled for free parking space by Control Center around %; The citizen notification system on service information should provide access to information via easily accessible Parking Navigation City Dashboard • Reduce congestion in traffic by %; Devices media (today, mobile applications are the most suitable). Parking Control Center Services and Apps Parking Sign • Reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. Through the application following information should be published: ... Parking places on public spaces • All news related to the utility system, development proj- In general, the parking space management system for public ects, modernization, announcements of works to be surfaces consists of an appropriate solution for identifying carried out throughout the city, as well as announcements free parking spaces, a central control unit with parking of events that will take place in the city; management software and ancillary communication net- works and information exchange applications. Possible • Information on modifications of the traffic in parts of the implementation of the system is given on Figure ... city where the works are carried out, as well as informa- tion of public importance; Recognition of free parking spaces should be realized using sensor technology (without the use of cameras) to protect • Information on public transportation timetables and their the privacy of people. It is possible to use combinations of changes; sensors placed on the ground (recognizing only one parking • A list of all citizen services phone numbers; place) and / or sensors located at high altitude objects (public Figure ... Principles of parking management system [] lighting poles, buildings near the street, etc.). Examples are • A list of all taxi association numbers, etc. given in Figure .. and Figure ... In addition to the aforementioned information, modern The sensors installed on existing objects (example is given systems for informing citizens about service information in Figure ..) have a number of advantages over the should provide opportunity that users can report problems ground sensors: either through the application or through a phone call. A • There are no significant investments in infrastructure; citizen should have the possibility to report a communal problem from the site, with a photo of the problem, which is • Power supply and signal transmission can be provided by immediately sent to the application database and forwarded using existing installations; by the operator to the responsible service. The citizen who has reported the problem in the shortest time should be • Better coverage of parking spaces with fewer sensors than contacted by operators for possible additional information. the sensors on the ground (which can provide coverage of When a response from the service responsible for the prob- only one parking space); lem is received then the user of the application is informed • They can be used for other purposes such as monitoring by phone about the response. traffic speed, breaking parking rules, etc. Similarly, citizens should have the opportunity to be in- The information obtained from the sensor is transmitted in formed immediately after the filing of a complaint about the Figure ... Examples of sensors locations Figure ... Example of sensors located on existing objects the appropriate format to the central control unit via the possible intervention of the Municipal Police, and especially appropriate communication medium (optics, Wi-Fi signal, about its jurisdiction over the complaint. If the complaint is GSM / GPRS signal). This information can be used for: not within the competence of the Municipal Police, it should be forwarded to the competent authority, about which the • the driver assistance system for finding parking spaces user should be immediately notified. (applications for phones or navigation systems); The advantages of this approach are as follows: • the driver notification system for the availability of park- ing spaces in a particular zone for the purpose of selecting • recording of telephone conversations, which will avoid all another mode of transportation (applications for phones); confusion related to receiving; • light traffic signs with information on the number of free • forwarding applications to the competent services for a parking spaces; short period of time; • control of traffic in the appropriate traffic zones. • faster communication with citizens regarding the services of public utility companies and other entities to which the ... Parking places in the public garages city has entrusted the performance of utility activities; The parking management system can be significantly im- • electronic records of received applications, etc. proved by linking with systems in garage parking facilities. Such objects may be equipped with a system which: • Transmit information on the number of free parking places in the garage facility to the central control unit; Figure ... Sensor mounted on lighting pole []

