The history of Fort Bowie

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors Murray, Richard Young, 1923-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553839 TEE HISTORY OF FORT BOWIE

by Richard Y. Murray

A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Graduate College, University of Arizona

1951

222859 o%\ ^"9-79/

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page INTRODUCTION...... 1 I . THE FOUNDING OF FORT BOWIE...... 18 I I . PROBLEMS IN SUPPLY AND COM.AND, 1862-1863 . 64 I I I . THE FINAL YEARS OF THE VOLUNTEER TROOPS, 1863-1866 ...... 90 IV. THE HOWARD MISSION...... 108 V. FORT BOWIE AT PEACE AND WAR,1873-1886 . . . 155 VI. PEACE AND ABANDONMENT...... 250 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 305

i i LIST OF FIGURES

Number - v;-'; - ...... : . page

: 1. Fort Bowie in 1867 ...... V . 1 1 3 • 2. Diagram of Camp Bowie, A .T ., 1870 . ’ . . 143 ; 3. Map of the Military Reservation at Camp ! Bowie, Arizona, surveyed 1869 ...... 147 4. View of Camp Bowie, clroa 1877 ...... 16$ 5. Diagram of. Fort Bowie in 1880’s ...... 168 6. Heliograph Station No. 3, It. A.M. Fuller, Acting Signal Officer ...... 175 7. View of Fort Bowie, Fourth Cavalry Band at fla g sta ff for ’’Retreat,” 1886 ...... 187 8. View of Fort Bowie in 1886 ...... 233 9. , Geronimo and Natchez with other .renegades at Fort Bowie, :September, 1886 ...... 241 10. Scene at the guardhouse after the arrival of Geronimo, September 4, 1886 ...... 243 11. Geronimo and band leaving Fort Bowie as ; prisoners of war, September 8 , 1886 v . 248 12. Physical map of the country surrounding Fort Bowie ...... 252 13•. Diagram of Fort Bowie in the 1890*s .... 283

i i i INTRODUCTION

The 1850s opened with the South in su llen anger, and the next ten years were critically momentous. John C, Cal­ houn died, in the shadow of the California Compromise, con- ... ■ v:: c- , .X"; . i y. ■ ■ v vinced that the Union must break up soon. The decade ended; Abraham Lincoln was elected president, and the Union began y x -l .vy-;::.v -'.Vv; y'",::. n.y :ir : ;:o:. to dissolve, •: i ” y 5-j:.; ..M ly pr r-'rod : O :M y r ''' Far removed from Washington and the scene of pending disunion, the newly-acquired region of the Southwest was having its conflict in the form of irrepressible Apaches, a conflict which was to gain momentum and to last throughout y-v-v; v> y : y v y ;i Ci-c. y : ■ : V vld ;:yV' " ‘.vyv . • l most of the latter half of the nineteenth century. Arizona’s military history of dealing with the Apache *:’ V ,' ” y - y • - ■ : " • . y, • • '• ’ • 'v *' t v • • Indians, under the United S tates, began in e ffe c tiv e ly two y-::: cy.. - yy. r/y v-y ■-'■y- . : y;,yyyyy.; r --y ■-•M-y yv-y ' y r- - years after the Gadsden Purchase was ratified on June 30, 1854 and less than seven years before her separation from yy- / yyy'yy .r %y y r-y:. v: ■ ^ y yr . 2 : ' y" ; y the Territory of New Mexico. When hostilities broke out between the North and the South, troops located below the : v-y,--y. y-n : y .yn.-y yy y-yyy •.iryy.y: ’ yyy. yy-yvyy Gila River were soon removed. The Apaches, who had pre­ viously been stirred into an earnest state of warfare, were ,.yy y-

' 1 Roger B u tterfield , The American P ast, pp. 132-161. y * Hubert Howe M ncroft, History;ofyArizona and New Mexico. 1530-1888. p. 509. - ' - Ty— y 2 le ft in control ■= of the -country, - and their depredations, grew steadily worse during the brief period of the Confederate ooeupation of Arizona.-- The invasion .of the California Column easily effected the rapid withdrawal of Confederate troops from this areav Of greater and more lasting imppr-

■; " * ' ...... ' ' " tance were the measures taken by the Californla,Volunteers to-combat the Apache warriors, who provided the only serious resistance to:their advance across Arizona into. New.Mexico. The fact that these soldiers from California had not been sent into the Southwest readily prepared to fight and sub­ jugate hostile;Indians made their activities against the red men more notable. Although their Indian policy* as set forth by Brigadier-General James H. Carleton, might have been more severe than successful, from a military point of view:the California Column made: a positive contribution to the later extensive and culminating campaigns against the Apaches. Perhaps the _ most noteworthy part of this contri­ bution was the establishing of new military posts and the re-instituting of old ones. Of all the posts set up by Carleton and his men and of any set up later, which were involved in the Apache struggle until the end, none served a more important purpose,nor was more strategically located, nor had a more colorful history than Fort Bowie,

- _ .1. : ■- i, L ^ of - the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Of­ ficia l Records of the Union ancT Confederate Armies. Series It L, ^art If,p . ill (hereafter cited as fhe War of the Rebellion). " " ~ 3

Zorb Bowie * s location - was 122 ' M ies east of Tubsdn by way of "the Overland S ta^ eroate, end ahbut forty miles from the present Mundary line hetweeri'Arizona and Hew Mexico. It mis near the eastern end of the ^notorious " Apache Pass in the OMirioahua MoMtaln range at an eleva- ■ ' _ ^ . . . 5 tlon Of 4*826 feet"above sea level. In relation to othef military posts in the heart of ’Apache territory, Fort Bowie was f1fty-six mile s southeast of "hew" Fort Grant; ' the nearest post, and 180 miles southeast of the later 1 7 established Fort Apache. ^ ^ The establishment of a post in Apaohe I^ss, in 1862, warn an absolute necessity in Order to protect the springs at that point and to keep up communication with C alifornia, the base for supplies. Unless troops could have assured access to the springs in th is canyon, i t would have been impossible to move them either eastward or westward with safety. For years Apaches had been known to lie in ambush here and k ill travelers who cam® to drink and to vater their animals. *67

^ Report of the Postmaster General. 1858-1859. p. 742. The direct distance from Tucson to Fort Bowie was between 105 and 110 m iles. • -v^. r - R.O. Tyler, Revised Outline of the Posts and Stations in the Military Division of the Pacific, Commanded' by Major- General John My BohofleTd. p. 2. 6 Richard J. Hinton, The Handbook to Arizona, p. 310. Perhaps fifty-five miles was closer to the exact distance between the two posts. 3 / ; v ^ I- 7 Frank; C. Lockwood, Pioneer Days in Arizona, p. 97. 4

Ale very nature cif the - pass with its ; rocks and trees and tufts of hear grass in the M ils overlooking both.sides of the road and -its eomroinding heights.above the springs - placed any party, suspecting or otherwise, at a serious, disadvan- 8 tage while passing through;the narrow, rocky d e file . - Such was the ease in early July, 1862-when General Carletom or­ dered a command to proceed eastward from Tucson accompanied by a wagon train. At Apache.Pass this command encountered perhaps the most organized and concentrated Apache resis­ tance ever to be experienced by.American soldiers in Ari- zona. Three sharp conflicts occurred before;these Cali­ fornia Volunteers gained possession of the canyon's precious 9 water supply for the second time in two days.' This or own­ ing event was the immediate cause for establishing Fort . Bowie, which was soon to become synonymous with Apache Pass i t s e l f . " ■ - . o; r,. Port Bowie's beginning has no counterpart in Arizona's m ilitary h istory. I t was in stitu ted under circumstances and for reasons which differed from those of other forts in Ari- 10 zona. There was no question as to its potential value which, in fact,, had given way to a sorely demonstrated need. To understand the fo r t's background and the actual *9

® Personal observation of the writer.

9 The War of the Rebellion. L. Part I. p p . 128-131. Lockwood, op. o it . , pp. 88-98. 5

'diffioultieg,confronting the military and oivilian popula­ tion, it is .not enough to merely trace the:general rise of the Apache problem In the Southwest. As far as Fort Bowie is concerned, the s ite whereon, the post ;was la ter to be erected must also be examined• This remote moimtain pass had; gained its ominous reputation years before Bowie came into existence. Events took place here ^iioh m t mly 1 brought a military post within its. range, but perhaps al- tered the course of Arizona * s Apache history as well. : . Nevertheless, it is essential first to consider the de­ velopment of Apache: relations with the .United. States. ■ Appreciable; numbers of Anglo-Americans were Introduced to : the Indians of the desert soon after the opening of the 11 Santa Fe Trail in 1822. . ■ With Santa-Fe thus the-exchange center of all the products of New Mexico, northern Mexico and a part of C alifornia, American trappers, prospectors. > and adventurers penetrated into every corner of the South- west.;: Apache onlookers, understandably enough, were given cause to question the. desirability of this:.aggressive in- - trusion from the;East. : 3 , i..v However, in sp ite of th is encroachment upon Apache land and the fact, that more warlike chiefs were exerting influ- ence, peace might have endured i f some unscrupulous Americans *

. 1t Ralph H. Ogle. Federal Control of the Western...... Apaches. 1848-1886, p. 30. 6 had not beeome agents of therSonora and Chihuahua, govern- Eents. In treacherously attempting to exterminate Apache :, ' r 12 bands near the,Santa Rita mines* , . . . 7. Vi- .. These unfortunate incidents of 1838 resulted, in the Mimbrenps. selecting .the. pugnaciously^ able Mangas Coloradas (Red Sleeves) v.as their, chief . . During the_ next. eight, years he:.strengthened his: position among, the. Apache groups, r. who saw how well he had,settled factional.disputes among his own

•**bands * ' *z ' ■’ • • and■ ‘cleared, •>- •*- southwestern ' - --i -- New Itoxioo, v of. the . .... hated .... . - Mexi- i ; . , 0 cans 3 ' a- ; r.r •; -. : .L L ’ S t i l l , the Apaches were not at great odds with the v .= Americans in general,; and. they., probably., would have remained undisturbed for.a long while had not the Mexican War sent . American troops through th eir territo ry . Even during the.. war they remained luite tolerant, but, intelligent military men could see that th eir.a ttitu d e was g o in g .to ,change b it­ te r ly and that th e government was going.to have a hard Job, 14 in reducing them to its control. • ■ . The treaty o f.Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexi­ can War and was fin a lly r a tifie d on May. 30, 1848, in ten sified 12*

12 -Ibid..,, p. 30. The - Santa Rita mines at Santa Rita were near the present S ilver C ity, New-Mexico -77 ..— 13 -xhid; p. 31. - Manias Coloradas made some of his a lii ances by orrering his daughters to the. chiefs of neighboring tribes for wives. ' John C. Cremony, Life Among the Apaches. pp. 30, 308. Ogle, o£. city, p. 31. 7 tlie situation.. By Article XI of the treaty the United States was obligated, among other things, to'restrain''Indian X5 raids into Mexico. On the other hand, the Apaches f e lt that peace made their Mexican forays legitimate and they only increased them vrith more enthusiasm. The United States' treaty obligations placed her in a very precarious position. There was no way to avoid arous­ ing the Apaches' wrath or to dodge their hostilities. On February- 2 , 1850 some G-ila Apaches attacked the small town of Dona Ana, k illin g one man and wounding three. While Major Enoch Steen se t out in pursuit of them, another band entered the settlement, clearing it of stock. The major immediately suggested that a post be built at Santa Rita to prevent similar attacks in the region. Captain A.W. Bowman was sent out to investigate the situation, and in April of the same year he reported that in order to subsist the Apaches must either fight and steal or be fed. In addition, Bowman strongly advised that a six-company post be estab­ lished. And following this up, the commissioner of Indian a ffa irs recommended that an agent for the southern Apaches *17

^5 William M. Malloy, TreatiesV Conventions. Interna­ tional Acts. Protocols and Agreements between the United states or AmeFica and "other Powers. 1776-1909. 1." 1112. 1^ Dona Ana Is located a few miles north of the pres­ ent town o f Lqs Cruces, New Mexico. ... . 17 Ogle, op. bit., p. 31. - ' ' W appointea.v a; :: : % : : y-, : :Action was soon!underwa^iwith;the establishment: of Fort Webster at Santa R ita, which served to stop depreda­ tions in the mining area and to protect the United States : 18 Boundary Commission under!James R. M r tle tt. ic While- Bart­ le t t was in the region attexapting to survey the new boundary between the United States and Mexico, he was strongly- im­ pressed by the Apaches* refusal to ■tolerate any outside in­ terference with captives or plunder stolen by them from Mexico. When" the Commission moved:on, the fort was aban­ doned , somewhat prematurely, because:the■Indians' fe lt they had accomplished the withdrawal and proceeded to conduct more devastating raids into northern Chihuahua and Sonora. As if to aggravate an already, spreading infection, 150 gold prospectors confronted Mangas Coloradas at a newly 19 discovered mine in Pinos Altos. In an effort to get them to move onV the Mimbrenos* chief resorted first to diplomacy painting a luring picture of greater wealth to the south. Without thinking of the consequences, the impetuous miners, punished the chief by a severe physical beating to expose his true motives. The scars inflicted upon Mangas Golo- radas * body, by this flogging were slight compared with those *19

...... 18 I b li. . p. 32. 19 Ib id . . p. 33; Paul I . Wellman, Death In the Desert, pp. 56-57; . Woodworth Glum, Apache Agent. pp. 3I - 32. 9 which tore open his mind with a never-ending d eslre for re­ venge against all whites until he wasskilled during the- ’ C ivil War, . L: . Vor;- 1-': . But Red Sleeves w s not the only leader to turn against Americans and Mexicans, alik e in early 1852. To the east - and west of the Rio Grande Valley the Apaches were a ll hut supreme. Instead of the United States restraining their aggression, as i t had contracted to; do, the Apaches ^ r e ­ laying waste to northern Mexico,. In the western part of this ; 20 tumultuous land, Tucson and Tubao held on for life Itself. . The storm had abated little when, on June 30, 1854, the Gadsden Purchase was r a tifie d by Mexico and the United States Now all of modern Arizona south of the. Gila River was at- ; tached to the Terr itory of .New Mexico and thus included in the M ilitary Department of New Mexico^ commanded by Brevet Brigadier-General John GarlandEighth;Infantry, Headquar­ ters at Santa Fe, Along withthe purchase, Gadsden was suc­ cessfu l in abrogating;A rticle XI of the treaty of Guadulupe' Higaldo, which had been a thm?n in the flesh of his govern- 21 ment. Unfortunately^ however, the benefit of this abroga­ tion was more than counteracted. The United States now had acquired many more Apaches as well as more land over'which they raided and roamed. . - ■- V '■

29. Ogle, 0£. cit., p. 34. ; : v.: ,Malloy,- op. c i t . , p. 1122...... ' • 10

; l In the year of this purchase, Arizona, as it is-known today, had hut one military post# :Iar above the Sila and almost touching its present eastern boundary, fort Defiance 22 was situated in Navajo country., This post was-so_removed as to be practically useless to inhabitants of the newly- obtained region to the south where troops were urgently :: needed. Finally in I856 this need was partially answered; four companies of the F irst Dragoons:were sent in to ■Tucson "for the protection of the valley of the Santa Cruz and the 23 restraint of the Indians North of the Gila." Later in the year these troops were moved south of Tucson to Calabazas, near the Sonora border, and before the yearended they re­ ceived a permanent station at Fort Buchanan, which, was estab- / 24 lished on the Sonoita about twenty-five miles east of Tubac. In early 1857 th is post was commanded:by Major Enoch;Steen. ; Although these . soldiers in' southern Arizonadid much good: service and had many hard skirmishes with the Apache, foe, their force was,: of course, utterly inadequate for the protection of:the country. The Apaches maintained a strong position, and during the next three years after the founding *24

_ 1^ Report of the Secretary of War. 1855-1856. u p * 56-

23 Report of the Secretary of War. 1856-1857. p. 3. The four ,companies totaled sixty-eigh t men. 24 A.B. Bender,."Frontier Defense in the Territory of New Mexico, 1853-1861," New Mexico H istorical Review. IX (October 1934), 352. . n of Fort: Buchanan nothing was done toireaady the situ a tio n . True, the secretary of - war advocated greater.Military strength In the West at this time, and additional troops were posted, but not in Arizona. As an added misfortune, Navajo and Comanche outbreaks in 1858 and" 1859'diverted at­ tention from the Apache struggle in Arizona by-reason of the deployment of troops: into other Indian landsi ; r t Meanwhile the Weekly Arizonian at Tubac was writing; hopefully of a campaign to be.undertaken against: the Apaches, suggesting that. Fort Buchanan be "moved half a mile back from its present location" to'serve as a military depot. Criti­ cisms were voiced against the "injustice and bad policy of our government in making tr ea ties with the Apaches * t o ; pror.; tect Americans, while they are alleged to range Sonora," assuming that these:matters would be brought to:the attention 25 of Colonel Bonneville, : who had replaced Garland as tem­ porary commanding o ffic e r .o f the Department of New Mexico. An item of July 14, 1859 carried the.good news that it was "the intention of the government:to establish posts on 26 the frontiers of the Apache country." And so it was that in May of that year Colonel Bonneville mde an extended in­ spection of the Apache country to ascertain the trim condi­ tion of the region. He saw that protection was needed for 26

Weekly Arizonian. June 2, 1859. - , , r . . r: 26 Ibid., July. U,. 1859.. : .. 12 the-Overland Mall route and for the development of the San Pedro and Santa Cruz v a lley s. He therefore recommended . placing a two-company post near Tucson and another of the 27 same strength on the San Pedro* ; . , i ;r . : The colonel1 s adviee did not materialize into;any-ac­ tion for almost a year. A cry went up. in September, 1859 in the Weekly Arizonian, which had been moved to Tucson by that time,- for more troops and posts, and not to decrease the dragoons in favor of infantry. .However, during the same year Bonneville did assemble a force of 220 men near the Overland Mail Station on the San Pedro under the command:of Lieu- ; tenant-Colonel I.V . Reeve of Port Buchanan. I t was th is group that finally constructed Port Aravaipa at the junction - 28 of the Aravaipa and the San Pedro on May.8, I860. On August 6 i t s name was changed to Fort Breckenridge in honor of Vice-president J.C. Breckenridge. , ■ But now, indeed, with time running short, the War De- partment _could hardly worry it s e lf about Arizona fo rts and Apaches. For .nat 4:3Q A.M., April 12, 1861, a dull boom and a spurt of flame broke the misty silence over Charleston 29 Harbor. w:.. • ■ •„ .The ■ country .was- at wary- ■; . . ^ . r ; v : Arizona could not easily avoid the,consequences of , - ' ■ -- - • - ' ' ' ‘ ' - • • • • 1:: -' ; -''h : : : v 27 Ogle» op. c it., p. 42. Jerome Stone, "The, History of Port Grant," Ms., p. 9. 29, Butterfield, 0£. cit. , p. 164. 13 rebellion.' Of cottrse, in itself the region held no special value to the Confederacy, except’for its geographical posi­ tion. Then too, there were some military supplies Worth ' taking. An open lin e of communication would encourage prompt action on the part of California:sympathizers, not •- to overlook the obvious fact that such an occupation could be made to appear a great achievement in many important, far-off places. * : Regardless of these and other considerations, while the battle of Bull Run was being fought in July, 1861, Lieu­ tenant-Colonel John R. Baylor with a Texan force entered the . . . . . " .31 Mesilla Valley and took possession for the Confederacy. Soon after this invasion, the officers in command at Forts - Buchanan and Breokenridge were ordered to abandon th eir posts and destroy what could not be removed and march ea st­ ward to the Rio Grande V; Thus, the Apaches were le f t com­ pletely free to; take over and to k ill all who could not escape or seek refuge at Tucson. . How important'a factor was this deadly freedom of:the Apaches in swinging public opinion over to the Confederacy is not certain.- However, sentiment in Arizona was alimst- ‘ unanimously southern and disunion, which worked tb lthe ad­ vantage of Captain Sherod Hunter in early 1862 when he le f t *31

