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Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago

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Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Flora of the Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona Janice E. Bowers and Steven P. Mclaughlin1 Abstract.-The Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona, are one of about two dozen "sky islands" in southeastern Arizona. A herbarium search revealed that, prior to 1990, 849 species had been documented from the Huachuca Mountains. Field work conducted between 1990 and 1994 added another 144 species to the flora. Altogether, 993 species in 467 genera and 101 families are now known from the range. Of these, 65 are introduced. Madrean floristic elements dominate the flora, accounting for 69.9% of all native species. Sonoran elements (5.0% of all native species) are relatively poorly represented in the Huachuca Mountains compared to more arid mountain ranges in southeastern Arizona. The flora of the Huachuca Mountains is comparatively rich for an Arizona local flora, with 29-39% more species than expected based on its elevational range and collecting history. Substrate complexity and the presence of many well-watered canyon habitats and springs contribute to the high species diversity. INTRODUCTION Our initial objective was, based on the work of these many collectors, to assemble a plant check­ The Huachuca Mountains (fig. 1), located in list for the entire range so that we could detemine southwestern Cochise County on the United if the flora was indeed, as Wallmo (1955) charac­ States-Mexico border, are one of two dozen moun­ terized it, "quite well known." Eventually, we also tain ranges in southeastern Arizona. Often becalne interested in how plant checklists grow referred to as "sky islands" (Heald 1951), these and shrink. In this paper, we compare the flora of ranges form a floristically diverse archipelago that the Huachuca Mountains with floras of other sky has been of keen interest to botanists for more islands in southeastern Arizona, and demonstrate than a century. The Huachuca Mountains in par­ that species composition of local floras is dy­ ticular have a long and illustrious botanical namic, subject to historical changes in climate, history. Plant collection dates back to the botanical land use, and other factors. The checklist will be explorations of John Gill Lemmon and Sara Plum­ published at a later date. mer Lemmon in 1882 (Crosswhite 1979) and has continued until the present day (fig. 2). Floristic work includes an enumeration of Timothy E. Wil­ STUDY AREA cox and Marcus E. Jones collections (Britton and Kearney 1894, Jones 1930) and checklists for Fort The north-south trending Huachuca Moun­ Huachuca, Ramsey Canyon, Garden Canyon and tains belong to the Basin and Range Province Coronado National Memorial (Goodding 1950a, (Hunt 1967). Maximum elevations are 9,466 feet 1950b; Pratt 1963; Toolin 1980; Yatskievych 1980- (2885 m) on Miller Peak, 9220 feet (2810 m) on 81; Ruffner and Johnson 1991; Parfitt and Christy Carr Peak, 8725 feet (2659 m) on Ramsey Peak, 1992). Altogether, 84 collectors have taken more and 8410 feet (2563 m) on Huachuca Peak. Several than 4000 specimens from the range. major canyons with perennial reaches drain the precipitous eastern slope and eventually flow into the San Pedro River. The western slope, part of the Santa Cruz River watershed, has only a few 1 University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. streams with perennial reaches. Overall, the 135 I , I Mlle. N / I 2 , . I I i , , i J~f ,,' , 2 3 .. ~ Arizona 1:1 1/ Kilometer. J:a ~~/ I I // I if Sierra Vista .-- " ., ", .. .... -.... ,,"' .. , Fort . , ,I , ,, ...... ,- " " Military /" " ,..,f .:~ Aeservation,""': ~ .... .'' ''"''. , ,I " ............,'" .--, .... -_ ... , Forest ~: C'o;~n.do " " National ~ ".morlal Figure 1.-Huachuca Mountains and vicinity. The ....vy blllell line shows the study area boundary. A, Location of the Huachuca Mountains In Arizona; B, admlnlstrlltlw units In and near the Huachuca Mountains; C, major drainages and peaks of the Huachuca Mountains. Huachuca Mountains appear highly dissected, 500 with a large ratio of canyon to ridge habitat. Our study area had an elevational range of ! 400 4466 feet (1361 m) and covered about 122 square miles (31,600 ha). The northern and eastern t 300 boundaries roughly followed the base of the U) range, which varies from 5000-5200 feet (1524- ~ 200 J 1585 m) above sea level. The southern edge coincided with the International Boundary. The 1 100 5500-foot (1676 m) contour approximated the o western boundary. We excluded most private lands at the base of the range, with the exception Vear of the Ramsey Canyon Nature Preserve, Peterson Ranch in Scotia Canyon, and aquatic habitats at Beatty's Miller Canyon Orchard in Miller Canyon. Figure 2.