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

Available EU funds for project financing

The classical approach to municipal project financing is growth and improvement, while too much external funding the project in order to evaluate feasibility and the exis- adequate savings to sustain future financing. In order using the state government financing. However, since this might make the project risky. External financing can be tence of a positive cash flow. This can be difficult when for the revolving fund to be sustainable, it is necessary is no longer available in significant volumes to the munici- realized with bank loans, bonds, leasing and state subsi- metering is insufficient to measure both production and to ensure that metering and monitoring of energy palities, they cannot continue to depend on state budgets dies. consumption of energy, non-payment is common, and savings is accurate and systematic. This may be a to sustain the renovation of their infrastructure. This is accounting systems are not transparent; challenge for municipalities which are not equipped Though a variety of financing instruments exists, local especially the case for energy related projects (energy with energy information system; financial markets still have limited capacity and are unable • Collateral is established by the security of the asset, efficiency related projects are the most obvious examples), to provide adequate financing of municipalities’ projects. In where the loan is typically less than the value of the asset • Guarantee Facilities for Commercial Bank Loans – Usu- which are usually overlooked when budgeting funding for theory, the municipalities should aim at attracting not only that is pledged to the lending institution in the event of ally, if a municipality’s credit rating is unsatisfactory reconstruction or renovatio, and have to compete with domestic, but also international financial markets for proj- default. In general, energy efficiency projects tend to be due to lack of previous financing experience, credit other funding priorities such as road construction (which is ect funding. more distributed, thereby more difficult to collateralize. guarantees can be obtained from special guarantee among the most popular municipality projects). It should In addition, a difficulty in transitioning economies is facilities established by international donors and inter- be pointed out that, until there is a legal framework en- Experience to date shows that the majority of water and determining the true value of a commodity or property, abling energy-cost savings, resulted by the project imple- wastewater, heat supply and street lighting projects have national financial institutions (IFIs) to lower barriers to and whether the legal and political systems will allow the mentation, to be reinvested or used to pay for new projects, been financed through funds from international donors and commercial financing; lender to seize assets in order to recover an unpaid loan. it can be difficult to attract investors to energy related IFIs. These international development institutions typically This often results in vendors unwilling to finance invest- • Municipal Bonds – makes the most sense when the size projects. use grants or loans to demonstrate how energy-efficiency ments and lenders requiring a guarantee. of the municipality is significant enough to attract the projects generate cost savings to finance the improve- Experience suggests that even in countries where the local attention of investors. Issuing municipal bonds requires ments. Soft loans are common in such projects, which South East Europe requires several billion euros of invest- financial market has sufficient size and liquidity, consumers lengthy and expensive preparatory work that consists often aim to attract commercial finance. More innovative ment in renewable energy sources and tens of billions of and investors may have limited access to local institutions of analyzing and forecasting the municipality’s financial approaches unique to energy efficiency are revolving funds investment in energy efficiency and transmission infrastruc- due to perceptions of high risk, high transaction cost, lack resources, and launching a procedure for obtaining a and performance contracts, and international partners ture over the coming decade. The region’s energy markets of institutional infrastructure and project development credit rating from an international credit agency. Bond often encourage demonstration of how such funds and are not sufficiently developed or competitive. Political risks capacity, or lack of awareness regarding technologies and financing is beneficial when the revenue from bond contracts work in the local setting. Vendor credit is also and regulatory discontinuity impede private ownership and their technical and financial performance characteristics. issuance is eligible for tax breaks or tax exemptions. becoming more popular