3° Bancroft, op; hit., p. $11. 31 Ib id .. 512. Ik

Me3ilia with a force of two or three hundred Texans and marched into Tucson without opposition. Hunter’s days in Arizona, nevertheless, were definitely numbered. The job of ridding the Southwest of Confederate troops was soon to become the duty of the California Column, which had been organized late in 1861. On receipt of intelligence in January, 1862 that General Van Dorn of the Confederate Army was planning to invade California by way of .... 34 New Mexico and Arizona, followed by the verification a month later that Hunter was in Tucson, the California Column was ordered to Yuma and Tucson under the command of Colonel 35 James H. Carleton. In April (the same month that Carle- ton was promoted to a Brigadier-General) the main portion of 323334

32 Ibid. , p. 513. 33 Ibid. . pp. 513-514. The California Column consisted of the First regiment infantry, ten companies, Colonel Carleton, Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph R. West; battalion of First cavalry, five companies, Lieutenant-Colonel Edward E. Eyre; five or six companies of the Fifth infantry, some of which did not go beyond Fort Yuma, Colonel George W. Bowie; Company B, Second cavalry. Captain John C. Cremony; and Lieutenant John B. Shinn’s light battery belonging to Com­ pany A, IT.S. a r tille r y . The California Column was organized under the act of July 22, 1861 which authorized the government to employ volun tears to aid in enforcing the laws and protecting property ‘ after the outbreak of war. The original purpose of the Column was to protect the Overland Mail route via Salt Lake City. The War of the Rebellion. L. Part I, pp. 136-137. 34 Ib id ., p. 137. 33 Bancroft, op. cit., p. 514. . . 15 th is army le f t Los Angeles in detachmeints and waLS concen­ trated at Yxima and in May followed the Gila route to Tucson. Previously, however, Lieutenant-Colonei Joseph R; West; ' First • Infantry California Volunteerscommanding'the ad­ vance, sent out som parties from Yujm.: In "February he sent Jones to Tucson with dispatches and the la tte r was captured by Captain Hunter, who released him and sent him back by a different route with the d efin ite news of Tucson’s occupation^ Captain William McCleave, Company A, F irst Cavalry California Volunteers, while in search of Jones‘was seized with three men at the Pima Villages on April 6. A stronger force under Captain William P. Calloway was then * sent out to rescue McCleave. Calloway was informed at the Pima V illages of a detachment of sixteen Confederates under * >■ 5^ ■ , Lieutenant Jack Swilling in the area. Immediately;the cap­ tain ordered Lieutenant James Barrett with twelve men to cut them off. The enemy was engaged at Picacho Peak. Lieu­ tenant Barrett and two of his men were killed; three others were wounded. S w illin g ’s lo ss was possibly one or two 37 killed, two wounded, and three taken prisoners. 1 This incident of April 15, 1862 was the f ir s t and only engagement with Confederate troops in Arizona. -

36 I b id ., P. 5 U . - 3? Richard H. Orton, Records of California Men in the Wgr of the R ebellion. L861-1M5, pT"47:------16

Without firing a shot, -the advanoe of the California Column under Colonel Weat took possessidn of Tucson'oil — 38 •: - May 20, Captain Hunter having previously retreated to the Rio Grande. On h is tr ip from Fort Yuma, West le f t a garri­ son at the Pima Tillages, naming the post Fort Barrett; in obedience to orders, he also had Fort Breckenrldge re- 39 occupied, changing its name, however, to Fort Stanford. The Californians refounded Fort Buchanan too, but, like Stanford, its site was undesirable and its use negli­ gible. Of greater value was the post established near Tuc- 40 son at what was later called Camp Lowell. In early June, the Stars and Stripes once again flying over Arizona, Brigadier-General Carleton arrived at Tucson, leaving the District of Southern California in command of Colonel George W. Bowie, Fifth Infantry California Volun- 41 teers, headquarters at Fort Yuma. With Carleton's men now awaiting orders to march east­ ward, on the eve of Fort Bowie*s inception, the acene sh ifts *3941

^ The War of the Rebellion. L, Part I, pp. 88-89. 39 Bancroft, op. cit.. p. 515; Stone, on. cit., p. 14. ^ John M. Weaver,"The History of Fort Lowell," Ms., p. 10; Bancroft, op. cit... p. 515. 41 The War of the Rebellion. L, Part II, p. 54. Carleton published an order May 15, 1862 relinquishing the command of the District of Southern California to Colonel Bowie. 17 necessarily to the canyon about midway between Tucson and the Rio Grande which was to be a camp site for the thirty- 42 two years of Fort Bowie's existence.

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;; v , 9 ' ' - - - ' '': - — " - Fort Bowie's damp site was moved to an adjoining hill in 1868, but this site was also in Apache Pass. i.-. '::r . - -:1-' a';.u '-v- L~ :K;-:v: -... ;-i ■ « . “CHAPTER I ^ ■ - 1V r:r - : ■

L THE FOUNDING OF FORT BOWIE cn,:: , Cr.:: .v: - r ' ; . . . j':... ' : ! Records of Apache Pass, or Puerto del Dado as it Ws called in Spanish,: are meagre before the establishment of the Overland Mail route. I t is known, however, to have been on the line of an Indian trail which started north and east of the defile, coming south and passing through it, thence south through Sulphur Springs Talley, between the Chirioahua 1 and w esterly Dragoon Mountains, into present Sonora, Mexico. There is a suggestion o f i t s having been traversed by Mexi-' cans for more than a century in their intercourse with Cali­ fornia, which, nonetheless, seems doubtful in-the light Of 2 other information. During the Mexican War General Kearney, en route to :- California, crossed on October 22, 1846- what was later the • Arizona boundary by the t r a il fam iliar to early American : 3 trappers along the Gila River. Following Kearney, ' - - *3

^ House. Exec. Poo. No. 108. 35th Cong.. 2nd Seas..

^ Fred Winn, "Old Fort Bowie," Arizona Highways, XII (February 1937), 25. : * — - 3 Bancroft, op. cit., p. 477. ■ 19

Lieutenant-Colonel Cooke' with the Mormon battalion took a southwesterly course to the Guadalupe Pass in Sonora, thence west to" the San Pedro Rirer , down’ that river some fifty miles, thence across to Tucson and northwestward to the 4 G ila. = Cooke’s Job was to find a way for w agons;his ez- perienced guide, LerouXi was afraid to go directly west • through land of the later Gadsden Purchase, not knowing of the existence of water there. He therefore advised the : route taken, which was subsequently laid down on the maps as Cooke’s road, while the district avoided by him Was designated as "an open p rairie and a good route i f water can 5 be found *" : " ■■■- ; : ■ ...r V: - ;y " ; "i . ; In 1848 a New Orleans company under Dr. O.M. Vfozencraft was supposed to have passed through Apache Pass on its way to California, as probably the first American party to do 6

: When the gold rush to California began in 1849 and the southwestern trails had gained more attention, southern emi­ grants usually traveled to the west by Cooke’s wagon road or Kearney’s tr a .il. Of the two routes, Cooke’s road was by far 6

..-... 4 Ibid. , pp. .477-478. Guadalupe Pass is near the junc­ tion point of the present states of Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico: New Mexico, and Arizona. . . - v: y.;.'::cr I-- .A ^ Report of the Postmaster General, 1857-1858. p. 1007. 6 James H, MoClintook, Arizona: Prehistoric^ Aboriginal. Pione er and; Modern. I. 85. 20 the most popular. Cooke1s .Journal and Emory’s Notes (written by Lieutenemt William H. Emory of the Topograph­ ic a l Engineers who aooompanied :Eearney on his march i to ic n California) were used by travelers-of the:respeetive :;1 u\ ;' . 7 tr a ils . A t;le a s t one company of .emigrants was.'known to leave Cooke’s road a few miles west of- the present, town of Doming, New Mexico and to journey d irectly west to Tucson over the route described by Cooke * s guide fas -.good "if water can .be found." .This company could very possibly have gone through Apache Pass. But the. implication^ often written, , that Apache Pass ;was extensively penetrated ,by Americans . t in 1849 or. even in .the next two or three years is extremely doubtful. f : f "" i f . r f .:j 'The f irst important record of Americans rin the south-'- ern part of th e .Chirioahua Mountains was handed down by ' , John R. B artlett of the United iStates Boundary Commission; Bartlett reached the Chirioahua Mountains in September» - 8 1851, and some years later in a letter to -the postmaster general he wrote: ^ vr '■ ::: -rfi-- ; f.".: ,: *■ v : . V/estvraird from 0jo de Vaoa (New Mexico) the ^ vast region extending to Tucson was entirely un­ known, and I am not aware was ever traversed by *8

- 7 Ralph P. Bieber, "The Southwestern Trails to Cali­ fornia in 1849.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. XEI (December 1925). 372. 8 John R. Bartlett. Personal Iferrative of Explorations :. and Incidents. I. 371...... 21

. any party of white menr previous to 1851, when - ; i t became necessary th at our commission should o:. ; penetrate .it • .9; r . - c r 1, /',nv- From:his le tte r i t is reasonable to assume that i f Mexicans had traveled over this “open prairie" (Apache Pass included), followed.by manyrAmerican.parties, Bartlett .would not have described this vast region as entirely unknown-prior to'

•-v: At any rate, after Bartlett1 s investigation of 1851, a d efin ite route seems slow ly:to have developed through ; r$ . • fDoubtful“ Canyon, crossing the ©pen valley of the San Simon to Apache Pass and on through, following the watercourses to Tucson and,points west. Cooke’s wagon road, meanwhile, -re­ tained its popularity; and.as a possible railroad.route to California i t was an ;important element in prompting the pur­ chase by the United States of territory south of the Gila. . When in 1853 the Gadsden Purchase was made, that part of Cooke’s road from Guadalupe Pass to the San Pedro re- . mined part of Mexico. In the following year while the Pacific Railroad explorations were being conducted, Lieuten­ ant John G. Parke considered Puerto del Dado or Apache JPass in the Chirioahua Mountains as the place where the railroad should cross going west. In 1855, however, r a m o r e sa tisfa c ­ tory and direct route was, decided upon which would avoid 910

9 Report of the Postmaster General; 1857-1858. .p. 1007. 10 Bancroft, op. c it., p. 478. 22

• 11 Apache; Pas s : in favor of anieasier -grade. ; ; The--railroad would-ran:through the gap or break between the Chirioahua Mountains and. Mount Graham-to the north, known as Parke's Railroad Pass. : f —--.uV; ^ .1 Regardless of intent,,the«railroad explorations appar­ ently served to increase travel along the route of which Apache Pass was a part. Not only:was the pass with the springs therein advertised^ but also:many watering- places were lis te d east and west of i t . Water, of course,.was the most importamt element in developing a:route for early tra- velers. As more emigrants began to thread the narrow pass for ':v ■„ v;;: l:;y : - .. ■"-ovy.y:;--. water and seek transit through its range, tragedies oc­ curred with greater frequency, usually to small parties of. incautious travelers. Thus it was not long before Apache Pass had gained a sinister reputation which, in turn, was probably augmented by exaggerated accounts of actual hap­ penings. At least by the latter part of 1856, after the four companies of F irst Dragoons had taken m ilitary possession of the Gadsden Purchase for the United States, Apache Pass was on the line of the■ military road considered to pass east to west .from Fort Thorn, New Mexico via Tucson to

Report of the Secretary of War. 1855-1856, p. 90. 23

12 Fort Yum, California, 'Ehe soroalled military road was the same one used . "by emigrants, and, almost as nature Vhad made it. Over this road, shortly after Fort Buchanan*s establishm ent, Captain Bernard John Dowling Irwin was being sent on orders to the fort. Eetvividly describesrhis fIrat entranee into Apache Fass: .. he,: . The writer has not forgotten the impres- h _ sion produced upon him, a s, with a small cavalry 5 escort, he entered for the f ir s t time the gloomy £• canon, en route to the then recently established ; Fort Buchanan — on beholdingvthe numerous stone i heaps that marked where the members of an emi­ grant party had ,but, a short time bef ore -been - ' : ~ cruelly murdered ....1 3 The year 1857 brought with it many important develop­ ments which affected the land south of the Gila. A govern- Xt; . : : ' !. .. •. r r.:‘ ment contract was entered into with James E. Birch for mail service from San Antonio-to San Diego; ' Congress appro­ priated #200,000 for a wagon road between El Pas© and Fort V"; . V -V:v,, X;;0 X- % -'y r.i:y Yuma; and £ in September,' John Butterfield signed a contract i: ' -ly ry x n ::; y y::yyX-:■ v:; ; ,X_. •• for mail service from the Mississippi River to San Francisco 15 C alifornia. ; y ;.:-X.- y ry.,. y: :Xc r-yy;!,., . y-y-y ; From all; indications, the San Antonio and San - Diego:.

' '' - 'X X :v f X x xX' x £ ■ X 1";.. ■ ■ v .-£ • , l 2 B, J,D. Irwin, BThe A^che Pas# Fight,B reprinted from the Infantry Journal. (April 1928), p. 2. - - 13: Ihid . . n . 3 .

p. ‘ 430. 14 HouseExec. . —— Doo.No. — 96, 35th ....Cong., 1st'Seas.,...- *

988 999 Report of the Postmaster General. 1857-1858. PP. /XX < mall line, which was operating in 1857, traveled over what N.H. Hutton, Chief Engineer of the El Paso arid Eoft Yuma Wagon Road, described on his maps as the "Old Road.” ; Apache Pass was on th is road. In a report to the postmaster general the superinten-1 dent of the early* imil lin e, J.C. Woods, revealed how sric- - r 1 cessful the mail service was In mintainlng a schedule from San Antonio via Tucson to San Diego. The lin e suffered rela ­ tively few Indian depredations, partly because an armed ! r escort rode with each coach through Indian country and pas­ sengers were advised to carry weapons.^ r ' ' Referring to the road used, Woods wrote: . • I t is as plain a road as any stage route over which mail is carried in coaches. An emi- . grant would find it as impossible to miss his way when once on our road, either, going to or returning from California, as he would if tra- ... . veiling in a country where guide posts marked " • every cross-road. The War Department uses the facilities offered by our line for a regular semi-monthly correspondence with seven m lli- - . -.v. .... tary p o sts.17 ...... He went on to state that that portion of the route between El Paso and the Pima Villages "has never had even a govern­ ment train to open i t ”; however, he f e lt that the road under construction to Port Yuma would improve that segment of the 1617

16 Report of the Postmaster General. 1858-1859. pp. 7 4 4 -7 5 2 ;Frank C.Lockwood, Pioneer Days In Arizona. p. 300. ------17 Report of the Postmaster' General. 1858-1859. n. 744. Even bef ore reconstructibn. and improvements wea^ under­ taken a - mail line ..in.: the Southwest held many advantages... for the. emigrant: besides a defined road. He could obtain v reliable information from passing m ill condnotors as to di­ rections » woodj water, canning pin oes; and he could have., messages transmitted to .friends before, or Whind him.... These advantages: .however, did not alter the emigrantts fear while passing through Indian country, and Apache Pass in particu­ lar. The Penningtons with their little caravan, going into the Southwest in 1857, always placed a guard at night with ;■ ’ 18 :...... a double guard at Apache Pass. Such a practice was not uncommon to the successful traveler. r : A year after the Butterfield contract was signed in • - •• September, 1857, the great overland mail went into opera­ tion; and the duplication of service from El Paso to Fort Yuma which resulted led the postmaster general to discon- tinue service between these two points upon the San Antonio 19 and San Diego lin e in December, 1858. Mail station s at intervals ranging from twenty-tff> to fifty-two miles were built by the Butterfield Company * along the route to supply food and water and a change of horses or mules. One of

1® Robert H. Forbes, The Penningtons of Early Arizona p. 3. 19 26 these "large _ square ^enolesures, .with: walls of adobe, " had be em - put;up; in Apache Pass.20 It:is significant to note that, contrary to government in stru ction s, the B u tterfield Com­ pany had avoided parts - of . the new Leach- wagon road from El Paso to Port Yuma* The new and more direct El Paso and Fort Yuma Wagon Road, b uilt under the supervision o f;James B. Leachi proceeded westward through the previously men­ tioned .Parke’s Railroad Pass instead of using the.steeper• • Apache'Pass to the south of it . Whereas the Leach route: did not run via Puerto del Dado (Apache Pass) and Tucson, the latter were two important points on the Butterfield 21 lin e . : ■■ . r • '.77 ; 7 7 . : Upon the establishment:of the great overland mail ser­ vice and the mail station at Apache Pass, the Ghiricahua 22 band of Apaches formally made th eir appearance. U ntil - - ' ' ' ’ • : • : : ' "7 7 -7.., ..-’7. 7" ; .;07-- ■ Report of the Postmaster General. 1858-1859. p. 742. The Butt errieid~Stage line between Tucson and Franklin, Texas, traveling eastward, had m il stations at the follow­ ing points with distances liste d : Tucson to Seneca Springs (Cienega d e lo s Pimas); 35 m iles; San Pedro River, 24; Dra- goo* Springs, 23; Apache Pass (Puerto del Dado)j 40; Stein’s Peak (El F e lo n c illo ), 35; S old ier's Farewell (Los PeHas- quitbs), 42; Ojo de:la Yaca, 14; Miembres River, 16;. Cook's Spring, 18; Pioacho (opposite DoEa Ana), 52; Fort Fillmore, 14; Cottonwoods, 25;. Franklin: (El Paso), 22. Total 360 : . m iles. > There was no water on th is route between Tucson and the Rio Grande except at the mail stations. :'v - ..> . 21 Ibid., p. 742. 7 Report of the Secretary of Interior. 1858-1860. n. 714. In the early part of 1858, John Butterfield, President of the B utterfield Company, urged the government to estab­ lish an army post at Apache Pass for the protection of the road and the m ils. Butterfield felt that Apache Pass was 27 this time the Chirieahuas, located in the erbreffie south* eastern part of later Arizona, had very littlelopen inter­ course with Americans; even the government "agent: for the : . southern Apaches knew p ractically nothing about them. This group of Indians was only a part of%the Apache 23 trib e known by the same.name. Three bands constituted the powerful "Great Mountain” or Chirioahua tr ib e : the Red Paint People to the north and east (but west of the Rio Grande) in New Mexico; a band that operated in northern Chi­ huahua and Sonora; and the band called the Chirioahua to 24 the south and west of the Red Paint People. 'The Apaches of th is trib e were to become perhaps the most widely-known Indians of North America. As aboriginal diplomats, they were unexcelled, *' : ; c The Chirioahua band in 1858 and for many years before was under the leadership of Cochise, whom some writers con­ sider the most powerful and tragic figure in Apache history. *23

(cent.) the most dangerous point on the overland route. Although his recommendation was favorably received,' it was not until July, 1862, a year after the Butterfield overland was suspended on the southern route, that Fort Bowie was established in Apache Pass. Roseoe P. and Mar­ garet B. Conkling. The B utterfield Overland Mail, 1857-1869. II, 138. . — —------— ------23 Morris B. Opler.An Apache Life-Way. 0. 1. ■ 2^ Ibid. . pp. 1-2. Mangas Coloradas was really a member of the Red Paint People. : X ■ . ^ - 28

Those who met the' chief destspihed him as’ hihdsom®strong, well-built, and over six feet tail. At this time he v/as thought to be about forty-fIve years'old, aithough hia age was estimated as low as thirty years. ' The''alibied ground of Cochise and his people closely approximated all of the present Arizona County which bears his name. The c h ie f‘s most famous strongholds were in the Dragoon Mountains, east of the San Pedro, the Chiricahua Mountains by which his band was identified, and the so-called Dos Cabezas br the northern part of the! Chiricahua range. ' Before the Overland Stage built its relay station at Apache Pass, Cochise had his min headquarters, as his father had, in the Dragoon Mountains about f i f t y miles west of the pass. There i s , however, l i t t l e reason to doubt that Cochise’s - - band was responsible for many of the early tragedies which befell emigrants in the Chiricahua Mountains; but certainly not a ll, because other related bands and even other Apache trib es were known to foam through the pass. Of all the Apache chiefs, Cochise was reputedly the 27 closest to the nearby Mangas Coloradas of western New Mexico. In f a c t , i t is said that Mangas had bound to him by diplomacy 25*27

