National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science

Fort Bowie National Historic Site

Geologic Resources Inventory Report

Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2011/443

ON THE COVER The ruins of the second Fort Bowie near the base of Bowie Peak.

National Park Service photograph by Karen Gonzales.

THIS PAGE The doorway of the cavalry barracks frames the American flag flying to the west. Note the local stones used in the construction of the building and the lime plaster used to cover the walls.

National Park Service photograph.

Photographs available online: http://www.nps.gov/fobo/ photosmultimedia/photogallery.htm

Fort Bowie National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report

Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2011/443

National Park Service Geologic Resources Division PO Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225

September 2011

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public.

The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.

Printed copies of this report are produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is available from the Geologic Resources Inventory website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ gre_publications.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/).

Please cite this publication as:

Graham, J. 2011. Fort Bowie National Historic Site: geologic resources inventory report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2011/443. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

NPS 424/109950, September 2011

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Contents

List of Figures ...... iv Executive Summary ...... v Acknowledgements ...... vi Credits ...... vi Introduction ...... 1 Purpose of the Geologic Resources Inventory ...... 1 Regional Information ...... 1 Regional Geology ...... 1 Park History ...... 2 Geologic Issues ...... 7 Geologic Mapping ...... 7 Erosion ...... 7 Debris Flows ...... 7 Less Significant Issues ...... 8 Geologic Features and Processes ...... 9 Apache Spring ...... 9 Structural Features ...... 9 Stratigraphic Features ...... 10 Paleontological Resources ...... 10 Geologic History ...... 13 Precambrian History (prior to 542 million years ago) ...... 13 Paleozoic History (542 to 251 million years ago) ...... 13 Mesozoic History (251 to 65.5 million years ago) ...... 14 Cenozoic History (the past 65.5 million years) ...... 14 Geologic Map Data ...... 19 Geologic Maps ...... 19 Source Maps ...... 19 Geologic GIS Data ...... 19 Geologic Map Overview ...... 20 Map Unit Properties Table ...... 20 Use Constraints ...... 20 Geologic Map Overview Graphic ...... 21 Map Unit Properties Table ...... 23 Glossary ...... 29 Literature Cited ...... 35 Additional References ...... 37 Geology of National Park Service Areas ...... 37 Resource Management/Legislation Documents ...... 37 Geological Survey and Society Websites ...... 37 Other Geology/Resource Management Tools ...... 37 Appendix: Scoping Session Participants ...... 38 Attachment 1: Geologic Resources Inventory Products CD

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Maps of Fort Bowie National Historic Site, Arizona ...... 3 Figure 2. Generalized stratigraphic column for Fort Bowie National Historic Site ...... 4 Figure 3. Physiographic provinces of the western United States...... 5 Figure 4. Ruins of the Cavalry Barracks at Fort Bowie National Historic Site ...... 6 Figure 5. Debris flow deposits ...... 8 Figure 6. Apache Spring ...... 11 Figure 7. Schematic graphics illustrating different fault types present in southern Arizona ...... 12 Figure 8. Geologic cross section through Fort Bowie National Historic Site ...... 12 Figure 9. Geologic timescale...... 15 Figure 10. Proterozoic paleogeographic map of the southwestern United State ...... 16 Figure 11. Early Mississippian paleogeographic map of the southwestern United States ...... 16 Figure 12. Middle Permian paleogeographic map of North America ...... 17 Figure 13. Early Cretaceous paleogeographic map of the southwestern United States ...... 17 Figure 14. Oligocene paleogeographic map of the southwestern United States ...... 18

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Executive Summary

This report accompanies the digital geologic map data for Fort Bowie National Historic Site in Arizona, produced by the Geologic Resources Division in collaboration with its partners. It contains information relevant to resource management and scientific research. This document incorporates preexisting geologic information and does not include new data or additional fieldwork.

Fort Bowie National Historic Site, authorized in 1964, Rounded domes of relatively erosion-resistant commemorates the nineteenth century conflict between granodiorite dominate the landscape in the western part the Chiricahua Apache and the U.S. military. The site of the park and at higher elevations beyond the park’s also preserves a slice of geologic history that dates back boundaries. The granodiorite solidified from magma over 1 billion years and includes the intense deformation approximately 1.4 billion years ago. The much younger that gave rise to Apache Spring. In this arid climate, water limestones, sandstones, and siltstones in the Apache Pass has always been a valuable resource, and Fort Bowie was fault zone record a variety of depositional environments built in 1862 to protect Apache Spring and provide safe that have covered southeastern Arizona in the last 500 passage for the Butterfield Overland Mail route. million years. Fossils and other stratigraphic features provide evidence of shallow seas that advanced and Apache Spring is located in Apache Pass at the juncture retreated across the region for millions of years before of the Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua mountains. Part of being replaced by fluvial, estuarine, and other terrestrial the Basin and Range physiographic province of environments. southeastern Arizona, these mountains rise abruptly from relatively flat, sediment filled basins that formed Tectonic activity along the western margin of North millions of years ago. Older yet is the Apache Pass fault America resulted in mountain-building episodes and zone. Initiated over one billion years ago and reactivated catastrophic volcanic eruptions in southeastern Arizona. throughout geologic time, this zone of extensively About 20 million years ago, the crust of the southwestern fractured and faulted rock units provides a conduit for United States switched from a compressional to an the groundwater that feeds Apache Spring. extensional regime and began to be pulled apart. This extension produced the fault-bounded basins and ranges The 1- to 2- km- (0.6- to 1.2- mi) wide Apache Pass fault of today’s southwestern United States. zone is the dominant structural feature in Fort Bowie National Historic Site. The fault zone contains fault The history of human activity in Apache Pass includes slices separated by normal, strike-slip, and thrust faults. the ruins of two Fort Bowies, remnants of the Butterfield Erosion of the shattered rocks formed the topographic Overland Mail route and stage station, the Fort Bowie saddle of today’s Apache Pass. cementary, and sites of conflict between the Chiricahua Apache and U.S. military. Erosion in the Apache Spring watershed is the most critical geologic issue facing resource management at A Map Unit Properties Table, glossary, and geologic Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Past management timescale are included in this report. The Map Unit practices have aggravated the issue. Vegetation has been Properties Table describes characteristics such as removed from the slopes above Apache Spring, causing erosion resistance, suitability for infrastructure accelerated soil loss during periodic intense rainfalls. development, potential for geologic hazards, geologic Erosion caused by water cascading over brush dams in significance, and associated paleontological and mineral drainages has cut deep gullies into the slopes. resources for each mapped geologic unit. The glossary contains explanations of many technical terms used in In 2006, a debris flow swept down Siphon Canyon and this report, and the geologic timescale (fig. 9) provides a into Fort Bowie National Historic Site. The turbulent general reference to major geologic activity that has flow transported granitic boulders greater than 1.8 m occurred over the past 4.6 billion years. (6 ft) in diameter. These boulders scoured the debris flow channel down to bedrock.

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Acknowledgements

The Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) is one of 12 inventories funded by the National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program. The GRI is administered by the Geologic Resources Division of the Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Directorate.

The Geologic Resources Division relies heavily on Credits partnerships with institutions such as the U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado State University, state geologic surveys, Author local museums, and universities in developing GRI John Graham (Colorado State University) products. Review Special thanks to: Colleen Filippone (NPS Sonoran John Bezy (Arizona Geological Survey) Desert Network) and Ann Youberg (Arizona Geological Jason Kenworthy (NPS Geologic Resources Division) Survey) for providing photographs and information regarding the 2006 debris flows within Fort Bowie NHS. Editing Jennifer Piehl (Write Science Right)

Digital Geologic Data Production Stephanie O’Meara (Colorado State University)

Digital Geologic Data Overview Layout Design Derek Witt (Colorado State University intern) Philip Reiker (NPS Geologic Resources Division) Georgia Hybels (NPS Geologic Resources Division)

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Introduction

The following section briefly describes the National Park Service Geologic Resources Inventory and the regional geologic setting of Fort Bowie National Historic Site.

Purpose of the Geologic Resources Inventory Regional Information The Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) is one of 12 Located in southeastern Arizona, Fort Bowie National inventories funded by the National Park Service (NPS) Historic Site occupies 404 ha (999 ac) of Apache Pass, a Inventory and Monitoring Program. The GRI, valley separating the Dos Cabezas Mountains to the administered by the Geologic Resources Division of the north from the Chiricahua Mountains to the south. Fort Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Directorate, Bowie was established in 1862 to guard Apache Spring is designed to provide and enhance baseline information and provide safe passage through Apache Pass. The fort available to park managers. The GRI team relies heavily was constructed on land that records over 1 billion years on partnerships with institutions such as the U.S. of geologic history. Millions of years of intense Geological Survey, Colorado State University, state deformation produced the complexly fractured bedrock geologic surveys, local museums, and universities in underlying Apache Spring as adjacent tectonic plates developing GRI products. collided. The historic site contains the ruins of two Fort Bowies, remnants of the Butterfield Overland Mail route The goals of the GRI are to increase understanding of the and stage station, the Fort Bowie cemetery, and sites of geologic processes at work in parks and to provide sound conflict between the Chiricahua Apache and U.S. geologic information for use in park decision making. military (fig. 1). Sound park stewardship requires an understanding of the natural resources and their role in the ecosystem. Like other mountains in southeastern Arizona, the Dos Park ecosystems are fundamentally shaped by geology. Cabezas and Chiricahua mountains rise abruptly from The compilation and use of natural resource information the surrounding sediment-filled basins to form islands of by park managers is called for in section 204 of the rock in an arid desert. At Fort Bowie National Historic National Parks Omnibus Management Act of 1998 and in Site, elevations range from approximately 1,390 m NPS-75, Natural Resources Inventory and Monitoring (4,560 ft) at the mouth of Siphon Canyon to 1,600 m Guideline. (5,250 ft) on Overlook Ridge. The internally-drained Wilcox Playa lies to the west at roughly 1,250 m To realize these goals, the GRI team is systematically (4,100 ft), and the San Simon Valley borders the conducting a scoping meeting for each of the 270 mountains to the east. Fort Bowie National Historic Site identified natural area parks and providing a park- is located 19 km (12 mi) south of Bowie, Arizona, and specific digital geologic map and geologic report. These 187 km (116 mi) east of Tucson, Arizona via Interstate 10 products support the stewardship of park resources and and Arizona Highway 186. Chiricahua National are designed for nongeoscientists. Scoping meetings Monument lies in the central Chiricahua Mountains, bring together park staff and geologic experts to review approximately 16 km (10 mi) southeast of the historic available geologic maps and discuss specific geologic site (Graham 2009). issues, features, and processes. Regional Geology The GRI mapping team converts the geologic maps The impressive Apache Pass fault zone cuts diagonally identified for park use at the scoping meeting into digital across the eastern section of Fort Bowie National geologic data in accordance with their Geographic Historic Site (see “Overview of Digital Geologic Data” Information Systems (GIS) Data Model. These digital graphic). One of the more extensive fault zones in data sets bring an interactive dimension to traditional southeastern Arizona, the Apache Pass fault zone is up to paper maps. The digital data sets provide geologic data 2 km (1.2 mi) wide and trends northwest–southeast for for use in park GIS and facilitate the incorporation of nearly 60 km (38 mi) across the Dos Cabezas and geologic considerations into a wide range of resource Chiricahua mountains (Drewes 1980; Bezy 2001). The management applications. The newest maps contain fault zone enters the Dos Cabezas Mountains about interactive help files. This geologic report assists park 19 km (12 mi) northwest of the historic site. In the managers in the use of the map and provides an overview Chiricahua Mountains, south of Fort Bowie, the fault of park geology and geologic resource management zone curves to the southeast and crosses the issues. northeastern corner of Chiricahua National Monument before exiting the range and becoming buried in the San For additional information regarding the content of this Simon Valley (Drewes 1980). report and current GRI contact information please refer to the Geologic Resources Inventory website The Apache Pass fault zone forms a belt of fractured rock (http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/). layers (strata) ranging from approximately 500 million (Cambrian period) to 65 million (Cretaceous period)

FOBO Geologic Resources Inventory Report 1 years in age (fig. 2). The faulted rocks within Fort Bowie complex geologic history that includes episodes of National Historic Site consist primarily of Cretaceous tectonic compression, catastrophic volcanic eruptions, and Permian rock units. The 146- to- 100-million-year- and crustal extension. old Lower Cretaceous units are dominated by conglomerate, sandstone, and siltstone (map units Kc Over millions of years, weather and fluvial erosion and Kg) with minor amounts of volcanic material (map carved the park’s Siphon and Cutoff canyons. The rock unit Ksv) and limestone (map unit Kmu). In contrast, the foundation upon which Fort Bowie was constructed was 299- to- 271-million-year-old Permian strata are formed by a combination of ancient tectonic events and dominated by limestone (map units Pcn, Pc, Pe, and relatively recent processes. By the nineteenth century, PPNh), with lesser amounts of sandstone and shale (map weathering and erosion of sedimentary strata in an units Ps and Pea). elongate fault sliver had formed the saddle that separates Siphon Canyon and Bear Gulch. This saddle was Geologists recognize three main types of rocks: igneous, recognized as an ideal site for Fort Bowie. sedimentary and metamorphic, all of which are present at Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Igneous rocks are Park History formed through the solidification of magma on the Fort Bowie has a rich and storied past. Chiricahua surface (extrusive, or volcanic rocks) or beneath the Apaches lived in the region since at least the sixteenth surface (intrusive, or plutonic rocks). The Apache Pass century. With the Gadsden Purchase in 1854, Apache fault zone is bordered by Proterozoic granodiorite, an Pass and the surrounding area became part of the United intrusive igneous rock approximately 1.4 billion years old States. In 1856, a military road was built across the pass (fig. 2; Drewes 1984; Bezy 2001). Light-colored quartz to connect Fort Thorn, New Mexico, with Fort Yuma, and feldspar and darker-colored biotite give the rock its California. Apache Spring became a regular water stop characteristic salt-and-pepper appearance. for the San Antonio to San Diego stage line in 1857 and 1858. In 1857, the Overland Mail Company, better Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and limestone are known as the Butterfield Overland Mail, received an the primary sedimentary rocks in the historic site. The annual contract of $600,000 to carry U.S. Mail to sedimentary rocks within the Apache Pass fault zone California. A Butterfield stage station was built a few began as sediments eroded from pre-existing rock units hundred yards from Apache Spring, and Anglo- or formed through chemical or biological activity. The Americans began to settle in Apache Pass. sediments were then transported by wind or water, deposited, buried, and cemented together by mineral Chiricahua Apache/Anglo-American relations were cements, commonly silica dioxide or calcium carbonate. peaceful until 1861, when Lieutenant George Bascom Sedimentary rocks composed of eroded fragmental mistakenly accused Cochise’s band of Chiricahua material (clasts) are classified according to clast size. For Apaches of stealing a boy in a raid near Fort Buchanan. example, conglomerate in the Glance Conglomerate During a parley with Cochise, Bascom tried to take the (map unit Kg) consists of pebble-size or larger clasts, and chief captive, but Cochise escaped and following a series sandstone, such as that found in the Scherrer Formation of U.S. military blunders, the Apache Wars began (map unit Ps), consists of sand-sized clasts. Chemical or (Gardner 1994). biological activity produced the limestones in Fort Bowie National Historic Site, some of which contain fossils. The first Fort Bowie consisted of a haphazard assortment of buildings constructed in 1862. The fort was named in Metamorphic rocks are produced when intense heat, honor of Colonel George Washington Bowie, a friend of pressure, or shearing stress transforms rocks of other Brigadier General Carleton and fellow officer in the types. Rather than melting, the original rocks deform California Volunteers. By 1867, at least 29 structures plastically and form a gel-like substance in which new were scattered over a hill south of Apache Spring and in minerals form or individual mineral grains fuse together. the surrounding draws. The Cintura Formation (map unit Kc) exposed near Apache Pass contains andalusite and staurolite, minerals The second Fort Bowie was a dramatic improvement on that form only during metamorphism. Metamorphic the first fort. Constructed from 1864 to 1869, the second recrystallization of the Horquilla Limestone (map unit fort was built on a saddle of land between Overlook Phl) on Overland Ridge has rendered it more resistant to Ridge and Bowie Mountain, 270 m (890 ft) southeast of erosion than the surrounding units. the first fort. Unlike the first Fort Bowie, the second fort consisted of adobe and wood buildings that were neatly The Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua mountains lie within arranged in a square facing the parade ground. Water the expansive Basin and Range physiographic province, was piped to all of these structures. which covers much of the western United States and extends into Mexico (fig. 3). This province contains After Cochise agreed to end hostilities in 1872, Apache mountain ranges (horsts) separated by fault-bounded, Pass became relatively quiet. A reservation designated in sediment-filled basins (grabens). This distinctive 1873 included the Chiricahua Mountains, treasured by topography was formed when tectonic forces pulled the Apache. After Cochise’s death in 1874, however, apart Earth’s crust (extension) during the most recent raiding erupted again, and all Chiricahua Apaches were tectonic episode (beginning about 20 million years ago) ordered to the San Carlos Reservation on the Gila River. to shape southeastern Arizona. The region records a