in emerging market economies. financing. Regional banks, project investors and local Supporting financial intermediaries and providing risk-shar- The downside to bond financing for municipal energy authorities lack the experience required to develop bank- ing instruments to financial institutions (credit risk guaran- It is necessary to mention that it is crucial for the municipal- efficiency is that bonds’ maturity date is not correlated able renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. Lack tees and other contingent finance instruments) can be ity to work on project design, conduct energy audits, set to the financial savings from the energy efficiency of regional cooperation in energy sector planning increases cost-effective ways of addressing these barriers. Microcred- energy savings targets, prepare a feasibility study, draft a project, which can create cash-flow issues. However, if overall investment and financing requirements. There are it, commercial loan guarantees for ESCOs and revolving project proposal and estimate cost and resource savings the project has a good payback, this problem is negli- various financial mechanisms available for financing of loan funds have all been successfully demonstrated in prior to seeking financing. Often a municipality will secure gible; energy related projects: many EU countries. the services of a private sector firm to assist with this, such • Joint Implementation – is regulated by internationally as an ESCO or other energy efficiency service provider. It is • Municipal/State General Budgetary Funds – independent While both external and internal financing is often used for agreed procedures, which state that the project devel- advisable to seek co-financing from several sources. For decision-making power, but limited funds availability; financing a municipal energy project, internal financing oper must document that the project will result in example, the municipal budget spending can be used for may not be available for large scale projects; relies mainly on the municipality’s own equity, and external emission reductions that would not have occurred project preparation, energy audits, feasibility studies, financing deals with borrowed funds or increase of debt. • Special Purpose Funds without the project. When a municipality selects a interest payments and project management, while bor- Though in general at least  percent of the total project project, it can work closely with project developers, rowed equity or grants can be used for project implementa- • Grants – generally, the most popular financial instru- costs must come from internal financing, it is usually dif- designated operational entities, and the host country tion. ment since there is no repayment necessary. They are ficult for municipalities in countries with economies in government (the designated National Authority, DNA) accessed through Government, donors and state banks. transition to put up enough internal funding to enable The common steps for financial sourcing can be expressed in preparing the Project Idea Note (PIN) and Project Grants are usually related to specific development implementation of a sizeable project which would generate as the “Cs” of finance: character, cash flow, and collateral: Design Document (PDD). If the PIN is approved and the assistance programs, like technical assistance for proj- return on investment quickly enough to make the project PDD is developed, the municipality can play an impor- • Character is a determination of the applicants’ credit ect development. The availability of grants depends on bankable and ensure adequate external borrowing. There tant role in organizing stakeholder consultations and history and credit worthiness – past loans, repayment the project type, quality, as well as the policy of poten- are many reasons for this: for example, ambiguous and providing its support for the project, particularly if it timeliness and current ability to pay. Establishing charac- tial donors. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is a poorly defined ownership rights and responsibilities, low includes municipal assets or enterprises. ter is difficult in cases where the applicant has not had resource that should be considered. UNEP, UNDP and municipal revenues due to high unemployment and low the opportunity to earn credit; World Bank are serving as implementing agencies; salaries, limited local budget authority and borrowing limits • Third Party Financing placed on municipalities. A project heavily financed with • Cash Flow essentially involves establishing technical and • Revolving Fund – requires only a one-time initial invest- • Leasing – A lease is essentially an agreement to either internal equity might restrict municipal utility infrastructure financial baselines, and the savings that will result from ment, assuming it is managed properly to accumulate enable temporary use of equipment without purchas-