25 Samuel W. Cozzens. The Marvellous Country, n. 86: Irwin, 0£. olt., p. 2. . : „ ...... , • ...... Irwin accuses Cochise’s band of all the depredations which took place-at Apache Pass. Irwin, op. c it., p. 2. 27 Wellman, op. c i t . . p. 58. 29 or fear all of the great Apache leaders,, hut ho CoehJ.se alone did he give his friendship. It is said that the great Mimhreno gave the Chirioahua leader his. favorite daughter (sister?) as a wife. But in spite of the close relation s which existed between these two men and Red Sleeve1s acknowledged hatred of Americans after his thrash­ ing at Pinos Altos, Cochise apparently did not join forces in warring against the Americans, although he.was always w illin g to raid Mexico with or without the Mimbrenos. Whatever had been Cochise’s activities before 1858, in that year he showed definite signs of tolerance and friend­ ship toward the Americans and a w illingness to liv e a t ‘peace with them. And judging from the success of the San'Antonio • • . ' ' ' ; ! . . 1 . ' ' ' - * ' and San Diego mail service in 1857, he must have been fairly well dispo sed towards the intruders then. At any rate, in 1858 he agreed to a m i l sta tio n ’s being b u ilt in Apache Pass and soon came to dwell near the station. His people also collected wood to sell to the agents of the mail com- 28 •■ ■ ■ ' ' ■ " ■ - - ' ■ : ' lmn5r- ,v ■ ■ , ■ . Of course, the government was aware that the Overland Mail Stations in Arizona were at the mercy of the Apaches i f they should rise up. In view of giving security to them and to travel through Chirioahua country. DrMichael Steok, . agent for the southern Apaches, held an interview with Cochise 28

28 Ib id ., p. 60. 30 at Apache Pass ■ in December1858 aiid :easily exacted a - promise from the-Indian not to molest travelers along the - 29 Overland route. Steck reported eight months later that -■ - since hi's meeting at the pass no one had been molested on the road through Cochise’s domain. He also reported, how­ ever , that the Chiricahuas were the most w arlikebandw est of the Rio Grande and the least reliable." Steck felt that the situation would be more secure if they were moved farther north. U But nothing vms done about moving them, and,the stage ;.0 ■ . ' :v;. \ - : V. .:.v j coaches operated through their land almost completely with­ out molestation. The Weekly Arizonian praised the astound­ ing success of the Overland Mail Company, and the Alta Cali­ fornia was quoted as advising 'emigrants to shun the more, northerly Bealefs route if they would avoid much suffering, and to take the one traveled by the overland mail. After Colonel Bonneville’s extended inspection of Apache country in 1859» he reported that the Chiricahuas, outside of numerous thefts of stock which they declared they had mistaken for Mexican animals’, were keeping the - peace. About the time of Bonneville’s inspection, Lieutenant-

Report of the Secretary of the Interior. 1859-1860. P. 714. ' ------— — : -^ / l ---- * r° Weekly Arizonian. July 14, November 17, 1859. Ogle, op. cit., p. 42. 31

Colonel Reeve and Capteln R.S. "Baldy". Ewell, of later Con­ federate fame, made a trip to the Chiricahua Mountains pre­ sumably to remind Cochise of the army’s presence in Arizona and to investigate the stealing of stock. The officers 32 reported no serious disorders. :- i : ’ • ; ; Also during the amm summer, the Weekly Arizonian’s correspondent at Apache Pass sent the following communica­ tion dated July 3, 1859: : , ; - 1 ■ Mr. Editor: About twenty of our.warriors came in from Sonora yesterday, and brought thirty-five head of cattle and some horses and. mules. They took the cattle from Opusura jsioj , or v ic in ity . They are going and coming in small parties all the time. Ca-Chees Bochisg has started to the fort yuchana^ with all his band that are not stealing in Sonora, or at lea st he told me he was going. ’ He is afraid that Captain Ewell w ill charge him with stealing the stock from the Patagonia mine, which he knew of before I did. Ca-Chees* is a; , very deceptive Indian. At first appearance a man would think that he was inclined to be peaceable to Americans, but he is far from i t . For eight months I have watched him, and have come to the conclusion that he is the biggest liar in the ' - territory! and would k ill an American for any trifle, provided he thought it wouldn’t be found out. He fears the soldiers, and if he was not . guilty he would not have cause. The Chief Es-co- nella, 1 believe is the only one that is actually . .. friendly to Americans; his band has not lately been out on-any plundering expeditions. _ The last time the Coyetero chief, Francisco, was here, he asked me i f the Americans were go­ ing to buy or take Sonora? I told him I thought , they would. He then wanted to know if the. . Americans would le t the Indians stea l from Sonora, 32

32 Weekly Arizonian. July 14, 1859. 32

and I replied that I rather thought not. He then, said that as long as he lived and had a warrior to follow him,, that he would fight,; Sonora, and he did not care i f the Americans did -try to. stop i t , he would fig h t t i l l he was k ille d . I think he would make his word true. f :■ \ v J^E^T.33 * - * : : : ; _r Although the above letter is ^rhaps prejudiced a^inst Cochise and even incorrect concerning his character, it . - - nevertheless throws light upon activities iat Apache Pass where other ch iefs were not unaccustomed to v i s i t . V: " ■ .. And here, too, came Samuel V/oodworth Cozzens who met ~ Cochise and persuaded him to act as his guide "through por­ tions of the Apache country rarely pressed by the foot of a 34 white man. " , Cochise. took him into , the; land: of the Pinal and Tonto Apaches and returned him safely and w ell impressed: by the c h ie f. ; v-.-:; c.: Hpweyer;w ell Cochise, might have been refraining from :'v 'X-xn;- '-..h:.:': r : "T "lx:': ' violence and depredations, the military and the superinten­ dent of Indian affairs v/ere obviously skeptical ef; his be­ havior. For Stack, late in the fall of 1859, met 400 of the Chiricahuas on the San Simon east; of;. Apache Pass where, - despite the military's.criticism of his treating with per- fiaious Indians ,• he a^ in . exacted Cochise ’ s . promise to : *

v z > Ibid.v July 14, 1859. The, correspondent at Apache Pass was probably J,H. Tevis who was early employed at the mail station there. Interview with Mrs. Tom Davenport (Tevis* daughter), Tucson, October 20, 1947. 3^ Cozzens. op. cit. ^p. 85. 33 refrain from hostilities■ " . * This action of Steck’s was just one of many efforts on his part to forestall punitive action against western Apaches, for he was counseling other tribes besides the Chiricahuas to exact the same promise & St i l l , he admitted­ ly" considered Cochise and his band as the most Wrlike and lea st relia b le west of the Rio Grande. Therefore, i t is reasonable to assume that the Apache agent- did not: believe Cochise was remaining peaceful. And certainly if the m ili­ tary had been well disposed towards the Chiricahua chief's behavior,, they would not have criticized Steck for dealing with perfidious Indians, in this instance the Chiricahuas• And Captain (later Brigadier-General) B.J.D. Irwin would-hot have been prompted to write of Cbohise that conscious of the evil reputation of his tribe and fearing that retribution for their many deeds might overtake him, he declined a ll overtures to visit the military posts. The highway leading to and-from Apache Pass was dotted with the graves or stone tumuli that covered the remains of the victims of his treachery,36 r No doubt the army was greatly Influenced by•suffering American c iv ilia n s; but th is condemning, d istru stfu l and ultimately forceful attitude of more than a few army offi­ cers towards Cochise, which the Indian leader did not ap­ preciate , holds much significance. This one factor might 35

35 Ogle, opV c i t . . t>. A3. - ^ - ^ 34 very well have been the underlying eause for his declaring open war against the Americans. In spite of considerations to the contrary,' it is generally agreed that in the late 1850s and in I860 Co­ chise was at peace with the Americans. Not perfect peace perhaps,:for an overland mall coach was occasionally at­ tacked and an emigrant'party massacred and a ll the animals that could be stolen were driven o f f , but peace hone the - less. The ever-increasing success of the vulnerably ex­ posed Butterfield Stage Line is convincing evidence in Co- chise's favor. Although there were those who Called the chief deceptive and a lia r , no one actually proved him to be; just as durihg these,years no one proved him guilty of any great overt act of -violence or treachery against the Americans. It is quite probable that during this period he, and especially, members of his band were guilty of some misdeeds, but as in the earlier period, many wrongs of which Cochise and his people were accused could have been and were committed,by intruding-Indians over whom he had no control. : : ::vV v:..-;. 7-: ; -vr;- ... .. v.-v v ■' -: After Stock*s second meeting with Cochise on the San Simon, he concluded that the Chiricahuas should be united with the Mimbrenos, and a year la ter action was taken. In October, I860 the M eailia Times reported that Dr. Steck. Agent of the Apache Indians, ro­ under instructions from the Department of the Interior, with the assistance of J.W. Hagar, Deputy Surveyor, has just finished the laying 35

off of a Reservation for the Man^s Ooloradas, ^ and Chiricahua Apaches, on the Rio Gila, in­ cluding the Santa Lucia Spring.37 , /r, i This step to remove the Ohiricahuas and Mimbrenos to the: Gila was not followed up, however, And the approach of the Civil Y/ar evidently stopped most of the federal activity, for no reports were zmde by Steak in I860. : ; - At Apache Pass Cochise remained, and Ms relations with the white men were unaltered throughout I860; but the following year was not far advanced before everything was to 38 change. : "■ r. , -y /: C Living on the Sonoita River not far from Fort Buchanan in the early sixties was an Irishman named John Ward (or Wadsworth) with his Mexican m istress and her son. The wo- 1 man had been a prisoner among the Apaches and the boy was born while she was thus a captive, the father being an Apache warrior. After her rescue with the child, Ward gave 39 her a home. : ay : av/ ' aa -a-,; a 37

37 Mesilia Times. October 18. i860. - - : • ,4^ Irwin reported that in January, 1861 or in December, I860 he and Captain R.S. Ewell were at Apache Pass en­ deavoring to conciliate with the Chiricahua#; and that two discharged soldiers were killed in the vicinity while de­ fending their families against the Indians. Irwinr op.~ cit., P. 3. Frank C. Lockwood, The Apache Indians. p. 100. The Mexican woman’s name has been given as Jesus Salvador and Jesus Martinez. Her boy is believed to be Mickey Free, a later interpreter and scout_for the U,S. Army during the Geronimo days. YYeliman, op. b it . . p. 59. 36

The boy was In the toeadow watching Ward1 s c a ttle one day in the la te f a l l of i 860 when, a. band of Apaches raided the ranch and stole both.the boy and.the stock* Following , the.Indians' trail as far as the San Pedro, Ward became convinced,that the thieves were part of Cochise's,band. He thereupon reported his loss to the commanding officer at , Fort Buchanan, Colonel Pitcairn Morrison, Seventh Infantry, and requested that he help him recover the stolen boy and 40 . c *fc e #. ~ . i t ■ • , . * ■ ■ Several weeks,passed before Morrison.took any action. Finally on January 28, 1861 the colonel ordered Second Lieu­ tenant George N. Basoom, Seventh. Infantry, a West Point . graduate of the class of 18$8, to proceed to Apache Pass and vicinity with sixty men to recover the kidnapped boy and the stock. If, as Ward.had suggested, the trail.led to Cochise in Apache Pass,, Basoom was to enter the ch ief's camp and demand that the„captive and the animals be returned, using ...... - ...... ' ' " ‘ : 41 ' .... force if necessary to accomplish his mission...... Basoom le f t Fort Buchanan on January 29, and a fter a slow journey arrived at Apache Pass on February 3. The de­ t a ils of. what happened during the next several days a t,th e pass differ with every account. Even the accounts of W.S. Oury and Brigadier-General-B.J.D. Irwin, who were partial

Lockwood. The Apache Indians. p. 100. ^ Irwin, op. cit.. p. 3. - 37 participants in the drama, tell amazingly different -- stories, although both reports are severe condemnations of Cochise. However, this first military occupationof Apache Pass, as one historian describes it, was to have.far- - reaching consequences. To overlook it would leave a serious gap in Fort Bowie’s background and Arizona’s Apache h istory. Marching eastward through the pass, Bascom stopped at . the Overland Mail Station long enough to supply h is men : •with water and inform the station keeper that he was on his way to the Rio Grande. He then moved on and made camp about three-quarters of a mile east of the station. : Cochise had'observed the troop.movement and the fo l­ lowing day, February 4, he inquired.at the station why the 42 soldiers had been there. He was told that they were on th eir way to the Rio Grande. Then Cochise proceeded down i the canyon accompanied by h is wife and boy, a brother, and two nephews. Ward and an interpreter named Antonio were with Bascom;and Ward, recognizing the chief as he neared the camp, informed the lieutenant .that it was Cochise. At Bascom’s request the: Indian leader and his f ive - companions entered the o ffic e r ’s te n t. Once inside and seated, Bascom explained through the interpreter the object of the expedition and ordered Cochise to surrender the boy 42

42 W.S. Oury, ”A True History of the Outbreak:of the Noted Apache Chief tain Cochise in the Tear 1861,.’’ reprinted from the Arizona Weekly Star beginning June 28, 1 8 7 7 ... 38 arid the cattle. Cochise declared that neither he nor any of his people had any knowledge of the depredation» How­ ever, he offered to inquire as to what band was guilty and try to recover the boy and the stock by purchase,, as was the custom among Indians. Cochise’s innocence was later proven. Pinal Apaches were g u ilty of the offen se, riot the Chirioa- .43 . huas. ------■- ■ " ; /--:v ■ . " Before the interview had long been in progress, Ward slipped out to gather the soldiers around the tent. As soon as Baseom was informed that this precaution had been taken, he told Cochise that he and his party would be held as hos­ tages until Ward's boy was returned. The dangerous, even fatal, move had been made. Cochise, springing to his feet, drew his sheath knife and slashed his way through the tent ’ wall into the midst of the soldiers, who were too astonished to stop him. A volley fired after him reportedly woimded him but did not disable him. Cochise ran up the slope with bullets spattlrig around. Another Indian tried to escape, - but was knocked down and transfixed to the ground by a " bayonet. The other members of the party remined quietly in the tent and were held as prisoners& u. r Orice free, Cochise gathered a band of his-warriors, while Basoom marched back to the station with h is meri. A -

.43 Thomas.E. Parish, History of Arizona. I I , 31; Charles T. Connell, "The Apache Paili" and Present." Tucson Citizen, May 29, 1921. ragged volley broke out from the heights. Some of the sol­ diers were hit. ;The rest sought shelter behind the,rails of the mail corral, from which they fought off the Indians

Uja* ^ . ^ a r ^ e. A -v.;;,-.'A, A .A. ;■ r-: ■ n Uc .■ ,, That night the regular mail stage from the west strug­ gled up the corral. . One mule.had been le f t dead on the trail behind. The driver,,King.Lyons, was badly wounded by a shot in the leg. The passengers succeeded in,cutting the dead mule .loose: William Buckley, superintendent for the ... , " » v "* " ' - mail lin e , mounting the d river’s seat whipped the re st of the frightened animals onward through a hail of bullets and up the pass. ; ., Buckley at once sent a messenger to William Oury a.% Tucson requesting Oury to dispatch a man.to Fort Breckenridge on the San Pedro for immediate aid. , Oury did so, and as soon as possible set out himself with a small party for Apache

P a s s . 44 When he arrived at Ewell’s Station about fifteen miles west,of the pass, Oury learned that Lieutenant R.S.C. Lord and Lieutenant Isaiah N. Moore, in command resp ectively \ „ -h i t ■ V * * .- f - 7 ; ^ a ^ » -.Ah .'-, # 4- < .. ^ % , ■ ■ < * - '" * - 's- . „ * * - * * - ' "■ of Companies ;D and.F, First Dragoons, had preceded him. These men, marched from Fort Breckenridge February 10. Oury overtook, them before they had reached.the canyon and they all proceeded together to the station, arriving in the even­ ing more than a week after Cochise had made his escape. ,

^ Oury, op. cit., 1877. , 40

About the same time that Buckley had sent word to Tucson, Bascorn dispatched a soldier to Fort Buchanan for medical aid. The daring soldier reached the fort In less than two days. Assistant Surgeon B.J.D. Irwin together with James'Graydon, a discharged soldier who wanted adven­ ture , and fourteen reliable infantry men mounted bn mules set out in a snowstorm to reliev e Bascorn and attend the wounded at the mail station. Two days were required to make the march; they arrived at the pass perhaps a day or two after the officers from Fort Breokenridge. While crossing the Sulphur Spring Valley, Irwin's command met a handful of Indians driving off some cattle and horses. After a running fig h t, most of the animals were recovered and three Indians were taken prisoners. Thirty-three years' later Irwin was awarded a medal of honor by Congress for gallantry in action bn this occasion. Upon entering the canyon Irwin found a train of five wagons in the wash, plundered and burned. Lashed to their wheels were the charred remains of eight bodies; and the Indians evidently carried off three prison­ ers, who were to be found lat&r. ' " " Meanwhile there was plenty going on at the station. The morning after Cochise's escape he appeared with a white fla g , whose protection he s t i l l seemed to tr u st, and asked for a conference. Bascom went forward with two soldiers and 45

45 Irwin, ojd. bit.. p. 1. 41 three stage employees: ,Wallaee, Jordon,-awl Lyonsv 1 The stage men oould not really believe .that Cochise had turned h o stile . They knew him w ell and went along voluntarily rto mediate. But they found a d ifferen t Cochise; gone was the friendly,; quiet Indian.- Their pleadings with him were in vain. He was determined to reeoyer Baacom's hostages. , Aid- denly a lookout on the station roof signaled that some Indians were hiding in a .ravine close behind Cochise. Bascom and the sold iers ..began to r etrea t... Hidden Apaches .leaped out and seized Wallace and h is two companions, who were perhaps still confident of. Cochise * s friendship. The young lieu­ tenant and his two men reached the corral safely. - ... r , r. The situation was becoming all the . more desperate. : ; There had been a heavy snow fall, and a ll the nearer snow was 40 gathered and melted for water for the men and animals. ... But the supply lasted only a.short while. By the third day the stock was going crazy for water, and the springs were 600 . yards away. Finally, Bascom divided up the-herd,.and sent part of 11 to the springs under guard, holding back the rest. As the men drove the stock bef ore them on the .return trip, the >„ Apaches f e l l upon them, stampeding the. animals and wounding several of the guards. ; • , . . ; , <: .. A day or two later Cochise and h is -follow ers supposedly

.46 I b id ,, :-;C r V-- 42 appeared again, this time In war paint, leading their cap­ tives: the three stage men, and three who had been cap-- tured from the wagon train. -Wallace, who spoke the Apache language, made known Cochise*s demand for an exchange of prisoners. He pleaded with the liemtenant to accept the proffered terms, knowing that a refu sa l would mean certain death. Sergeant Reuben F. Bernard of Basoom*s command joined Wallace in persuading the officer to surrender the Indians to Cochise, and so persistent did he become in his opposition to the action of his superior that he was placed under a rrest. But Basoom would not give in to the ch ief's demand. Cochise once more withdrew followed by his men and hostages, hopelessly frustrated and angered beyond recall. The sequel to Basoom's unfortunate blunder occurred after the infantry from Fort Biiohanari, the dragoons from Fort Breckenridge, and the civilians from Tucsoh had a ll united at the mail sta tio n , which seems to have been by Feb

A scout was made to the southern part of the mountain range but; on* seeing the concentration of troops for their punishment, Cochise and his band had vanished in various di rections. Two days were spent in seeking the deserted v il­ lage of Cochise, which was found and destroyed. While on the march in quest of his home the scouts noticed a flock of buzzards circling the heights some distance to the right of the trail. Upon investigating the place from where the 43 birds had flown, the remlns of Wallace, Lyons, Jordon, and the three wagon train men were found, They had Wen to r­ tured to death and left to the vultures, Irwin writes that, It was then and there decided to execute ■ an equal number of the Indian warriors confined- >: t at the mail station. It was I who suggested th eir summary exeoution, man for ran. On Bascorn expressing reluctance to resort to the extreme - measure proposed, I urged my right to dispose of the lives of the three prisoners captured by me, after which he then acceded to the retaliatory . :r; proposition and agreed that these prisoners and three of the hostages taken .by him should be : :■ brought there and executed. Two days afterward the six Indians were marched out to the mound that sloped down toward the new grave of the mur­ dered Americans, and were hanged upon the oak trees. One of the Apaches hanged was"the warrior who had been stabbed in -the stomach by a bayonet when he tried 'to escape. In - spite of the awful nature: - of his wound, - he was forced to . ■ walk one and a half m iles to his place of execution, o The two remaining prisoners, a boy and a woman, were placed in a wagon, taken to Fort Buchanan, and. there released. t ; Not long after BascomJs command returned to Fort Bu­ chanan the commanding o ffic er of the fort was instructed r c: . •' /. . - ' •. : : . v .: ' _ ; ; ": , - %«• cv-y .% . that: ' :: ' :'. / . ■' • : :: - The Department Commander directs that you w ill, publicly express to Dr. Irwin, U.S. Army, CM to Lieutenant Bascom, Seventh U.S. Infantry, h is ap­ probation of the excellent conduct of those of- ; - fleers, and the troops under their command against the Apache Indians during the last month. He 47