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Only about one-third of the Chiricahuas marched to San Fort Bowie received telegraph service in 1877 and limited Carlos; the others remained in the mountains of Arizona telephone service in the late 1880s. In 1880, the Southern and Mexico for the next 10 years. Pacific railroad began service in southern Arizona, stopping 20 km (13 mi) north of the post at Bowie In 1885, Geronimo, a powerful medicine man, and Station. In 1894, the Fort Bowie garrison moved to their Naiche, a son of Cochise, led over 100 Chiricahuas from new post in Colorado, and locals quickly began the San Carlos Reservation into Mexico. Fort Bowie dismantling the fort. served as the base of operations in the U.S. military’s attempt to find and subdue these Apache. When Fort Bowie National Historic Site was authorized in Geronimo surrendered in September 1886, he and his 1964. A 2.4-km (1.5-mi) trail connects a portion of followers were brought to Fort Bowie, loaded into historic Apache Pass to the ruins of the old post. Today, wagons, and expatriated to Florida, where the remainder the adobe walls, stone ruins, and trickle of water from of the Chiricahuas from San Carlos had already been Apache Spring are all that remains of the clash between imprisoned. These military actions concluded the an emerging nation pursuing its “manifest destiny” and a Apache wars. valiant indigenous society fighting to preserve its existence (fig. 4).

Figure 1. Maps of Fort Bowie National Historic Site, Arizona. The top right map shows the route of the Butterfield Overland trail. The top left map illustrates the area surrounding Fort Bowie National Historic Site. The bottom map shows the details of the park. National Park Service graphics available online: http://home.nps.gov/applications/hafe/hfc/carto.cfm.

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Formation/Unit Era Period* Epoch (map unit symbol) Holocene Unconsolidated gravel, sand, and silt (Qg) Quaternary Unconsolidated gravel, sand, and silt (Qgt) Pleistocene

Unconsolidated gravel and sand (QTg) Pliocene Neogene Miocene Rhyolite and latite porphyry (Tr)

CENOZOIC Oligocene Paleogene Eocene Sedimentary and volcanic rocks Paleocene (Ksv, Ksvs, Ksvbc, Ksvr) Upper Upper part, undivided (Kbu, Kbup, Kbus)

Cretaceous Cintura Formation (Kc, Kcs) Lower Mural Limestone (Kmu, Kmup, Kmus, Kmuc) Bisbee Group Bisbee MESOZOIC Morita Formation (Km, Kms, Kmc) Glance Conglomerate (Kg) Jurassic

Triassic Locally absent Lopingian

Guadalupian

Permian Concha Limestone (Pcn)

Scherrer Formation (Ps) Cisuralian Colina Limestone (Pc) (Lower) Epitaph Formation (Pe) Earp Formation (Pea) Naco Group Naco Horquilla Limestone Upper (PPNh, Phu, PNhl) Pennsylvanian Middle Locally absent Lower Upper Paradise Formation (Mp) PALEOZOIC Mississippian Middle Escabrosa Limestone (Me) Lower Upper Portal Formation of Sabins (1957) (Dp) Devonian Middle

Lower Silurian Locally absent Upper Ordovician Middle Lower El Paso Formation (Oe) Upper Coronado Sandstone (Cc, Ccq) Cambrian Middle Lower Neoproterozoic Era Locally absent

Mesoproterozoic Era Granodiorite (Yg) and aplite (Yga) Pinal Schist (Xp, Xpq, Xpp), amphibolite (Xa), and Paleoproterozoic Era metavolcanic rock (Xpv) Locally absent

Neogene to Precambrian Quartz (q) [wide age range]

* See the Geologic Timescale (fig. 9) for the age of these periods and epochs.

Figure 2. Generalized stratigraphic column for Fort Bowie National Historic Site and the immediate vicinity. The Map Unit Properties Table contains detailed descriptions of each unit. Based on a map by Drewes (1984).

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Figure 3. Physiographic provinces of the western United States. Fort Bowie National Historic Site (yellow star) lies within the Mexican Highland portion of the Basin and Range province. Note the distinctive basin-and-range topography of elevated mountain ranges bordering flat basins, particularly in the Great Basin section. The ranges are uplifted “horsts” while the basins are down-dropped “grabens” separated by normal faults (see fig. 7). Compiled by Philip Reiker (NPS Geologic Resources Division) from ESRI Arc Image Service, National Geographic Society TOPO Imagery.

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Figure 4. Ruins of the Cavalry Barracks at Fort Bowie National Historic Site. The area’s complex geologic history contributed to the mountainous topography visible within and surrounding the park. National Park Service photograph by Karen Gonzales, available online: http://www.nps.gov/fobo/photosmultimedia/Archeological-Sites.htm, accessed July 20, 2011.

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Geologic Issues

The Geologic Resources Division held a Geologic Resources Inventory scoping session for Fort Bowie National Historic Site on April 5, 2006, to discuss geologic resources, address the status of geologic mapping, and assess resource management issues and needs. This section synthesizes the scoping results, in particular those issues that may require attention from resource managers. Contact the Geologic Resources Division for technical assistance.

Fort Bowie National Historic Site has been negatively re-mapping. After review, GRI staff decided to use the impacted by years of human activity. Grazing and water existing maps, noting that some of the contacts may be diversion have altered the hydrology around Apache incorrectly identified as fault contacts. As of this report, Spring and roads have altered natural runoff patterns. the Drewes maps remain the best available maps for Fort Bowie National Historic Site. During the April 2006 Geologic Resources Inventory scoping session, participants (listed in the Appendix) Erosion identified two primary geologic issues facing the park: Erosion is the most significant geologic issue for Fort geologic mapping and erosion (Graham 2006). In August Bowie resource management (Graham 2006). Erosional 2006, after the April 2006 scoping session, debris flows processes have impacted the upper Apache Spring swept through the park. These debris flows are also watershed, and past management practices have discussed in this section. Abandoned mine lands (AMLs) accelerated erosion rates. Past park personnel have piled are present within or near the park, but were not brush in drainages in an attempt to reduce erosion; identified as significant issues during the scoping session however, this practice substantially accelerated erosion (Graham 2006). in the area. Water collected behind the brush dams and then cascaded over the dams, creating increased Geologic Mapping turbulence that scoured the streambed. Erosion also During the scoping meeting, participants agreed that the progressed upstream from the dams to form deep gullies. best available maps for Fort Bowie National Historic Site were the 1:24,000 scale maps of the Bowie Mountain The removal of mesquite above Apache Spring further North and Bowie Mountain South quadrangles by increased erosion. Vegetation has not been re- Drewes (1981, 1984). However, according to Todd established on slopes affected by this practice. Shipman (geologist, Arizona Geological Survey, verbal Grasslands have been restored in the relatively flat area communication, April 5, 2006), some of the contacts of the cemetery, situated on Pleistocene deposits of between mapped units may have been incorrectly gravel, sand, and silt (map unit Qgt). identified as fault contacts. The locations of the contacts were correctly mapped, but the contacts may simply The areas immediately above the spring and just below identify unit boundaries rather than movement along the ruins are most in need of re-vegetation. Mesquite faults. The area of interest was limited to approximately removal has accelerated soil loss during intense rainfalls 5 sq km (2 sq mi), some of which was outside park on these slopes. Rapid soil loss is occurring in the boundaries (Ed du Bray, geologist, U.S. Geological immediate area of the ruins. Erosional processes are Survey, personal communication, April 5, 2006). creating gullies by the flagpole, and these gullies continue to erode farther upslope. Participants at the meeting were also interested in new mapping that would include areas potentially involved The judicious use of straw waddles and reseeding could with any future park expansion and greater detail of mitigate soil loss. If mitigation practices are not surficial deposits, east of the park. Participants felt that implemented, ongoing erosion and rapid runoff will additional mapping would provide a more accurate continue to impact the long-term viability of the spring. geologic map for the park while including geology adjacent to the park as well as the geology within park Debris Flows boundaries (Graham 2006). On July 30–31, 2006, 18 cm (7 in) of rain initiated a debris flow (sediment-rich slurry) just east of Helen’s Dome on Deliverable products from new mapping, such as field land owned by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). maps and digital data, were not discussed at the meeting, Traveling down slopes of granodiorite (map unit Yg) into but at the time, GRI staff had digitized both Drewes Siphon Canyon and Fort Bowie National Historic Site, maps. Further review of the digitized data for the Bowie the debris flow transported boulders greater than 1.8 m Mountain North and the Bowie Mountain South (6 ft) in diameter and scoured its channel to bedrock quadrangles suggested that the existing data would (fig. 5) (Colleen Filippone, Intermountain Region- capture an area even beyond the extent of the proposed Southwest Hydrologist, NPS, personal communication,

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August 7, 2006). Although such flows are commonly fossils are not of significant interest at Fort Bowie initiated by intense rainfall on slopes with scant National Historic Site. vegetation in the arid Southwest, meeting participants could not recall any debris flow that had a greater impact The National Park Service AML database includes 32 on Fort Bowie National Historic Site than this one. AML features at six sites within or near Fort Bowie. In Likewise Ann Youberg (Arizona Geological Survey, 1998, NPS Geologic Resources Division staff responded personal communication, August 16, 2011) commented to a technical assistance request from the park to close that the debris flow was probably the largest known in unsafe mine features (Cloues 1998). As detailed by southern Arizona. The historical impact of debris flows Cloues (1998), polyurethane foam was used to plug an in the area is unknown. Significant debris flows abandoned adit. Associated waste-rock piles were left associated with the July 2006 storm also swept through undisturbed because they are considered historic other National Park Service units in Arizona including features. Most AML features at Fort Bowie are gated or Saguaro National Park (Graham 2010), Coronado fenced, minimizing safety and bat-habitat issues. Contact National Memorial (Graham 2011a), and near the Geologic Resources Division for more information Tumacácori National Historical Park (Graham 2011b). regarding AML features and sites.

Wieczorek and Snyder (2009) described various types of Although iron bacteria may pose a water quality slope movements and mass wasting triggers. They problem, this issue is not currently considered suggested the following five methods and “vital signs” for significant. Contact the Water Resources Division for monitoring slope movements: landslide type, landslide more information regarding water quality or other water triggers and causes, geologic contents of landslides, issues. measurement of landslide movement and assessment of landslide hazards and risks. Their publication provides Issues concerning paleontological resources at Fort guidance in the use of vital signs and monitoring Bowie National Historical Site also are not significant. methodology. Paleontological resources primarily consist of marine invertebrate fossils and are summarized in the “Geologic Less Significant Issues Features and Processes” section of this report. As discussed at the scoping session (Graham 2006), geologic issues involving mining, flooding, wetlands, or

Figure 5. Debris flow deposits. Top images show the massive granodiorite boulders (map unit Yg) transported by the debris flow in 2006 as well as some of the finer-grained material transported down Siphon Canyon. Lower images show the large scale of the impacted area (left) and the source area (right). Note human figures for scale. National Park Service photographs courtesy of Colleen Filippone (NPS Intermountain Region-Southwest Hydrologist).

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Geologic Features and Processes

This section describes the most prominent and distinctive geologic features and processes in Fort Bowie National Historic Site.

The structural complexity of the Chiricahua and Dos sedimentary and volcanic rocks (map units Ksv and Kc). Cabezas mountains, the diverse character of the Fault slivers of Permian limestone (map units PNhl, Pc, sedimentary rocks, and the geologic processes that and Pcn) and clastic sedimentary rocks (map units Ps and formed Apache Pass have created a variety of geological Pea) are exposed along the Overlook Ridge Trail. A features in the Fort Bowie region. Springs, faults, trailside marker about 0.6 km (0.4 mi) along the fossiliferous limestone, and erosional domes shape the Overlook Ridge Trail from the Visitor Center discusses current landscape of Fort Bowie National Historic Site. the Apache Pass fault.