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

ing, or to acquire equipment by paying for it over time. • Soft loans – special loan programs with low interests user and local bank can often avail themselves of consul- existing laws; It is beneficial for small municipalities who are very targeted at energy related projects. tancy services and training to develop feasible projects. • Absence of mandatory medium-term budget forecast- limited in their financing options due to lack of credit This helps to reduce the risk to the local banks, making • Commercial bank loans – standard loan procedure. ing prevents long-term service agreements and deters history or are unable to obtain co-financing from grants them more willing to lend, and also improves the overall involvement of ESCOs. or bank loans; Against the mentioned background, international sustain- effectiveness of the investment. able energy financing facilities are very important. Through • Institutional • Vendor Credit – Through an agreement between a In many cases, there are also grants, subsidies or incentives these facilities, the European Union, International Financial vendor and the municipality, the vendor sells equip- that reduce the amount that must be borrowed, sometimes • Lack of monitoring of data; Institutions (IFIs) and bilateral donors finance energy ment to the municipality under a repayable loan. The by up to  percent. In other cases, guarantee schemes are efficiency and renewable energy projects for private and • No single energy management office in municipalities; terms for the loan are agreed upon between the mu- available to local banks to cover losses and thus reduce public sector clients. The most important IFIs and donors in nicipality and the vendor and are usually short-term. their risk, helping to lower interest rates. • Absence of energy procurement practices for the region include: Though vendor credit is a readily available financing municipalities; Some of the available funding possibilities are: tool that enables municipalities to obtain equipment as • EBRD – European Bank for Reconstruction and • Underdeveloped ESCO market; a low cost, due to the underdeveloped tendering proce- Development; • WEBSEDFF – http://www.websedff.com dures in many CIS countries, it can result in ambiguous • Lack of experience in project financing, managing • EC – European Commission; • CIVITAS – CIVINET http://www.civitas.eu/ quality of financing and equipment. Another problem budgets, assets, debt; with this method is that the projects tend to be small; • EIB – European Investment Bank; • WB Global Infrastructure Facility (GIF) (http://www. • Inadequate managerial and technical expertise on worldbank.org/en/news/press-release////world- • Performance Contracting – performance contracting • GIZ – German association (“Gesellschaft für municipal level in designing and implementing bank-grouplaunches-new-global-infrastructure-facility) (PC) is applicable when energy-cost savings are an Internationale Zusammenarbeit”); bankable EE projects; inherent result of a project. A PC is a contract between • KfW Carbon Programme II (http://www.climatefinanceop- • KfW – German government-owned development bank; • Inadequacy of information about the financial markets the municipality and the energy efficiency service tions.org/cfo/node/) and services available to regional and city provider, which is an energy service company (ESCO), • USAID – United States Agency for International • EBRD SEI (Sustainable Energy Initiative) administrations. private consultancy or NGO. Goods and services associ- Development; ated with the project are paid for with the energy-cost • German International Climate Initiative http://www. A general conclusion regarding ensuring the project financ- • WB – World Bank; savings accrued from it, allowing the municipality to international-climate-initiative.com/en/about-the-iki/ ing is that, in spite of evident numerous barriers of finan- finance improvements without incurring any upfront These institutions and donors provide financial assistance iki-funding-instrument/ cial, legal and institutional character, a project feasibility costs. In order to initiate a dialogue with an ESCO or in four different ways: study that is well prepared, with clearly demonstrated • Global Environment Facility (https://www.thegef.org/gef/ another type of organization, a municipality must first results that are measurable (reliable data regarding energy • Regional or country-specific IFI loans, or credit lines to climate_change) have an energy audit conducted by a reputable source savings, environmental impact estimation and cash flow local banks, often with grants or subsidies; that lays out the different EE measures possible and the • WEBSEFF – http://www.webseff.com analysis), will surely find a financing mechanism (one of savings expected from them. ESCO’s typically provide • Regional technical assistance funds generally provided by the mentioned or their combination) which is acceptable the following services: investment grade energy audits, bilateral donors; Barriers to development of financial mechanisms can be for municipality. calculation of baseline energy consumption, identifica- divided in three groups: • Country grant funds which aim to promote energy effi- tion of energy saving measures, design of energy • Financial saving projects, installation and maintenance of new ciency (EE) investments; energy efficient equipment, training of technical per- • Country guarantee funds provided by donors which • Lack of credit guarantee mechanisms; sonnel in a facility and monitoring resulting energy leverage loans from local banks. • Insufficient transparency of financial transactions; savings. However, the role of an ESCO should not be limited to providing technical services needed to opti- Financing for renewable energy investments is usually • Low activity of existing lending institutions in EE area; mally design and implement an energy efficiency provided through financial intermediaries such as local • Incongruous municipal financial policies; project. An ESCO should conduct analysis and generate banks. Various forms of financing can be packaged together information that financial institutions require in order to reduce the risk of the investment and make it more • Weak lending institutions; to evaluate projects’ financial viability. Sometimes feasible for the borrower. Credit lines to local banks using • Legal ESCOs are able to finance the improvements internally, funding provided by IFIs at lower interest rates are the most offering a full range of services under one roof. How- common. Local banks then on-lend these funds to private • Lack of clear and transparent ownership rights within ever, it is more common for an ESCO to arrange for a sector clients (households, small and medium enterprises the existing legal framework; third party financing from a commercial bank or other and industrial companies). This does not mean the funds financial institution; are necessarily cheaper than ordinary loans, but the end • Weak legislative structures that are unable to enforce