47 Ibid., p. 6. emphatically approves of Lieutenant Bascom*s decided action in executing the Indian warriors, after the atrocious murders which had been com- . • mitted by the tr ib e .48 Sergeant R.F. Bernard, who had so openly opposed Bas­ com' s action, was tried by the commanding officer of Fort Buchanan for insubordination but was released. Writing eight years later Bernard, who had shown himself one of the most efficient Apache fighters in the army and had risen steadily through the various grades to the rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel, said of Cochise: This Indian was at peace until betrayed and •'.wounded- by white, men. He now, when spoken to ; about peace, points to his soars and says, "I , was at peace with .the whites until they tried to k ill me for what other Indians did; I now live and die at war with them. "49 - : . \ Perhaps George W. Manypenny, who had been the Commis­ sioner of. Indian Affairs during the mid-1850s , was thinking of this episode at Ajache Pass, when he wrote in. his book: "Several military expeditions were, sent into the country, not to protect the Indians, but to punish them because they 4849

48 Ib id . , p. 7. A year after Lieutenant G.N. Bascomts trouble atApache Pass, the lieutenant (promoted to captain) was killed at the battle of Valverde, N.M. Fort Bascom on the Canadian River in New Mexico was named in his honor." Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of United States Army. I, Ft. 2, II, Pt. 3, 197, 479. 49 Don R ussell, One Hundred and Three Fights and Scrim­ mages; "The Story of General Reuben F. Bernard," United States Cavalry Association, Washington, 1936, as quoted by Lockwood, The Apache Indiana, pp. 105-106. Sergeant Bernard was later commanding officer at Fort Bowie. 45

50 did not submit to wrong and injustioe*w ; Whether th is retribution of Irwin and Bascom was an example, of wrong and injustice, it is; not for the writer to judge. I t does, how everseem to have been a blunder which had its roots in .an unfortumte military attitude, a: blun­ der which set; Cochise:on the warpath and cost the lives of countless Americans and vast destruction of property. By the summer of 1861, terror had reached/a new high in Arizona. Mines, ranches, and small settlements were : . . v % ' :/ . 51 - lie . . -' '' desolated and abandoned. The Butterfield Company, al­ though i t had suffered g reatly.at the hands of the Apaches, v.- v. 1';:. ■ 1:: • :l ■' ; • . . .. v 52 : ; • • :r:. was moved northward for other reasons, ; Another lin e was ' .. . then put into Operation to take its place; but because of the development of the Civil War and the increased Apa.ohe depredations, it was discontinued in August, 1861. Doubtless the terror which existed between the time that Cochise was aroused to war and the withdrawal of troops from the region south of the Gila has been somewhat exag- gerated. A story was spread during this time that a party of 200 emigrants had been massacred at Apache Pass. Irwin, in his article "The Apache Pass Fight,M strongly refutes th is ta le and summarizes the situ ation as i t appeared to him: . - •,52 *50

50 George W. Manypenny, Our Indian Wards, p. 1%6. 51. Lockwood. The Apache Indians, p. 108. 52 W M > op. cit., p. 213. 53 Ibid. , p. 217. The troops with which v/e were serving at : the time remained in Arizona, until August, 1861, but while the bodies of several small parties had been captured, barbarously tortured and mutilated before having been put to death by their fiendish captors, were discovered at various times and p laces, we never heard-of a party of two hundred emigrants having been massacred at Apache Pass or elsewhere in Arizona. When I again traversed the pass six months after the events related (the Bascom epiSodij , the bodies of the Indians executed still dangled on the oak trees over the graves of our murdered people. The debris of the train burnt before the execution of the In­ dian warriors [was still clearly visible?. The remains of that time doubtless gave origin to the story that 200 Texan emigrants had been massacred at that spot in retaliation and the perverted exaggeration forcibly illustrates that the credulity of some of those who passed through Apache Pass some months after the trans­ actions described was grossly imposed upon at the expense of truth and the actual and tragic occurrences that took p l a c e . 54 The removal of Federal troops from Arizona, however, did Increase the already awful terror. The Apaches, who had no knowledge of a great war in the east, probably assumed that they had caused the American soldiers to retreat from their land. Now they were left without restraint, which was not altered much by Captain Hunter’s invasion of Arizona under the Confederate fla g . Cochise and his people were not partial towards Con­ federates or Union forces or, for that matter, any whites. They now hated them a l l . When Hunter and his command were forced to retreat west from Tucson as the California Column 54

54 Irwin, op. oit.pp. 7-8. 47 approached the town, he was attacked by Apaches on Dragoon Summit in the midst of one of Cochise's favorite strong- 55 holds. Several of his men were reportedly killed, and his losses of stock and stores were very great. ; ^ The resistance and hostility which troopsi of the Cali­ fornia Column were going to encounter from Cochise while : proceeding eastward from Tucson became apparent. Brigadier-General James H. Carleton, commanding the . California Column, arrived in Tucson early in June,,1862. On June 15 he sent three couriers—Expressman John Jones; Sergeant "Wheeling of Company F, First Infantry California Volunteers; and a Mexican guide, Chavez—with dispatohes for Brigadier-General E.R.S. Canby, commanding the Department of New Mexico. Of the three whom he sen t, two were k ille d by the Apaches In Apache Pass on the evening of June 18. The third, John Jones, after a miraculous escape reached the Rio Grande, but was immediately captured by the secessio n ists to - 56 gether with hia dispatches. . ^ : r. " On June 17 Lieutenant-Colonel Edward E. Eyre, First Cavalry California Volunteers, was ordered by Carleton to make a forced reconnaissance toward the Rio Grande in ad­ vance of the main column. Eyre started from Tucson on th is duty with a small command from his regiment June 21. His *56

.... 55 Fred G. Hughes, "Evacuation of Tucson by Confederate Troops," Arizona Daily Star, May 21, 1907. 56 The War of the Rebellion. L, Part I, pp. 93, 123. 48 command was unmolested until it. reached Apache Pass on 57 June- 25. ... : . - While the colonel was superintending the watering of animals a.t the springs in the pass, four shots were heard in the vicinity of where the horses that had been watered were being grazed under a strong guard. Immediately thereafter i t was reported to Eyre that Indians were in sigh t waving a white fla g and that the guard had fired to give the alarm. The commanding officer immediately started for them, taking with him a white flag and Mr. Newcomb as interpreter. After about one hour he succeeded in getting sufficiently, close to one of them to be understood. He explained to the Indian what he desired and asked for the chief. -At this time there were at least seventy-five or a hundred Indians in sight, many of them mounted on good-looking horses and a ll of them armed with fire arms, some with rifles and pistols. When the chief came forward Byre told him that they were Ameri­ cans and that they wished to be friends of the Apaches. The chief, in turn, professed a great desire to be friendly with the Americans, and assured the colonel that neither his men nor his animals would be molested. He asked for tobacco and something to eat, and all that could be spared was given to him, after which he and h is group withdrew. Upon Eyre’s return to the spring it was reported to him

5? Ibid., pp. 120-122. 49 that shots had been heard and that three of the men. were- - , missing. A party of thirty was at once sent out in the vicinity of the firing, and after an hour’s search the bodies of the missing men (Private James F. Keith, Peter Maloney, and Albert Schmidt of Company B, F ir st Cavalry} were found stripped of a ll their clothing and two of them scalped. Reporting this incident to the acting assistant adjutant general, Byre stated: "They were victims to their own imprudence, the entire command having been repeatedly 58 warned by me not to wander from camp." Later on the same day Eyre moved h is .command and made camp about two miles east of the pass. Sixor eight shots were fired into camp, wounding Assistant-Surgeon Kittridge and killing one horse on the picket line. ; . \ ' ; < The experiences which befell Eyre’s command at Apache Pass impressed him with the need of troops being placed there. In a le tte r to Lieutenant Benjamin C. Cutlerj Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Column from California, he wrote: If it is the desire to keep open communica­ tions between Tucson and the Rio Grande I would respectfully recommend that two companies (of infantry be stationed) at the Apache Pass. That corps would be far more effectiv e against th a : ^ Indians in the rugged mountains at the [point) above named than cavalry; besides horses could not be kept in flesh on.the dry grass alone; ; they would be utterly useless in two weeks' : ;v : rid in g .59 ;• :: . : ' " :

59 ibid., p. 125. ~ 59 Ibid., pp. 125-126. 50

; The day that Eyre wrote his significant recommendation, July 8, General Carleton gave orders for-Captain Thomas L* Roberts, First Infantry California Volunteers, to proceed - eastward from Tucson to the San Simon, accompanied by a 60 wagon train. Roberts' command was to entrench near the San Simon mail station and guard certain supplies for the First Cavalry California Volunteers, under Eyre, who were expected shortly to f a l l back from the:Rio Grande, and to protect forage and other supplies for the main column until it advanced. Captain John C. Cremony, Second Cavalry Cali­ fornia Volunteers, was ordered to escort the government train of twenty-one wagons, and to guard this train on its return trip to Tucson. Captain Roberts and his command left Tucson at 4:30 A.M. July 10. The captain was instructed to. divide his,conmand before advancing to watering places where the supply was in doubt, in order to investigate whether the whole party could be furnished with water at one time, and then to reunite his 6061

60 Ib id . . P . 93. . ~ X 61 The command under Roberts was made up of the follow ­ ing troopst Thomas L. Roberts, Captain Company E, First Infantry California - Volunteers, consisting of Company E, First Infantry California Volunteers, seventy-two men; Company B, Second Cavalry California Volunteers, Captain J.C. Cremony, twenty-four men; battery consisting of two prairie howitzers, First,Lieutenant W.A. Thompson, twenty men; de­ tachment of Company H, First Infantry California Volunteers, First Lieutenant A.B.. MacGowan, ten men; twenty-two teams, Jesse R. Allen, wagon master. Total 126 men, 242 animals. Ibid., p. 130. 51 force whenever the water supply permitted. The advance arrived at Dragoon Springs on the morning of July 13 and, finding enough water, Roberts sent back in ­ structions for the remaining troops and train to join him. That night the sold iers were deluged with rain. But the following afternoon at 5 P.M. Roberts again divided his com­ mand. At Dragoon Springs he le f t Cremony in command of a detachment to guard the train , with orders to start forward the next morning. Captain Roberts took with him sixty in­ fantry, the battery, and six or eight cavalry, the latter to express back to Cremony. With one tank of water the captain's party set out through mud, knee deep, to make the - ' ; ' 62 : ". . . . : - :. . forty miles to Apache Pass. Meanwhile, according to Cremony*s account, Mangas Colo- radas had gone to the pass with 200 warriors to inquire why Cochise had not answered his call for help to dislodge 130 miners or more from Pinos Altos, New Mexico. Cochise took '-v. ,;V v. . Mangas to the top of a summit and showed him the dust made by the advance guard of American so ld iers, and told him that it was his first duty to defend himself. Thereupon, Mangas readily agreed to join forces with Cochise, who had assem­ bled more than 200 of his own fighters, to defeat the ap- preaching Americans. 6263

62 Ib id . , -p. 131. 63 Cremony, op. c i t . , pp. 160-161. 52

At 12:30 B.M.. July 15," Roberts arrived at the pass with his almost exhausted troops, who had had only a cup of cof­ fee during th eir nineteen-hour march. They entered the narrow canyon, taking proper precautions, and were about half a mile from the mail station when the combined forces of Co­ chise and Mangas Coloradas opened fir e on the rear guard, almost at the spot where Bascom had his fight seventeen months ea rlier. The Apaches were w ell protected behind th eir natural fortresses on both sides of the gorge. The soldiers fought bravely, but to little avail, for most of their am­ munition was being expended against an in v isib le fo e. How­ ever, they managed- to k ill four of the Indians while losing Private C.M. O’Brien, Company G, First Infantry, attached to Lieutenant Thompson’s battery, killed, and teamster Andrew 6 if ' ; ' ' : Sawyer wounded. As soon as p ossib le, Roberts formed his troops as skirmishers and, after a sharp contest, drove off the stubborn enemy. S till ahead was the job of reaching the indispensable water supply. Advancing cautiously to the springs, Roberts again deployed skirmishers into the h ills, supported by one of Thompson's howitzers to command the road. On two com­ manding heights above the springs the Apaches had b u ilt crude but efficient breastworks by piling rooks one upon the other 64

64 The War of the Rebellion. L, Part I, p. 131. 53

65 so as to form openings between the interstices. : From these fortifications they kept up a rattling fire upon the soldiers below. Captain Roberts called his men out and this time divided them up into two parties of skirmishers, send­ ing them up the h ills on either side of the canyon while sh ellin g the high points ahead of them. The Indians fought determinedly to prevent the troops from gaining the water. Until after 4 P.M. the battle raged. The bursting shells of the two horitzers finally forced the Apaches to flee. later in;speaking of this engagement, one of the Indians said, MWe would have done w ell enough i f you had not fired wagons.at us." And so they might.have, if it had not been for the battery on wheels. Although only five were accounted for, a prominent Apache who was present in the conflict afterwards admitted that sixty-three warriors were killed outright by the shells, while only three perished.by musketfire. Roberts' loss was Private John Barr, Company 6? E, First Infantry, killed and one other private wounded, r But the struggle was not yet over. As soon as. the horses could be watered, Captain Roberts dispatched Sergeant M itchell and Privates Teal, Maynard, Keim, King and Young of Company B, Second Cavalry California Volunteers, with 6566

65 Cremony, op. c it., p. 163. 66 Ibid., p. 164. „ . ^ The War of the Rebellion. L, Part I, pp. 128, 131. 54 an express to Captain Cremony informing him of the situation and that he would dome out to meet him with an infantry 68 force to assure the safety of the train. After securing enough water for the night and morning and allowing his men time to get a cup of coffee, Roberts started back to Ewell’s station, fifteen miles east of the pass, where Cremony had encamped and corralled the train upon learning of the afternoon attack from Sergeant Mitchell. Roberts took with him a detachment of twenty-eight men and le f t the remaining troops under Lieutenant Thompson at the station house. The sergeant and his comrades, minus Privates Teal and Keim, reached Cremony about 700 o’clock in the evening after 69 a frantic pursuit by the Apaches. When they were about four miles east of Apache Pass on their way to rejoin the train, the men were waylaid and attacked by about forty In­ dians who were in ambush among some mesquite trees and rocks between two swells of land. The horses of Privates Maynard and Keim were shot, and Maynard was severely wounded in the right forearm. At this time Private John W. Teal was about 250 yards in the rear, leading his horse to rest, and the Apaches were between Teal and the other fiv e cavalrymen. Realizing the enemy were too numerous to attack with a small 6869

68 Ibid., p. 131. 69 i t i a . . P. 132. 55 and weakened fore® the sergeant retreated and, with Maynard, King and Young, reached Captain Gremony and the wagon train safely. Keim joined the train about twenty minutes later because his horse had fallen in a dying condition about a mile distant and he had remained to secure his saddle and bridle, which he did. ^ ; : v There was every reason to fear that Tealrhad been killed by the Apaches, but about 10:30 o'clock that same evening he arrived on foot at Gremony’s encampment, un­ harmed and carrying a ll his arms and ammunition. His escape from death had been nothing short of miraculous. Finding himself cut off from Sergeant Mitchell’s party^ Teal struck off by himself at a gallop down the valley which forms be­ tween the two swells of land where the Apaches had ambushed themselves. He was closely pursued by fifteen Indians who fired repeatedly at:him, and finally shot his horse through the heart. Teal;immediately,threw himself flat on the ground and defended himself with his carbine. The warriors seemed ready to close in on him when he drew his pistol and fired one shot. R ealizing that he had a p isto l and saber, they drew off and circled around him, fir in g at him and Teal re­ turning their fire with his carbine. The unequal contest lasted about one hour and a h a lf, when the Apaches gradually withdrew after Teal had slipped a carbine ball into a prominent Indian, and the private made good his retreat to 56

70 where the train was encamped, - . • . . : ^ . later It, was learned that Teal had shot none other than Mangas Coloradas. The Mimbreno chief was severely wounded 71 but later recovered. - ' v y About 11:30 that same night Roberts and his detachment reached Cremony’s camp, having marched the fifte e n miles on only the captain’s canteenful of water; but the men did it without a murmur. After a few hours rest and without break­ fast, for there was no wood with which to cook, Roberts and Cremony proceeded with the wagon train to what the latter officer called "the most formidable of gorges." , Before entering the pass, Roberts arranged his force so as to be prepared for anything. In front he placed a line of skirmishers; he dismounted the cavalry, with the exception of three, and distributed -them one to, eachi,wagon. He in­ structed the three cavalrymen left mounted to assist the three men driving the:cattle. And the cattle, in turn, he ordered placed immediately behind the train. Lastly, the 72 captain placed another line of skirmishers in the rear; Everything was brought into the pass safely. The party joined Lieutenant Thompson and his detachment at the stone station house. But again the Indians had occupied the heights

7° Ibid., p. 132...:. : v-: : r Cremony, op. cit., p. 160. ^ The War of the Rebellion. L, Part I, p. 131. 57 above the springs, and again Roberts had to make ready to - dislodge them. - . r ; „ There is no te llin g how the b attle might have gone th is time, if it had not been for John Teal's exploit of the pre­ vious day. But the howitzers oneemre proved to be too much for the Apaches and they hurriedly abandoned th eir po­ sition. Some of the horses emd mules that had been with Cremony had not tasted water for forty-eight hours, and they drank as i f they would never be sa tisfie d . The troops remained at the pass all that day; the next morning, July 17, at 8 A.M. they left camp. Captain Roberts was obviously very proud of his men^" A few days later he wrote: Very few of us had ever been under fire be­ fore, but I do not knpw of oge case of flinching. When we got through (the pasy and out into open country, I called in my skirmishers, saying that all who could not walk might step to the front, and I would provide a place for them to ride. Of the entire company only two stepped to the front.73 July 19 the command arrived at its destination, the San Simon Station. Shortly thereafter, Captain Cremony was on his way back to Tucson with the train. He returned by the road made by Captain (then General) Charles P. Stone in order to avoid Apache Pass. But Captain Roberts knew that other troops would have to enter "the most formidable of gorges." In his report to 73

73 Ibid., p. 129. 58 his superior officer, he strongly recommended a measure to prevent a recurrence of what had happened to his command. 'He wrote: ■ _. — -. ^ - - : ' : 1 deem it highly important that a force suf- . ficient to hold the water and pass should be stationed there, otherwise every command -will have to fig h t for water, and, not knowing the ground, are almost certain to lose some liv e s . I would have remained there had not mv orders been posi- tive to proceed to this post (San Simon Station) . Roberts dispatched his report to Tucson, July 19, 1862. July 20, Colonel Joseph R. West, First Infantry California Volunteers, with Companies, B, C and K of h is regiment,and Company G of the Fifth Infantry California Volunteers, started 75 from Tucson, under orders, for the Rio Grande. Major Theo­ dore A. Coult, Fifth Infantry California Volunteers, formerly commanding officer of Fort Barrett, Pima Villages, Arizona Territory, was assigned to duty with West’s command. July 23, Brigadier-General James H. Carleton left Tucson. He passed West with most of the troops encamped on the San Pedro on July 24, and led the advance of the column himself 76 from that point to Las Cruces, New Mexico. *7576

”4 ib id . , p. 128. 75 Ibid. , p. 90. 76 Ibid., p. 100. Two days before Carleton left Tucson, the following order was issued by him: "All of the Territory of Arizona west of a meridian line running through what is known as Apache Pass, on the Butterfield:Mail Route, hence to Mesilla, will constitute the District of Western Arizona, the headquarters of which shall be Tucson, Arizona. Major David Fergusson. First Cavalry California Volunteers, is 59

