Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems Index for Southeast European Cities

Şiir KILKIŞ, PhD The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Ankara, Turkey Introduction

Need for sustainable development of energy, water, and environment systems Methodology for benchmarking Southeast European cities?

Present pressures on the Earth system Methodology

Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES) Index

• Index construction • Data sample • 7 dimensions, 35 indicators • 11 SEE countries, 12 cities

Energy Consumption and Climate Skopje, Ohrid (Macedonia) Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Tirana (Albania) Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Bucharest (Romania) Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sofia (Bulgaria) Water and Environmental Quality Zagreb (Croatia) Istanbul (Turkey) Ljubjana (Slovenia) CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Athens (Greece) Belgrade (Serbia) City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (Montenegro) R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy

• Data collection •Data analysis • 12 cities x 7 dimensions x 5 indicators • Application of the min-max method Methodology

Dimension 1

1. Energy Consumption and Climate

1.1. Energy 1.2. Energy 1.3. Total energy 1.4. Number of 1.5. Number of consumption of consumption of consumption per heating degree- cooling degree- buildings (MWh) transport (MWh) capita (MWh) days (HDD) days (CDD)

D1 (CSEE) = I1.1 (MWh) + I1.2 (MWh) + I1.3 (MWh/capita) + I1.4 + I1.5 Methodology

Dimension 2

2. Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures

2.1. Sustainable 2.2. Combined 2.3. Energy 2.4. Density of 2.5. Efficient Energy Action heat and power savings in end- public transport public lighting Plan (SEAP) based DH/C usage (buildings) network armatures

D2 (CSEE) = I2.1 + I2.2 + I2.3 + I2.4 + I2.5 Methodology

Dimension 3

3. Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization

3.1. Solar energy 3.3. Geothermal 3.4. Renewable 3.5. Biofuel 3.2. Wind energy potential energy potential energy usage for utilization in potential (m/s) (Wh/m2/day) (mW/m2) electricity (%) transport (ktoe)

2 2 D3 (CSEE) = I3.1 (Wh/m /day) + I3.2 (m/s) + I3.3 (mW/m ) + I3.4 (%) + I3.5 (ktoe) Methodology

Dimension 4

4. Water and Environmental Quality

4.1. Per capita 4.3. Average air 4.2. Water quality 4.4. Ecological 4.5. Biocapacity domestic water quality PM index (/100) 10 footprint (gha) (gha) consumption (m3) (µg/m3)

3 3 D4 (CSEE) = I4.1 (m /capita) + I4.2 (/100) + I4.3 (μg/m ) + I4.4 (gha) + I4.5 (gha) Methodology

Dimension 5

5. CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile

5.1. CO2 5.2. CO2 5.3. Average 5.4. Carbon 5.5. Number of emissions of emissions of CO2 emissions Accreditation of CO2 intense buildings (t CO2) transport (t CO2) (t CO2/MWh) Airport (Levels) industries

D5 (CSEE) = I5.1 (t CO2) + I5.2 (t CO2) + I5.3 (t CO2/MWh) + I5.4 + I5.5 Methodology

Dimension 6

6. City Planning and Social Welfare

6.1. Price of 6.2. Urban form 6.3. GDP per 6.4. Inequality 6.5. Tertiary public transport and municipal capita (PPP$ adjusted well- education rate ticket (Euros) management national) being (HPI) (national)

D6 (CSEE) = I6.1 (Euros) + I6.2 + I6.3 (PPP$) + I6.4 + I6.5 Methodology

Dimension 7

7. R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy

7.1. R&D and 7.2. National 7.3. Number of 7.4. h-index 7.5. Reduction innovation policy patents in clean public/private of scientific Target for CO2 orientation technologies universities (city) publications Emissions (2020)

D7 (CSEE) = I7.1 + I7.2 + I7.3 + I7.4 + I7.5 Implementation

Data Collection – Dimension 1

D1. Energy Consumption and Climate SEE City/ Energy Energy Per Capita Heating Cooling Districts (*) consumption of consumption of energy in city degree-days degree-days buildings (MWh) transport (MWh) (Nation), MWh (HDD) (CDD)