Apache Spring The Apache Pass fault zone contains examples of the Apache Spring was a key water source for Apache and three primary fault types (fig. 7). The Apache Pass fault pre-Apache groups in the region, and the primary reason was created about 1.4 billion years ago as a strike-slip for the establishment of Fort Bowie in this location fault. In such faults, rocks on one side of the fault plane (fig. 6). The spring’s constant supply of fresh water and move horizontally relative to those on the other side. its location near a common travel route made it a heavily Shattered sedimentary rocks within the Apache Pass fault utilized and fought-over site. Apache Spring is on the zone have been moved more than 12 km (7.5 mi) north side of the trail that leads from the parking lot on southeast relative to the igneous rocks bordering the Apache Pass Road to the Fort Bowie National Historic zone (fig. 8). The fault also exhibits a vertical, reverse Site Visitor Center. fault component. Precambrian rocks (map unit Yg) on the southwestern side have been moved upward relative Because the rock units in the Fort Bowie area are to the Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata on the northeastern generally impermeable, groundwater is stored only in side (fig. 8). Fault contact between the much younger, fractures created by folding and faulting. In the Basin and light-gray Horquilla Limestone (about 310 million years Range province of western North America, springs are old; map unit Phu) and the Proterozoic granodiorite typically located along fault zones. Apache Spring is no (about 1.4 billion years old) is visible from Overlook exception. Rainwater and snowmelt drain from higher Ridge. elevations, percolate through the unconsolidated sediments of Siphon Canyon, and flow into the zone of Although the fault initially formed about 1.4 billion years fault-fractured rock below the alluvium. Groundwater ago, slippage has occurred throughout geologic time. that feeds Apache Spring flows to the surface where Repeated horizontal and vertical movement has Siphon Canyon intersects a zone of shattered bedrock disturbed the once-horizontal sedimentary layers, along the Apache Pass Fault (see “Overview of Digital creating tilted, broken, and elongated slices of rock that Geologic Data” graphic; Bezy 2001). dip steeply to the southwest (Drewes 1984; Bezy 2001). During the extensional episode that produced the basin- Apache Spring has been modified for human use. A and-range topography, reverse faults that had been masonry box collects water from the spring, and some of formed by compressive forces were reactivated as the water is diverted to a stock tank on private land to normal faults (figs. 7, 8). satisfy previously established water rights (Bezy 2001). The spring discharges an average of 19 L (5 gal) of water The complex system of high-angle fractures provides per minute, but this flow fluctuates seasonally and conduits for groundwater, which emerges as springs and annually and is dependent on precipitation. seeps along the fault zone. Apache Spring is one of several springs that discharge along the Apache Pass fault zone. Structural Features

Apache Pass Fault Zone Overturned Syncline The Apache Pass fault zone is the most significant Between Apache Pass Road and Fort Bowie, Paleozoic geologic feature in the Fort Bowie area and is and Mesozoic strata have been tilted, upended, and characterized by steeply dipping and contorted rocks. overturned to form a tight “overturned” syncline, a Nearly 60 km (38 mi) of the 1- to- 2-km (0.6- to- 1.2-mi) concave (U-shaped) fold with younger rocks at its core. wide fault zone is oriented northwest–southeast in the Both limbs of the fold tilt to the northeast. The syncline Apache Pass area (see “Overview of Digital Geologic is part of a folded package of sedimentary strata forming Data” graphic; Drewes 1980; Bezy 2001). East of the the hanging wall of a thrust fault dipping to the parking area for the Fort Bowie trailhead, Apache Pass southwest (Drewes 1984). Road crosses the southwestern border fault of the Apache Pass fault zone and enters a thick section of

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Fort Bowie Thrust Fault of this intrusive igneous rock. Although fresh In an undisturbed vertical sequence, younger rocks are granodiorite samples are gray, this rock weathers to the found above older rocks. Thrust faults (fig. 7) transform brownish color visible on surrounding slopes (Drewes such simple stratigraphic relationships into a complex 1984; Bezy 2001). jumble of units. In Fort Bowie National Historic Site, for example, compressive forces from the southwest Paleontological Resources generated the Fort Bowie thrust fault, carrying older Marine invertebrate fossils have been noted in Paleozoic Horquilla Limestone (map unit PNhl) over younger limestones in the Fort Bowie region (Map Unit Colina Limestone (map unit Pc) (Drewes 1984; Bezy Properties Table; Drewes 1984; Tweet et al. 2008). 2001). The Horquilla Limestone forms Overlook Ridge, Within the park, the Horquilla Limestone has produced and these thrust relationships are exposed along the large fusulinids, which helped determine the age of the Overlook Ridge Trail. The Horquilla Limestone in the unit (Drewes 1984; Tweet et al. 2008). South of the park Fort Bowie thrust slice was torn from the main mass of the Horquilla Limestone has yielded a variety of marine Horquilla Limestone about 65- to- 63 million years ago, invertebrates (fusulinids, corals, bryozoans, and during the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene. brachiopods) (Tweet et al. 2008). Echinoid spines and Deformation along the fault plane also folded the gastropods have been discovered in the Colina limestone strata. Limestone (map unit Pc). Although many other units mapped within the park are known to preserve fossils The Fort Bowie thrust fault is one of several thrust slices outside of Fort Bowie National Historic Site, none have within the Apache Pass fault zone. The Colina Limestone been documented within the park (Tweet et al. 2008). beneath the Horquilla Limestone, for example, is part of For example, the Escabrosa (map unit Me), Colina (map another thrust slice that has also been transported from unit Pc), and Concha (map unit Pcn) limestones and the the southwest over siltstone and shale layers of the Earp (map unit Pea), Epitaph (map unit Pe), and Scherrer younger Cintura Formation (map unit Kc). (map unit Ps) formations range in age from Mississippian to Permian (about 345 to 275 million years ago) and Stratigraphic Features preserve a variety of marine invertebrate fossils. The The sedimentary rocks in the Fort Bowie area have been Cretaceous Glance Conglomerate (map unit Kg) may metamorphosed to varying degrees. Carbonate rocks preserve fossiliferous fragments of older rocks now have been recrystallized to create commercial-grade found as cobbles in the conglomerate, although Drewes marble deposits south of Fort Bowie National Historic (1984) noted no particular fossil species. The Cretaceous Site (Drewes 1981). Overlook Ridge exists because the Mural Limestone (map unit Kmu) and Cintura metamorphism of Horquilla Limestone (map unit PNhl) Formation (map unit Kc) also preserve marine made it harder and more resistant to erosion than the invertebrate fossils. Although the Gila Conglomerate is surrounding strata. not mapped within the park, vertebrate fossils have been found in this formation outside of the park. Similarly, Metamorphism of the shale and siltstone of the much younger Quaternary (the past 2.6 million years) Cretaceous Cintura Formation (map unit Kc) has fossils are present in several localities within Cochise produced large crystals (porphyroblasts) of andalusite County, although Drewes (1981, 1984) reported none in and staurolite, as well as flakes of chloritoid, tourmaline, the Fort Bowie area. and graphite. A 1- m- (3.3- ft-) thick pod of graphitic shale is exposed in a fault zone in the gully immediately Santucci and others (2009) have outlined potential southeast of the Visitor Center (Drewes 1984). threats to in situ paleontological resources and suggested that “vital signs” be monitored to qualitatively and Rounded domes of Proterozoic granodiorite (map unit quantitatively assess the potential impacts of these Yg) are present in the western portion of Fort Bowie threats. Paleontological vital signs include: erosion (due National Historic Site (Drewes 1984). This nearly 1.4 to geologic and climatic factors), catastrophic billion-year old granodiorite was formed as magma geohazards, hydrology/bathymetry, and human cooled slowly, allowing the growth of feldspar and access/public use. The authors also present detailed quartz crystals and producing the coarse-grained texture methodologies for monitoring each vital sign.

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Figure 6. Apache Spring. As with most springs in the Basin and Range province, faults control the location of springs at the surface. National Park Service photograph courtesy of Colleen Filippone (NPS Intermountain Region-Southwest Hydrologist).

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Figure 7. Schematic graphics illustrating different fault types present in southern Arizona. As a way of orientation, if you walked down a fault plane, your feet would be on the “footwall,” and the rocks over your head would form the “hanging wall.” In a normal fault the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall. Normal faults result from extension (pulling apart) of the crust. In a reverse fault the hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall. A thrust fault is similar to a reverse fault only the dip angle of a thrust fault is less than 45°. Reverse faults occur when the crust is compressed. In a strike-slip fault, the relative direction of movement of the opposing plate is lateral. If the movement across the fault is to the right, it is a right-lateral (dextral) fault, as illustrated above. If movement is to the left, it is a left- lateral (sinistral) fault. A strike-slip fault between two plate boundaries is called a transform fault. Graphic by Trista Thornberry-Ehrlich (Colorado State University).

Figure 8. Southwest (B) to northeast (B’) geologic cross section through Fort Bowie National Historic Site showing the lithologic units and structural interpretation of Drewes (1984). The green bar indicates the approximate span of the park. Arrows next to fault surfaces indicate the direction of fault movement. Note that the Apache Pass fault zone contains all three primary fault types. Strike-slip movement is noted along the faults as toward (T; coming out of the page) or away (A; going into page) from the reader. Note the location of Butterfield Trail in the granodiorite unit (Yg). Refer to the Map Unit Properties Table for more information regarding the geologic units present on the cross- section. Graphic extracted from Drewes (1984), park extent and location map by Jason Kenworthy (NPS Geologic Resources Division).

12 NPS Geologic Resources Division

Geologic History

This section describes the rocks and unconsolidated deposits that appear on the digital geologic map of Fort Bowie National Historic Site, the environment in which those units were deposited, and the timing of geologic events that formed the present landscape.

The mountains surrounding Fort Bowie National was subsequently reactivated and often intruded by Historic Site record fragments of a complex structural magma. and stratigraphic history that dates back over a billion years. Precambrian tectonic accretion of oceanic terranes Many large granodiorite plutons intruded the ancient onto the fledgling core of North America initiated zones metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, which were folded of faulting that have been reactivated throughout and, in places, deformed to mylonite, a fine-grained rock geologic time. Convergence of tectonic plates during the with distinct lineation produced by extensive ductile Late Cretaceous to Middle-Paleogene caused regional deformation. The Precambrian rocks were then uplifted, folding and thrust faulting in the Chiricahua and Dos planed off to near sea level by erosion, and covered by a Cabezas mountains. Crustal extension during the sequence of Paleozoic marine deposits. Cenozoic produced normal faults (fig. 7), which border the structural basins (grabens) and mountain ranges Paleozoic History (542 to 251 million years ago) (horsts) in today’s Basin and Range province. Although the Paleozoic era represents about 290 million years of Earth’s history, few geologic remnants from this The igneous and sedimentary rocks in Fort Bowie era are exposed in Fort Bowie National Historic Site. National Historic Site represent a variety of marine and Cambrian through Devonian rocks are absent in the terrestrial environments and record episodes of tectonic park, and other Paleozoic units are exposed only in fault deformation and volcanic eruptions that occurred slices within the Apache Pass fault zone. The margin of throughout southeastern Arizona (fig. 9). This tectonic western proto-North America was tectonically passive and depositional history led to the development of from the Late Proterozoic through the Early Ordovician Apache Spring, central to the history of Fort Bowie (fig. 9). From the Cambrian through the Middle National Historic Site. Devonian, a sea lay to the west and south of southeastern Arizona. However, tectonic compression along the Precambrian History (prior to 542 million years ago) western margin of proto-North America began to affect About 1.65 billion years ago, crust in the southwestern southeastern Arizona during the Late Devonian United Sates was added to the growing North American (Johnson et al. 1991). Subduction of the oceanic tectonic craton during the Yavapai and Mazatzal mountain- plate beneath proto-North America gave rise to the building episodes (orogenies) (Hoffman 1989). The 1.65- Antler Orogeny, which sutured the land that is now billion-year-old Pinal Schist (map unit Xp), found in the Nevada to the western margin of proto-North America. Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua mountains beyond the boundaries of the historic site, is the oldest rock exposed Sea level rose along the active tectonic margin. The in southeastern Arizona. The presence of phyllite flooding (transgression) of the sea onto the proto-North (metamorphosed shale and siltstone), metamorphosed American continent during the Early and Middle volcanic rock units, and thin interbedded units of Mississippian is represented by the bioclastic, carbonate- quartzite, sandstone, and metamorphosed arkose platform rocks of the Escabrosa Limestone (map unit suggests that the sediments were deposited in a marine Me) (fig. 11; Armstrong et al. 1980; Poole and Sandberg environment adjacent to accreted terranes to the north 1991). In southern Arizona, lower Escabrosa strata (fig. 10) (Drewes 1984; Hoffman 1989; Bezy 2005). record a major transgressive event during which the epicontinental sea flooded much of southern and central About 1.38 billion years ago, the Pinal Schist was Arizona. By the end of the Early Mississippian, sea level intruded by the younger Rattlesnake Point granodiorite had fallen (regression) and marine regression, regional (map unit Yg) (Drewes 1981). Metamorphosed uplift, and erosion had removed some of the Escabrosa sediments and younger Precambrian granites in the Limestone. A subsequent transgressive episode is mountains of southeastern Arizona resulted from the recorded in Upper Escabrosa strata of Middle collision of the proto-North American tectonic plate Mississippian age. Late Mississippian rocks are absent in with an oceanic plate to the southwest (Hoffman 1989). southern Arizona, as this was a time of regional regression and subsequent subaerial erosion along the The Apache Pass fault zone was initiated during the western margin of proto-North America. Precambrian as a sinistral (left-lateral) strike-slip fault (fig. 7). Rocks were displaced about 10 km (6 mi), and The Pennsylvanian and Permian periods were strike-slip movement affected rocks deep within the characterized by great tectonic instability in the western crust (Drewes 1981, 1984). The Apache Pass fault zone interior United States. On the western margin of the continent, in the vicinity of central Nevada, continental

FOBO Geologic Resources Inventory Report 13 shelf and slope rocks were “telescoped” against the 1983). When sea level subsided and the sea regressed continental margin as the Sonoma Orogeny advanced toward the Gulf of Mexico, the deltaic and fluvial eastward (fig. 9). Southeast of Arizona, the South sandstones and siltstones of the Cintura Formation (map American tectonic plate collided with the North unit Kc) buried the marine environments. American plate and the proto-Gulf of Mexico closed, causing the uplift of the northwest–southeast trending Unnamed Upper Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic Ancestral Rocky Mountains in Colorado, the northeast– rocks (map unit Ksv) record the northeastward southwest trending Sedona Arch in central Arizona, and extension of magma generation and volcanism. A new the Mogollon Rim, an uplifted feature in east-central tectonic setting of northeast–southwest–oriented Arizona. A carbonate shelf developed south of the compression gave rise to the Laramide Orogeny (about Mogollon Rim in southeastern Arizona (fig. 12; Blakey 75 to 35 million years ago) and subsequent uplift and 1980; Peterson 1980). deformation (fig. 9; Drewes 1981; Bilodeau and Lindberg 1983). As the orogeny developed, stratovolcanoes, such The arid and dry Permian climate of the west–central as that associated with the Tucson Mountain Unit at United States produced marine evaporitic conditions. Saguaro National Park, erupted in southeastern Arizona The sediments forming the Pennsylvanian and Permian (Elder and Kirkland 1994; Kring 2002; Bezy 2005). The strata in Fort Bowie National Historic Site were compressive phase of Laramide deformation produced deposited in transitional environments between the open several major thrust and tear faults, and plutons intruded marine carbonate shelf and the subaerial uplands of the into the faulted rocks. The Apache Pass fault zone was Mogollon Rim (fig. 12). Fossils in the limestones provide reactivated during a later phase of this orogeny (Drewes a record of life in these ancient seas. 1981; Pallister et al. 1997).