-Plant collection by YMr, Huachuca Mountain. The lower elevations of Fort Huachuca Military (omitting all years In which fewer tMn 10 apeclmen. we,. collected). Based on specimen. depo.... at the Reservation were also excluded from our study University of Arizona herbarium area. 136 Topography and Geology THE FLORA The range is geologically diverse. Bolsa Plant Checklist Quartzite, the basal sedimentary unit, rests uncon­ formably on Precambrian granite. On the eastern In winter 1990 and spring 1991, we searched slope, Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, mainly lime­ the University of Arizona herbarium (ARIZ) and stone but also some shales and siltstones, top the the herbarium at Fort Huachuca for specimens Bolsa quartzite. On the western slope, sedimen­ from the Huachuca Mountains. We critically tary rocks of Cretaceous age, including evaluated all collections, and, if necessary, rede­ conglomerates and shales, interfinger with Trias­ termined them. Starting in August 1990 and sic-Jurassic volcanic and sedimentary rocks (Keith continuing through June 1994, we made 41 trips and Wilt 1978). into the range, mostly during the April-October growing season, and also in November and Janu­ ary. We attempted to sample every habitat throughout the growing season with special em­ phasis on discontinuous habitats such as cattle tanks, springs, peaks, and cliffs. Most of our effort was concentrated along trails and roads. Climate Between 1882 and 1989, collectors documented a total of 849 species in the Huachuca Mountains. Weather stations are maintained at Fort During the course of our project, we found 137 Huachuca at the northern end of the range and at species that were new to the flora. Another 7 spe­ Coronado National Memorial at the southern end. cies were added by other collectors between 1990 Annual precipitation at Fort Huachuca (4664 feet, and 1993. The total flora comprises 993 species 1422 m) is 14.6 inches (37.1 cm). About half falls in and infraspecific taxa in 467 genera and 101 fami­ July and August as high-intensity "monsoonal" lies. Of these, 65 species are introduced. The rains that originate as scattered convectional native flora comprises 906 species and 27 infras­ thunderstorms triggered and enhanced by surface pecific taxa. heating and orographic effects. Winters at Fort Huachuca are rather dry. December and January, the wettest winter months, average 1.7~ inches How Plant Checklists Grow (4.5 cm) of precipitation. About 10% of winter pre­ cipitation falls as snow, which seldom stays on the It is common for plant checklists to expand ground more than a day or two. At higher eleva­ over several decades of collecting. The Mount tions, annual rainfall exceeds 25 inches (63.5 cm), Shasta, California, flora grew from 425 species and snow can remain on the ground all winter. and infra specific taxa in 1940 to 525 in 1963 Winter storms result from cyclonic storms and (Cooke 1940, 1941, 1949, 1963), an increase of frontal systems associated with large-scale low about 1 percent per year. The flora of Tumamoc pressure systems that typically originate off the Hill, Tucson Mountains, Arizona, increased 0.6 coast of California and Baja California. They are percent per year between 1909 and 1985, from 238 less variable spatially and more variable tempo­ to 346 species (Thornber 1909, Bowers and Turner rally than summer storms (Sellers and Hill 1974). 1985). The flora of Organ Pipe Cactus National Summers and winters at Fort Huachuca are Monument grew from 522 species in 1980 (Bowers mild. The average January temperature is 46.3°F 1980) to 571 in 1992 (Pinkava et al. 1992), an in­ (7.9°C), with average daily maximum and mini­ crease of 0.8 percent per year. The flora of the mum temperatures of 58.4 and 34.2°F (14.7 and White Mountains, California, increased 3 percent 1.2°C). Summer temperatures are moderated by per year between 1973 and 1987, from 761 to 1078 afternoon cloud cover. The average July tempera­ species (Lloyd and Mitchell 1973, Morefield 1992). ture is 77.5°P (25.3°C), with daily maximum and The small yearly increment in each case suggests minimum temperatures of 88.6 and 66.4°P (31.4 that the initial floras were fairly complete. Linear and 19.1°C). At higher elevations, the average regression of percent increase against final size of January temperature is 400 P (4.4°C), and the aver­ the flora suggests that, not surprisingly, the larger age July temperature is 65°P (18.3°C) (Sellers and the flora, the more difficult it is to collect com­ Hill 1974)0 pletely (R2 = 0.95). 137 Most additions to local floras are probably had originally been collected before 1909. Ron­ plants that have been previously overlooked. On deau (1991) did not find 55 species that had been occasion, however, movement of species onto a collected in the Tucson Mountains between 1903 site increases the size of a local flora. New arrivals and 1988. In the Huachuca Mountains, 31 species may be natives or exotics. In either case, careful may no longer belong to the flora, despite con­ observation is needed to distinguish newly ar­ certed efforts to locate many of them.
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