Skopje (MK) 2,495,229 839,350 6.37 (16.37) 2,418 1,324 1

Ohrid (MK) 128,075 109,694 5.66 (16.37) 2,576 1,591 Energy Consumption and Climate Tirana (AL) 1,708,236 678,520 7.44 (7.57) 1,702 1,892 Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Sarajevo (BA) 1,795,786 955,039 7.51 (19.88) 2,614 1,256 Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Zagreb (HR) 7,436,864 3,909,237 14.42 (22.55) 2,596 1,450 Water and Environmental Quality Ljubljana (SI) 2,535,000 3,130,000 20.61 (41.08) 4,028 918

CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Belgrade (RS) 9,184,467 4,126,355 11.41 (24.99) 2,584 1,620 City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (ME) 814,520 1,131,163 12.53 (15.21) 1,711 1,374 R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy Bucharest (RO)* 2,749,262 425,100 14.78 (19.05) 2,876 1,868

Sofia (BG) 9,575,171 2,309,004 9.61 (27.66) 2,877 1,385

Istanbul (TR)* 27,070,229 12,714,804 10.04 (16.87) 1,873 2,117

Athens (GR) 52,304,527 23,499,135 24.66 (28.48) 1,095 3,252

Average 9,816,447 4,485,617 12.09 (21.34) 2,413 1,494

* Includes District 1 of Bucharest that has a SEAP. For Istanbul, includes 12 districts on the Trace side. Implementation

Data Collection – Dimension 2

D2. Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Efficient SEE City/ Sustainable Combined heat Energy savings Density of public Districts (*) Energy Action and power based in end-usage public transport lighting Plan (SEAP) DH/C (buildings) network armatures

Skopje (MK) 2 0 1 2 2 (0.27) 1

Ohrid (MK) 0 0 2 1 2 (0.27) Energy Consumption and Climate

Tirana (AL) 1 0 1 2 1 (0.00) Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Sarajevo (BA) 2 0 1 3 2 (0.24) Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Zagreb (HR) 21 (Natural gas) 2 5 2 (0.15) Water and Environmental Quality Ljubljana (SI) 12 (Coal Co-fired) 2 3 1 (0.12)

CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Belgrade (RS) 0 0 1 4 1 (0.26) City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (ME) 2 0 1 1 2 (0.19) R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy Bucharest (RO)* 11 (Fossil fuel) 2 5 1 (0.17)

Sofia (BG) 1 0 2 5 1 (0.19)

Istanbul (TR)* 0 0 1 5 1 (0.19)

Athens (GR) 0 0 1 6 1 (0.25)

Average 1 0.3 1.4 3.3 1.4 Implementation

Data Collection – Dimension 2

Density of Public Transport Network (Tramway/Subway)

Energy Consumption and Climate Skopje Ohrid Tirana Sarajevo Zagreb Ljubljana Belgrade Podgorica Bucharest Sofia Istanbul* Athens Status of bus network ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ Penetration of Energy and CO Saving Measures 2 Status of tramway PP✓✓ ✓ ✓✓✓✓

Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization  Tramway stations 61 47 28 256 29 45 165 54 48  Number of lines 327191141533 Water and Environmental Quality  Length of tramway (km) 24 17 23 148 127 27

CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Status of subway P ✓ P ✓✓✓✓  Subway stations 55 29 31 51 27 33 56 City Planning and Social Welfare  Number of lines 33 4223 R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy  Subway system length (km) 69.3 83.3 Overallscore(1-5) 212353415556 Implementation

Data Collection – Dimension 3

D3. Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization SEE City/ Solar energy Geothermal Renewable Biofuel share Wind energy potential energy potential energy usage in in transport, Districts (*) potential (m/s) (Wh/m2/day) (mW/m2) electricity (%) ktoe (%)

Skopje (MK) 4,720 3.71 115 20.86 0.00 1

Ohrid (MK) 4,840 3.65 65 20.86 0.00 Energy Consumption and Climate Tirana (AL) 5,130 4.02 40 99.98 0.00

Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Sarajevo (BA) 4,060 3.91 65 28.71 0.00 Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Zagreb (HR) 4,090 3.23 115 43.16 0.20