When Carleton reached Apache Pass en route to New Mexico, the reports of Lieutenant-Colonel,Eyre and Captain Roberts with their strong recommendations to place troops in the canyon had already been disclosed to him. : He saw for himself the remains of the crude but efficient breastworks which Cochise had had built to fight off Roberts* command. He doubtless, too, saw the graves of soldiers recently k ille d . . ' . . : . ■ y. x- x. ; ■ - y : " Carleton therefore decided at once that, from the hos­ tile attitude of the Chiricahua Indians, it was indispensably necessary to establish a post in Apache Pass. He decided also to name i t in honor of Colonel George Washington Bowie, Fifth Infantry California Volunteers, who at the time was stationed at Fort Yuma commanding the District of Southern C alifornia, and whose F ifth Infantry in part was going to garrison the new fort, with the additional support of thir­ teen rank and file of Company A, First Cavalry California 77 y- ■ ' y-': :,-yy: •-- - Volunteers. ■ y y • 76

76 (cont.) hereby placed in command of the district, as well as of the post and town of Tucson." Ibid.. p. 92. Ib id ., p. 100. Colonel George W. Bowie was born in Maryland and appointed to the U.S. Army in Iowa as a First Lieutenant,-March 8, 1847• He distinguished himself during the Mexican War at the b a ttle s .of Contreras and Churubusco, August 19 and 20, 1847, and was awarded the rank of Brevet Major. Some time after the war with Mexico he moved to . California. When the Civil War started he accepted the com­ mission tendered him by the governor of California, November 1861, and commanded the Fifth Infantry California Volunteers which had been organized by Colonel John,Kellogg, who resigned his command to go east in vOctober" of 1861'. Bowie commanded? 60

Accordingly,' on July 27, 1862 "by command of Brigadier- General Car leton , the follow ing General Orders No. 12 were issued at Apache Pass, Overland Mail Station: ,1. A post will he established in this pass, * which will be known as Fort Bowie. ; = II. This post w ill be garrisoned by Company G, Fifth Infantry, increased to 100 men by a detachment from Company A, F ifth Infantry California Volunteers. Major T.A. Coult, Fifth Infantry California Volunteers, until further orders, is assigned to the command of Fort Bowie. Surgeon David Wooster, Fifth Infantry California Volunteers, is also as­ signed to duty at that post. III. Colonel Joseph R. West, First Infantry Cali­ fornia Volunteers, as he passes Fort Bowie on his way to the Rio Grande, w ill furnish for the infantry portion of the garrison 120 rounds of. ammunition, per man. Lieutenant- Colonel uSdwin AJ Rigg, First Infantry, California Volunteers, w ill see that the com­ mand is furnished with twenty days* rations of subsistence and a sufficient number of tents, including one hospital tent. Should Colonel Rigg not have an adequate number, they w ill be furnished from the supply train under command of Captain William McCleave, First Cavalry California Volunteers, which w ill leave Tucson, Arizona Territory, on the 2d proximo. From th is train the commander of Fort Bowie w ill draw 10,000 rounds of musket ammunition and six ty days1 ration s of subsistence. Passing detachments will keep the command at Fort Bowie supplied with fresh beef until the arrival of the beef ...... contractor, who w ill make arrangements to 77

77 (cont.): the Fifth Inf an try. until the expiration of his term in December, 1864. E arlier, in March 1864, he was awarded the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General for faithful and meritorious service during the war. He did not move east of California during the Civil War until 1863, although part of. his regiment accompanied Carleton into Arizona. Hubert Howe Bancroft.History of California. VII, 1860-1890, 469- 470; Heitman, op. cit.. I, Pt. 2, 234. 61

leave at that post sixty days1 rations • of fresh beef on the hoof, with two first- rate men to herd them. TV. The commanding o ffic er at Tort Bowie w ill establish that post at the best point in the Apache Pass for the protection of tra­ velers and passing trains. If this point, from the nature of the ground, cannot be found near the springs, a small redoubt on the most commanding position w ill be at once erected near that spring, and be occu­ pied night and day by a picket guard strong enough to hold i t . V. The commander at Fort Bowie w ill cause the Apache Indians to be attacked whenever and wherever he may find them near his post, un­ less they bear flags of truce. For this pur­ pose he is at liberty to send out from time to time detachments from his post of such strength and to such points as the good of the service may require. He w ill, whenever necessary, cause all trains and expressmen to be escorted through the pass and well out into the open country on either hand. To effect all this a great deal is necessarily left to his judgement, caution, vigilance, and energy. VI. A detachment of cavalry will be added to the garrison of the post and w ill come from the east with the first return train.78 Fort Bowie was officially established July 28, 1862, : -V ... v 79 : ' the day after the above orders were issued. Carleton moved on to Las Oruces, New Mexico with h is command, leaving 7879

78 Records of the Adjutant General, Fort Bowie. Arizona Territory. Reservation F ile. July 27, 1862 (hereafter cited" as H.A.G-., Reservation Rile;; The War of the Rebellion. L, Part II, pp. >0-41. 79 Heitman. on. b it . . I I , F t. 3, 482; Thomas H.S. Hamersly, CompleteKegular Army Register of the United States For One Hundred Tears (1*779-18791. Part 2, 125; W rtln 'T l Schmitt", e d .. General Crook. His Autobiography, p. 163. 62

100 men and thirteen tents to shelter-the garrison at the . new post. ■ ' j : ".C-' ^ August 3 the general directed the following letter to Major David Fergusson, First Cavalry California Volunteers, commanding at Tucson, D istrict Headquarters of Western Art- zona s'- Send by the first opportunity 1,500 pounds of pemmican, which Captain W illis left at the San Pedro on the 26th of July, to Fort Bowie, . Apache Pass, Chiricahua Mountains. I enclose a copy of General Orders, No. 12, establishing that post. Its garrison will not vary much from 120 aggregate. You will cause it to be supplied with subsistence stores and such other necessary articles, as may be required by the commanding of­ ficer of that post which you can spare from the depot at Tucson, or procure from Fort Yuma or San Francisco. Fort Bowie is included within the District of Eastern Arizona, and will doubtless be occupied by troops for many years, as it is one of the most important points for a military post in the Territory. Of course, during the present troubles no expenses can be incurred in building this post, except in the payment of the. few extra-duty men whom the commanding o ffic e r may be obliged to employ. Major Court w ill for the present protect himself by a field-work, but the troops there will be obliged to live under canvas for some time to come. Send a good share of the dried apples named therein to Fort Bowie, also 100 bedsacks.oO Carleton was correct in his prediction that Fort Bowie would be occupied by troops for many years. U ntil 18%, so l ' : , 81 diers were to be continuously stationed at Apache Pass.

The War.of the Rebellion. L. Part II, pp. 47-48; R.A.G-., Reservation F ile . September 3, 1862. &L Letters from War Records Office, Washington, D.C., December 2, l%?^February 19, 1948; Records of the Office of the Adjutant General, Post Returns - Fort Bowie. Arizona 63

Its thirty-two years of history were to combine all the ele­ ments of excitement, war, tragedy, discomfort, loneliness, and utter boredom. During the first few weeks of its existence while Major Coult was completing his defensive works about the camp and for some time afterward, the troops were annoyed much more by illness than by Apaches. They soon hated being stationed at the new post; nevertheless, they were building protection for those who would traverse the four or fiv e blood-stained miles of Apache Pass. The establishment of Fort Bowie prompted James L. Collins, Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Territory of New Mexico (Arizona still included), to write to his su­ perior in Washington, D.C.: This cannot but be attended with the most salutary results to a large region of surrounding country. Deprived of the water from the springs in the pass, the Indians will be compelled to abandon this place of resort for mischief doing, and travellers w ill be guaranteed immunity from . the dangers to which they have heretofore been subjected.82 : , Collins, no doubt, was underestimating the persistency of the clever strategist, Cochise, who still had not settled with the Americans.

(cont.) Territory. 1866-1894 (hereafter cited as R.O.A.G., Post Returns). , ' . " 82 House Exec. Doc. No. iO, 37th Cong., 3rd S ess., P. 383. — CHAPTER II

PROBLEMS IN SUPPLY AND COMMAND, 1662-1863

General Carleton*s orders establishing Fort Bowie were for several-reasons difficult to execute successfully. A poorly-equipped garrison of Company G, Fifth Infantry Cali- 1 fornia Volunteers . under the command of Major Theodore A. Coult was left to occupy Apache Pass in the most dangerous region of the Territory of Arizona. Coult was faced not only with the task of protecting his command against Cochise and the Chiricahua Apaches while building Fort Bowie's de­ fenses, but also of carrying out Carleton*s other instructions at the same time. A picket guard strong enough to hold the water supply had to be maintained night and day near the spring. Coult was instructed to attack the Apaches whenever and wherever he found them near his post, and he was to have trains and expressmen and all parties traveling east or west escorted through the pass and well out into the open country.

1 The War of the Rebellion. L, Part II, p. 40. As stated in the orders establishing Fort Bowie, Company G was to be increased to 100 men by a detachment from Company A, Fifth Infantry California Volunteers. A detachment of cavalry was also to be added to the post. :. 65

Laboring under the disadvantage of not being able to concentrate his men for the purpose of erecting breastworks and having few, if any, adequate tools for the job, the 2 major began construction on July 28, 1862. Aside from a few misfortunes, work at the new post pro­ gressed as smoothly as possible. Coult's orders were very s tr ic t, and Captain Hugh L. Hinds and Lieutenant Benjamin F. Harrover were prompt and energetic in carrying them out. According to the major, the men, though fully conscious of their danger and that in case of defeat there is no retreat or hope of assistance, have ever exhibited a cheerful disposition to undertake all that is re­ quired of them.3 Coult had but forty men for duty in the beginning and, as twenty-one were his detail for guard, some were obliged to stand for two nights in succession.^ The commander was 'building, as defenses, out-works on four faces of the h ill, sufficiently near that one of them being attacked, it could be readily and safely reinforced from the others. The breastworks were four and a half fe e t

2 The site on which Coult was building Fort Bowie was a half mile east of the abandoned Apache Pass m i l sta tio n . The site had been selected by Captain L.E. Mitchell who was with the California Column. Conkling and Conkling, op. c lt., P. 138. 3 The War of the Rebellion. L. Part I. p. 135. / A Ibid. . p. 135. Coult explained later that there was much illness at Fort Bowie, which no doubt accounts for the fact that he only had forty men for duty during the first week at Apache Pass. : - y, v y-: 66 high and'built' of large stones, three feet wide on the bot­ tom and from eighteen inches to two feet on top. They were very substantial, and Coult was confident they would afford ample protection against all kinds of small arms. By August 9 he had one already completed eighty feet long cover­ ing the rear of his position^ and another over one hundred feet long nearly completed. The latter protected the fort1s most exposed flank. In Coult's first communication dealing with the state of affairs at Fort Bowie, he requested that if the post was to be permanent, the commanding general order some lumber sent from M esilla by an early returning train for the con­ struction of the necessary office furniture. He also re­ quested that the fort be furnished with a forge, set of car- pent er1s tools, grindstone, horse and mule shoes, shoeing kit, and such other highly essential things. i- During the second week at Apache Pass the garrison was reinforced by ten men of Company G- (relieved from Mowry’s Mine), a lieutenant and twentyrfive men from Company A, Fifth Infantry, and a sergeant and twelve men from Company A, First Cavalry California Volunteers. ' -

5 Ibid., on. 135-136. since Company G- was to make up the main body of troops garrisoned at Fort Bowie, Coult advised the general command­ ing that there was a detachment of ten men of Captain Hinds’ company at the crossing of the San Pedro, which, if relieved from Tucson, would re liev e a lik e number of Company A, who could go forward and join their own company on the Rio Grande. From a ll in d ication s, the ten men were soon relieved 67.

This increase in the garrison,by,forty-nine men , . ■■ . . . • \ , . •• ■ , , ■ / ' ' ; ■ - ' enabled Coult to complete the defensive works about his camp on Thursday, August 14. They were four in number and de­ scribed by the commander as follows: Alcatraz (I give the names applied to them by the men who b u ilt them, and to whom, as they worked well and faithfully, I allowed that privi­ lege) is on the left flank (north or northeast} of the camp, 150 fe e t in length, and commands every point within musket range, in ,the canon toward_ the road and camping ground of tra in s. Fort Point (south) , on a slight elevation, covers the rear of the camp and the wagon road up the h ill. It is ninety-five feet,in length. Buie Battery over­ looks the country and the approaches to the h ill on the southeast, or right flank of the camp. It is ninety-seven feet long, and effectually covers and protects the cattle corral and picket rope of the cavalry detachment. Spring Garden (guard­ ing) overlooks the spring and commands the ravine in which it is situated-and every point within musket-range around the spring. This w all.is seventy feet long. The total length of wall around the post is 412 f e e t , the height four to four and a half feet, and thickness from two and a half to three feet at bottom, tapering to eighteen inches to two feet at top, and built of stones weighing from twenty-five to 500 pounds. The works are not of any regular form, my only

5 (cont.) and sent on to Fort Bowie. (Also during the second week, three tearns were to be le f t at Fort Bowie. Ibid., p. 94.) ' - Meanwhile, since the majority of troops at the fort belonged to Colonel George W. Bowie’s F ifth Regiment and had been sent forward from Fort Yuma, General Carleton wrote to the colonel commanding the District of Southern California at Fort Yuma, instructing him that all letters intended for Fort Bowie should be sent to the care of Lieutenant Toole, Fifth Infantry, Depot Quartermaster, Tucson, A.T. In writ­ ing to the colonel, for whom the new post had been named, Carleton demonstrated, a realistic understanding of the seriousness and difficulty surrounding the Chiricah.ua Apache problem by sta tin g .without reservation that "Fort Bowie must of n ecessity be garrisoned for the next twenty years.*? R.A.G., Reservation F ile. August 4, 1862. 68

object being to build defenses which could be speedily completed, and at the same time pos­ sess the requisites of sheltering their defenders, commanding every approach to the h ill, and pro­ tecting each other by flank fires along their faces. In addition to the vra.ll defenses I have built the walls of a guard-house on one end of the front wall, and will have it roofed in a few days. It is fourteen feet square, and loop- holed on two sid es.o Thus in the remarkable time of two and a half weeks Coult finished the fortification around the small group of tents in which his men were quartered. In a few years the whole construction of Fort Bowie was to be severely c r it i­ cized and eventually condemned; however, at this time the commanding officer considered his camp quite safe from any at­ tack of Indians, unless they came in overwhelming forces and desperately stormed the h ill. Fortunately, such aggression was known to be contrary to their usual mode of warfare, and Coult was almost certain that his men could hold them at long range. This new feeling of security, however, did not prevent the commander from exercising proper precaution and vigilance. And although the Indians seemed to have disappeared by the middle of August, parties were continually sent out in all ? directions in search of them.

The War of the Rebellion. L, Part II, pp. 73-74. 7 Ibid., p. 75. 69

Surprisingly enough, the men at Fort Bowie were to have few serious contacts with the Apaches during the first year of operation and for some time thereafter. The first blow inflicted upon the command at Bowie occurred while Coult was erecting his defenses. On the afternoon of August 6, Pri­ vate McFarland of Company G, F ifth Infantry, was shot in a ravine about 600 yards from camp. The private was engaged as a stock herder and at the time was alone and unarmedj in disobedience of orders to the contrary. A cow had strayed from the herd and McFarland proceeded-to track her up the ravine; however, losing her t r a il he decided to turn around and go back, when suddenly an Indian stepped from behind a rock about twenty fe e t from him and fir e d . McFarland screamed and ran as two Indians pursued him some 200 yards. F in ally he managed to scramble up the bank in view of the camp and fell. At the first cry the garrison turned out, and a party managed to rescue him within a few minutes after he had col­ lapsed. The assailants were immediately pursued in different **

** I t is important to note at this point in Fort Bowie1 s history that the site of the post was being held by military occupancy and continued being held in this manner until March 30, 1870 when, by p resid en tial order, a m ilitary reser­ vation was declared. Nevertheless, in the beginnihg, a ' reservation was temporarily staked off one-half mile in every direction of the compass from a certain point on an elevated tableland on the south side of and adjoining the highway in latitu d e 32° 40’ north and longitude west of Greenwich 109° 30*, and elevated about 4,862 feet above the sea. R.A.G., Reservation F ile. 1886. 70

9 d irection s, but they were not found. : r The only real skirmish with the Apaches during the first year took place on April 25, 1863 while Captain Benjamin Harrover, Company E, F ifth Infantry, was in.command of the fo r t. Early on the morning of April 25 the Indians were re­ ported in large numbers approaching the camp from the north. Harrover, leaving Lieutenant Qualey in command of the post, immediately started out with twenty of his own company and five cavalrymen, accompanied by.Post Surgeon Edward L. Wat­ son, First Infantry. Upon reaching the spring north of the camp the Indians, numbering about 200, were discovered within range and Harrover ordered his men to fire. The Apaches, thirty of whom were mounted, commenced to retreat but they returned the troops1 fire, for several of them had guns of large caliber and: many rifle muskets. A running fight con­ tinued for nearly three hours, during which time Harrover*s 10 men pursued the Indians about four miles. In th is a ffa ir three Apaches were k ille d , although Har­ rover believed they lost more in killed and wounded for he saw several f a l l . One p rivate, M.B. Wilcox of Company E, 9

9 The War of the Rebellion. L,.Part I, pp. 134-135. Coult reported that an investigation proved McFarland to be the only one at fault. He was shot through the right lung, and the major f e l t that i f he recovered the occurrence would have been worthwhile, for it aroused the men from the state of false security into which they were falling from the non- appearance of the Indians. ; o. . 10 Ibid., p. 213. 71

Fifth Infantry, was severely wounded through the shoulder, and one cavalry horse was wounded in the breast. . About a month after Harrover1s encounter with the Apaches, Cochise was believed to be operating again in the Chiricahua Mountains, but no expedition was organized to at­ tack the chief and his band. Even scouting operations in the vicinity of Fort Bowie were limited at this time. In fact, during this period a reduced garrison of between forty-six and fifty-six men was hardly enough to carry on the usual escort and post duties. At this point it is well to consider Carleton’s attitude toward the garrisoning of Fort Bowie. Recognizing the isola­ tion of the new post, Carleton stated that the troops as- . signed to duty in Apache Pass would be changed as often as 11 practicable. This policy, together with necessarily flex­ ible military plans, produced a great turnover of personnel at the post between July, 1862 and June, 1863. Not only were the garrisons frequently changed, but also during this period the post commands were altered six tim es. - .. After being in command at Fort Bowie for less than two months, Coult was ordered to proceed to Tucson and re liev e Major David Fergusson, First Cavalry, in command of the

R.A.G., Reservation F i l e . September 3, 1862. I t is, interesting to note that as a gesture to Major Coult, Carle- ton authorized his adjutant general to assure the major that his isolated condition was fully appreciated and that he ' would be relieved as soon as p ossib le. 72

12 District of Western Arizona. . Coult relinquished his com­ mand of Bowie to Captain Hugh L. Hinds, Company G, Fifth In­ fa n try . .V ; : Hinds remained at Fort Bowie with his Company 5, which had been stationed at the fort since its establishment, until early in January, 1863. The men of Company G were anxious to 13 leave the lonely post in eastern Arizona; they were able to do so in January after the arrival from Tucson of Lieu­ tenant John F. Qualey*s Company E, Fifth Infantry. With the departure of Hinds and his company. Lieutenant Benjamin F. Harrover, soon promoted to captain, who had been serving at 14 Fort Bowie assumed command of the post. Harrover had not held his position long before his ac­ tivities and apparent lack of good judgment were brought to the attention of General Joseph R. West, First Infantry, who was commanding the D is t r ic t of Arizona a t M e silia . In the middle of March, West requested Lieutenant-Colonel David Fer- gusson to visit Fort Bowie with a view of promoting the in­ terests of the service. Fergusson was authorized to instruct Harrover to order back all flags of truce presented by Indi­ ans, to do this instantly upon their being presented, and

12 The War of the Rebellion. L, Part I, p. 115. ^ George 0 . Hand, George Hand*3 D iary, entry fo r Decem­ ber 6, 1862. ; 14 The War of the Rebellion. L, Part II, pp. 269, 391. 73