Mesozoic History (251 to 65.5 million years ago) Cenozoic History (the past 65.5 million years) By the end of the Paleozoic, all of the continents had Granodiorite was intruded along faults in the Apache come together to form a single landmass Pass fault zone during the Oligocene epoch (34 to 23 (supercontinent) called Pangaea around the equator million years ago) to form small stocks, igneous bodies (Dubiel 1994). Southeastern Arizona was again uplifted less than 100 km² (40 mi²) in area (Drewes 1981). Some at the end of the Paleozoic, and a long period of magma reached the surface and formed dikes (narrow emergence eroded any Triassic and Jurassic sediments igneous intrusions that cut across strata), lava flows, and deposited in the Fort Bowie region. Following this ash-flow tuff deposits. However, Fort Bowie lacks any period of emergence, the area was covered by fluvial and record of Paleogene or Neogene geologic history. estuarine deposits of Early Cretaceous age (Drewes 1981). Numerous catastrophic volcanic eruptions during the Paleogene produced volcanic calderas in southern In Fort Bowie National Historic Site, the Glance Arizona and New Mexico (fig. 14). Calderas are bowl- Conglomerate (map unit Kg) rests on Permian strata, shaped depressions that form following an especially forming an unconformity (gap in stratigraphic explosive eruption and summit collapse of a cone- succession). Throughout southeastern Arizona, the shaped stratovolcano. The Turkey Creek caldera, which Glance Conglomerate, the basal formation of the Lower is the source of most volcanic rocks in Chiricahua Cretaceous Bisbee Group, rests unconformably on rocks National Monument, is perhaps the best known of Jurassic through Precambrian age (Bilodeau and Paleogene caldera in this region (Graham 2009). Formed Lindberg 1983). The clasts of limestone, sandstone, about 25 to 30 million years ago, the Turkey Creek dolomite, and quartzite in the Glance Conglomerate caldera is about 20 km (12 mi) in diameter (Drewes 1982; were eroded from Paleozoic units and deposited in Kring 2002). alluvial-fan systems that rimmed local fault-block mountain ranges and basins. The normal faults that About 20 million years ago, during the Miocene epoch, bordered the basins were oriented to the northwest or subduction off the southwestern coast of North America west-northwest, approximately parallel to the western ceased (Pallister et al. 1997) and volcanism waned in margin of the continent (fig. 13). southeastern Arizona. Plate motion shifted to strike-slip faulting, initiating the San Andreas Fault system of Sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone dominate the Morita California. Strike-slip faulting and high heat flow beneath Formation (map unit Km), which is exposed east of the the southwestern United States combined to cause park in the Apache Pass fault zone. These deposits crustal extension. Large crustal blocks were represent fluvial and tidal flat environments that were downdropped along high-angle normal faults to create laterally equivalent to the Glance Conglomerate alluvial grabens, while other blocks were uplifted into mountain fans (Bilodeau and Lindberg 1983). ranges, known as horsts. This type of regional faulting produced today’s basin-and-range topography. The carbonate banks and patch reefs of the shallow marine Mural Limestone (map unit Kmu) represent the Nearly vertical normal faults separate the Chiricahua and transgression of marine waters northwestward from the Dos Cabezas mountains from the San Simon Valley to Chihuahua trough, a marine basin extending northwest the east and the Sulphur Springs Valley and Wilcox Playa from the Gulf of Mexico (fig. 13; Bilodeau and Lindberg to the west (Pallister et al. 1997; Bezy 2001). The normal

14 NPS Geologic Resources Division fault-bounded ranges in southeastern Arizona are field along the southeastern flank of the Chiricahua generally oriented north-northwest–north and contain Mountains. grabens that are longer than the individual bordering Erosion during the Quaternary filled the basins with mountain ranges (Morrison 1991). During this extension thick sequences of gravel and sand eroded from the process, small amounts of basalt magma leaked from the adjacent mountain ranges. Mass wasting and erosion by underlying mantle to form the San Bernadino volcanic water of the shattered fault blocks in Apache Pass exposed the rocks in the Fort Bowie area.

Figure 9. Geologic timescale. Included are major life history and tectonic events occurring on the North American continent. Red lines indicate major unconformities between eras. Radiometric ages shown are in millions of years (Ma). Compass directions in parentheses indicate the regional location of individual geologic events. Graphic by Trista Thornberry-Ehrlich (Colorado State University) with information from the U.S. Geological Survey, (http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3015/) and the International Commission on Stratigraphy. (http://www.stratigraphy.org/view.php?id=25).

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Figure 10. Proterozoic paleogeographic map of the southwestern United States. Approximately 1,700 million years ago (Ma), the Mojave, Yavapai, and Mazatzal provinces collided with the Archean crust. The dark-gray lines mark potential divisions between provinces. The dashed gray line marks the speculative suture zone between the Wyoming province and the Mojave province. Red star indicates the approximate location of Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Brown color is land surface. White indicates ice or snow on mountain peaks. Relative depths of marine water are divided into shallow (light blue) and deep (dark blue). Base paleogeographic map by Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Inc., available online: http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/pcpaleo.html, accessed March 5, 2011.

Figure 11. Early Mississippian paleogeographic map of the southwestern United States. Approximately 340 million years ago, shallow marine environments covered southeastern Arizona. Mountains formed in Nevada during the Antler Orogeny as proto-North America collided with the oceanic plate to the west. Black solid and dashed lines represent possible subduction zones between the proto-North American plate and the oceanic plate. The red star indicates the approximate location of Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Brown color is land surface. Relative depths of marine water are divided into shallow (light blue) and deep (dark blue). Base paleogeographic map by Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Inc., available online: http://cpgeosystems.com/garm340.jpg, accessed July 20, 2011. Annotation by the author.

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Figure 12. Middle Permian (275 million years ago) paleogeographic map of North America. Remnants of the northwest-southeast trending Ancestral Rocky Mountains (dark brown) can still be seen in Colorado. The yellowish-brown color in northeastern and central Arizona represents sand deposited in an arid dune environment. Proto-South America and proto-Africa collided with proto-North America, closing basins in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. The dark line bordering the western shoreline marks the location of the subduction zone off the western margin of the land mass that will soon become the supercontinent, Pangaea. The red star represents the approximate location of today’s Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Brown color is land surface. Relative depths of marine water are divided into shallow (light blue) and deep (dark blue). Base paleogeographic map by Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Inc., available online: http://cpgeosystems.com/namP275.jpg, accessed July 20, 2011. Annotation by the author.

Figure 13. Early Cretaceous paleogeographic map of the southwestern United States. About 130 million years ago, a shallow marine environment (Chihuahua trough) encroached into southeastern Arizona and an epicontinental seaway encroached into the Western Interior from the north. A belt of thrust-faulted mountain ranges formed in Nevada and western Utah as the North American plate collided with the Farallon plate. Thick marine and continental deposition occurred in strike-slip, pull-apart basins in southern Arizona and California. Volcanoes erupted along the western margin in a setting similar to today’s Andes Mountains along the western coast of South America. The Sierra Nevada batholith formed beneath these active volcanoes. Red star approximates the location of Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Brown color is land surface. Relative depths of marine water are divided into shallow (light blue) and deep (dark blue). Base paleogeographic map by Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Inc., available online: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/ crepaleo.html, accessed July 21, 2011.

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Figure 14. Oligocene paleogeographic map of the southwestern United States. About 30- to 35 million years ago, volcanism was widespread across much of the Western Interior of North America. The first stages of the Rio Grande Rift in New Mexico and southern Colorado developed as parts of western North America shifted from compressional to extensional tectonics. The East Pacific Rise (orange line), a Pacific spreading center, neared the coast of southwestern North America. Its impending collision would cause subduction to cease, initiating strike-slip faulting and creating the San Andreas Fault system. The arrows in the lower left corner show the direction of movement along the Mendocino transform fault (green line), which separated the Pacific Plate (south of the fault) from the Farallon Plate (north of the fault). The thick, black line represents the boundary between the North American and Farallon plates. The red star is the approximate location of today’s Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Base paleogeographic map by Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Inc., available online: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/terpaleo.html, accessed July 21, 2011. Tectonic boundary annotations by the author.

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Geologic Map Data

This section summarizes the geologic map data available for Fort Bowie National Historic Site. It includes a fold-out geologic map overview and a summary table that lists each map unit displayed on the digital geologic map for the park. Complete GIS data are included on the accompanying CD and are also available at the Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) publications website: http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ gre_publications.cfm.

Geologic Maps Geologic GIS Data Geologic maps facilitate an understanding of an area’s The GRI team implements a GIS data model that geologic framework and the evolution of its present standardizes map deliverables. The data model is landscape. Using designated colors and symbols, included on the enclosed CD and is also available online geologic maps portray the spatial distribution and (http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/inventory/geology relationships of rocks and unconsolidated deposits. /GeologyGISDataModel.cfm). This data model dictates Geologic maps also may show geomorphic features, GIS data structure including layer architecture, feature structural interpretations, and locations of past geologic attribution, and relationships within ESRI ArcGIS hazards that may be prone to future activity. software. The GRI team digitized the data for Fort Bowie Additionally, anthropogenic features such as mines and National Historic Site using data model version 2.1. quarries may be indicated on geologic maps. GRI digital geologic data for Fort Bowie National Source Maps Historic Site are included on the attached CD and are The Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) team converts available through the NPS Integrated Resource digital and/or paper source maps into the GIS formats Management Applications (IRMA) that conform to the GRI GIS data model. The GRI digital (https://irma.nps.gov/App/Reference/Search? geologic map product also includes essential elements of SearchType=Q). Enter “GRI” as the search text and the source maps including unit descriptions, map legend, select the park from the unit list. Note that as of map notes, references, and figures. The GRI team used September 2011, IRMA is only compatible with the the following source maps to create the digital geologic Internet Explorer browser. Enter “GRI” as the search data for Fort Bowie National Historic Site: text and select Buck Island Reef National Monument from the unit list. The following components and Drewes, H. 1981. Geologic Map and Sections of Bowie geology data layers are part of the data set: Mountain South Quadrangle, Cochise County, Arizona. Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I- • Data in ESRI geodatabase and shapefile GIS formats 1363. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous • Layer files with feature symbology Investigations Series Map I-1363 (scale 1:24,000). • Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)– Drewes, H. 1984. Geologic Map and Sections of Bowie compliant metadata Mountain North Quadrangle, Cochise County, • A document (fobo_geology.pdf) that contains all of the Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous ancillary map information and graphics, including Investigations Series Map I-1492 (scale 1:24,000). geologic unit correlation tables and map unit descriptions, legends, and other information captured These source maps provided information for the from source maps. “Geologic Issues,” “Geologic Features and Processes,” and “Geologic History” sections of this report. • An ESRI map document file (.mxd) that displays the digital geologic data

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Table 2. Geology data layers in the Fort Bowie National Historic Site GIS data.

Data Layer Code On Geologic Map Overview? Geologic Cross Section Lines fobosec Yes Geologic Attitude Observation Localities foboatd No Geologic Observation Localities fobogol No Geologic Sample Localities fobogsl No Mine Point Features fobomin No Linear Geologic Units fobogln Yes Linear Dikes fobodke Yes Map Symbology fobosym Yes Folds fobofld Yes Faults foboflt Yes Surficial Contacts fobosura Yes Surficial Units fobosur Yes Geologic Contacts foboglga Yes Geologic Units foboglg Yes

Note: All data layers may not be visible on the geologic map overview graphic.

Geologic Map Overview Use Constraints The fold-out geologic map overview displays the GRI Graphic and written information provided in this section digital geologic data draped over a shaded relief image of is not a substitute for site-specific investigations, and Fort Bowie National Historic Site and includes basic ground-disturbing activities should neither be permitted geographic information. For graphic clarity and legibility, nor denied based upon the information provided here. not all GIS feature classes are visible on the overview. Minor inaccuracies may exist regarding the location of The digital elevation data and geographic information geologic features relative to other geologic or geographic are not included with the GRI digital geologic GIS data features on the overview graphic. Based on the source for the park, but are available online from a variety of map scale (1:24,000) and U.S. National Map Accuracy sources. Standards, geologic features represented here are within 12 meters / 40 feet (horizontally) of their true location. Map Unit Properties Table The geologic units listed in the fold-out map unit Please contact GRI with any questions. properties table correspond to the accompanying digital geologic data. In addition to geologic descriptions of each unit, the table highlights resource management considerations for each unit. The units, their relationships, and the series of events the created them are highlighted in the “Geologic History” section. Please refer to the geologic timescale (fig. 20) for the geologic period and age associated with each unit.

20 NPS Geologic Resources Division Fort Bowie National Historic Site National Park Service Arizona U.S. Department of the Interior Overview of Digital Geologic Data for Fort Bowie NHS Full Extent of Digital Data, Area of Detail in Red NPS Boundary Geologic Units UTM NAD83 Zone 12N Tc - Conglomerate Roads Tct - Conglomerate, tuffaceous sandstone member Trus - Rhyolite Canyon Formation, upper rhyolite ash-flow tuff Trails Tr - Rhyolite and latite porphyry Linear Geologic Units Tff - Faraway Ranch Formation, rhyodacite lava flow Ksvs - Sedimentary and volcanic rocks, marker bed of sandstone, known or certain Tfi - Faraway Ranch Formation, intrusive rhyodacite Kcs - Cintura Formation, marker bed, sandstone unit, known or certain Tft - Faraway Ranch Formation, tuffaceous rock @@ Kcs - Cintura Formation, marker bed, sandstone unit, queried Tsf - Formation of Silver Spur Ranch, andesitic lava flows Kmuc - Mural Limestone, marker bed, conglomerate unit, known or certain Tsv - Formation of Silver Spur Ranch, sedimentary and volcanic rocks Fort Bowie National Historic Site Mew - Escabrosa Limestone, marker horizon, white to light gray beds, known or certain Tsi - Formation of Silver Spur Ranch, intrusive breccia Meg - Escabrosa Limestone, marker horizon, gray beds, known or certain Trd - Rhyodacite Ccs - Coronado Sandstone, marker bed, sandstone unit, known or certain Tga - Aplite Linear Dikes Tg - Granodiorite and quartz monzonite Tr - Rhyolite and latite porphyry, known or certain TKa - Andesite Tr - Rhyolite and latite porphyry, concealed Ksv - Sedimentary and volcanic rocks @@ Tr - Rhyolite and latite porphyry, inferred and queried Ksvr - Sedimentary and volcanic rocks, rhyolite ash-flow tuff q - Quartz, known or certain Kbu - Bisbee Group, upper part, undivided shale, siltstone, and sandstone Folds Kc - Cintura Formation P overturned syncline, known or certain Kmu - Mural Limestone Faults Km - Morita Formation (( ( thrust fault, known or certain Kg - Glance Conglomerate (( thrust fault, concealed Pcn - Concha Limestone

(( @ thrust fault, inferred and queried Ps - Scherrer Formation

186 reverse fault, known or certain Pc - Colina Limestone R (( thrust left-lateral strike-slip fault, known or certain Pe - Epitaph Formation

R F normal fault, known or certain Pea - Earp Formation F normal fault, concealed PPNh - Horquilla Limestone, undivided F@@ normal fault, queried PNhu - Horquilla Limestone, upper member PNhl - Horquilla Limestone, lower member Surficial Contacts COLORADO known or certain Mp - Paradise Formation NEVADA UTAH Surficial Units Me - Escabrosa Limestone Qg - Gravel, sand and silt Dp - Portal Formation of Sabins, 1957b

15 Qgt - Gravel, sand and silt Oe - El Pase Limestone ARIZONA NEW MEXICO QTg - Gravel and sand Cc - Coronado Sandstone CALIFORNIA Albuquerque Flagstaff Geologic Contacts Ccq - Coronado Sandstone, quartzite member This figure is an overview of compiled digital geologic data. It is not a substitute for site-specific investigations. 40 known or certain Yg - Granodiorite Minor inaccuracies may exist regarding the location of geologic features relative to other geologic or geographic features on the figure. Based on the source map scale (1:24,000) and U.S. National Map Accuracy Standards, 19 concealed Yga - Aplite geologic features represented here are within 12 meters /40 feet (horizontally) of their true location. 25 @@ 10 Phoenix queried Ygg - Gneissic quartz monzonite This figure was prepared as part of the NPS Geologic Resources Division’s Geologic Resources Inventory. The source maps used in creation of the digital geologic data product were: FORT BOWIE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE concealed and queried Xa - Amphibolite 8 Drewes, H. 1981. Geologic Map and Sections of Bowie Mountain South Quadrangle, Cochise County, Arizona @@ inferred and queried Xp - Pinal Schist (scale 1:24,000), Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map. I-1363. U.S. Geological Survey. Tucson 10 Xpq - Pinal Schist, quartzite member Drewes, H. 1984. Geologic Map and Sections of Bowie Mountain North Quadrangle, Cochise County, Arizona (scale 1:24,000), Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map. I-1492. U.S. Geological Survey. Xpp - Phyllite Digital geologic data and cross sections for Fort Bowie National Historic Site and all other digital geologic data Xpv - Metavolcanic rock prepared as part of the Geologic Resources Inventory, are available online at the NPS Integrated Resource Management Application: https://irma.nps.gov/App/Portal. (Enter “GRI” as the search text and select Fort Bowie MEXICO q - Quartz (Tertiary? to Precambrian?) National Historic Site from the unit list.)