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

List of priority projects

Energy efficiency mentation and monitoring of the effects to the municipal- Renewable energy sources . Development of a free parking spaces management ity, which are consequence of projects in the field of en- system . Energy audits of buildings owned by the capital city ergy. The ISO  standard provides guidelines for the . Development of a feasibility study for the construc- This system should enable the automatic identification of establishment and operation of the energy management tion of solar PV systems on buildings owned by the The implementation of energy audits of public buildings is free parking spaces on public surfaces and provide informa- system. This project implies, in the first phase, the develop- capital city an obligation defined by the Law on Energy Efficiency. tion about the number of places in a particular location ment of a road map for the establishment of an energy Energy audits of buildings are an inevitable step in defini- Significant solar potential in the area of the capital city (through applications for mobile phones, variables, etc.). tion of the appropriate energy efficiency measures, and management system, and then monitoring the implemen- should be put in place for the purpose of developing the thus a basic prerequisite for applying for any of the avail- tation and the trial run of the system. After the expiry of city. The Government of Montenegro promotes and sup- Benefits: reduction of the time required to find a free park- able funds for financing projects in the field of energy and the probation period, the employees in charge for the ports the use of renewable energy sources. Through the ing space, decreasing of traffic congestion, reduction of environmental protection. In order to more efficiently system obtain complete independence in the management development of a feasibility study, it is necessary to define emissions of exhaust gases. and monitoring of the system itself. locations and prepare conceptual solutions for projects for realize the project, it is good to first perform energy audits . Study of the possibilities and prerequisites for the the possibility of producing electricity at a privileged price, in buildings with greater potential for energy efficiency, so . Establishment of a fund for energy efficiency and development of a power distribution network from as well as for installations according to the principle of that through the implementation of the selected measures sustainable development the aspect of the greater expansion of electric ve- energy exchange with the network. Also, it is necessary to and savings that would be generated, finance of energy hicles audits in the remaining buildings would become easier. This project assumes preparation of a feasibility study for analyze the possibility of a private-public partnership for Taking into account that these are technical analyzes, the establishment of an energy efficiency fund within the the realization of projects for the construction of solar One of the obstacles for greater use of electric cars is the financing of this project is possible through some of the EU capital city, which would be filled out with savings that power plants on the roofs of buildings owned by the city. lack of public and private infrastructure for vehicle charg- projects in the field of energy efficiency generate. The Fund ing. Due to the relatively large electric powers required by funds for technical assistance (GiZ has funded similar . Preparation of a feasibility study on the use of geo- would greatly facilitate the constant improvement of en- charging stations for electric vehicles, especially those for projects in the previous period), but also from state funds thermal energy in the capital city area intended for achieving the goals of the Energy Action Plan ergy performance, i.e. the implementation of new projects fast charging, it is necessary to analyze the possibilities and efficiency. in the field of energy and environmental protection, not It is necessary to define concrete locations for the use of capacities of the existing power distribution network in only for buildings owned by the capital city but also, de- geothermal energy in the territory of the capital city with time, and anticipate the necessary activities for its improve- . Development of an information system for reliable pending on the available funds and for households that the follow-up analysis of profitability taking into account ment, in order to adequately prepare the network for the monitoring of energy consumption represent the greatest potential for improving energy the best available technologies on the market. Previous expected future expansion of electrically powered vehicles. efficiency. It is necessary to find and verify the feasibility of studies that investigated the general potential of geother- Reliable monitoring of energy consumption is a require- . Application of hybrid buses and electric buses ment that must be fulfilled to enable successful implemen- additional options for filling this fund, beside funds from mal energy have pointed out to the existence of significant tation of projects in the field of energy efficiency. It is one the savings generated by energy efficiency projects, such potential, so it is necessary to make the next step in identi- The use of hybrid buses and electric buses combines the of the main prerequisites for available funds and ESCO as, for example, cooperation with donors or creating favor- fying specific locations and compare them with the energy benefits of the vehicles themselves (less or zero environ- companies when they are considering projects that should able arrangements with financial institutions. needs. mental impacts) and the positive effects of greater use of public passenger transport. be accepted for funding. The existing information system . Connection of public lighting in the Communal utilities and services for monitoring energy consumption is not at a satisfactory computer-controlled network . Developing a system for informing citizens about . Development of a traffic center level and it represents the basic barrier for activation of service information Connecting a public lighting lamp to a computer-controlled funds for project financing, i.e. practically for the imple- The traffic center would integrate all data from existing network opens the door to a wide range of innovative The system for informing citizens about service information mentation of projects taking into account the limited re- sources related to traffic and even information on current possibilities which save energy and improve the perfor- should enable access to information for interested users sources within the municipal budget. The development of construction works, public events, or data on all current mance of the lighting system. In addition to these applica- through easily accessible media. The system should provide the information system can be carried out in several stages, events in the city’s traffic infrastructure. The Center would tions, there are wider possibilities for the application of news related to the utility system, development projects, depending on the availability of funding. Namely, through manage and monitor the traffic in the capital city, inform non-lighting solutions in the communication network, modernizations, announcements of works to be carried out organizational measures and procedures, in the first phase, the traffic participants and provide comprehensive informa- which makes its platform for all city applications. Enabling throughout the city, as well as announcements of events it is possible, with the available staff, to create a system for tion to all participants. monitoring energy consumption, and then in the second the connected network simultaneously with the upgrade of that will take place in the city; information on modifications phase to include software solutions available on the market public lighting reduces costs and eliminates the need for Benefits: A traffic center with its subsystems (light signaling of the traffic regime in parts of the city where the works are or develop specialized solutions tailored to the needs and other installations. (traffic lights and variable traffic signs), automatic plate carried out, as well as information of public importance; recognition, traffic alerts) is the basis for better control, information on timetables and changes in the routing of opportunities in the capital city. Public lighting management at the initial level offers basic greater security and more efficient centralized traffic man- urban, suburban and intercity public passenger transport, functions such as remote switching on and off, controlled . Development of an energy management system agement. At the same time, it would offer traffic informa- etc. In addition to the aforementioned information, modern lighting and planning of controlled lighting. In addition to its tion for public and individual traffic. It would serve as a systems for informing citizens about service information Experience and research in the area of energy efficiency basic functions, there is also a wide range of functions, such basis for expanding the ability to flexibly streamline of should enable the possibility that a citizen reports problems have unambiguosly confirmed the positive effects that the as: monitoring energy consumption, monitoring the quality traffic in terms of capacity expansion and load reduction. either through the application or by phone call. establishment of an energy management system has on the of the system’s operation (warning of the location of a faulty use of energy (higher efficiency, sustainability, positive lamp), adjusting the color of light, adaptive lighting and environmental impact), as well as on enabling the imple- emergency response related to the public lighting system.