15 then to attack-the party sending them. He was also to in­ struct Harrover to endeavor to make the Apache women and children prisoners, and to send the captives to Mesilla when­ ever the opportunity presented itself. Most important of a ll, the commander of Fort Bowie was to be ordered to war on the grown male Indians whenever and wherever found, without hesitation or exception. Finally, Fergusson was to scru­ tinize the command at Bowie, the management of the post, the quartermaster's stores, and subsistence supplies. Unfortunately, Colonel Fergusson's findings at Fort Bowie are not disclosed in the official records of the War of the Rebellion; however, communications between West and Fer­ gusson, dated April 12 and 14 respectively, throw considerable light on the subject. Harrover's command must have been subjected to the severest censure for West instructed Fergusson, who in the meantime had re-assumed command of Tucson, to forward no troops reaching his post from California beyond that point un­ t il further orders, with the exception of, one company of in­ fantry of his selection. Fergusson was to send this company to Fort Bowie as soon as possible to relieve Captain Harrover and Company E, F ifth Infantry. . ; 1516

15 Ibid., p. 337. 7/y 7 ; 16 Ibid., p. 391. In his letter West also informed Fer­ gusson that as companies of the Fifth Infantry were advanced to the Rio Grande, according to earlier plans formulated by And in his revealing letter to West, Colonel Fergusson stated: ' I judge it prudent to forward Captain Tid- ball’s company as soon as Captain Wellman1s train arrives and is ready to proceed. Captain Tidball would be the most f i t o ffic er . . . to command at Fort Bowie, as I judge the present commanding officer has given decided evidence of his inabil­ ity to command himself, to say nothing of troops. The necessity of relieving Harrover of his command and the delay in Captain T idb all1s arrival a t Tucson no doubt prompted Fergusson to send Captain James H. Whitlock and his 18 . Company F, Fifth Infantry, to take post at Fort Bowie. On May 1, Captain Whitlock relieved Harrover in command of the fort, and on the same day Harrover left Bowie to go to 17

^ (cont.) Brigadier-General Wright, commanding the De­ partment of the Pacific, each one would take its tour of duty at Fort Bowie. 17 Ibid.', p. 397. Ibid., p. 410. Fergusson gave instructions to Whit­ lock that oh h is march to Fort Bowie from Tucson he was to strike a blow at the Apaches, if the opportunity presented ' itself. He even granted Whitlock a delay of two days en route, if the latter could accomplish anything against the Indians; but apparently Whitlock reached Fort Bowie without encountering any Indians. Fergusson also instructed Whitlock to prospect the vicinity of Fort Bowie for minerals and report his findings to the department through district headquarters. Fergusson be lleved rich deposits of gold and silver could be found near and about Fort Bowie, and he considered it to be the military1 duty to do all it could to develop the rich mineral resources of this country. - ; - Finally, Whitlock was ordered to send parties out in search of new water supplies. 75

19 Las Cruces. l.iv: The rapid advance of the Fifth Infantry under Colonel Bowie into New Mexico prevented Whitlock from accomplishing- a great deal in his new assignment. Since each advancing com­ pany of Bowie’s regiment was to take its tour of duty at Apache Pass, Whitlock was relieved of his command in less than ten days by Lieutenant S. Staddon and Company H, Fifth In- 20 fan tfy. Meanwhile, Captain Thomas T. Tidball, whom Fergusson considered the most capable officer of the recent arrivals to command at Fort Bowie, reached Tucson only to be sent out on a hunt for Apaches. Tidball, in turn, with his Company K, Fifth Infantry, succeeded in dealing a severe blow to the In­ dians in Aravaipa Canyon, about twenty miles from old Fort Breokenridge. \ As a result of his conduct the captain received high praise from both General West and Colonel Fergusson; and the latter, apparently more convinced than ever of Tidball*s abil­ ity, ordered him to proceed to Fort Bowie on May 20 with his 21 company. .

Ib id . , p. 42A. Upon assuming command, Whitlock had no officer with his company except himself, although he ex­ pected his first lieutenant in a few days. His second lieu­ tenant was at San Francisco by order of General Wright, and Whitlock believed he would probably not return. . 20 Ibid., pV W7. 21 I b id ., p. 447. 76

..With the arrival of Tidball at Fort Bowie, Lieutenant Staddon le f t at once for Las Cruces with Company H, F ifth Infantry. At last, after eleven months of frequent altera­ tions, the command at Apache Pass was to remain stabilized for a reasonably long time. - ; ■ r, . - A study of Fort Bowie*s beginning would not be complete without considering the post in relation to the whole mili­ tary picture and the part it played in the events of the f ir s t year. ; : ;• .. ' .-r - As early as August 8, 1862, the new fort demonstrated its potential value, of enabling the California Column to keep up communication on both sid es of the Chiricahua Mountains, and especially with California, its base for supplies. : At. 1 A.M. on that day the express from headquarters of the 22 Column in New Mexico arrived safely, at the post and left for Tucson a t 2 P.M., escorted by fifte e n men from the garri­ son to the mouth of the pass. At noon the next day the ; train, under the command of Captain McLeave, First Cavalry, on its way from Tucson to the Rio Grande also reached the pass without mishap. From McLeave * s train the commander of Fort Bowie drew 10,000 rounds of musket ammunition and six ty days* rations of subsistence, as had been authorized by General

22 Ibid., p. 63; The War of the Rebellion. L. Part I , p . 135. The express consisted of Swilling, Brown, and Smith, together with Sergeant Viven and party. - 77

Carleton in his orders establishing the post. : v Two of the expressmen from headquarters in New Mexico who had stopped at Fort Bowie earlier in the month on their way to Tucson, again reached Apache Pass on August 16 oh the return trip . They were escorted by nine men: vdiom Ma jor'Fer- gusson had to furnish from Tucson because they feared to go ■ • - 24 . ... , beyond the pass without them. The messengers, Brown and Swilling, were entrusted with a dispatch from Fergus son to Carleton which stated that very few of the articles of quar- term aster*3 stores for which Major Court had sent were on hand, and apparently none were en route from the w est. Fer­ gus son also stated that everything which could be spared for Fort Bowie had been forwarded on the train escorted by Captain McCleave’s command. Major Court availed himself of the express, which re­ sumed travel the following day, to send his report to General Carleton. He requested that the general give' such orders at Tucson as would insure the f illin g of any requsition which he might make for stationery, clothing, and other indispensables, realizing that a requisition from him might interfere with

23 As a ll passing detachments were _to keep the command at Bowie supplied with fresh beef until the arrival of the - beef contractor, Major Coult probably drew in addition from the train some fresh meat. R.A.G.. Reservation File, July 27, 1862. - . . 24 They brought with them three mules which had strayed from the post on August 9 back to the crossing of the San Pedro. 78

25 orders already issued from headquarters. .Goult mentioned - in his report that the men were rapidly getting ragged again and, as the nights were often quite eool, they needed good 26 Clothing. V..'" ‘ V . V. ' : T-'; Before the month ended, Garleton was ordered to Santa Fe to re liev e General Canby in the command of the Department 2? of New Mexico. Garleton, however, did not assume h is new command until September 18, 1862. ' . / . : In the meantime, Carleton issued orders from Las Cruces, New Mexico directing Goult to proceed to Tucson for the pur­ pose of taking over the command of the District of Western 28 Arizona. Also at this time Colonel Joseph R. West, First , Infantry, was made commander of the District of Arizona with headquarters at Mesilla. - , . For some unapparent reason, Goult didnot receive word

^5 Carleton had approved earlier Major Coult’srequisi- . tion for the two mountain howitzers which had been at Tucson. R.A.G., Reservation F ile . September 3> 1862. 26 The War of the Rebellion. L. Part II, n. 74. 27 Ibid., Part I, p. 114. : . 2^ Ibid., p. 115. Paragraph V of these orders stated - that estim ates for medical supplies and ammunition required at Fort Bowie and Tucson would be made upon the proper o ffic e r s at the headquarters of the District of Arizona. And in Para­ graph VII the District of Arizona was described as comprising the Territory of Arizona and that portion of New Mexico which "lies south of an east and west line drawn through Fort Thorn and also northwestern Texas." i

79 of his transfer until late in September. Both he and r Pergus- son feared that, as no express had been received from, head­ quarters for a month and no train returned, the Indians might have cut off the express and perhaps were in force-on some point between Fort Bowie and Mesilla. Therefore, Fer- : gusson sent to Coult , on the-latterts, requisition, twenty-one_ men of Company E, F irst Cavalry, under Lieutenant Y/ardwell to "force open the communication with the headquarters of the 29 column." ; ■ ...... : r , , To complicate the situation further, no reports of sub­ sistence or quartermaster’s stores on hand at or on the way to or from Fort Yuma were being sent to Fergusson at Tucson. Fergusson, who was also acting as chief commissary for the Column from California, strongly implied.that supplies for the territory were being mixed up with those for Fort Yuma, caus­ ing much delay, confusion, and dissatisfaction. Nevertheless, an express did arrive at Tucson from the west on September 21. It brought no word regarding the state of subsistence stores: for the territory and, although Fergusson had no-instructions from any source, he decided to send the express forward to Fort Bowie where he hoped i t would arrive by the tim e,Lieu- tenant Y/ardwell's detachment of cavalry had returned from 30 the Rio Grande; • . - . ..

29 Ibid.. Part II, pp. 110, 131. I b id .. p. 129. Wardwell had le f t Fort Bowie with h is men September 14 and was expected to return about September 25. 80

Soon after forwarding the express, communications were restored with headquarters in New Mexico and Coult received his orders to proceed to Tucson* At the time Coult assumed h is :new command, information had been conveyed to the general commanding that 1,000 head of ca ttle traveling to the Rio Grande should have arrived at Tuc­ son. Upon the request of Carleton,•Colonel West wrote to Coult instructing him to send the cattle forward as soon as possible with due regard to their safety and maintenance on the road. Coult was also to instruct the agent of the beef contractor to permit Captain Hinds at Fort Bowie to take such cattle as he would need for the supply of his post for the next sixty days. In his first letter from Tucson, dated October 1, 1862, to Colonel West at Mesilla, Coult devoted a great deal of at­ tention to the post at Apache Pass. Because of its proximity to headquarters of the District of Western Arizona and its distance from and the d iffic u lty of communicating with West’s headquarters, Coult suggested that it be included within the limits of his district. His main object in making this sug­ gestion was to facilitate.changing the garrison at stated

3° (cont.) On the morning of September 22, an express with mail from the west for the California Column reached Tucson and Fergusson, judging that there must be some impor­ tant communication for General Carleton, dispatched the mail as far as Fort Bowie, hoping again th at Wardwell would be there with news of the Column. Also on the 22nd, Fergusson sent three wagon loads of provisions to Fort Bowie, together with two teams belonging to the post. 81 periods, if it was the intention of the colonel commanding to maintain a garrison at Fort Bowie during the coming winter. Coult, however, was against keeping troops in the pass during the winter months, and he strongly recommended that they be withdrawn for th is period. He f e lt that i f the soldiers on the Rio Grande were to draw their supplies from Santa Fe in the future, there would be no need of the fort's protection because no supply trains would be passing over the road between Tucson and M esilia. To further substantiate his recommendation, Coult stated that the locality of Fort Bowie was decidedly unhealthy and he had been informed that during the winter season the snow fell there from three to five feet in depth. Also, while he was at Fort Bowie, the major believed that not a single man escaped having an attack of fever and that some came very near dying. To make matters worse, Coult mentioned that the men had no protection save tents and that there were no stoves at Tuc­ son to send them. In addition. Major Coult wrote: : ■ - The place can be dismantled, and if necessary, reoccupied in the spring;; Ifhowever, it is the " intention of the colonel commanding to maintain a r force there during the winter, I think:it proper " ' that other troops should take their turn at that outpost duty. I have to report that a small supply, of medicines, ordered for Fort Barrett, arrived at " this post yesterday, and as the hospital here and at Fort Bowie were utterly destitute of medicines - : • . . . : ; . ' ,

31 Ibid. . p. 146. 82

of all kinds. I stopped this supply for use at these posts.3% Coult’s dispatch had not reached Colonel West when the latter received word from Carleton relating to affairs in Ari­ zona and the absorption of the California Column into the De­ partment of New Mexico. The tone of the general*s letter showed that he would not be receptive to any proposal which called for the dismantling of Fort Bowie. In order to guide Colonel West in the execution of his duties, Carleton informed him that troops had been left at Tucson and Fort Bowie to at­ tend to all matters needful to the service, without having specific instructions on all points. The general reiterated that a six months V supply drawn from Tucson should be kept at Apache Pass and that the troops at Fort Bowie were to fight the Apache Indians in that vicinity whenever found and to help people by escorting them through the pass whenever n e c e s s a r y . 33

32 Ibid., p. 146. Although the major’s arguments favor­ ing withdrawal of troops from Fort Bowie during the approach­ ing winter were no doubt sin cere, they appear to have been somewhat exaggerated as the result of privations he and his men experienced at Apache Pass. The locality of the post it ­ self was always described by later officers and post surgeons as being healthy. A study of the meteorological reports over a period of twenty years shows that.during winter months the amount of snowfall at Apache Pass was always negligible, usu­ a lly disappearing within a few hours. Redords of the O ffice of the Adjutant General, Record of the Medical History of Post Fort Bowie. Arizona Territory. 13&8-1878 (hereafter citecT as R.O.A.G., Medical filstory). 33 The War of the Rebellion. L, Part II, p. 147. 83

Carleton warned the colonel that he had no faith in the be­ lief that the Indians had permanently left Apache Pass and that "the garrison there should now be on its guard, as there 34 are no signs of Indians about." The views held by Carleton concerning Fort Bowie elimi­ nated any chance of h is acting favorably on Court's recom­ mendation. Nevertheless, when Colonel West received Coult's letter, he immediately relayed it to the general. Coult's proposal was promptly acknowledged by Carleton, who wrote to Best stating that under no circumstances is the garrison at Fort Bowie to be withdrawn. You can, by your own order, if you so desire it, attach that post to the Dis­ tr ic t of Western Arizona.35 West, however, did not attach the fort to Major Coult's dis­ t r ic t . Before the year 1862 ended, Carleton had received rumors that 6,000 Confederate troops were about to make a demonstra­ tion against his department. He therefore felt justified in calling upon Colonel Bowie to come forward from the west with the balance of his regiment. General Wright, who was in com­ mand of the Department of the P a cific, supported Carleton’s request and planned to send Bowie east as early in the spring as practicable. The news of the Confederate threat in New Mexico, however, did not reach General Wright u n til after he had dedided to

34 Ibid.. p. 148. 35 Ibid., p. 189. 8k re-assert his command over the District of Western Arizona. Nevertheless, his decision was no sooner put into effect when the War Department o ffic ia lly assigned the d is tr ic t to the • 36 Department of New Mexico on January 14, 1863. The adju­ tant -general in V/ashington now fe lt that Carleton could readily advance the necessary troops toward the Rio Grande. . Thus the way was made ready for Colonel Bowie and the . balance of his Fifth Infantry who, in the early spring, be- 37 gan their advance into the Territory of Arizona. Fort Bowie’s role in the advance was, of course, to keep its region safe for the men traveling to the Rio Grande and, as previ-. ously mentioned, to station each advancing company of the Fifth Infantry for a tour of duty. With the coming of this additional force, Carleton in­ formed West, who had been promoted to a brigadier-general, that the number of troops to be stationed in Arizona until further orders was to consist of three companies of the Fifth 38 Infantry and three of the First Cavalryi

; ^ Tbid., p. 287. ^ In February, 1863 the Territory of Arizona was offi­ cially created. Ogle, op. cit., p. 47; Bancroft, op. cit., p. 521. 38 The War of the Rebellion. L, Part II, p. 386. In CarletqnTs judgment, the force and distribution of troops in western Arizona would be one company of infantry a t Fort Bowie, with a small detachment of cavalry for express pur­ poses ; one company of infantry and one of cavalry, for the present, at Tucson; and one company of infantry and two of cavalry at a new post to be established at Tubac or Calabazas. 85

L ittle has been mentioned thus far of the communication system which existed in Carleton1s department since the be­ ginning of his occupation of Arizona and New Mexico. While it is true that travel had been made relatively safe in the department and that the several military branches were able to maintain contact with one another, nevertheless, the sys­ tem was not considered satisfactory for the army or the citi­ zenry. As early as October 18, 1862, General Carleton tried to induce the postmaster general to resume government mail service, but to no avail. He suggested the advantages of the southern route and mentioned the post at Apache Pass which had ..." " ' 39 *. . • . , made that region safe for travel. An attempt to improve the situ ation was made in March, 1863 when General West decided to establish semi-monthly com­ munication by vedettes between Tucson and headquarters of the district. Company F, First Cavalry, was detailed for this duty; and not less than ten men, including a non-commissioned officer, were to be stationed at the following points: Las Cruces, Miembres River, Fort Bowie, San Pedro Crossing, and Tucson. The station at Miembres River was to be kept supplied by the commanding officer of Las Cruces, and those at Fort Bowie and the San Pedro Crossing by the commanding o fficer of

39 Ib id . , p. 181. 40 At th is time West ordered M esilia to be abandoned and headquarters of the district to be moved to Hart's Mill, Texas, until further orders. Ibid. , p. 351. 86

Tucson. In his directions to Company F, West stated: The express will be carried by all the men on duty at each station, except one man who w ill be left in charge. The express will exchange be­ tween Fort Bowie and Miembres River, and those vedettes will then turn ba6k to their proper sta­ tions. As those stations will constantly be ex­ posed to attack by Indians, great care must be .. observed to prevent surprise and loss of a n i m a l s . ^ As West had planned, the vedette system began operating in April. His superior, Carleton, did not favor the system because of abuses which began to appear, but the n ecessity for keeping communication open induced him to agree to i t a ll the way through, if it could be satisfactorily regulated. Carleton, however, had not given up hope of the govern­ ment 's resuming mail service in the Southwest, even though his earlier recommendation to that effect had brought no action . He therefore wrote again to Postmaster General Blair on May 2, 1863 te llin g him that a Mr. George H. Viokroy of New Mexico had agreed to make a contract to carry mail from Fort Craig, New Mexico via Pinos A ltos and Fort West, at the head of the Gila River, to Fort Bowie and Tucson. Carleton also informed Blair that Viokroy would make a contract to carry mail from Tucson via the Pima Villages and Fort Yuma to Los Angeles. He reminded the postmaster general that Arizona, although an organized territory, had not a single mail line running to it

41 Ibid..p . 3 5 2 . 87 from either the east or the west, and that the government:had no facilities for getting letters to or from the officers or 42 the people of the new territory. In addition, Carleton - enumerated considerations for a government mail service which, he noted, were apart from the urgent wants of the military at Fort West, Fort Bowie, Tucson, and Fort Yuma. . The results of this second attempt to induce Blair to re-establish a southern m il line were no more successful than the f i r s t . There would be no government mail service in the Southwest for another three years and, in the meantime. Carle- ton and the people of his department would have to be content with what they already had in the way of communications. Unsatisfactory as i t was, the communication problem did not approach the seriousness of another situation which arose in the District of Arizona. Late in the spring of 1863 a.mis­ understanding developed over supplying the district with sub­ sistence and quartermaster^ stores. Fart of the district lyigg east of Apache Pass had apparently begun drawing some'of its supplies from a source other than California. Yet on July 6, West received a letter from General Wright, dated May 28, suggesting that the entire District of Arizona be supplied from the Department of the Pacific^ - - - • General West replied to Wright fs suggestion that only the troops at Tucson and Fort Bowie were to receive stores from

42 Ibid.. PP. 419-420. 88

California. He also expressed the hope that until things were straightened out, General Wright would give such in­ structions to his staff officers at Fort Yuma as would pre- vent the garrisons at Tucson and Fort Bowie, or new troops coming into the district, from suffering any lack of sup­ plies. The garrisons, however, did suffer and, although abuses at Fort Yuma were largely responsible, blame was later attached to General West for his neglect of duty in the mat­ te r . . With supplies dwindling, Fort Bowie ended i t s f ir s t year of operation. Although not guided by any definite mili­ tary policy and lacking sufficient men and facilities to ef­ fectively hunt for and pursue the Apaches, Fort Bowie had ju stified it s establishment. In keeping communication open on both sides of the Chiricahua Mountains the fort had served many Important purposes. It had successfully protected the springs in Apache Pass and had made the region safe for troops advancing into New Mexico and for all parties travel­ ing either eastward or westward. During 1863 Fort Bowie became a permanent post in the 43 Territory of Arizona, but in July of that year its condi­ tion was perhaps worse than at any time since its construc­ tion. Fewer troops garrisoned the isolated camp which,

^3 Bancroft, o£. c it., p. 554. 69 nonetheless, was exposed to the potential danger of hostile Indians. As the first year ended, duty at Apache Pass held no brighter prospect for the military than it had held twelve months ea r lier . CHAPTER III , .