Produced by the Geologic Resources Inventory August 2011

Map Unit Properties Table: Fort Bowie National Historic Site

This table highlights resource management properties of geologic map units mapped within (indicated by an *) and near Fort Bowie NHS. Geologic unit descriptions for all units included in the GIS data are available in the attached CD in “fobo_geology.pdf.”

Unit Name Topographic Erosion Suitability for Paleontological Mineral Geologic Age Features and Description Hazards (Symbol) Expression Resistance Infrastructure Resources Occurrence Significance

Erosion; flash Potential for Gravel, Sand, Silt Along drainages Limited Unconsolidated alluvial deposits along drainages and on low terrace. Low. flooding; debris None documented. Sand and gravel. erosion due to (Qg)* and on low terrace. exposure. flows. debris flows. Holocene

Mapped Slope aprons; beneath fort Gravel, Sand, Silt Unconsolidated alluvial deposits on intermediate terraces, fans, and alluvial aprons; includes extensive deposits of Low in areas void Relatively flat Headward surface of Apache None documented. Sand and gravel. ruins and

QUATERNARY (Qgt)* talus in mountains and sheet-wash deposits in intermontane valleys. of vegetation. alluvial aprons. erosion. Pass. historic cemetery. Pleistocene

Gravel and Sand Alluvial deposits on high terraces, on pediments, and as basin fill. Mapped in Wood Canyon, west of Fort Bowie Not mapped within Fort Bowie National Historic Site. (QTg) National Historic Site. Pliocene

Very light gray to light-brownish-gray tuffaceous conglomerate and gritty sandstone. Weakly indurated, mostly poorly sorted. Abundant clasts derived from the Rhyolite Canyon Formation (Trus). Exposed south of the park near Conglomerate Sand Wash, southeastern border of the GIS map. (Tc, Tcs, Tct) Tcs: Sandstone marker bed (easily recognizable stratigraphic layer).

Tct: Nearly white, tuffaceous sandstone member. Poorly indurated beds. Not mapped within Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Light-brownish-gray to grayish-red, rhyolite ash-flow tuff. Cliff-forming unit. Firmly welded and columnar jointed

Upper rhyolite ash-flow tuff of to southeast and less welded to northwest. Phenocrysts content 25-30%; mainly quartz and sanidine with some Rhyolite Canyon Formation plagioclase, magnetite, apatite, and zircon. Groundmass is vitric (glassy) to cryptocrystalline and rich in shards. Related to NEOGENE (Trus) Commonly 20-100 m (66-330 ft) thick. Exposed south of the park near Sand Wash, southeastern border of the GIS Neogene map. (Tertiary) Miocene volcanic and Andesite Dikes of aphanitic (fine-grained) or porphyritic (larger crystals set in a fine-grained groundmass) andesite or other plutonic activity. (Ta) rock of intermediate composition. Exposed in the Ninemile stock, northwest of Fort Bowie National Historic Site.

Dikes of aphanitic (fine-grained) or porphyritic (larger crystals set in a fine-grained groundmass) rhyolite that may Narrow, tabular igneous rock units. Not mapped within Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Rhyolite and latite porphyry include some aplite and older rock. Typically pale-yellowish-brown to very light-gray, containing 1-5% small (Tr) phenocrysts (larger crystals) of quartz, sanidine, oligoclase, and locally biotite. Limited areal extent; exposed near Bear Spring, southeast of the park, in the Apache Pass fault zone.

Tuffaceous rock of Faraway Air-fall tuff, tuff breccia, tuffaceous sandstone, and conglomerate. Clasts mainly derived from underlying andesite. Ranch Formation Minor exposure mapped near Buckhorn Basin in the southeastern corner of the GIS map, south of the park. (Tft)

Tsf: Andesitic lava flows. Medium-gray, porphyritic with 15-35% phenocrysts typically of plagioclase, amphibole, Related to pyroxene, and minor amounts of magnetite, apatite, and zircon. Mostly slightly propylitized (altered by low pressure Paleogene

and temperature). About 20-30 m (66-100 ft) thick. Silver Spur Ranch Formation (Tertiary) Tsv: Sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Principally conglomerate and sandstone that contain clasts derived mainly (Tsf, Tsv) volcanic and from andesitic volcanic rocks. Also includes agglomerate (chaotic assemblage of coarse angular clasts), flow breccia, plutonic activity. and thin local deposits of air-fall tuff. Probably less than 50 m (160 ft) thick. Not mapped within Fort Bowie National Historic Site.

Oligocene Both units exposed in the southeastern corner of the GIS map, south of the park. PALEOGENE Aplite Pale-yellowish-gray, fine-grained, sugary-textured, closely fractured quartzofeldspathic rock. Minor exposure of (Tga) limited areal extent in the southeastern corner of the GIS map, south of the park.

Age of 29.0 ± 1.7 Granodiorite and Quartz Light-pinkish-gray, moderately coarse-grained rock containing (in percent): quartz, 24-29; plagioclase, 38-51; million years old Monzonite orthoclase, 17-30; biotite, 4-9; magnetite, 0.5-0.9; and trace amounts of apatite, zircon, and in some rocks allanite. from analysis of (Tg) Forms the Ninemile stock in the Dos Cabezas Mountains, northwest of Fort Bowie National Historic Site. potassium and argon isotopes.

FOBO Geologic Resources Inventory Report 23 This table highlights resource management properties of geologic map units mapped within (indicated by an *) and near Fort Bowie NHS. Geologic unit descriptions for all units included in the GIS data are available in the attached CD in “fobo_geology.pdf.”

Unit Name Topographic Erosion Suitability for Paleontological Mineral Geologic Age Features and Description Hazards (Symbol) Expression Resistance Infrastructure Resources Occurrence Significance

Oligocene

Stocks and dikes of medium-gray to greenish-gray aphanitic to porphyritic andesite containing phenocrysts of Andesite Early Paleogene plagioclase, amphiblie, pyroxene, and some magnetite and apatite. Exposed in the southeastern corner of the GIS Not mapped within Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Eocene (TKa) igneous activity. map, south of the park. PALEOGENE

Paleocene

Ksv*: Medium-gray to greenish-gray conglomerate, sandstone, and siltstone; subangular clasts and volcanic detritus. Interlayered with dacitic lava flows and breccia. Moderately metamorphosed. Exposed within the Apache Pass fault zone. May be as much as 3,000 m (10,000 ft) thick in the southern part of the GIS map, south of the park. Limited exposure Locally, large Sedimentary and volcanic Ksvs: Marker bed of light-brownish-gray, strongly indurated sandstone. Fault block in in northern part of Relatively high Limited crystals

Upper rocks Ksvbc: Conglomerate marker bed. Marks the top of the basal conglomerate. Contains clasts of sandstone derived Rockfall? None documented. Apache Pass park; some steep (metamorphosed). exposure. (porphyroblasts) of (Ksv*, Ksvs, Ksvbc, Ksvr) from the Bisbee Group (Kbu). fault system. slopes. andalusite. Ksvr: Rhyolite ash-flow tuff. Strongly altered, grayish-green welded tuff containing less than 1% phenocrysts of plagioclase, quartz, and magnetite. Groundmass is cryptocrystalline granular with relict shard texture. Contains many secondary minerals, such as clay minerals, sericite, calcite, and epidote.

Upper part, undivided, Kbu: Shale, siltstone, sandstone, and scattered thin beds of conglomerate. of the Bisbee Group Kbup: Pelecypod-bearing limestone marker bed. Possibly correlative with the Mural Limestone (Kmu). Not mapped within Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Mapped south of the park on the GIS map. (Kbu, Kbup, Kbus) Kbus: Sandstone marker bed. Typically a few meters thick. Forms bold outcrops.

Kc*: Dark-gray to reddish-gray or pale-yellowish-gray siltstone and shale, and interbedded light-brownish-gray Unimproved sandstone; marker beds of sandstone are pale-yellowish brown, crossbedded, and locally quartzitic; where most Variable; quartzitic Andalusite, biotite, In footwall of Northwest- roads in low Cintura Formation strongly metamorphosed, around Apache Pass, rock contains mineral specimens including large andalusite sandstone is more chloritoid thrust fault. southeast-trending areas along ridge; Unknown. None documented. (Kc*, Kcs) porphyroblasts, biotite pseudomorphs after staurolite, chloritoid, some tourmaline, and graphite. Exposed within resistant than tourmaline, Older rocks in ridge. limited the Apache Pass fault zone. siltstone and shale. graphite. hanging wall. exposures. Kcs: Pale-yellowish-brown sandstone marker bed. Crossbedded and locally quartzitic. CRETACEOUS CRETACEOUS

Kmu*: Clastic rocks like those in adjacent formations, interbedded with light-gray, thin-bedded, locally fossiliferous Records a limestone beds. Mural Limestone marine Kmus: Pale-yellowish-brown sandstone marker bed. Strongly indurated, locally crossbedded. Extremely limited Insignificant Thick-shelled (Kmu*, Kmus, Kmuc, High. None. None documented. transgression Kmuc: Conglomerate marker bed. Gray, pebble conglomerate containing limestone clasts derived from Paleozoic exposure. areal extent. pelecypods.

Lower Kmup) from the formations. southeast.

Bisbee Group Bisbee Kmup: Pelecypod-bearing rock. Thick-shelled pelecypods typical of the Mural Limestone.

Km: Dark-gray to pale-brownish-gray siltstone, shale, and some interbedded sandstone and conglomerate. Exposed Fluvial and tidal Morita Formation east of the park in the Apache Pass fault zone. Not mapped within Fort Bowie National Historic Site. flat (Km, Kms, Kmc) Kms: Pale-yellowish-brown sandstone marker bed. Crossbedded, strongly indurated, with local graded bedding. environments. Kmc: Conglomerate marker bed. Gray pebble conglomerate containing abundant limestone clasts.

Gray pebble and cobble conglomerate and some interbedded sandstone and siltstone. Basal unit of the Bisbee Limited exposures Clasts may contain Group; locally is time transgressive and interfingers with the overlying Morita Formation and Mural Limestone. Glance Conglomerate near ridge top , High except near Insignificant Paleozoic Alluvial-fan Clasts of limestone, dolomite, sandstone, and quartzite detritus originated from underlying Paleozoic formations. None. None documented. (Kg)* northern part of fault gouge. areal extent. invertebrate fossil environment. Exposed within the hanging wall of a thrust fault. At least 300 m (1,000 ft) thick in the southern part of the map, park. fragments. south of the park.

JURASSIC Rocks of this age are absent in the Fort Bowie National Historic Site area. TRIASSIC

FOBO Geologic Resources Inventory Report 24 This table highlights resource management properties of geologic map units mapped within (indicated by an *) and near Fort Bowie NHS. Geologic unit descriptions for all units included in the GIS data are available in the attached CD in “fobo_geology.pdf.”

Unit Name Topographic Erosion Suitability for Paleontological Mineral Geologic Age Features and Description Hazards (Symbol) Expression Resistance Infrastructure Resources Occurrence Significance

Rocks of this age are absent in the Fort Bowie National Historic Site area. Upper Middle and and Middle

Concha Limestone Large dictyoclostid Medium-gray, moderately thickbedded, fine-to medium-grained cherty limestone. (Pcn)* Limited brachiopods. exposure. Scherrer Formation Light-gray to pinkish-gray, fine-grained sandstone and quartzite. None documented. (Ps)*

Rockfall Limited exposure Echinoid spines Colina Limestone High except near potential where Light-gray to pinkish-gray, fine-grained sandstone and quartzite. in Apache Pass fault and euomphalid (Pc)* fault gouge. beds are zone. gastropods. Insignificant overturned. PERMIAN areal extent. Mapped in fault Epitaph Formation Dark- to light-gray dolomite and dolomitic limestone, thin- to moderately thick-bedded, mostly fine-grained and Limited slices within the (Pe) cherty. exposure. Apache Pass fault zone. Earp Formation Rockfall where Light-colored, thin-bedded, and weakly indurated marlstone, shale, and some limestone. None documented. Record episodes (Pea)* overturned? None documented. Cisuralian (Lower) of marine transgression Horquilla Limestone, In fault blocks of Limited and regression Undivided Metamorphosed limestone in outcrops within fault blocks of limited areal extent. High. limited areal extent. exposure. into the area. (PPNh)

Light-gray, fine- to medium-grained, cherty, fossiliferous limestone and interbedded pale-reddish-gray shale and Rockfall, Horquilla Limestone Variable. Cherty Low; overturned Corals, bryozoan, siltstone, mostly moderately recrystallized. Limestone units are typically 1-3 m (3-10 ft) thick. Siltstone units are Forms Overlook especially (Upper Member) limestone more and steeply brachiopods, and mainly less than 1 m (3 ft) thick. Ridge. where steeply (Phu*, Phuf) resistant than shale. dipping strata. fusulinids. Phuf: Key fossil-bearing formation with large fusulinids, probably of Permian age. dipping.

Rockfall, Horquilla Limestone Light-gray, fine- to medium-grained, medium-bedded, cherty fossiliferous limestone, mostly moderately Low; overturned Corals, Forms Overlook especially (Lower Member) recrystallized. Sparse reddish-gray siltstone. Chert forms light-gray to pinkish-gray small nodules and thin lentils. High. and steeply brachiopods, and

Ridge. where steeply

Upper (PNhl*, PNhlc) PNhlc: Key fossil horizon or site. Chaetetes milliporaceous coral bed. dipping strata. fusulinids. dipping.

