GLYPHS The Monthly Newsletter of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society An Affiliate of the Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona Founded in 1916
Vol. 57, No. 8 Tucson, Arizona February 2007
HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS ISSUE President’s Message ...... 2 Tumamoc Hill Revisited: New Data and Alternative Perspectives on Early Trincheras Sites, by Paul and Suzanne Fish ...... 4 Mission Photograph Exhibit Highlights Images of Faith, by Paul Ingram ...... 9
Reconstruction of a Tumamoc Hill house, as drawn by Ron Beckwith.
Next General Meeting: February 19, 2007
PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE for sending a heliograph message Bowie eastward to Fort Bayard, Fort was set in 1894 between Mt. Ellen, McRae, Fort Cummings, Fort Staun- Utah, and Uncompahgre Peak in ton, and to a few lesser establishments he United States Army created a heliograph network in early Colorado, a distance of 183 miles. in between. has maintained a pres- 1886. The heliograph allowed the T Given today’s air pollution, even the With the capture of Geronimo in ence in Arizona for about 160 widely dispersed army to rapidly re- normal 25- to 70-mile range might be early September of 1886, the helio- years. At first, the connection port on Apache movements and ac- difficult to achieve. Weather con- graph system lost its appeal, and its was of a temporary, “just passing tivities across a very large area. As trolled everything, without sunlight many stations were discontinued. In through” sort, but permanent facili- an indication of the importance of the and clear air, the heliograph could 1890, some of the stations were reac- ties were soon established. Camp system, over 800 messages were sent not function. tivated for practice purposes, but by Calhoun was located across the Colo- during the short 5-month-long life of The army began experimenting 1894, the system had been totally rado River from the heliograph sys- with the heliograph in 1877 at Fort abandoned. what later be- tem—that is, between Meyer, Virginia, and later in Mon- At the end of 1886, the question came Yuma in May 1 and September tana, Oregon, and Arizona. General was: Did the heliograph help bring 1849, and the 30, 1886. Miles’ use of Miles established his system in Ari- about Geronimo’s capture and an first permanent the heliograph was in zona and New Mexico in early 1886. end to the Apache wars? General army post in direct response to the By August of that year, an extensive Miles and his subordinates believed Arizona, Fort army’s most trouble- network had been created. The Ari- so; the citizens of Arizona and south- Defiance, was some protagonist, zona Division had 14 stations oper- western New Mexico generally did built in 1851. Geronimo. Miles, like ated by 65 men, and the New Mexico not care one way or the other. They Although Cal- most people in Ari- Division had 13 stations manned by were just happy to have the long- houn and its successor, Fort Yuma, zona, believed this skilled warrior 29 soldiers. standing “Apache menace” a subject were on the California side of the river, had to be stopped. Fort Bowie served as Miles’ head- of the past. they played an important role in the The heliograph consisted of a por- quarters, and therefore, it became the Thanks to Walker and Bufkin, settlement of Arizona along the river table wooden tripod on which rested focal point of the network. In Arizona, Historical Atlas of Arizona (1979), and elsewhere. one or two mirrors that swiveled, a the network extended from Fort Lewis Coe, Great Days of the Heliograph Approximately 25 army posts of sighting device, and a shutter. The Whipple (Prescott) in the north to Fort (1987), and Roger Kelly, Talking Mir- various types had been established mirrors could be rotated to aim the Verde, Fort McDowell, San Carlos, rors at Fort Bowie (1967) for the help- across Arizona by the 1860s, al- rays of the sun in any direction de- Fort Grant, Fort Lowell (Tucson), Fort ful background material about the though most were decommissioned sired. By interrupting the sunlight on Huachuca, Fort Bowie, and several heliograph system. at the time of the Civil War. After the the mirror with the shutter, Morse additional minor posts. The New war, and up to about 1900, there were code messages could be sent. The Mexico branch extended from Fort —James E. Ayres (Jim), President nearly 40 army posts in Arizona, heliograph, which took at least two many situated to contribute to the men to operate, required constant ongoing Apache wars, which were adjustment