THE FINAL TEARS OF THE VOLUNTEER TROOPS, .. 1863-1866

It has been noted that most of the Immediate purposes for which Fort Bowie was established In 1862 were success­ fully fulfilled. However, the more difficult task of per­ manently subduing the Chiricahua Apaches and re-opening a vast portion of southeastern Arizona was yet to be under­ taken. Carletoh had left an inadequate number of troops in the territory to do whatever they could to protect the citi­ zens and to assist him in carrying but operations in New Mexico, But plans were not formulated for an organized and cooperative campaign against the Apaches. Thus, during this early period the military situation in Arizona was largely one of frequent changes in post commands,-Isolated troop ac­ tions, an occasional Indian attack, soldiers advancing into New Mexico, and supply and communication d iffic u ltie s . The history of Fort Bowie during the final years of the volunteer troops, 1863-1866, falls into the following cate­ gories: construction; supply and communication; fie ld opera­ tions; and post personnel. In reviewing first the efforts to construct a new post at Apache Pass, it is important to have some idea of the camp site and the character and condition of the quarters which 91 had been In-use since shortly after the fort’s beginnings Captain T idb all, who was in command of Fort Bowie, -took it upon himself in October, 1863 to comment upon the site and living conditions of his post in a- letter to district headquarters. The letter was not only important for its descriptive value, but also for bringing attention to the necessity for constructing suitable quarters to house the troops guarding Apache Pass. Tidball no doubt deserves some credit for the improvements which were la ter made at the post and for the removal of its site to an adjoining h ill in 1868. His description of the fort is as follows: The1 present site of the post is exceedingly ; inconvenient for a garrison and seems to have been constructed more with a view to command the spring than from any other advantage it presented. A great amount of badly applied labor has been applied here, and the place is probably not as well adapted for defense as v/heri it was first oc­ cupied. The quarters, if it is not an abuse of language to c a ll them such, have been constructed without system, regard to health, defense, or convenience. Those occupied by the men are mere hovels, mostly excavations in the side h ill, damp, illy ventilated, and covered with the de- » composed granite taken from the excavation, through which the rain passes very much as it would through a sieve. By the removal of a few tents, the place would present more the appear­ ance of a California Digger raacherfa than a ' military post. 1 - : j , ,v - Supplementing Tidball*s description of the fort, prior to 1868 it was situated on the summit of a hill overlooking the water supply, having high mountains on the north and

1 The War of the Rebellion. L, Part II, p. 1134. 92 south, and the broken; rooky, eountry constituting the pass , on the east and west, beyond.which in these directions the view became more open and the scrub-oak growth of the high­ lands gave place to grass. The quarters, or rather huts, of which Tidball complained, to be more specific, were built, on and under the ridges of:land on the hillr summit and slope. , - : , In spite of Tidball * s disclosures, orders to .improve :> the post were not forthcoming until July, 1864• At that: time additional men were sent to Bowie, which made the poor living oonditions even more apparent; however, extra troops X also meant that more labor was available to remedy the situ­ ation. Thus in July, Tidball was instructed to build a new post in Apache Pass on a site which seems to have been se­ lected by Carleton's inspector-general, Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson H. Davis. , - ' Unfortunately, Tidball was unable to do more than stake off the ground and clear a few cacti from the new site. The companies of the F ifth Regiment stationed at Fort Bowie, Tucson and Camp Miembres were ordered to proceed to Las . Cruces, New Mexico, to be.mustered out of the service. Ac­ cordingly , Tidball left Fort Bowie, with Company K, F ifth :

2 -War Department, Surgeon General*s Office, ”A Report of the Hygiene of the United States Army with Descriptions of Military Posts." Circular No. 8. p. 532 (hereafter cited:~ as Circular No. 8j. i ; > : x - 3 The War of the Rebellion. L, Part II, p. 1134. 93

Infantry, having scarcely started his work of construction. Despite the recall of troops from southern Arizona, Carleton was still under the impression early in October, 1864 that a new Fort Bowie was being b u ilt by the company of . 4 infantry which had remained at Apache Pass. Soon, however, tie learned that work on the new post was at a standstill. H® therefore ordered Lieutenant-ColonelClarence E. Bennett, who was commanding at Fort Craigj New Mexico, to proceed to Fort Bowie and assume command of th e post. He instructed Bennett to use every exertion to have Fort Bowie constructed agreeably with ttie prescribed plan at the earliest: practical day. Carleton also informed Bennett that the troops at the fort were to be employed as much as possible in the actual construction. * ;.. ■. ^ For some reason Bennett did not assume the command of Fort Bowie until February, 1865. Meanwhile, it was announced on January 20 that Arizona would be re-annexed to the Depart­ ment of the Pacific, thus relieving General Carleton of the defense of the territory.. Unfortunately, this move was to interfere with the building plans for Bowie. Nevertheless, Arizona*s re-attaehment to the Department of the P a cific did not take place immediately, for after Bennett * s arrival at

4 Ibid.. 2X1, Part III, p. 676. Because of Carleton*s b e lie f that Fort Bowie was s t i l l under construction, he noted- that the troops at Tubac. and Fort Goodwin would neces­ sarily have a great deal of scouting to do and a reasonable amount of express service. Fort.Bowie in February h® directed his dispatches to:Santa Fe for nearly a month. : o:-.'., On February 11 he wrote a lengthy letter to Garleton telling him what was further.necessary:to construct the new post speedily and successfully. He noted that the same huts of which Tidhall had;complained in October, 1863 were s t i l l being used as quarters and their condition was much worse: : ; We have just had a long; te r r ific mountain storm. These huts presented truly a most wretched appearance. Those used by the officers were n© . better than those occupied by the men, so far as leaking was concerned. Repairing these quarters is out of the question, therefore new ones should be constructed as speedily as;possible for the quartermaster*8 sto res, ordnance and subsistence -stores, quartermaster Is stables, and commissary ' corral. There are only about men enough for two guards in addition t® cut and:haul fuel and hay and haul water. Escort duty and other work about the . post makes duty.Tery hard on th is garrison, and, in addition, to expect them to build a post is . truly a great expectation. I have as many men as :: I could well spare out about twenty miles getting out lumber. Plenty of timber, pine of the best : quality, also^hard-wood timber.5 At the time Bennett was writing to Garleton he had no more than fo rty men for duty. He therefore Informed the gen­ eral that it was absolutely necessary for another company to be sent so that he could properly carry on his work. He also requested that four masons and one carpenter be employed and sent to the post. Bennett was convinced that it would be cheaper and more

5 Ibid. , L, Part II,; pp. 1134-1135. 95 satisfactory to build the new camp of atom®. :The fact that there was an abundance of high-quality limestone within a; few hundred yards of the building- site was an added reason . for his wanting to use a stone structure# : - ^ Perhaps i f Fort Bowie had remained under the ju risd ic­ tion of the Department of New-Mezieo*: Bemmett would have re­ ceived the assistance he needed. .However, sueh was not the ease, and with, the increased h o s tility of the Apaches and the scarcity of troops, plans ;for a-new post were; again: frustrated.; . - rU.:- ;, r The: final atteiqpt to rebuilt Port Bowie before the de­ parture ©f the volunteer troops occurred in June, 1865. At that time General Mason,:who was in - command of Arizona, h » visited the post. %e; general saw; for himself that the mn- were living in hovels. Accordingly he directed-that quarters be constructed: at;once on a site which he selected a-little % 6 above the me fcurmerly chosen by Colonel Davis. Contrary to, his in stru ctlon s, however, the, s ite was not changed nor . were new; quarters built^ v-;m ;; While effo rts were being made, to construct a new post at Apache Pass, matters pertaining to supplies and communi­ cation occupied the attention of Fort Bowie*s command.

^ I b id ., p. 1281. There was a building erected in 1865 to be used as quartermaster’s storerooms. It was a fter­ wards occupied as barraeks f or.an Inf entry; company, and. finally as a hospital. It was poorly adapted for hospital use. Circular No. 8. p. 533. 96

It will be recalled that -in the sumner of 1863 a ale- understanding arose over the supplying of garrisons in Ari­ zona with necessary stores. The situation -was riot remedied, and late in the year there were indications that supplies . for Fort Bowie were still being poorly administered. The matter was brought to the attention of Carletoay and in . , : Deoember he wrote to General West, his officer in charge of Arizona, informing him that i f he could not have supplies brought forward from Fort Yuma in time and in sufficient , quantity for the want# of the garrison, he would then have to forward a ll necessary.subsistence for Fort Bowl# from1 las 7 Cruces and Fort Craig. : v .: x: Despite the commanding general*s efforts to relieve the subsistence difficulties facing Fort Bowie, the supply situ­ ation grew increasingly'worse• By March, 1864 it seemed that the troops at Bowie would have t© be ordered away unless food d and other materials were forthcoming. Fortunately, the necessity for having to take suchrdrastic action'was removed by the timely arrival of some goods at Apache Pass. S till the supply problem was far from being solved; but as m tters proved. Fort Bowie was never again to have as c r itic a l a shortage of subsistence goods as it had had early;in 1864. The post received additional supplies in May, 1864 when

7 The War of the Rebellion. XXHV, Part II, p. 673. 8 Ibid., p. 675. 97

Carleton was' focusing his attention on a campaign against 1 the Apaches in Arizona. * And during the summer, the transfer of military headquarters from Tucson to Prescott resulted in some stores at the former point being sent ©h to Bowie. Thus the fort was able to subsist without too much dlseom- fort, and in March, 1866 the supply situation was apparently further Improved. At that time the command at Fort Bowie was ordered to make requisitions for subsistence stores on the newly-established sub-depot at Tucson instead of. Fort Yuma, as had previously been done. ■■■' vay rcry■ ' ■■ y,; In contrast to the problems of supply which faced the garrison at Fort Bowie, the post * s role in helping to main­ tain communication among the m ilitary establishments of > • Arizona arid New Mexico was of little concern. The vedette system which had been put into operation in the spring of 1863, though not entirely satisfactory, provided the posts v with a necessary mail service. After September, 1863> - - Fort Bowie1s connection with the system appears to have been as follow s: The commander of Company G, F irst Cavalry, was charged with carrying the semi-monthly express between Fort Cummings, New Mexico and Fort Bowie. Ten of his men,'includ­ ing a non-commissioned officer^ were located at Fort Bowie while twenty othersj commanded by a lieutenant, were at . Fort Cummings.The commanding officer at Fort Bowie afforded 98

9 the mail carriers as much protection as possible.-In addi­ tion, he presumably furnished escorts for expres^s'connect­ ing his fort with Tucson and Fort Goodwin. ; ; v Before turning to a discussion of Fort Bowie1 s' field activities between 1863 and 1866, it is well to view the general military situation and developments in Arizona dur­ ing these years. Ifhile Carle ton was1 in charge of the de­ fense of the territory, he had so few men at his disposal that little could be done in the way of subjugating the Apaches. More troops were needed, if only to restrain the hostlies, but the general was refused additional men and was advised to economize in his department - as much as possible. Nevertheless, the territory’s situation’ could possibly have been remedied without reinforcements having been sent into the department, : butt Garleton was concentrating bn events in New;Mexico. During the latter part of 1863 and'the early months of 1864, he was expending most o fh is energies against the Navajos and Mesealerosi trying to confine them to the Bosque Redondo in eastern New Mexico. Consequently^ no ex­ tensive operations could be undertaken in Arizona. Y/hen at la st the general organized a campaign against the Apaches in Arizona in the spring of 1864» he found him-

seif without... . the means. -- ■ - to - • * . strike a decisive blow. In the

9 Ibid. . L, Part I I , p. 632. ■- 10 Bancroft, 0£ .« lt.. p. 555. :. a 99 f a l l of the year he was deprived of the F ifth Regiment California Volunteers, which was mustered, out of, service, and thus could do very little to oomMt the host lies. The few troops that were left in the territory were,soon dis­ couraged and enervated by the announcement on January 20, 1865 that Arizona would be rejoined to the Department of . the Pacific and Carleton relieved of his command of the ter- X X ' - - ■ ' - . . : rltory. , ... , ...... _ Early in 1865 effo rts were: made to improve m ilitary conditions in Arizona to enable the prosecution of more ac- tive operations against the Apaches, The territory was made into a separate district and reinforced by 1,000 troops from, the P a c ific . Command of the. new d istr ic t was assigned to Brigadier-General John S, Mason, ...... Mason was anxious to take the offensive in Arizona. In the summer of 1865 and during the following winter, his troops were active in the fie ld ; but with the exception of a few military successes, his campaign against the Apaches accomplished very little. The troops in-the territory were inadequate to meet the. task ,at hand. .

^ One of Carleton*s,last acts as commander of;the ter­ ritory was to abolish the District of Arizona on December 8; 1864. The War of the Rebellion. Part IV. p. 993...... The new District of Arizona, created March 10, 1865, included the territory and so much of the state of Califor­ nia “as lies in the watershed of the Colorado River.". Ibid., L, Part II, p. 1157.

222859 100

In April, 1866, the general reported that the present forces In the territory "can do little more than hold the 13 posts and escort military supply trains." He felt that If the people of Arizona were to be protected, It would be necessary to concentrate troops near settlements, but this would have required sizeable reinforcements and they were to be a long time In coming. The regular aray men, who were sent Into the territory in May, 1866, merely acted as a re­ placement for the departing volunteer troops. The problems which confronted the military in Arizona from 1863 to 1866 and which prevented any d ecisive v icto r ie s over the hostiles were naturally reflected in the operations conducted from Fort Bowie. Lacking the support and means to wage war effectively, the small garrison at Bowie experienced few successful encounters with the Indians. Yet there was perhaps no command in the territory which demonstrated more vigor or was more independently active than the one at Apache Pass. During the latter half of 1863, military activities at Fort Bowie were largely influenced by concern for the se­ curity of the post. In August three parties of Indians, who apparently had chosen their positions to the best advantage, attacked the fort and made off with all the horses belonging

13 House Exec. Doc. , 40th Cong., 2nd S e s s ., No. 1, Part I, pT%. 101

n to the small detachment of Company E, First Cavalry. The troops, led. by Captain Tidball, ran to overtake the hostiles but the thieves were too far-ahead of them. The a ffa ir in­ dicated the insecurity of Fort Bowie against surprise attacks, and even after the fort received two pieces of field, artll- lery in September, its position was not considered to be safe. Thus for the duration of 186), scouting operations were held to a minimum while the small.number of troops con- centrated on defending the post against Apaches and perform­ ing escort duties. - . . _ • : . ..,...,, .... In 1864 Fort Bowie resumed more active field operations. In February, Cochise was reported to be in the vicinity,of the post and Tidball, who decided to seek out the Chirlcah.ua leader rather than wait for him to attack his garrison, left ' ' '' ' ‘ ‘ '...... ' ' ' 15 ' the fort with as many men as he could afford to take. The " " _ - •' ■ - - . - - . -• - 1 - - . ' . ■ : > captain scouted for several days but did,not find the chief. .• - During the spring, the command at Fort Bowie was once more engaged in military operations as a result of the ex­ tensive campaign which Carleton had ordered to be undertaken in Arizona and New Mexico. In addition to the regular gar­ rison* troops being sent out on assigned task s,th e post was *15

. ■ ^ 4 The War of tW Rebellion, L, Part I, p. 233./The,. - detachment of Company E, First Cavalry,;was stationed at , Fort Bowie in order to ride express, no doubt as part of tlae vedette system. . : , ..v;.-' 15 Ibid.. XXXL7, Part II, p. 473. " ' 102 used as a point of departure for troops that had been sent 16 to Apache Pass to receive instructions.’ ' :: ' An account of the campaign, which on the nhole was a' failure, is not within the range of this study; however, it is necessary to record certain phases of the operations which are part of Fort Bowie * s history. - Troops from the fort scouted southward through the 17 Chirioahua Mountain#, and in May accompanied Lieutenant- Colonel Nelson H. Davis on an expedition north of the post for the purpose of finding Indians and selecting a site on the Gila River for a new :eamp to be known as Fort Goodwin. The trip to the Gila was especially successful for Davis and the men from Bowie, commanded by Captain Tidball. Not only was a suitable place found on which to build Fort Goodwin, but four Apache rancherlas were discovered and attacked, re­ sulting in the killing of about eighty Indians' and the cap­ ture of thirteen. ' - Following Carleton*s campaign, which extended into the 18

Ibid., L, Part II, p. 835. ^7 Ibid., Xmv, Part III, p. 388; Lockwood, The Apache Indians. p. 152. '■■■ ■' - ■ - . - ; - - -:■■■: •■v:v •: v;.. 18 The War of the R ebellion. XLYIII, Part I , p. 903; Ibid. . L. Ifert ITT P. 868. The expedition to the Gila Rive] was concluded for Captain Tidball and his command from Fort Bowie after accompanying Colonel Rigg*s forces, which had come forward from New Mexico and made.camp northeast of Fort Bowie, to the site of Fort Goodwin. Ibid., L, Part I, p. 362. 103 summer of 1864, It appears that the men: at.IZort Bowie eon- fined their actlfltles for several months to regular:garri­ son and escort duties and minorcseduts within the vicinityr Of the post. : -u re- 1 :: - ' r "•'./■rrr r Early In 1865 the small garrison at Apache Pass had reason to fear an attack by hostiles. Tracks of an Indian reconnoitering party which had come tor spy on the post aud ­ its herds were discovered near the fort. Colonel Bennett, the new commanding officer, took all the available cavalry at the post and proceeded to Dos Cabezas, about twenty miles to the east, where he hoped to surprise a party of Apaches. 19 However, the colonel found no one. :Upon returning-to the post, Bennett was determined to take measures-to prevent the ‘ rV , Apaches from slipping through the pass again and endangering his position. He ordered fourteen men to guard the:herd; daily and at reveille each day he sent out his guide, Mere- hildo, with a„detachment of cavalry to make a thorough 20 search of the canyon. ' ; ‘ In addition to exercising greater, vigilance about the post, Bennett undertook a number of extensive;scouting op­ erations during the spring and. early summer of 1865. One of his more eventful scouts occurred between June 26 and July 21 6 when he conducted an expedition to the Gila River, 192021

19 Ibid.. "L, Part II, pp. 1164-1165. 20 Ibid., p. 1165. 21 Bennett le f t Port Bowie on June 26 with a command 104

Although he failed to capture or: k ill any Indians, he did manage to encounter the notorious band of Apaches led hy ' Francisco in a ravine which he called Cavalry Canon. Also he succeeded in destroying a rancher jus and capturing a : 22 rather large herd of cattle. ; . : ; f • ■ Field operations ih 1865 were not limited to hunting Apaches. After Bennett returned to Fort Bowie from his scout to the Gila he was ordered to take a command and examine, measure, and report upon the wagon route via Croton or Sul- 23 phur Spring and Fort Breekenridge to Maricopa W ells. Ben­ nett left the post with twelve cavalrymen and the guide Lojinio and, after completing the assignment, he reported that la h is opinion the road via Tucson was preferable for 24 . freighting to Forts Bowie and Goodwin. The energy displayed by the troops at Fort Bowie while under the command of Colonel Bennett was again in evidence

(cent.) consisting of thirty enlisted men of Com­ pany L, First Cavalry, ten men of Company M, and three of Company F, same regiment. Three citizen s (George Coxjr ' Charles Kenyon, and a Mr. Dysart) volunteered to accompany the expedition. Bennett had as his guides Lojinio, the Apache boy who had so successfully guided Davis and Tidball against the Apaches, and Merehlldo, the guide at Fort Bowie. Ib id ., L, Part I, pp. 415-418. 22 Ib id ., p. 418. 23 I b id .,:PP. 421-423. ::C: 24 Ib id ., p. 423. 105 during the latter part of 1865 and:the first half of 1866. As a part of the winter offensive organized by General Mason, men from the fort were sent out to comb-the Ohirioahua:Moun­ tains for hostile#. They managed to engage Cochise in the mountainous1 country and to leave him impotent for the dura* 25 tion of the winter. After disabling the chief, the troops from Fort Bowie did not relax in their efforts to strike a more decisive blow. Throughout the f ir s t four or fiv e ’ < 26 months of 1866 they were campaigning constantly, but they were unable to corner the.elusive warrior again. : .a ■ • - In concluding the history of Fort Bowie from 1863 to - 1866, it is appropriate to mention some facts relating to the personnel that were' stationed at the post during the period. ;t : V'' In the late summer of 1863, Fort Bowie1s general staff consisted of Company K, Fifth Infantry California Volun­ teers, and a detachment of Company E, First California Cav­ alry, under the command of Captain Tidball. The garrison remained the same until the following summer when it was increased in size by the arrival of Company A, First Infantry New Mexico Volunteers. %e presence of two f u ll companies

* fig.1.® »®P* o lt. , p . 54. y-'.-n': ' 26 Edimr# Palmer, "Arizona War News, 1862-1866,”' Ms. ^7 it should be noted that in February, 1864 while Tid­ ball was absent from the.post, the command was assumed.by Lieutenant B.F. Bayley. The War of the Rebellion. XXXIV. Part II, p. 473. H ; . ~ T ----„ Ji. 106 at Fort Bowie did not la st long, however, for in September Tidball left the post with Company.K, Fifth Infantry. With the departure of Tidball, Captain Nicolas Quin- tana became the commanding officer of Bowie, a position which he retained u n til February, 1865 when he was relieved by Colonel Bennett. A few months after Bennett assumed .com­ mand of the fort, he received the services of Company L, First California Cavalry, which took station at Apache Pass. . With the exception of Bennett1s being replaced as post - » •■••*... " - - • -v - . ' - - * * " - + commander in July or August, 1865, there were no a ltera - tions in Fort Bowie *s general staff for about a year. How­ ever, the change which took.place in the spring of 1866 was an important one. The two^cOmpanies of volunteers were ordered away from the post to be mustered out of service and their place was taken by Company E, Fourteenth U.S. 31 Infantry, under the command of Captain W. Harvey Brown.