Water and Environmental Quality Ljubljana (SI) 3,990 2.61 65 25.05 1.85

CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Belgrade (RS) 4,280 3.81 115 23.95 0.00

City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (ME) 4,960 3.89 40 45.33 0.00

R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy Bucharest (RO)* 4,460 5.34 65 24.34 3.91

Sofia (BG) 4,400 3.92 115 7.58 0.61

Istanbul (TR)* 4,660 5.76 65 22.97 0.11

Athens (GR) 5,640 5.59 115 8.57 1.58

Average 4,603 4.12 82 30.94 0.69 Implementation

Data Collection – Dimension 4

D4. Water and Environmental Quality SEE City/ Domestic water Average air Ecological Biocapacity Water quality consumption per quality PM footprint per per capita Districts (*) index (/100) 10 capita (m3) (µg/m3) capita (gha) (gha)

Skopje (MK) 10.69 63 81.15 5.66 1.43 1

Ohrid (MK) 10.69 95 ≤ 20 3.55 1.67 Energy Consumption and Climate Tirana (AL) 14.91 95 81.10 1.91 0.87

Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Sarajevo (BA) 10.49 91 48.47 2.75 1.60 Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Zagreb (HR) 8.74 90 32.30 3.75 2.50 Water and Environmental Quality Ljubljana (SI) 10.10 97 29.67 5.30 2.61 CO Emissions and Industrial Profile 2 Belgrade (RS) 7.27 97 23.07 2.39 1.16 City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (ME) 7.27 97 38.01 2.39 1.16

R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy Bucharest (RO)* 7.65 69 35.41 2.71 1.95

Sofia (BG) 13.84 95 48.85 4.07 2.13

Istanbul (TR)* 8.32 72 46.80 2.70 1.32

Athens (GR) 11.61 87 35.53 5.39 1.62

Average 10.13 87 43.36 3.55 1.67 Implementation

Data Collection – Dimension 5

D5. CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile SEE City/ Average Carbon Number of CO2 emissions of CO2 emissions of Districts (*) CO2 emissions Accreditation CO2 intense buildings (t CO2) transport (t CO2) (t CO2/MWh) of Airport industries

Skopje (MK) 1,610,586 253,390 0.56 0 5 1

Ohrid (MK) 82,864 27,733 0.47 0 0 Energy Consumption and Climate Tirana (AL) 462,881 174,247 0.27 1 5

Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Sarajevo (BA) 748,727 256,209 0.37 0 2 Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Zagreb (HR) 1,759,432 1,005,108 0.24 2 4 Water and Environmental Quality Ljubljana (SI) 1,234,000 711,000 0.34 1 8 CO Emissions and Industrial Profile 2 Belgrade (RS) 4,940,202 11,11,052 0.45 0 3 City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (ME) 267,117 298,672 0.29 0 2

R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy Bucharest (RO)* 1,304,631 92,502 0.44 1 3

Sofia (BG) 4,987,612 629,538 0.47 0 2

Istanbul (TR)* 9,757,529 3,198,672 0.33 2 4

Athens (GR) 2,4431,658 5,813,115 0.40 3 5

Average 4,298,937 1,130,937 0.39 0.83 3.67 Implementation

Data Collection – Dimension 6

D6. City Planning and Social Welfare National SEE City/ Public bus ticket, Urban form GDP per Inequality tertiary Districts (*) Euro (original and municipal capita (PPP$ adjusted well- education rate currency) management national) being (HPI) (%)

Skopje (MK) 0.57 (30 denar) 2.0 10,904 6.8 30.0 1

Ohrid (MK) 0.57 (30 denar) 1.7 10,904 6.8 30.0 Energy Consumption and Climate Tirana (AL) 0.30 (30 Lek) 1.0 9,506 5.6 19.0 Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Sarajevo (BA) 0.82 (1.6 mark) 0.7 8,280 6.2 37.0 Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Zagreb (HR) 0.85 (6.5 kuna) 2.0 18,191 6.2 39.0 Water and Environmental Quality Ljubljana (SI) 1.20 2.0 27,900 6.8 39.2

CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Belgrade (RS) 0.63 (73 dinar) 2.3 11,269 6.2 48.0 City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (ME) 0.40 1.3 11,913 6.2 17.0 R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy Bucharest (RO)* 0.45 (2 Lei) 2.7 13,396 6.6 21.8

Sofia (BG) 0.51 (1 Lev) 1.7 14,499 6.5 26.9

Istanbul (TR)* 1.05 (3 Lira) 1.0 15,353 6.0 19.0

Athens (GR) 0.50 1.3 24,012 7.0 30.9

Average 0.65 1.6 14,677 6.4 29.8 Implementation

Data Collection – Dimension 6

Urban Form and Municipal Management Skopje Ohrid Tirana Sarajevo Zagreb Ljubljana Belgrade Podgorica Bucharest Sofia Istanbul Athens Compact urban form (1-3) ✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓  Monocentric urban form Energy Consumption and Climate 11131  Polycentric urban form 21 11 1

Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Urban green space (1-3) ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓  Urban park intensity Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization 221122213312 Green corridor quality (#) Water and Environmental Quality  Protected nature reserve 11 13231 12  National park/RAMSAR 111 1112 1 CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Waste/water management ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ City Planning and Social Welfare Average category score 2.0 1.7 1.0 0.7 2.0 2.0 2.3 1.3 2.7 1.7 1.0 1.3

R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy

Skopje Bucharest

Google Earth Google Earth Implementation

Data Collection – Dimension 7

D7. R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy SEE City/ R&D and National Public/private National h-index Reduction

Districts (*) innovation policy patents in clean universities in (citations per Target for CO2 orientation technologies the city paper) Emissions

Skopje (MK) 1.5 2.0 9 62 (5.27) 21 1

Ohrid (MK) 1.5 2.0 4 62 (5.27) 0 Energy Consumption and Climate Tirana (AL) 1.5 1.0 9 36 (4.80) 20

Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Sarajevo (BA) 1.0 1.5 9 44 (3.23) 20 Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Zagreb (HR) 2.5 2.5 20 143(5.31) 21

Water and Environmental Quality Ljubljana (SI) 2.5 2.0 15 153 (7.97) 21

CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Belgrade (RS) 2.0 2.5 15 68 (2.80) 20

City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (ME) 2.0 1.0 3 17 (2.02) 20

R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy Bucharest (RO)* 2.0 2.5 24 135 (4.30) 24

Sofia (BG) 2.0 2.0 17 138 (7.04) 22

Istanbul (TR)* 2.5 2.5 47 210 (6.31) 0

Athens (GR) 2.0 2.5 49 266 (10.11) 0

Average 1.9 2.0 18.3 111 (5.37) 16

* Includes District 1 of Bucharest that has a SEAP. For Istanbul, includes 12 districts on the Trace side. Implementation

Data Collection – Dimension 7

Benchmarking of R&D MK AL BA HR SI RS ME RO BG TR GR and Innovation Policy

Energy Consumption and Climate R&D Funding Approach Score 2 2132222232 ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures  General (no thematic focus)  Thematic focus (calls) ✓✓ ✓ Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization  Energy environment priority ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓ Water and Environmental Quality R&D Expenditure Score 1 1123222222

CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile  GERD/GDP (Percentage) 0.22 0.20 0.29 0.75 2.47 0.78 0.41 0.48 0.57 0.92 0.69

City Planning and Social Welfare Average category score 1.5 1.5 1.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0

R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy Implementation

Data Collection – Dimension 7

Performance in Patents with MK AL BA HR SI RS ME RO BG TR GR EPO Code Y02 or Y04

Total Y02 or Y04 Patents 3 0 3 335 491 148 4 1,298 532 900 1,513  Building technologies (Y02B) 0 0 3 62 104 14 1 115 19 142 240 Energy Consumption and Climate  Energy generation(Y02E) 3 0 3 260 350 134 4 930 480 718 1,154  Transportation (Y02T) 0 0 0 30 57 9 0 267 33 112 213 Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures  Capture and storage (Y02C) 0 0 01291 03122736 Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization  Smart grid (Y04S) 0 0 01213101811314 Water and Environmental Quality Y02 or Y04 Patent Score (1-3) 1 1122213233 Percentage of Total Patents (%) 3.19 0.00 1.39 2.25 1.75 4.19 0.72 1.88 1.50 1.45 1.54 CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Total Percentage Score (1-3) 3 1232312222 City Planning and Social Welfare Average category score 2.0 1.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.5