Rocks of this age are absent in the Fort Bowie National Historic Site area. PENNSYLVANIAN Lower and Middle and Lower

Deposited Paradise Formation Light-brownish-gray, thin-bedded, fine-grained limestone and gray to pale-yellowish-brown shale. Exposed in a Not mapped within Fort Bowie National Historic Site. during a marine (Mp) very thin layer within the Apache Pass fault zone southeast of the park.

Upper regression.

Me*: Very light-gray to medium-gray, coarse-grained, medium-bedded to massive, coarsely cherty, crinoidal

Records a recrystallized limestone; mostly covered by Qg in the park. May also be Upper Mississippian. About 190 m (620 ft) Escabrosa Limestone Typically forms Insignificant marine thick. High. None. Crinoids. None documented. MISSISSIPPIAN (Me*, Mew, Meg) cliffs. areal extent. transgression

Lower Mew: Marker horizon. Base of white to very light-gray beds at one or several horizons. into the area. Meg: Marker horizon. Base of medium-gray beds at one or several horizons.

Brownish-gray, thin-bedded, fine-grained limestone and interbedded olive-gray shale; typically forms gentle slopes Deposited Portal Formation beneath Escabrosa Limestone. Exposed within the Apache Pass fault zone but not within Fort Bowie National Not mapped within Fort Bowie National Historic Site. during a marine (Dp)

Upper Historic Site. About 120 m (390 ft) thick. transgression. DEVONIAN

FOBO Geologic Resources Inventory Report 25 This table highlights resource management properties of geologic map units mapped within (indicated by an *) and near Fort Bowie NHS. Geologic unit descriptions for all units included in the GIS data are available in the attached CD in “fobo_geology.pdf.”

Unit Name Topographic Erosion Suitability for Paleontological Mineral Geologic Age Features and Description Hazards (Symbol) Expression Resistance Infrastructure Resources Occurrence Significance

Lower DEVONIAN

SILURIAN Rocks of this age are absent in the Fort Bowie National Historic Site area.

Upper Middle and and Middle

Deposited in Light-brownish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, thin- to medium- bedded, slightly cherty and sparsely fossiliferous

ORDOVICIAN El Paso Formation subtidal and dolomitic limestone and dolomite. Exposed within the Apache Pass fault zone but not within Fort Bowie National Not mapped within Fort Bowie National Historic Site. (Oe) intertidal

Lower Historic Site. environments.

Cc: Light-gray to brownish-gray sandstone and interbedded siltstone and shale in the upper part. Includes calcareous and arkosic (feldspar-rich) beds. Some medium- to thick-beds are crossbedded and graded. Conglomerate, typically at or near base, contains clasts of subrounded pebbles and cobbles of quartzose rock. West Deposited on the

of Bowie Mountain a basal conglomerate forms a cobble and boulder wedge at least 5 m (16 ft) thick; elsewhere cratonic platform Coronado Sandstone pebble and cobble conglomerate occurs in units as much as 1 m (3.3 ft) thick at and above the base. Exposed within

Not mapped within Fort Bowie National Historic Site. in fluvial, beach, (Cc, Ccs, Ccq) the Apache Pass fault zone. About 100-200 m (330-660 ft) thick..

Upper and nearshore Ccs: Sandstone marker bed. Thick-bedded, indurated unit. environments. Ccq: Brownish-gray to light- and purplish-gray, coarse-grained, thick-bedded arkosic or quartzitic sandstone, quartzite, and some conglomerate in the lower part. Clasts in the conglomerate are mainly subrounded pebble and

CAMBRIAN cobbles of quartzite. Forms cliffs at the base of the formation. Thickness unknown.

Middle Lower and and Lower

Rocks of this age are absent in the Fort Bowie National Historic Site area.

Era

Neoproterzoic Neoproterzoic

Apache Springs Yg*: Granodiorite. Includes quartz monzonite, granodiorite porphyry, and small bodies of aplite and lamprophyre discharges in Yg. dikes; some granodiorite west of Apache Pass is identified as a rapakivi type (large crystals of potassium feldspar One of the oldest surrounded by a rim of sodic plagioclase and set in a fine-grained matrix). Typically, light-gray, coarse-grained, Large crystals are units in Arizona Dominant rock weathers to grus. Comprised primarily of plagioclase, microcline, quartz, and biotite with minor amounts of Stable basement commonly (1,375±30 Proterozoic Y type in western part PROTEROZOIC EON magnetite, apatite, sphene, a trace of zircon, and, in some rocks, a trace of allanite. Mapped by Drewes (1984) as High. rock with few None. None. porphyroblasts of million years (Yg*, Yga*, Ygg) of park, west of Rattlesnake Point Granodiorite. faults. microcline old). Age based Apache Pass Fault. Yga*: Aplite. Large masses of light-colored, fine-grained rock containing mainly feldspars and quartz. feldspar. on analysis of Ygg: Gneissic quartz monzonite. Includes some granite and small bodies of aplite. Light-brownish-gray, medium- rubidium and

Mesoproterozoic Era Mesoproterozoic grained, slightly porphyritic rock containing flow-aligned crystals. strontium isotopes.

FOBO Geologic Resources Inventory Report 26 This table highlights resource management properties of geologic map units mapped within (indicated by an *) and near Fort Bowie NHS. Geologic unit descriptions for all units included in the GIS data are available in the attached CD in “fobo_geology.pdf.”

Unit Name Topographic Erosion Suitability for Paleontological Mineral Geologic Age Features and Description Hazards (Symbol) Expression Resistance Infrastructure Resources Occurrence Significance

Xa: Amphibolite. Dark-greenish-gray to dark-gray, amphibole-rich rock. Probably includes some altered lava flows and altered intrusive rocks, and large areas of amphibolites may include some small masses of other rocks.

Xp: Pinal Schist. Schist, phyllite, and some metaquartzite, metavolcanics, and granitic gneiss. Mostly medium brownish-gray. Forms gentle slopes and low hills. Thickness unknown. Pinal Schist is the Xpq: Quartzite member of Pinal Schist. Light-gray to very pale yellowish-gray, thick-bedded to massive oldest unit in Proterozoic X metaquartzite. Includes quartzitic sandstone, and conglomeratic quartzite. Locally has crossbedding and graded southeastern (Xa, Xp, Xpq, Xpqw, Xpqg, bedding. Forms bold outcrops. Not mapped within Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Brackets the Apache Pass fault zone in the Chiricahua Mountains. Arizona (1,650 Xpp, Xpv) Xpqw: Marker horizon. Base of white to very light gray quartzite beds. million years Xpqg: Marker horizon. Base of medium-gray quartzite beds interbedded with thin phyllitic quartzite beds. old). Xpp: Phyllite. Medium-gray to light-brownish-gray politic rick, mostly finely micaceous, but locally schistose. PROTEROZOIC EON Paleoproterozoic Era Paleoproterozoic Locally includes some arkosic rock and small bodies of quartzite, meta-igneous rock, and amphibolites. Xpv: Metavolcanic rock. Medium-gray, slightly porphyritic foliated rock. Includes some metasedimentary rock and may include some intrusive rock.

Quartz Veins and pods in Insignificant Local Quartz in veins and pods, locally mineralized. A wide range of ages are encompassed by the quartz veins and pods. High. None. None. None. (q)* limited exposures. exposure. mineralization. CAMBRIAN NEOGENE to to NEOGENE PRE

Map references: Drewes, H. 1984. Geologic map and sections of the Bowie Mountain North quadrangle, Cochise County, Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1492 (scale 1:24,000). Drewes, H. 1981. Geologic map and sections of the Bowie Mountain South quadrangle, Cochise County, Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1363 (scale 1:24,000).

FOBO Geologic Resources Inventory Report 27

Glossary

This glossary contains brief definitions of technical geologic terms used in this report. Not all geologic terms used are referenced. For more detailed definitions or to find terms not listed here please visit: http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/misc/glossarya.html. Definitions are based on those in the American Geological Institute Glossary of Geology (fifth edition; 2005). absolute age. The geologic age of a fossil, rock, feature, asthenosphere. Earth’s relatively weak layer or shell or event in years; commonly refers to radiometrically below the rigid lithosphere. determined ages. augen. Describes large lenticular mineral grains or abyssal plain. A flat region of the deep ocean floor, mineral usually at the base of the continental rise. barchan dune. A crescent-shaped dune with arms or accretion. The gradual addition of new land to old by the horns of the crescent pointing downwind. The deposition of sediment or emplacement of landmasses crescent or barchan type is most characteristic of onto the edge of a continent at a convergent margin. inland desert regions. active margin. A tectonically active margin where basalt. A dark-colored, often low-viscosity, extrusive lithospheric plates come together (convergent igneous rock. boundary), pull apart (divergent boundary) or slide basement. The undifferentiated rocks, commonly past one another (transform boundary). Typically igneous and metamorphic, that underlie rocks associated with earthquakes and, in the case of exposed at the surface. convergent and divergent boundaries, volcanism. basin (structural). A doubly plunging syncline in which Compare to “passive margin.” rocks dip inward from all sides. alluvial fan. A fan-shaped deposit of sediment that basin (sedimentary). Any depression, from continental to accumulates where a hydraulically confined stream local scales, into which sediments are deposited. flows to a hydraulically unconfined area. Commonly bed. The smallest sedimentary strata unit, commonly out of a mountainous area into an area such as a valley ranging in thickness from one centimeter to a meter or or plain. two and distinguishable from beds above and below. alluvium. Stream-deposited sediment. bedding. Depositional layering or stratification of amphibole. A common group of rock-forming silicate sediments. minerals. Hornblende is the most abundant type. bedrock. A general term for the rock that underlies soil aphyric. Describes the texture of fine-grained or or other unconsolidated, surficial material. aphanitic igneous rocks that lack coarse (large) block (fault). A crustal unit bounded by faults, either crystals. completely or in part. aquifer. A rock or sedimentary unit that is sufficiently breccia. A coarse-grained, generally unsorted porous that it has a capacity to hold water, sufficiently sedimentary rock consisting of cemented angular permeable to allow water to move through it, and clasts greater than 2 mm (0.08 in). currently saturated to some level. calcareous. Describes rock or sediment that contains the arc. See “volcanic arc” and “magmatic arc.” mineral calcium carbonate (CaCO3). arenite. A general term for sedimentary rocks composed calcite. A common rock-forming mineral: CaCO of sand-sized fragments with a pure or nearly pure (calcium carbonate). chemical cement and little or no matrix material calcrete. Pedogenic calcareous soil, e.g., limestone₃ between the fragments. consisting of surficial sand and gravel cemented into a arkose. A sandstone with a large percentage of feldspar hard mass by calcium carbonate precipitated from minerals, commonly coarse-grained and pink or solution. reddish. caldera. A large bowl- or cone-shaped depression at the arête. A rocky sharp-edged ridge or spur, commonly summit of a volcano. Formed by explosion or collapse. present above the snowline in rugged mountains carbonaceous. Describes a rock or sediment with sculptured by glaciers. The feature results from the considerable carbon content, especially organics, continued backward growth of the walls of adjoining hydrocarbons, or coal. -2 cirques. carbonate. A mineral that has CO3 as its essential arroyo. A small, deep, flat-floored channel or gully of an component (e.g., calcite and aragonite). ephemeral or intermittent stream in the arid and carbonate rock. A rock consisting chiefly of carbonate semiarid regions of the southwestern United States. minerals (e.g., limestone, dolomite, or carbonatite). ash (volcanic). Fine material ejected from a volcano (also cementation. Chemical precipitation of material into see “tuff”). pores between grains that bind the grains into rock. ash flow. A density current, generally a hot mixture of chemical sediment. A sediment precipitated directly from volcanic gases and volcanic material that travels across solution (also called nonclastic). the ground surface. chemical weathering. Chemical breakdown of minerals ash-flow tuff. A tuff deposited by an ash flow. at Earth’s surface via reaction with water, air, or

FOBO Geologic Resources Inventory Report 29

dissolved substances; commonly results in a change in cross-bedding. Uniform to highly varied sets of inclined chemical composition more stable in the current sedimentary beds deposited by wind or water that environment. indicate flow conditions such as water flow direction chert. A extremely hard sedimentary rock with and depth. conchoidal (smooth curved surface) fracturing. It cross section. A graphical interpretation of geology, consists chiefly of interlocking crystals of quartz Also structure, and/or stratigraphy in the third (vertical) called “flint.” dimension based on mapped and measured geological cinder. A glassy pyroclastic fragment that falls to the extents and attitudes depicted in a vertically oriented ground in an essentially solid condition. plane. cinder cone. A conical volcanic feature formed by the crust. Earth’s outermost compositional shell, 10 to 40 km accumulation of cinders and other pyroclasts, (6 to 25 mi) thick, consisting predominantly of normally of basaltic or andesitic composition. relatively low-density silicate minerals (also see clast. An individual grain or rock fragment in a “oceanic crust” and “continental crust”). sedimentary rock, produced by the physical crystalline. Describes a regular, orderly, repeating disintegration of a larger rock mass. geometric structural arrangement of atoms. clastic. Describes rock or sediment made of fragments of crystal structure. The orderly and repeated arrangement pre-existing rocks (clasts). of atoms in a crystal. clay. Can be used to refer to clay minerals or as a deformation. A general term for the processes of faulting, sedimentary fragment size classification (less than folding, and shearing of rocks as a result of various 1/256 mm [0.00015 in]). Earth forces such as compression (pushing together) claystone. Lithified clay having the texture and and extension (pulling apart). composition of shale but lacking shale’s fine layering differential erosion. Erosion that occurs at irregular or and fissility (characteristic splitting into thin layers). varying rates, caused by differences in the resistance clinopyroxene. A group name for pyroxene minerals and hardness of surface material. crystallizing in the monoclinic system. Important rock- dike. A narrow igneous intrusion that cuts across forming minerals; common in igneous and bedding planes or other geologic structures. metamorphic rocks. dip. The angle between a bed or other geologic surface conglomerate. A coarse-grained, generally unsorted, and horizontal. sedimentary rock consisting of cemented, rounded dip-slip fault. A fault with measurable offset where the clasts larger than 2 mm (0.08 in). relative movement is parallel to the dip of the fault. continental crust. Crustal rocks rich in silica and alumina divergent boundary. An active boundary where tectonic that underlie the continents; ranging in thickness from plates are moving apart (e.g., a spreading ridge or 35 km (22 mi) to 60 km (37 mi) under mountain ranges. continental rift zone). continental rise. Gently sloping region from the foot of dolomite. A carbonate sedimentary rock of which more the continental slope to the deep ocean abyssal plain; it than 50% by weight or by areal percentages under the generally has smooth topography but may have microscope consists of the mineral dolomite (calcium- submarine canyons. magnesium carbonate). continental shelf. The shallowly submerged part of a dolomitic. Describes a dolomite-bearing rock, or a rock continental margin extending from the shoreline to the containing dolomite. continental slope with water depths less than 200 m downcutting. Stream erosion process in which the (660 ft). cutting is directed in primarily downward, as opposed continental slope. The relatively steep slope from the to lateral erosion. outer edge of the continental shelf down to the more drainage basin. The total area from which a stream gently sloping ocean depths of the continental rise or system receives or drains precipitation runoff. abyssal plain. dune. A low mound or ridge of sediment, usually sand, convergent boundary. A plate boundary where two deposited by wind. Common dune types include tectonic plates are colliding. “barchan,” “longitudinal,” “parabolic,” and cordillera. A Spanish term for an extensive mountain “transverse” (see respective listings). range; used in North America to refer to all of the eolian. Describes materials formed, eroded, or deposited western mountain ranges of the continent. by or related to the action of the wind. Also spelled core. The central part of Earth, beginning at a depth of “Aeolian.” about 2,900 km (1,800 mi), probably consisting of iron- ephemeral stream. A stream that flows briefly only in nickel alloy. direct response to precipitation in the immediate country rock. The rock surrounding an igneous intrusion locality and whose channel is at all times above the or pluton. Also, the rock enclosing or traversed by a water table. mineral deposit. epicenter. The point on Earth’s surface that is directly craton. The relatively old and geologically stable interior above the focus (location) of an earthquake. of a continent (also see “continental shield”). epicontinental. Describes a geologic feature situated on crinoid. A marine invertebrate (echinoderm) that uses a the continental shelf or on the continental interior. An stalk to attach itself to a substrate. “Arms” are used to “epicontinental sea” is one example. capture food. Rare today, they were very common in erg. An regionally extensive tract of sandy desert; a “sand the Paleozoic. Crinoids are also called “sea lilies.” sea.”