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

References

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  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

List of abbreviations and List of figures acronyms

AC Alternating Current GTE Geothermal energy OIE Renewable energy sources Figure .. Concept, participants and possible effects of a “smart city”  APEE Energy Efficiency Action Plan (Geotermalna energija) (Obnovljivi izvori energije) Figure .. Software package for the optimization of energy systems  (Akcioni plan energetske GTP Geothermal heat pump ORC Organic Rankin’s Cycle Figure .. Final energy consumption structure for the capital city in   efikasnosti) (Geotermalna toplotna pumpa) (Organski Rankin-ov Ciklus) ASI Avoid-Shift-Improve GUI Graphical User Interface PAYT Pay As You Throw Figure .. Total metered annual electricity consumption for all supply nodes of Podgorica in the period -  ATP Air heat pumps (Toplotne (Grafički Korisnički Interfejs) PDD Project Design Document Figure .. Total metered annual peak demand for all supply nodes of Podgorica in the period -  pumpe na vazduh) GUP Main Urban Plan (Glavni pkm passenger kilometer (putnički Figure .. Total metered monthly electricity consumption for all supply nodes of Podgorica ( and )  BAC Building Automation Control Urbanistički Plan) kilometer) Figure .. Final energy consumption structure per fuel for household sector in Montenegro []  HE Hydro power plant B-AWS Building Automation Control PNS Process network synthesis Figure .. Final energy consumption structure per fuel for household sector in Montenegro [Monstat, ]  Advanced Workstation (Hidroelektrana) (Procesna mrežna sinteza) Figure .. Final energy consumption structure for household sector in Montenegro []  BMS Building Management System HGTE High temperature geothermal PPEE Energy Efficiency energy (Visokotemperaturna Improvement Program Figure .. Structure of the buildings (owned by the capital city) area per their purpose []  CHP Combined heat and power geotermalna energija) (Kombinovana proizvodnja (Program poboljšanja Figure .. Structure of the buildings (owned by the capital city) energy consumption per their purpose []  HMZ Hydrometeorological Institute energetske efikasnosti) toplote i električne energije) Figure .. Annual energy consumption per unit of area of the buildings owned by the capital city  (Hidrometeorološki zavod) PPOV Wastewater treatment plant COP Coefficient of Performance Figure .. Energy consumption structure per fuel for the buildings owned by the capital city  (Koeficijent grijanja) HVAC Heating, ventilation, and air (Postrojenje za prečišćavanje conditioning systems otpadnih voda) Figure .. An example of the energy consumption data collection system [Siemens]  DC Direct Current I-C Originally Targeted (izvorno PUP Spatial Urban Plan (Prostorno Figure .. Energy management system model for ISO   DNA Designated National Authority ciljni) Urbanistički Plan) Figure .. Energy planning process (ISO )  EC European Commission ICT Information Communication PV Photo-Voltaic (Fotonaponski) Figure .. Energy demand/supply model in buildings for BMS  EE Energy efficiency (Energetska Technologies RFID Radio Frequency Identification Efikasnost) IEA International Energy Agency (Radio Frekventna Identifikacija) Figure .. BMS for a single building [Siemens]  EED Energy Efficiency Directive IFI International Financing SAD United States of America Figure .. Communication between BMS components  EES Electric power system Institution (Sjedinjene Američke Države) Figure .. An example of energy management software  (Elektroenergetski sistem) ISO International Organization for SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Figure .. An example of energy card from the database of electricity supplier  EIB European Investment Bank Standardization Acquisition Figure .. Typical energy flows in a building  ELAS Energy long-term assessment of ITU Study Group on SSC SEAP Sustainable Energy Action Plan Figure .. Overview of the process of calculating energy consumption indicators for buildings  population structures ITU’s Telecommunication SEE Energy Efficiency Strategy (Energetska dugoročna procjena Standardization Sector (ITU-T) - (Strategija Energetske Figure .. Multiple uses of EE in buildings (Source: IEA)  naseljenih struktura) Studijska grupa za pametne Efikasnosti) Figure .. Desigo CC Siemens building management platform (Siemens Building Technologies - Outlook )  EN European Standards održive gradove (SSC - Smart Sustainable Cities) SPI Sustainable Process Index Figure .. Energy consumption in the capital city by sector and energy (without KAP)   EP Energy policy (Energetska (Ekološki otisak) politika) JPP Public passenger transport Figure .. Overview of the use of residential facilities   (Javni putnički prevoz) SRE Energy Development Strategy EPBD Directive on Energy Efficiency of (Strategija razvoja energetike) Figure .. Total energy consumption in households in  (kWh)  JUS Yugoslavia standard Buildings (Direktiva o STV Sanitary Warm Water (Sanitarna Figure .. Critical areas of illegal construction: . Vranići, . Zagorič - park šuma, . Malo brdo, energetskoj efikasnosti zgrada) (Jugoslovenski standard) Topla Voda) . Kakaricka Gora, . Dajbabska Gora  EPCG Montenegrin electric power KAP Aluminum Plant Podgorica (Kombinat aluminijuma TE Thermal power plant Figure .. Residential primary energy end-use splits,   company (Elektroprivreda Crne (Termoelektrana) Gore) Podgorica) Figure .. Average size of new dwellings and average number of persons per household  LED Light Emitting Diode tkm tonne-kilometer (Tonski ESCO Energy Service Company kilometar) Figure .. Market saturation for residential equipment and appliances  LEP Local Energy Plan ESP Energy Service Provider TNG Liquefied petroleum gas (Tečni Figure .. Energy use intensity and factors in the residential sector  EU European Union (Evropska Unija) LGTE Low temperature geothermal Naftni Gas) Figure .. The efficiency of light sources  energy (Niskotemperaturna EZ Energy Community (Energetska UN United Nations Figure .. Classical (a) and modern, energy efficient lamp (b)  zajednica) geotermalna energija) NEEAP National Energy Efficiency UNDP United Nations Development Figure .. The network of semaforized intersections in the capital city in   GEF Global Environment Facility Programme Action Plan Figure .. World primary energy demand by fuel in the Reference IEA Scenario ()  GHG Green House Gas (Gasovi sa UNEP United Nations Environment efektom staklene bašte) NVO Non-governmental organization Figure .. World final energy consumption by fuel and sector in the Reference IEA Scenario ()  (Nevladina organizacija) Programme GIS Geographic Information System Figure .. The ACI concept of EE in traffic  NZEB Near Zero Energy Building USAID United States Agency for GIZ German association (Gotovo nulte energetske International Development Figure .. Fuel economy standards in units of energy intensity extrapolated from current volume (“Gesellschaft für Internationale zgrade) and GHG standards  Zusammenarbeit”) OECD Organisation for Economic Figure .. Possible (co-)benefits of improved EE in the transport sector  GPS Global Positioning System Co-operation and Development Figure .. Traffic S-T passenger flows to Podgorica (source: OMEGA consult, d.o.o, ) 