to keep up with the move- concluded in the 1880s. ment of the earth relative to the sun. The need to intensify and acceler- While on duty, operators had to camp AAHS LECTURE SERIES ate communications among the posts out on mountain peaks, living in All meetings are held at the University Medical Center, Duval Auditorium in the 1880s became of paramount im- tents. Crew sizes ranged from four to Third Monday of each month, 7:30–9:00 p.m. portance. To assist the army in its six men. work, General Nelson A. Miles, after Messages generally could not be Feb. 19, 2007: Paul and Suzanne Fish, Tumamoc Hill Revisited: New Data he became commander of the Depart- sent beyond a 25- to 70-mile range. and Alternative Perspectives on Early Trincheras Sites ment of Arizona and New Mexico, However, the world distance record Mar. 19, 2007: Fred Blackburn, The Wetherills: Friends of Mesa Verde Page 4 Glyphs: The Monthly Newsletter of ...... The Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society Page 5
Fish, Paul R., Suzanne K. Fish, Austin Long, Years Before Present. Science 279: AAHS HAPPENINGS and Charles Miksicek 1661-1664. 1986 Early Corn Remains from Tumamoc Wilcox, David R., and Stephen M. Larson Hill, Southern Arizona. American TOPIC OF THE FEBRUARY 19 GENERAL MEETING 1979 The Tumamoc Hill Survey: An In- Antiquity 51:563-572. tensive Study of a Cerro de Trinche- Hard, Robert J., and John R. Roney ras in Tucson, Arizona. The Kiva 45 Tumamoc Hill Revisited: New Data and 1998 A Massive Terraced Village Com- (1-2):1-195. plex in Chihuahua, Mexico, 3000 Alternative Perspectives on Early Trincheras Sites by Paul and Suzanne Fish Speaker Paul R. Fish received his Ph.D. from Arizona State University in 1976. He is Curator of Archaeology and Professor of Anthropology at the University of Arizona, and he prominent Tucson landmark, liest known “public architecture” in coordinates the Southwest Land, Culture and Society program jointly sponsored by the A Tumamoc Hill has one of the Arizona, in that they are of a scale Department of Anthropology and the Arizona most extensive prehispanic hill settle- that required communal labor for State Museum. Current research interests and ments with masonry architecture building. Several centuries later (A.D. publications pertain to the organization of (cerros de trincheras) in southern Ari- 400-500), the summit was again the middle range societies, the Hohokam of south- zona. This flat-topped peak rises 700 location of one of the largest Tucson ern Arizona, and complex pre-European fish- feet above the Santa Cruz floodplain villages, with more than 100 Tortolita ermen of southeast coastal Brazil. in central Tucson. Stone construc- phase houses. Residents built circu- Speaker Suzanne K. Fish received her in- tions concentrated on the summit lar houses with lower walls of stone terdisciplinary Ph.D. from the University of and upper slopes include massive and domed superstructures of poles, Arizona in Arid Lands Resource Sciences. She encircling walls and terraces, an woven brush, and packed hearths. is Curator of Archaeology and Professor of An- thropology at the University of Arizona. Her elaborate trail system, smaller ter- As a 1979 special issue of The research interests include ethnobotany, tra- races, residential structures, and an Kiva, the Arizona Archaeological ditional agriculture, emergent political com- AAHS volunteers at Tumamoc Hill during ini- extensive array of petroglyphs and and Historical Society published the plexity, the U.S. Southwest and northern tial training in November 2006. The team of mortars. results of its pioneering Tumamoc Mexico, and coastal Brazil. With Paul Fish and AAHS volunteers is currently recording and The hilltop location of the study and a comprehensive map of Elisa Villalpando, she is an editor of a forth- photographing rock art at the site. Tumamoc village is unique among summit features. The University of coming University of Arizona Press book on numerous contemporary settlements Arizona Archaeological Field School trincheras archaeology that contains a chapter by Henry Wallace, Paul Fish, and Suzanne below. Since Spanish Colonial times, is currently updating this map us- Fish examining the regional context of Tumamoc Hill from different theoretical perspectives. such trincheras sites have spurred both ing contemporary techniques in con- public and scholarly interest. Many junction with a current AAHS rock observers have favored a defensive art project. Our presentation will motivation for the massive terraces summarize investigations since TWO VOLUNTEERS NEEDED