R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy Implementation

Data Collection – Dimension 7

Universities in the Local Innovation System Skopje Ohrid Tirana Sarajevo Zagreb Ljubljana Belgrade Podgorica Bucharest Sofia Istanbul Athens

Energy Consumption and Climate Number of universities 8 2 9 8 16 12 10 2 20 12 36 30  Public/polytechnic 126221113485 Penetration of Energy and CO Saving Measures 2  Private universities 7 0 3 6 14 10 9 1 17 8 28 25 Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization SCIMAGO Global 2013 ✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓

Water and Environmental Quality  Located in the city 1101435145119  Located in the country 2201106912256533 CO Emissions and Industrial Profile 2  Concentration in city (%) 50 50 0 100 40 50 56 100 19 100 17 27 City Planning and Social Welfare University weighted score 9 3 9 9 20 15 15 3 24 17 47 39

R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy Implementation

Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES) Index

• Index construction • Data sample • 7 dimensions, 35 indicators • 11 SEE countries, 12 cities

I x.y (Ct )  ix.y (Ct )  max(ix.y )/ (min(ix.y )  max(ix.y )) Lowest value  1 Implementation

Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES) Index

• Index construction • Data sample • 7 dimensions, 35 indicators • 11 SEE countries, 12 cities

I x.y (Ct )  ix.y (Ct )  min(ix.y )/ (max(ix.y )  min(ix.y )) Highest value  1 Implementation

SDEWES Index Dimensions Dimension D1 (see Figure 1) D2 (see Figure 2) D3 (see Figure 3) D4 (see Figure 4) D5 (see Figure 5) D6 (see Figure 6) D7 (see Figure 7)

Indicator 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5

• Min (0) HHHHHLLLLLLLLLLHLHHLHHHLHHLLLLLLLLL

• Max (1) LLLLLHHHHHHHHHHLHLLHLLLHLLHHHHHHHHH Energy Consumption and Climate Equation 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10Aggregation 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 of 9 9dimensions: 10 9 9 9 10 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Skopje 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.1 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.9 Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Ohrid 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.02 0.2 0.0

Water and Environmental Quality Tirana 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.8 SDEWES(Ct )  (a1  D1)  (a2  D2 )  (a3  D3 )  (a4  D4 )  (a5  D5 )  (a6  D6 )  (a7  D7 ) CO Emissions and Industrial Profile 2 Sarajevo 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.8

City Planning and Social Welfare Zagreb 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.9

R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy Ljubljana 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.9

Belgrade 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.4 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.8

Podgorica 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

Bucharest 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0

Sofia 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.9

Istanbul 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.0

Athens 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Results and Discussion

Average Values

SDEWES (Average) = 2.60 Results and Discussion

Skopje

Energy Consumption and Climate Skopje, Ohrid (Macedonia)

Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Tirana (Albania) Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Bucharest (Romania) Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sofia (Bulgaria) Water and Environmental Quality Zagreb (Croatia) Istanbul (Turkey) Ljubjana (Slovenia) CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Athens (Greece) Belgrade (Serbia) City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (Montenegro) R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy

SDEWES (Skopje) = 2.45 Results and Discussion

Ohrid

Energy Consumption and Climate Skopje, Ohrid (Macedonia)

SDEWES (Ohrid) = 2.84 Results and Discussion

Tirana

SDEWES (Tirana) = 2.37 Results and Discussion

Sarajevo

Energy Consumption and Climate Skopje, Ohrid (Macedonia) Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Tirana (Albania) Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Sarajevo (Bosnia & Herzegovina) Bucharest (Romania) Sofia (Bulgaria) Water and Environmental Quality Zagreb (Croatia) Istanbul (Turkey) Ljubjana (Slovenia) CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Athens (Greece) Belgrade (Serbia) City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (Montenegro) R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy

SDEWES (Sarajevo) = 2.56 Results and Discussion

Zagreb

SDEWES (Zagreb) = 3.31 Results and Discussion

Ljubjana

SDEWES (Ljubljana) = 2.83 Results and Discussion

Belgrade

City Planning and Social Welfare Belgrade (Serbia) Podgorica (Montenegro) R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy

SDEWES (Belgrade) = 2.76 Results and Discussion

Podgorica

SDEWES (Podgorica) = 2.75 Results and Discussion

Bucharest*

Energy Consumption and Climate Skopje, Ohrid (Macedonia) Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Tirana (Albania) Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bucharest (Romania) Sofia (Bulgaria) Water and Environmental Quality Zagreb (Croatia) Istanbul (Turkey) Ljubjana (Slovenia) CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Athens (Greece) Belgrade (Serbia) City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (Montenegro) R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy

SDEWES (Bucharest) = 3.14

* District 1 Results and Discussion

Sofia

Energy Consumption and Climate Skopje, Ohrid (Macedonia) Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Tirana (Albania) Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bucharest (Romania) Sofia (Bulgaria) Water and Environmental Quality Zagreb (Croatia) Istanbul (Turkey) Ljubjana (Slovenia) CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Athens (Greece) Belgrade (Serbia) City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (Montenegro) R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy

SDEWES (Sofia) = 2.74 Results and Discussion

Istanbul

Energy Consumption and Climate Skopje, Ohrid (Macedonia) Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Tirana (Albania) Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bucharest (Romania) Sofia (Bulgaria) Water and Environmental Quality Zagreb (Croatia) Istanbul (Turkey) Ljubjana (Slovenia) CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Athens (Greece) Belgrade (Serbia) City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (Montenegro) R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy

SDEWES (Istanbul) = 2.35 Results and Discussion

Athens

Energy Consumption and Climate Skopje, Ohrid (Macedonia) Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures Tirana (Albania) Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bucharest (Romania) Sofia (Bulgaria) Water and Environmental Quality Zagreb (Croatia) Istanbul (Turkey) Ljubjana (Slovenia) CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile Athens (Greece) Belgrade (Serbia) City Planning and Social Welfare Podgorica (Montenegro) R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy

SDEWES (Athens) = 2.29 Results and Discussion

2.70 3.31 3.14 2.84 2.83 2.76 2.75 2.74 2.56 2.45 2.37 2.35 2.29

* Includes District 1 of Bucharest that has a SEAP. For Istanbul, includes 12 districts on the Trace side. Best Practices Overview

Energy Consumption and Climate • Limiting the direct combustion of natural gas in buildings for thermal energy needs • Providing a connected public transport network (buses, trams, subways, and trains)

Penetration of Energy and CO2 Saving Measures • CHP based district heating and/or cooling in the city (e.g. Zagreb and Ljubljana) • Integration of renewable energy sources in power grid and thermal energy networks

Renewable Energy Potential and Utilization • Diffusion of projects for more renewable energy utilization (e.g. solar cooling plants) • Pilot net-zero energy buildings requiring less than 60 kWh/m2 (e.g. Bucharest)

Water and Environmental Quality • Increasing water quality (dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus) • Reducing air pollution and protecting national parks (e.g. Galičica National Park) Best Practices Overview

CO2 Emissions and Industrial Profile

• Monitoring progress in reducing CO2 emissions with a portfolio of measures • Carbon accredidation for airport serving the city (e.g. Athens International Airport)

City Planning and Social Welfare • Adopting compact city planning with polycentric form to reduce energy usage • Urban forest parks to improve air quality (e.g. Gazi Baba Forest Park in Skopje)

R&D, Innovation and Sustainability Policy • Boosting R&D capacity in related priority areas (e.g. call-based support programs)

• Matching knowledge production and innovation assets with CO2 reduction targets Conclusions

• The results favor cities that maintain a consistent “above average” performance in each one of the dimensions of the SDEWES Index.

• The research enabled a “horizon scanning” and ranking of SEE cities/ districts comparing their SDEWES features and future aspirations.

• The Index indicates that well-rounded policy efforts across multiple dimensions are needed to bring cities closer to sustainable development.

• Policy efforts should range from energy policy and water management to city planning and R&D and innovation policy.

Blagodaram!