30 NPS Geologic Resources Division evaporite. A sedimentary rock composed primarily of igneous. Refers to a rock or mineral that originated from minerals produced from a saline solution as a result of molten material; one of the three main classes of extensive or total evaporation of the solvent (usually rocks—igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. water). incision. The process whereby a downward-eroding extension. A type of strain resulting from forces “pulling stream deepens its channel or produces a narrow, apart.” Opposite of compression. steep-walled valley. extrusive. Describes molten (igneous) material that has intrusion. A body of igneous rock that invades (pushes erupted onto Earth’s surface. into) older rock. The invading rock may be a plastic fault. A break in rock along which relative movement has solid or magma. occurred between the two sides. island arc. A line or arc of volcanic islands formed over feldspar. A group of abundant (more than 60% of Earth’s and parallel to a subduction zone. crust), light-colored to translucent silicate minerals isotopic age. An age expressed in years and calculated found in all types of rocks. Usually white and gray to from the quantitative determination of radioactive pink. May contain potassium, sodium, calcium, elements and their decay products; “absolute age” and barium, rubidium, and strontium along with “radiometric age” are often used in place of isotopic aluminum, silica, and oxygen. age but are less precise terms. flat slab subduction. Refers to a tectonic plate being joint. A break in rock without relative movement of subducted beneath another tectonic plate at a rocks on either side of the fracture surface. relatively shallow angle. karst topography. Topography characterized by floodplain. The surface or strip of relatively smooth land abundant sinkholes and caverns formed by the adjacent to a river channel and formed by the river. dissolution of calcareous rocks. Covered with water when the river overflows its lag gravel. An accumulation of coarse material remaining banks. on a surface after the finer material has been blown fold. A curve or bend of an originally flat or planar away by winds. structure such as rock strata, bedding planes, or lamination. Very thin, parallel layers. foliation that is usually a product of deformation. landslide. Any process or landform resulting from rapid, footwall. The mass of rock beneath a fault surface (also gravity-driven mass movement. see “hanging wall”). lapilli. Pyroclastics in the general size range of 2 to 64 mm formation. Fundamental rock-stratigraphic unit that is (0.08 to 2.5 in.). mappable, lithologically distinct from adjoining strata, lava. Still-molten or solidified magma that has been and has definable upper and lower contacts. extruded onto Earth’s surface though a volcano or fracture. Irregular breakage of a mineral. Any break in a fissure. rock (e.g., crack, joint, fault). lens. A sedimentary deposit characterized by converging granite. An intrusive igneous (plutonic) rock composed surfaces, thick in the middle and thinning out toward primarily of quartz and feldspar. Mica and amphibole the edges, resembling a convex lens. minerals are also common. Intrusive equivalent of limb. Either side of a structural fold. rhyolite. limestone. A sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of graben. A down-dropped structural block bounded by calcium carbonate, primarily in the form of the mineral steeply dipping, normal faults (also see “horst”). calcite. greenschist. A metamorphic rock, whose green color is lineament. Any relatively straight surface feature that can due to the presence of the minerals chlorite, epidote, be identified via observation, mapping, or remote or actinolite, corresponds with metamorphism at sensing, often reflects crustal structure. temperatures in the 300–500°C (570–930°F) range. llithification. The conversion of sediment into solid rock. groundmass. The material between the large crystals in a lithology. The physical description or classification of a porphyritic igneous rock. Can also refer to the matrix rock or rock unit based on characters such as its color, of a sedimentary rock. mineral composition, and grain size. gypsum. The most common sulfate mineral (calcium lithosphere. The relatively rigid outmost shell of Earth’s sulfate). Frequently associated with halite and structure, 50 to 100 km (31 to 62 miles) thick, that anhydrite in evaporites. encompasses the crust and uppermost mantle. hanging wall. The mass of rock above a fault surface longitudinal dune. Dune elongated parallel to the (also see “footwall”). direction of wind flow. hornblende. The most common mineral of the magma. Molten rock beneath Earth’s surface capable of amphibole group. Hornblende is commonly black and intrusion and extrusion. occurs in distinct crystals or in columnar, fibrous, or magma reservoir. A chamber in the shallow part of the granular forms. lithosphere from which volcanic materials are derived; horst. Areas of relative “up” between grabens, the magma has ascended from a deeper source. representing the geologic surface left behind as magmatic arc. Zone of plutons or volcanic rocks formed grabens drop. The best example is the Basin and at a convergent boundary. Range province of Nevada. The basins are grabens mantle. The zone of Earth’s interior between the crust and the ranges are weathered horsts. Grabens become and core. a locus for sedimentary deposition (also see “graben”).

FOBO Geologic Resources Inventory Report 31 mass wasting. A general term for the downslope paleontology. The study of the life and chronology of movement of soil and rock material under the direct Earth’s geologic past based on the fossil record. influence of gravity. Pangaea. A theoretical, single supercontinent that matrix. The fine grained material between coarse (larger) existed during the Permian and Triassic periods. grains in igneous rocks or poorly sorted clastic parabolic dune. Crescent-shaped dune with horns or sediments or rocks. Also refers to rock or sediment in arms that point upwind. which a fossil is embedded. parent material. The unconsolidated organic and meander. Sinuous lateral curve or bend in a stream mineral material in which soil forms. channel. An entrenched meander is incised, or carved parent rock. Rock from which soil, sediments, or other downward into the surface of the valley in which a rocks are derived. meander originally formed. The meander preserves its passive margin. A margin where no plate-scale tectonism original pattern with little modification. is taking place; plates are not converging, diverging, or mechanical weathering. The physical breakup of rocks sliding past one another. An example is the east coast without change in composition. Synonymous with of North America (compare to “active margin”). “physical weathering.” pebble. Generally, small rounded rock particles from 4 to member. A lithostratigraphic unit with definable 64 mm (0.16 to 2.52 in) in diameter. contacts; a member subdivides a formation. pediment. A gently sloping, erosional bedrock surface at mesa. A broad, flat-topped erosional hill or mountain the foot of mountains or plateau escarpments. bounded by steeply sloping sides or cliffs. permeability. A measure of the relative ease with which meta–. A prefix used with the name of a sedimentary or fluids move through the pore spaces of rocks or igneous rock, indicating that the rock has been sediments. metamorphosed. phenocryst. A coarse (large) crystal in a porphyritic metamorphic. Describes the process of metamorphism igneous rock. or its results. One of the three main classes of rocks— plastic. Describes a material capable of being deformed igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. permanently without rupture. mica. A prominent rock-forming mineral of igneous and plate tectonics. The concept that the lithosphere is metamorphic rocks. It has perfect basal cleavage broken up into a series of rigid plates that move over meaning that it forms flat sheets. Earth’s surface above a more fluid asthenosphere. microcrystalline. A rock with a texture consisting of plateau. A broad, flat-topped topographic high crystals only visible with a microscope. (terrestrial or marine) of great extent and elevation mineral. A naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline solid above the surrounding plains, canyons, or valleys. with a definite chemical composition or compositional pluton (plutonic). A body of intrusive igneous rock that range. crystallized at some depth beneath Earth’s surface. monocline. A one-limbed fold in strata that is otherwise porosity. The proportion of void space (e.g., pores or flat-lying. voids) in a volume of rock or sediment deposit. monument. An isolated pinnacle, column, or pillar of porphyry. An igneous rock consisting of abundant coarse rock resulting from erosion and resembling an crystals in a fine-grained matrix. anthropogenic monument or obelisk. porphyritic. Describes an igneous rock wherein the rock muscovite. A mineral of the mica group. It is colorless to contains conspicuously large crystals in a fine-grained pale brown and is a common mineral in metamorphic groundmass. rocks such as gneiss and schist, igneous rocks such as potassium feldspar. A feldspar mineral rich in potassium granite, pegmatite, and sedimentary rocks such as (e.g., orthoclase, microcline, sanidine, adularia). sandstone. pumice. Solidified “frothy” lava. It is highly vesicular and normal fault. A dip-slip fault in which the hanging wall has very low density. moves down relative to the footwall. pumiceous. Volcanic vesicular texture involving tiny gas oceanic crust. Earth’s crust formed at spreading ridges holes such as in pumice. Finer than scoriaceous. that underlies the ocean basins. Oceanic crust is 6 to 7 pyroclast. An individual particle ejected during a volcanic km (3 to 4 miles) thick and generally of basaltic eruption. composition. pyroclastic. Describes clastic rock material formed by oil field. A geographic region rich in petroleum resources volcanic explosion or aerial expulsion from a volcanic and containing one or more wells that produce, or vent; also pertaining to rock texture of explosive have produced, oil and/or gas. origin. In the plural, the term is used as a noun. olivine. An olive-green mineral rich in iron, magnesium, pyroxene. A common rock-forming mineral. It is and manganese that is commonly found in low-silica characterized by short, stout crystals. (basaltic) igneous rocks. quartzite. Metamorphosed quartz sandstone. orogeny. A mountain-building event. radioactivity. The spontaneous decay or breakdown of outcrop. Any part of a rock mass or formation that is unstable atomic nuclei. exposed or “crops out” at Earth’s surface. radiometric age. An age expressed in years and paleogeography. The study, description, and calculated from the quantitative determination of reconstruction of the physical landscape from past radioactive elements and their decay products. geologic periods. recharge. Infiltration processes that replenish groundwater.

32 NPS Geologic Resources Division red beds. Sedimentary strata composed largely of of running water rather than by streams flowing in sandstone, siltstone, and shale that are predominantly well-defined channels. red due to the presence of ferric iron oxide (hematite) shoreface. The zone between the seaward limit of the coating individual grains. shore and the more nearly horizontal surface of the regression. A long-term seaward retreat of the shoreline offshore zone; typically extends seaward to storm or relative fall of sea level. wave depth or about 10 m (32 ft). relative dating. Determining the chronological silicate. A compound whose crystal structure contains placement of rocks, events, or fossils with respect to the SiO4 tetrahedra. the geologic time scale and without reference to their sill. An igneous intrusion that is of the same orientation numerical age. as the surrounding rock. reverse fault. A contractional high-angle (greater than silt. Clastic sedimentary material intermediate in size 45°) dip-slip fault in which the hanging wall moves up between fine-grained sand and coarse clay (1/256 to relative to the footwall (also see “thrust fault”). 1/16 mm [0.00015 to 0.002 in]). rhyolite. A group of extrusive volcanic rocks, typically siltstone. A variably lithified sedimentary rock composed porphyritic and commonly exhibiting flow texture, of silt-sized grains. with phenocrysts of quartz and alkali feldspar in a sinkhole. A circular depression in a karst area with glassy to cryptocrystalline groundmass. The fine- subterranean drainage and is commonly funnel- grained extrusive equivalent of granite. shaped. rift. A region of crust where extension results in slump. A generally large, coherent mass movement with a formation of many related normal faults, often concave-up failure surface and subsequent backward associated with volcanic activity. rotation relative to the slope. ripple marks. The undulating, approximately parallel and spatter cone. A low, steep-sided cone of spatter built up usually small-scale ridge pattern formed on sediment on a fissure of vent, usually composed of basaltic by the flow of wind or water. material. rock. A solid, cohesive aggregate of one or more minerals. spreading center. A divergent boundary where two rock fall. Mass wasting process where rocks are lithospheric plates are spreading apart. It is a source of dislodged and move downslope rapidly; it is the fastest new crustal material. mass wasting process. spring. A site where water issues from the surface due to roundness. The relative amount of curvature of the the intersection of the water table with the ground “corners” of a sediment grain. surface. sabkha. A coastal environment in an arid climate just strata. Tabular or sheet-like masses or distinct layers of above high tide. Characterized by evaporate minerals, rock. tidal-flood, and eolian deposits. Common in the stratification. The accumulation, or layering of Persian Gulf. sedimentary rocks in strata. Tabular, or planar, sand. A clastic particle smaller than a granule and larger stratification refers to essentially parallel surfaces. than a silt grain, having a diameter in the range of 1/16 Cross-stratification refers to strata inclined at an angle mm (0.0025 in) to 2 mm (0.08 in). to the main stratification. sand sheet. A large irregularly shaped plain of eolian stratigraphy. The geologic study of the origin, sand, lacking the discernible slip faces that are occurrence, distribution, classification, correlation, common on dunes. and age of rock layers, especially sedimentary rocks. sandstone. Clastic sedimentary rock of predominantly stratovolcano. A volcano that is constructed of sand-sized grains. alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic deposits, schist. A strongly foliated metamorphic rock that can be along with abundant dikes and sills. readily be split into thick flakes or slabs. Micas are stream. Any body of water moving under gravity flow in arranged in parallel, imparting a distinctive sheen, or a clearly confined channel. “schistosity” to the rock. stream channel. A long, narrow depression shaped by the scoria. A bomb-size pyroclast that is irregular in form and concentrated flow of a stream and covered generally very vesicular. continuously or periodically by water. scoriaceous. Volcanic igneous vesicular texture involving stream terrace. Step-like benches surrounding the relatively large gas holes such as in vesicular basalt. present floodplain of a stream due to dissection of Coarser than pumiceous. previous flood plain(s), stream bed(s), and/or valley sediment. An eroded and deposited, unconsolidated floor(s). accumulation of rock and mineral fragments. strike. The compass direction of the line of intersection sedimentary rock. A consolidated and lithified rock of an inclined surface with a horizontal plane. consisting of clastic and/or chemical sediment(s). One structural geology. The branch of geology that deals with of the three main classes of rocks—igneous, the description, representation, and analysis of metamorphic, and sedimentary. structures, chiefly on a moderate to small scale. The shale. A clastic sedimentary rock made of clay-sized subject is similar to tectonics, but the latter is generally particles that exhibit parallel splitting properties. used for the broader regional or historical phases. sheetwash (sheet erosion). The removal of thin layers of structure. The attitude and relative positions of the rock surface material more or less evenly from an extensive masses of an area resulting from such processes as area of gently sloping land by broad continuous sheets faulting, folding, and igneous intrusions.