AT GENERAL MEETINGS and walls, while others have pro- 1979, and will relate current efforts posed agricultural, ceremonial, and to a new view of Tumamoc Hill in e are seeking two individuals to provide audiovisual assistance at our signaling functions. Tumamoc Hill regional archaeology. Wmonthly general meetings. These individuals will be responsible for has figured in all these debates. working with speakers to ensure that their A/V materials are successfully Recent research demonstrates presented during lectures. Familiarity with PowerPoint software and with Downum, Christian E., Paul R. Fish, and that Tumamoc terraces and walls Suzanne K. Fish interfacing PCs to projection equipment is necessary. We would like to recruit were constructed between 500 and 1994 Refining the Role of Cerros de Trin- two volunteers so that one person can serve as a back-up for the other to 300 B.C., during the Early Agricul- cheras in Southern Arizona Settle- ensure coverage at all monthly meetings. To volunteer, or to obtain further tural period. These represent the ear- ment. The Kiva 59:271-296. information, please contact Peter Boyle at 520.232.1394 or
NEW AAHS MAILING POLICY SCHOLARSHIP AND GRANTS APPLICATIONS AVAILABLE he Board of Directors has approved a new policy relating to replacement he Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society is pleased to announce Tof missing issues of Kiva and Glyphs. The Post Office does not automati- Tits grant and scholarship applications for 2007. Scholarships and grants cally forward third class mail, such as Kiva and Glyphs, when an in amounts up to $500 will be awarded for scholarship, research, individual requests that mail be forwarded to a new or tempo- and travel related to archaeology, anthropology, American In- rary address (“temporarily away”). One must make special dian studies, ethnology, ethnohistory, and history of the Ameri- arrangements with the Post Office, and pay to have third class can Southwest and Northwest Mexico. Applications must be mail forwarded. postmarked by February 15, 2007, to be eligible for consideration. AAHS has to pay “postage due” on all undeliverable, and Applications can be obtained from some student advising offices, the AAHS thus returned, publications. The society pays for the original website
ZUNI ARIZONA STATE MUSEUM NEWS PRESENTED BY THE Mission Photograph Exhibit Highlights Images of Faith ARIZONA ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY by Paul Ingram he fascinating archaeology and history of Zuni is explored in this four- Tlecture class. Current and past research are brought together by some of ince the arrival of Europeans and Several images of San Xavier del the most knowledgeable scholars working in the area. Recent fieldwork in- S the subsequent construction of Bac, one of the most recognized mis- cludes Statistical Research, Inc.’s, Fence Lake Project that investigated a sub- missions throughout the American sions of the Southwest, document the stantial Archaic occupation, and Arizona State University’s study of the emer- Southwest and Mexico, church before and dur- gence of Zuni society and Zuni-Hohokam connections. images of mission ing restoration. The col- The exhibit represents part Collections from excavated Contact period sites continue to be reanalyzed churches have become lection also incorporates of a great photographic by the University of Arizona, providing sources of information about how iconic to the region. mission photographs collection rarely seen by the ceramics changed along with other social transformations. Finally, our un- With the advent of pho- from New Mexico, in- public. This is an opportunity derstanding of the late pre-Contact and early Contact periods have benefited tography, artists have cluding several pictures to see very different greatly from an integrated approach that considers both archaeology and oral sought to capture the of community missions photographic personalities. tradition. west, and some have at- by Miyoshi. tempted to do so using —Davison Koeing Along with the pho- February 26 Ed Huber, Ph.D. (Statistical Research, Inc.): The Archaic and different artistic view- Senior Exhibit Specialist, tographs, Images of Faith Early Agricultural Period in the Zuni Region Arizona State Museum points. also includes a computer March 6 Greg Schachner (Arizona State University): The Origins of Zuni The romantic pic- reconstruction of Mis- Society and Zuni-Hohokam Connections toralism of Edward Curtis and the sion San Agustín, which uses three- March 13 Professor Barbara Mills, Ph.D. (University