  Smart City Podgorica Study | Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services Development of energy efficient infrastructure and services | Smart City Podgorica Study

Figure .. Traffic network load - motorized passengers on a working day in  (source: OMEGA consult, d.o.o., )  Figure .. Population density in the area of the capital city, with a focus on the city zone  List of tables Figure .. The scheme of existing urban and suburban lines in Podgorica  Figure .. Graphic presentation and basic data on the city bus line  Masline-Zabjelo  Table .. Number and area of building objects owned by the capital city []  Figure .. Share of individual fuels (%) in total consumption in   Figure .. Participation of traffic sub-sector of the capital city in energy consumption in   Table .. BMS components [Siemens]  Figure .. Participation (%) of energy products in the consumption of private and commercial vehicles in   Table .. Energy consumption by sectors of the Capital City  (TJ)  Figure .. Structure of registered passenger cars in Montenegro according to year of production  Table .. Overview of energy consumption in households (kWh)  Figure .. Participation (%) of the subsector in the EE traffic of the capital city using more efficient vehicles  Table .. Dwellings for permanent living by year of construction and area, census   Figure .. European measures for improving transport efficiency, declared objectives, -  Table .. Characteristics of light sources used for public lighting  Figure .. The collected quantities of all types of waste and municipal waste (t) in  and   Table .. Examples of values for different efficiency indicators – mean values of several cities in each region,   Figure .. Review of monthly consumption of active electrical energy (kWh) of PPOV pumps in   Table .. Energy consumption in the capital city traffic in   Figure .. Water supply network of Podgorica  Table .. Consumption of fuels for vehicles fleet owned by the capital city in   Figure .. Suppressed water per month in  and   Table .. Consumption of energy sources in public transport in the capital city in   Figure .. Electricity consumption of pumping stations in kWh,   Table .. Consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the capital city in   Figure .. Classification of distributed sources according to installed power  Table .. Indicators pkm and tkm for road and rail transport in Montenegro, - (× )  Figure .. Available hydropower potential of Montenegro per watercourses  Table .. Overview of consumption of active (kWh) and reactive (kVArh) energy of PPOV pumps in   Figure .. Possible use of solar energy  Table .. Supressed and billed quantity of water per water supply systems in  (m³)  Figure .. PV systems types  Table .. Hydropower potential of the capital city  Figure .. Standalone PV system with DC current consumers  Figure .. Basic components of PV system connected to the public electrical grid  Figure .. An example of solar power plant with central tower  Figure .. Average monthly values of solar radiation (Wh/m/day) for the period -  Figure .. Participation (%) of negative and positive aspects of RES integration in power systems  Figure .. Segment of the capital city territory with zones for solar power plants  Figure .. Combined heat and power generation from biomass  Figure .. Thermodynamic cycle of a heat pump  Figure .. Cogeneration plant using biogas as a fuel  Figure .. Micro CHP house system  Figure .. Schematic representation of ecoPOWER aggregate  Figure .. Micro CHP (ecoPOWER) aggregate – appearance  Figure .. Principle of using solar energy for heating of space and sanitary water  Figure .. Concept of P+R parking lots  Figure ... Examples of P+R parking lots  Figure ... Example of Intelligent Traffic Center cockpit  Figure ... Examples of variable traffic signs  Figure ... Automatic vehicles license plate recognition  Figure ... Examples of multi modal transport []  Figure ... Fast charging station at the end of bus line  Figure ... Connection of vehicles to chargers at parking lots  Figure ... Connection of vehicles to charger in garage  Figure ... Public fast charging station at the place of previous petrol station  Figure ... Public fast charging stations near public objects  Figure ... The principles of application of smart technologies in water supply networks  Figure ... Examples of sensors in waste containers  Figure ... Example of trash compactor bins  Figure ... Reading RFID label of container  Figure ... Principles of parking management system []  Figure ... Examples of sensors locations  Figure ... Example of sensors located on existing objects  Figure ... Sensor mounted on lighting pole []