FOBO Geologic Resources Inventory Report 33 subduction zone. A convergent plate boundary where tuff. Generally fine-grained, igneous rock formed of oceanic lithosphere descends beneath a continental or consolidated volcanic ash. oceanic plate and is carried down into the mantle. type locality. The geographic location where a subsidence. The gradual sinking or depression of part of stratigraphic unit (or fossil) is well displayed, formally Earth’s surface. defined, and derives its name. The place of original syncline. A downward curving (concave-up) fold with description. layers that dip inward; the core of the syncline unconfined groundwater. Groundwater that has a water contains the stratigraphically-younger rocks. table; i.e., water not confined under pressure beneath a talus. Rock fragments, usually coarse and angular, lying confining bed. at the base of a cliff or steep slope from which they unconformity. An erosional or non-depositional surface have been derived. bounded on one or both sides by sedimentary strata. tectonic. Relating to large-scale movement and An unconformity marks a period of missing time. deformation of Earth’s crust. undercutting. The removal of material at the base of a terrace. A relatively level bench or step-like surface steep slope or cliff or other exposed rock by the breaking the continuity of a slope (also see “stream erosive action of falling or running water (such as a terrace”). meandering stream), of sand-laden wind in the desert, terrane. A large region or group of rocks with similar or of waves along the coast. geology, age, or structural style. uplift. A structurally high area in the crust, produced by terrestrial. Relating to land, Earth, or its inhabitants. movement that raises the rocks. terrigenous. Derived from the land or a continent. vent. An opening at Earth’s surface where volcanic thrust fault. A contractional dip-slip fault with a materials emerge. shallowly dipping fault surface (less than 45°) where vesicle. A void in an igneous rock formed by a gas bubble the hanging wall moves up and over relative to the trapped when the lava solidified. footwall. vesicular. Describes a volcanic rock with abundant holes tongue (stratigraphy). A member of a formation that that formed from the expansion of gases while the lava extends and wedges out away from the main body of a was still molten. formation. volcanic. Describes anything related to volcanoes. Can topography. The general morphology of Earth’s surface, refer to igneous rock crystallized at or near Earth’s including relief and locations of natural and surface (e.g., lava). anthropogenic features. volcanic arc. A commonly curved, linear, zone of trace (fault). The exposed intersection of a fault with volcanoes above a subduction zone. Earth’s surface. volcaniclastic. Describes clastic volcanic materials trace fossil. Tracks, trails, burrows, coprolites (dung), formed by any process of fragmentation, dispersed by etc., that preserve evidence of organisms’ life activities, any kind of transporting agent, deposited in any rather than the organisms themselves. environment. transform fault. A strike-slip fault that links two other volcanogenic. Describes material formed by volcanic faults or two other plate boundaries (e.g. two segments processes. of a mid-ocean ridge). A type of plate boundary at wash. A term used especially in the southwestern United which lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed, States for the broad, gravelly dry bed of an intermittent and plates slide past each other on a strike-slip fault. stream, generally in the bottom of a canyon; it is transgression. Landward migration of the sea as a result occasionally swept by a torrent of water. of a relative rise in sea level. water table. The upper surface of the saturated zone; the transverse dune. Dune elongated perpendicular to the zone of rock in an aquifer saturated with water. prevailing wind direction. The leeward slope stands at weathering. The physical, chemical, and biological or near the angle of repose of sand whereas the processes by which rock is broken down. windward slope is comparatively gentle. xenolith. A rock particle, formed elsewhere, entrained in magma as an inclusion.

34 NPS Geologic Resources Division

Literature Cited

This section lists references cited in this report. A more complete geologic bibliography is available from the National Park Service Geologic Resources Division.

Armstrong, A.K., B.L. Mamet, and J.E. Repetski. 1980. Drewes, H. 1984. Geologic map and sections of the The Mississippian System of New Mexico and Bowie Mountain North quadrangle, Cochise County, southern Arizona. Pages 82-100 in T.D. Fouch and Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous E.R. Magathan, editors. Paleozoic paleogeography of Investigations Series Map I-1492 (scale 1;24,000). west-central United States. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Rocky Mountain Dubiel, R.F. 1994. Triassic deposystems, paleogeography, Section, Denver, Colorado, USA. and paleoclimate of the Western Interior. Pages 133- 168 in M.V. Caputo, J.A. Peterson, and K.J. Franczyk, Bezy, J.V. 2001. Rocks in the Chiricahua National editors. Mesozoic systems of the Rocky Mountain Monument and the Fort Bowie National Historic Site. region, USA. Society for Sedimentary Geology, Rocky Arizona Geologic Survey, Down-to-Earth 11, Tucson, Mountain Section, Denver, Colorado, USA. Arizona, USA. Elder, W.P., and J.I. Kirkland. 1994. Cretaceous Bezy, J.V. 2005. A guide to the geology of Saguaro paleogeography of the southern Western Interior National Park. Arizona Geologic Survey, Down-to- Region. Pages 415-440 in M.V. Caputo, J.A. Peterson, Earth 18, Tucson, Arizona, USA. and K.J. Franczyk, editors. Mesozoic systems of the Rocky Mountain region, USA. Society for Sedimentary Bilodeau, W.L., and F.A. Lindberg. 1983. Early Geology, Rocky Mountain Section, Denver, Colorado, Cretaceous tectonics and sedimentation in southern USA. Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Sonora, Mexico. Pages 173-188 in M.W. Reynolds and Gardner, M. 1994. Fort Bowie National Historic Site. E.D. Dolly, editors. Mesozoic paleogeography of west- Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, central United States. Society of Economic Tucson, Arizona, USA. Paleontologists and Mineralogists (SEPM), Rocky Mountain Section, Symposium 2, Denver, Colorado, Graham, J. 2006. Geologic Resource Evaluation scoping USA. summary Fort Bowie National Historic Site, Arizona. National Park Service Geologic Resources Division, Blakey, R. C. 1980. Pennsylvanian and Early Permian Lakewood, Colorado, USA. paleogeography, southern Colorado Plateau and http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/publica vicinity. Pages 239-258 in T.D. Fouch and E.R. tions/s_summaries/FOBO_scoping_summary_2006- Magathan, editors. Paleozoic paleogeography of west- 0621.pdf (accessed 15 February 2011). central United States. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Rocky Mountain Graham, J. 2009. Chiricahua National Monument Section, Denver, Colorado, USA. Geologic Resources Inventory Report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2009/081. Cloues, P. 1998. Fort Bowie National Historic Site National Park Service, Denver, Colorado, USA. abandoned mine land field trip. Trip report. Geologic http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ Resources Division (GRD), Lakewood, Colorado, gre_publications.cfm (accessed 15 February 2011). USA. On file at GRD. Graham, J. 2010. Saguaro National Park geologic Drewes, H. 1980. Tectonic map of southeast Arizona. resources inventory report. Natural Resource Report U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2010/233. National Park Series Map I-1109 (scale 1:125,000). Service, Denver, Colorado, USA. http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ Drewes, H. 1981. Geologic map and sections of the gre_publications.cfm (accessed 15 February 2011). Bowie Mountain South quadrangle, Cochise County, Arizona. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Graham, J. 2011a. Coronado National Memorial geologic Investigations Series Map I-1363 (scale 1:24,000). resources inventory report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2011/438. National Park Drewes, H. 1982. Geologic map and sections of the Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Cochise Head quadrangle and adjacent areas, http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ southeastern Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey gre_publications.cfm (accessed 16 September 2011) Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1312 (scale 1:24,000).

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Graham, J. 2011b. Tumacácori National Historical Park Peterson, J. A. 1980. Permian paleogeography and geologic resources inventory report. Natural Resource sedimentary provinces, west central United States. Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2011/439. National Pages 271-292 in T.D. Fouch and E.R. Magathan, Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. editors. Paleozoic paleogeography of west-central http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ United States. Society of Economic Paleontologists gre_publications.cfm (accessed 16 September 2011). and Mineralogists, Rocky Mountain Section, Denver, Colorado, USA. Hoffman, P. F. 1989. Precambrian geology and tectonic history of North America. Pages 447-512 in A.W. Bally Poole, F. G., and C. A. Sandberg. 1991. Mississippian and A.R. Palmer, editors. The geology of North paleogeography and conodont biostratigraphy of the America: An overview, Vol. A. Geological Society of western United States. Pages 107-136 in J.D. Cooper America, Boulder, Colorado, USA. and C.H. Stevens, editors. Paleozoic paleogeography of the Western United States-II, Volume 1. Society of Johnson, J.G., C.A. Sandberg, and F.G. Poole. 1991. Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Devonian lithofacies of western United States. Pages Section, Los Angeles, California, USA. 83-106 in J.D. Cooper and C.H. Stevens, editors. Paleozoic paleogeography of the Western United Sabins, F.F., Jr. 1957. Stratigraphic relations in States-II, Volume 1. Society of Economic Chiricahua and Dos Cabezas Mountains, Arizona. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, Los American Association of Petroleum Geologists Angeles, California, USA. Bulletin 41 (3):466-510.

Kring, D. A. 2002. Desert heat – volcanic fire: The Santucci, V.L., J.P. Kenworthy, and A.L. Mims. 2009. geologic history of the Tucson Mountains and Monitoring in situ paleontological resources. Pages southern Arizona. Arizona Geological Society Digest 189–204 in R. Young and L. Norby, editors. Geological 21, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Monitoring. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, USA. http://nature.nps.gov/geology/ Morrison, R.B. 1991. Quaternary geology of the southern monitoring/paleo.cfm (accessed 16 September 2011). Basin and Range province. Pages 353-371 in R.B. Morrison, editor. Quaternary nonglacial geology; Tweet, J.S., V.L. Santucci, and J.P. Kenworthy. 2008. conterminous U.S, Vol. K-2. Geological Society of Paleontological resource inventory and monitoring— America, Boulder, Colorado, USA. Sonoran Desert Network. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRPC/NRTR—2008/130. National Park Pallister, J.S., E.A. du Bray, and D.B. Hall. 1997. Guide to Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. the volcanic geology of Chiricahua National Monument and vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona. Wieczorek, G.F. and J.B. Snyder. 2009. Monitoring slope U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations movements. Pages 245–271 in R. Young and L. Norby, Series Map I-2541 and Pamphlet (scale 1:24,000). editors. Geological Monitoring. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, USA. http://nature.nps.gov/geology/monitoring/slopes.cfm (accessed 16 September 2011).

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Additional References

This section lists additional references, resources, and web sites that may be of use to resource managers. Web addresses are current as of August 2011.

Geology of National Park Service Areas Geological Survey and Society Websites National Park Service Geologic Resources Division Arizona Geological Survey: http://www.azgs.state.az.us/ (Lakewood, Colorado). http://nature.nps.gov/geology/ U.S. Geological Survey: http://www.usgs.gov/ NPS Geologic Resources Inventory. http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/gre_pu Geological Society of America: blications.cfm http://www.geosociety.org/

Harris, A. G., E. Tuttle, and S. D. Tuttle. 2003. Geology of American Geological Institute: http://www.agiweb.org/ National Parks. Sixth Edition. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, Iowa, USA. Association of American State Geologists: http://www.stategeologists.org/ Kiver, E. P. and D. V. Harris. 1999. Geology of U.S. parklands. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, New Other Geology/Resource Management Tools York, USA. Bates, R. L. and J. A. Jackson, editors. American Geological Institute dictionary of geological terms (3rd Lillie, R. J. 2005. Parks and Plates: The geology of our Edition). Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, national parks, monuments, and seashores. W.W. New York. Norton and Co., New York, New York, USA. [Geared for interpreters]. U.S. Geological Survey National Geologic Map Database (NGMDB): http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ NPS Geoscientist-in-the-parks (GIP) internship and guest scientist program. U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Names Lexicon http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/gip/index.cfm (GEOLEX; geologic unit nomenclature and summary): http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/geolex_home.html Resource Management/Legislation Documents NPS 2006 Management Policies (Chapter 4; Natural U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information Resource Management): System (GNIS; search for place names and geographic http://www.nps.gov/policy/mp/policies.html#_Toc157 features, and plot them on topographic maps or aerial 232681 photos): http://gnis.usgs.gov/

NPS-75: Natural Resource Inventory and Monitoring U.S. Geological Survey GeoPDFs (download searchable Guideline: PDFs of any topographic map in the United States): http://www.nature.nps.gov/nps75/nps75.pdf http://store.usgs.gov (click on “Map Locator”).

NPS Natural Resource Management Reference Manual U.S. Geological Survey Publications Warehouse (many #77: http://www.nature.nps.gov/Rm77/ USGS publications are available online): http://pubs.er.usgs.gov Geologic Monitoring Manual R. Young and L. Norby, editors. Geological U.S. Geological Survey, description of physiographic Monitoring. Geological Society of America, Boulder, provinces: http://tapestry.usgs.gov/Default.html Colorado. http://nature.nps.gov/geology/monitoring/index.cfm

NPS Technical Information Center (Denver, repository for technical (TIC) documents): http://etic.nps.gov/

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Appendix: Scoping Session Participants

The following is a list of participants from the GRI scoping session for Fort Bowie National Historic Site, held on April 5, 2006. The contact information and email addresses in this appendix may be outdated; please contact the Geologic Resources Division for current information. The scoping meeting summary was used as the foundation for this GRI report. The original scoping summary document is available on the GRI publications web site: http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ gre_publications.cfm.

Name Affiliation Position Phone E-mail NPS Geologic Resources Covington, Sid Geologist 303-969-2154 [email protected] Division NPS Chiricahua National Dennett, Carrie Ecologist Monument & Fort Bowie 520-824-3560 ext. 601 [email protected] National Historic Site du Bray, Ed Geologist U.S. Geological Survey 303-236-5591 [email protected] Filippone, Colleen Hydrologist NPS Intermountain Region 520-546-1607 [email protected] Graham, John Geologist Colorado State University NPS Geologic Resources Kerbo, Ron Cave Specialist 303-969-2097 [email protected] Division Park Ranger, NPS Chiricahua National Moody, Suzanne 520-824-3560 ext. 305 [email protected] Interpretation Monument NPS Chiricahua National Biological Science Olsen, Ruth Monument & Fort Bowie 520-824-3560 ext. 602 [email protected] Tech National Historic Site Stephanie_O’Meara@partner. O’Meara, Stephanie Geologist Colorado State University 970-225-3584 nps.gov Shipman, Todd Geologist Arizona Geological Survey 520-770-3500 [email protected] NPS Chiricahua National Whalon, Alan Superintendent Monument & Fort Bowie 520-824-3560 ext. 202 [email protected] National Historic Site

38 NPS Geologic Resources Division

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