of Arizona): Ce- hard documentary of Kozo Miyoshi dimensional techniques to display a ramics and the Social Transformation of Zuni Pueblo, A.D. 1300- are represented in the Arizona State model of the mission as it once was, 1900 Museum’s newest exhibit, Images of along with pictures of the contempo- March 20 T. J. Ferguson, Ph.D. (University of Arizona): Archaeological Faith: Mission Photography from the rary ruins. A cast copper alloy bell and Ethnohistoric Perspectives on Late Pre-Contact and Early Con- Sonoran Desert. This photographic from the Macayahui Mission in tact Zuni collection, only a small sampling of Sonora, Mexico, completes this fan- Preregistration is required. To register, please contact Jeff Clark at 520.884.1078 the museum’s extensive archive of tastic exhibit. or
2007 CALENDAR FOR LA GENTE DEL PRESIDIO (THE PEOPLE OF AAHS MEMBERSHIP/SUBSCRIPTION APPLICATION (A membership subscription makes a great gift for your loved ones!) THE PRESIDIO) AND OTHER LIVING HISTORY ACTIVITIES All members receive discounts on Society field trips and classes. nce again during the 2007 winter season, we are presenting our program Monthly meetings are free and open to the public. interpreting Spanish Colonial life in Tucson’s presidio (La Gente del O Categories of Membership Presidio). We will be in the La Casa Courtyard, Tucson Museum of Art and Historic Block, on Saturday afternoons on the dates and times listed below. $45 Kiva members receive 4 issues of Kiva, 12 issues of Glyphs, and all current benefits Participants in this program dress in clothing of the period and present $35 Glyphs members receive Glyphs some of the essential skills of the day, such as carpentry with hand-tools, $30 Student Kiva members receive both Glyphs and Kiva spinning cotton and wool into thread, and making tortillas over an outdoor $15 Student Glyphs members receive Glyphs fire. We also have foods and medicines of the period to sample. Sybil’s posole is $75 Contributors receive Glyphs, Kiva, and all current benefits $100 Supporters receive Glyphs, Kiva, and all current benefits delicious! Come and join us! $250 Sponsors receive Glyphs, Kiva, and all current benefits $1,000 Lifetime members receive Glyphs, Kiva, and all current benefits February 3, 10, 17, 24; 1:00–3:30 p.m. La Gente del Presidio For memberships outside the U.S., please add $20.00. March 3, 10, 17; 1:00–3:30 p.m. La Gente del Presidio For institutional membership, contact AltaMira Press at
My Name: ______Phone :______[Please include preferred title: Miss, Mrs., Ms., Mr., Mr. & Mrs., Mr. & Ms., etc.] Address: ______UPCOMING ARIZONA STATE MUSEUM EVENTS City: ______State: ______Zip: ______Southwest Indian Art Fair Gift Subscription to: ______Phone :______[Please include preferred title: Miss, Mrs., Ms., Mr., Mr. & Mrs., Mr. & Ms., etc.] February 24-25, 2007 Address: ______10:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m., Saturday; 10:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m., Sunday City: ______State: ______Zip: ______Meet 200 of the most renowned Native artists, including SWIAF 2007 Featured Artist Upton S. Ethelbah, Jr. Shop for top-quality artwork, including pottery, Please do NOT release my name on requests for the AAHS mailing list. Hopi kachina dolls, paintings, jewelry, baskets, rugs, blankets, and much more. Artist demonstrations, Native foods, music, and dance performances. ASM mem- bers admitted one hour early on Saturday for best selection and to enjoy a light MEMBERSHIP/SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS 2006-2007 breakfast. Volunteers are needed. If interested, contact: Volunteer Program, Ari- Visitors are welcome at all of the Society’s regu- Officers lar monthly meetings but are encouraged to become President: Jim Ayres, 520.325.4435
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The objectives of the Arizona Archaeo- logical and Historical Society are to encourage scholarly pursuits in areas of history and anthropology of the southwestern United States and north- ern Mexico; to encourage the preser- vation of archaeological and histori- cal sites; to encourage the scientific and legal gathering of cultural infor- mation and materials; to publish the results of archaeological, historical, and ethnographic investigations; to aid in the functions and programs of the Arizona State Museum, Univer- sity of Arizona; and to provide edu- cational opportunities through lec- tures, field trips, and other activities. See inside back cover for information about the Society’s programs and membership and subscription re- quirements.