2S Tidball and Company K, Fifth Infantry, proceeded to Las Cruces, New Mexico where the company was mustered out of the service. Ibid., XLI, Part III, p. 8 5 1 . V-v Detachments of Companies F and M, First California Cavalry, were attached to the general staff at Fort Bowie about the time Company L arrived at the post* Ibid. , L, : Part I, pp. 415-418. : : / '; = -vV/v--1 30 xt is not certain who replaoed Bennett as commanding : officer of Fort Bowie; but it is possible either Captain ‘ Quintana or Lieutenant Antonio Abeyetea became the new post commander.- Ibid. ; 2LI, Part IV, p. 993; . Ogle, op. c i t . , . g # ; . ' ...... ^ y .. . . .

31 From September, 1863 to June, 1864 the garrison at Fort Bowie averaged about fifty-six men. In July and August, 1864 there was a total, present and absent, of 136. In the fa ll of 1864 the garrison was reduced; and between October, 107

The replacement of the volunteer troops at Fort Bowie by regular army men marked the beginning of a new phase in the p ost’s history. During' the next six and a half years, great changes were to take place at Apache Pass: a new fort constructed on a site farther to the east; a military reservation declared by the President; mining operations commenced; a post office established; and, most important of all, peace made with Cochise. But before the Chiricahua chief was to put down his arms and be granted a reservation for his band in southeastern Arizona, the wooden crosses in- Fort Bowie’s cemetery were to multiply with the common in- 32 script ion, ’’Killed by the Apaches.” 1: - - i -

^ (oont.) 1864 and May or June, 1865» Fort Bowie’s general staff ranged from seventy-seven to eighty-four men. The fort’s troop strength was increased in the late spring of 1865 to perhaps 130 soldiers. This:number was more or less maintained until May 3, 1866 when it was increased to about 175 by the arrival of Company E, Fourteenth D.8. In­ fantry; however. with the departure of the volunteer troops in late May or in June, Fort Bowie*s aggregate was reduced to forty-eight men. The War of the Rebellion. XXVI, Part I, pp. 750, 828, 901; xCTTvTTarf TT7 P 473; %LI, Part II, PP. 495, 985; %LI, Part IT, pp. 380, 733, 993; XLVili, Part I, pp. 703, 1043; L, Part II, p. 1263; R.O.A.G., Medical History. Book I; R.O.A.G., Post Returns, August. 1866. ^2 william A. Bell, "Ten Days’ Journey in Southeastern Arizona,” detached from Illustrated Travels: A Record of - Discovery. I, 148. i CHAPTER IV a „ V '.-s ..

THE HOWARD MISSION

The post-CiYil War years in Arizona, while marking the last stages in Coehise1s confliet with the Americans, were difficult and frustrating for Fort Bowie# During this v period the government was pursuing an Apache p olicy which at first lacked force and organization. And though, under suc­ cessive military leaders, a solution to the Indian problem was being evolved. Port Bowie in the meantime was practically unassisted in waging war against Coehise. . •; v : General George Crook, who was to, earn great success, in h is Apache dealings, assumed command of the recen tly- created Department of Arizona in June, 1871. But;even a fter his arrival in the territory, Fort Bowie received no effec­ tive support. Events over which the general.had little : . control postponed his operations for more than a_year and, in the end, prevented him from warring on Cochise. ( 1 In the East a movement was,underway.to bring about the peaceful submission of Apaches, and among its supporters was President Grant. The President, in due course, authorized Vincent Colyer to proceed to New Mexico and Arizona to pro­ mote the interests of peace among the Apaches. Colyer reached the Apache country in August, 1871 and his 109 subsequent mission did little except enrage;- the citizens for its having_ restrained General'Crook. Peace efforts, however, did not end with Coiyerfs failure. Realizing that the selection of Colyer as peace agent had been a mistake, President Grant chose the more capable General 0 .0 . Howard to resume negotiations with the Apaches. Howard was given plenary powers and set out for New Mexico and Arizona in the early spring of 1872. At the same time, General Crook was instructed to avoid any co lli­ sion with the Apaches while Howard was in his department. The new peeoe oommlseioner reached. Arizona In April and remained in the Southwest untii June. His work had not been unsatisfactory, but upon returning to Washington i t was decided that the government1s policy among the Apaches would never be successful unless Cochise were included. Therefore, President Grant instructed Howard to return to the Apache country on a second mission of peace. ‘ " In October, after some difficulty, General Howard suc­ ceeded in meeting the Chlrieahua chief in his stronghold in the Dragoon Mountains. Cochise submitted to Howard in good faith, and the latter established the Chlrieahua reserve- tion in the southeastern corner of the territory.' /Fort Bowie was on th is reservation^ ./ : /:: ' ./ - /; The results of Howard1 s second mission were later to

1 Ogle, op. p it., p. 106. 110

prove unfortunate; nevertheless, by means of diplomacy he brought to an end;Cochise * s war; of revenge which had raged for more than a decade and - had centered largely about the post in Apache Pass. : ; : ; ; - ^ r ; The six and a h a lf - years preceding-Howard* s; audience with Cochise were, in many respects, the most .difficult for Fort Bowie, In no other period was the post itself sub­ jected to such frequent aggressiveness on the part of the Apaches. Moreover, the region about Fort Bowie was the scene of numerous killings and depredations. : After a post office was established - at Apache Pass in December, 1866, the mail carriers-experienced more than their share of tragedies and Apache- hostility. Twice a week a carrier rode from Tucson to Fort Bowie; another then car­ ried the mail on to Soldier*s Farewell, eighty-six miles distant, where he met the solitary mail carrier who had come from M esilia 129 m iles to the ea st. The mall bags were ex- 3 changed and each-carrier returned the way he had^come. The men who thus passed most of the way unguarded through a

2 Will C. Barnes, ce Names, p. 23. George Hand was the first post .pache Pass. The post of fle e name was changed to Fort Bowie on June 22, 1880 and Sidney R, DeLong was postmaster following Hand, May 25, 18?0. According to George Hand’s account, he and Tom Wal­ lace had a two-thirds interest in.the mail contract from Tucson to La M esilia ($26,000 a year). I t appears from Hand’s diary that DeLong was not the immediate successor of Hand as postmaster at Apache Pass. Hand, op. c it., entries for October 1 and 2, 1864. 3 Belli 22. oil.,: 9. 147. : i i i hostile country were frequently attacked by Indians, and often it fell upon the troops at Fort Bowie-to go out and recover the lost mail and the mutilated bodies of express 4 riders. Even when the m il was carried in buckboards and escorted, the Apaches continued their attacks upon the ex­ pressmen and coaches. s Upon one occasion the death of a mall carrier was ac­ companied by the murder of the commanding o fficer of Camp 5 Bowie, The double killing occurred November 5, 1S6? with­ in three and a half miles of the post. On that day a party of engineers, engaged in surveying a route for the Pacific , Railway Company, arrived at Bowie to purchase subsistence and forage. One of the members of the party was William A. Bell who later wrote of the tragedy which transpired. - - - At the time of Bell's visit, the only officers at the post were First Lieutenant John C. Carroll, commanding,r Second Lieutenant Edward B. Hubbard, and the resident sur­ geon Joseph P. Vfldney; the only troops were one company' of ;N - 4 The dangers involved in carrying the mail were so great that a high salary had to be paid to induce men to perform this important work. Their pay was #200 a month in gold. Ib id ., p. 1474 - ' T •' ■ ■. v 'd :,T ? The name of "Gamp" and "Fort" Bowie appears to have been used interchangeably;"the post returns designated'it Fort Bowie u n til January, 1S6? when they changed to Camp - Bowie and the latter name was retained until April 5, 1879 when, by General Orders No. 2, D ivision of the P acifio of that year, its style was finally fixed as Fort Bowie. R.A. G;; Reservation F ile. For thesake of accuracy, the post will be called by its official name at the date of reference to it. 112

6 the Thirty-second Infantry consisting of forty-four men. Early in the afternoon of November 5, the sheep and oxen belonging to the fort were peacefully grazing some two miles distant in the pass when suddenly there was a commo­ tion among the garrison. All were hurrying to the highest point of vision and looking towards the cattle, from which direction a few shots had been fired. It appears that the mall carrier going west to Tucson had only gone a short d is­ tance past the cattle, just beyond the turning in the road which hid him from the fo r t, when he came upon two Indians who were creeping towards the stock. Shots were exchanged, and he immediately turned back to give the alarm to the men guarding the cattle and to the sentinels at the fort. The commanding officer at the post. Lieutenant Carroll, hurriedly mounted his horse and started after the mail car- 7 rler, who had with him an escort of infantrymen. Shortly thereafter several men left the post in search of the In­ dians. As the afternoon progressed, most of the infantry returned by two * s and three1s without having met any Apaches.

6 By reorganization. Camp Bowie1s command of the 14th Infantry became on February 1, 1867 Company G, 32nd Infantry. R.O.A.G.. Medical History. Book No. I. 7 According to Bell, Lt. Carroll was only eighteen years old when he was in command of Camp Bowie. B ell, op. c i t . , p. 148. Incidentally, Carroll1s horse and one kept with the herd;represented the entire stock of horses at the little fort, "if such a term may be applied to a collection of mud huts.11 Ibid., p. 147. Figure 1. Fort Bowie in 186? (Photoatatic copy of a print in Illu stra ted Travels; A Record of Discovery. I. 1869) FORT BOWIE, ARIZONA 115

At supportim© all were accounted for except the lieutenant and the mail carrier. • ; ; - '' A party of nine men. Including Bell, immediately set out to find the missing pair. As the sun was settin g the men came upon the lifeless and mutilated body of the mail carrier. They continued their search, and about a half mile from the carrier the naked and’dead body of Lieutenant Car- r o ll was found being guarded by his fa ith fu l dog. Both men were wrapped in saddle clo th es, and the next morning they 8 were buried in the little post cemetery. - Although Carroll was the only officer ever killed while commanding at Camp Bowie, most of the Apaohe h o s t ilit ie s after his death followed a similar pattern and were usually combatted by scouting expeditions or immediate pursuits from the fo r t. ' ' ■; . . ■:V:- : v In May, 1868 while Captain Homer I. Ripley, Thirty- second Infantry, was in command at Camp Bowie, word reached the post that two privates, who had been sent on escort duty with the mail coach to Barney Station, had been captured or 9 killed by Indians on the road east of the camp. Ripley sent Lieutenant Hubhard in command of thirty-one men to fo l­ low the trail of the Indians in search of the privates.

® Ibid., p. 148. The death of Lieutenant Carroll at the hands of the Apaches on November 5, 1867 was confirmed in Camp Bowie's Post Returns. R.O.A.G., Post Returns. November, 1867. 9 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. May, 1868. 116

HmbMrd succeeded in finding the bodies of Privates Robert King and George Knowles in a mutilated condition about * 10 eight miles east of the post. ' v : ^ - Throughout May and even into the f a l l of the year, the Indians continued their activities about'Apache Pass, cap­ turing sto ok and attacking small, unprotected part lea. ; • During this time Captain Ripley attempted to seek out the Apaches by sending expeditions into the fie ld and conducting scouts him self. However, h is command, varying at times from sixty to 110 menj was unable to deal the Indians any deci­ sive blows. . ■ ' ■ y,: •; , Ripley was relieved of his command in the spring of i 1669 with the arrival at Camp Bowie of Captain Ruben F. Bernard and Troop G, F irst Cavalry. Captain Bernard, who also held the rank of Brevet-Colonel, was one of the most outstanding men and Indian fighters ever to be in command of Camp Bowie. The Weekly Arizonian received the news of his arrival at Bowie with great enthusiasm; and throughout his stay at the post, which lasted until February, 1871, al­ though he was;not.in command all this while, the newspapers frequently bestowed high praise upon him for his action

10 Ibid-, June, 1868. "‘.Sv: VS 11.Weekly Arizonian. July 17, 1869. .: 117

12 against the hostliea. . ; ; - It will be reeallad that Captain Bernard was the ser- . gamut who In 1861 openly opposed Lieutenant George N. Bas- ®oa*s actions against Cochise which led to the chief*8 twelve-year war against the Americans. Now the man who had once sided with the Chiricahua leader was going to be one of his most formidable foes. . ' ' ;■ After assuming command of Gamp Bowie, Bernard was con- 13 etmntly in the field leading scouting expeditions. The success enjoyed by Captain Bernard was shared, notably though not exclusively, with IPirst Lieutenant William H. Winters, First Cavalry, and later with Captain Gerald Bussell, third Cavalry. . Yet even with the pursuits of the above named officers, Apache hostilities were only slightly diminished. In June and July, 1869, Messrs. Anderson and Stone, proprietors of 14 the Apache Pass quartz mine, had property stolen and 1213

12 Ibid.. May 22, 1869; August 7, 1869; October 16, 1869; October 30, 1869; November 6, 1869; Arizona Citizen. December 31, 1870; February 4, 1871. 13 R.Q.A.G.. Post Returns. May, 1869-February, 1871. ^ Weekly Arizonian. July 17, 1869. Another proprietor of the mine was a Mr. Lyon. This mine during part of 1867 and a ll of 1868 was in the hands of the Apache Pass Mining Company. The company disbanded in the spring of 1869, and upon its ruins Anderson,.Stone and Lyon started.their com­ pany. Ibid. , July 10, 1869. Ore from the mine was taken from the "Harris Lode•" Ibid., July 3, 1869. J- A gold mine was even in operation at Apache Pass in ns destroyed by the Apaches and a party of their miners at­ tacked. Also, in June the•Indians managed again to capture and destroy;the m i l near Camp Bowie. In September seme of Cochise1s men entered the'pass and escaped with several ; horses belonging to c itiz e n s. Troops were sent out, but , 15 only one horse was recovered. , : \ j: .l By early f a l l the Apaches were more a ctiv ely h o stile than ever. The eastern mail from Tucson to Camp Bowie was captured twenty-five miles from Apache Pass and the entire party, consisting of Colonel J.Z. Stone, president of the Apache Pass mine, Mr. Kaler, driver, and four privates of Company D, Twenty-first Infantry, on escort duty, was mas- 16 sacred. Nearby a large herd of c a ttle was sto len . Upon word of the massacre and cattle theft reaching Bowie, Lieutenant Winters set out in pursuit of the Indians with a command of the F irst Cavalry. The Apaches were over­ taken in the Chirioahua Pass and, after a running fight of several miles, the entire stock of cattle was recaptured and twelve ho stiles were killed. - Winters returned to the post with the cattle, having, sustained a loss of two men and two

. 14 (cont.) the fall of 1869, and It. Winters was a shareowner in the gold mine. Ibid., October 9» 1869; June 4 , 1870. - ' 15 R.0.A.G-.. Post Returns. September. 1869. , : : - 1° Ibid., October, 1869; Weekly Arizonian. October 9, 1869. The privates killed were V/.H. Bates, M. Blake, J.W. Slocum and D.B. Shellaburger. 119

17 horses wounded. . :> X'-;:,:- -L-'X" . No sooner had the lieutenant arrived back at camp than Captain Bernard began making preparations to take up the tr a il of Cochise and h li band. Bernard started out"on October 16 with twenty-seven men of Troop G-, F irst Cavalry, and twenty-four men of Troop G, Eighth Cavalry, under Lieu­ tenant John Lafforty. After scouting through the Chirlea- hua Mountains for four days Bernard came upon Cochise who 18 had been reenforeed by a few hundred of his band. In the fight that followed eighteen Indians were killed and a-num­ ber wounded, while the troops suffered three killed and two 19 wounded. ■ The fig h t ended, Bernard returned to camp only to set out again on October 24. About thirty miles from the post Cochise was once more encountered, and this time the chief 20 had nearly 500 Apaches at his command. A severe battle ensued, after which the captain was obliged to fa ll back with the loss of two men killed and Lieutenant Lafferty and two men severely wounded. Bernard fo r tifie d him self as best he could, and sent a dispatch to Camp Bowie statin g that he 18*20

Weekly

18 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. October, 1869; Weekly Arizonian. October 30, 1869. , r . o.A.G., Post Returns. October, 1869, 20 Weekly Arizonian. October 30, 1869. 120

would hold hi a position u n til, reenf oroeiients arrived. x The new commander of the post, Brevet Lieutenant- ; Colonel Thomas S. Dunn, Twenty-first Infantry, left camp immediately with.nineteen men of Company D, Twenty-first Infantry, to aid Bernard but found the Indians too strongly posted to be of much. service. After skirmishing, Dunn re­ turned to Apache Pass. .. : ^ r ; ^ ; . In the meantime, General Thomas C. Devin, the command-? ing officer of Arizona, received word at Tucson of Bernard’s situation. Devin, having no troops on hand to send, for­ warded a dispatch.to Camp Crittenden with instructions to 21 the cavalry company there to proceed at once to the rescue. Before:Devin’s instructionsceould be carried.out, however, Bernard had another skirmish with the Indians in which two of Cochise’s band were k ille d . -: : • •. ; , h : By November 3 the necessary reenforeements had reached Bernard, but Cochise, seeing the added force, began sending his band out of the mountains in small p a rties. Bernard pur sued and even had made arrangements with the Mexican ... authorities in case the Indiana should cross the border, but 22 in spite of his energy the hostiles escaped. The failure of the troops to strike a,more telling *22

. 21 Ibid.. October 30, 1869. ■ i f = - 22 Ib id .. November 6, 13, 20, 1869. Bernard’s men managed to k ill one more Indian after receiving reenforoe- ments. B.O.A.Q.. Post Returns. November.I860. ; 121 blow did not enervate Bernard or the garrison at Gamp Bowie. However, neither did the losses whieh, Coehise; sustained in October alter or reduce the activities of his band. Apache thefts and depredations continued, just as did the scouts from Bowie. , -x";:-':. - . . . - . Before the year ended, some enlisted. Indian soouts ar­ rived at the post and. Captain Bernard conducted at least one more expedition. Also, late in the year the Indians suc­ ceeded in capturing the government herd at the-post, and ap- 23 parently none of the stock was. recovered. ; ; The new year opened with Bernard surprising Cochise in the Dragoon Mountains and killing thirteen of his band and 24 capturing two, in addition to a large amount of property. Undaunted, however, Cochise struck back, terrorizing the . travelers about Apache Pass and attacking a mail coach east 25 of the post. Fortunately, the mail escortj of Company D, Twenty-first Infantry, was able to repulse the attackers. In March, Captain Gerald Russell and Troop K,. Third Cavalry, joined the garrison at Bowie, ;and Russell lamed!- . ately increased the effectiveness of the post by also leading

Weekly Arizonian. November:2 7 1 8 6 9 . ^ Ibid., February 5, 18?0; R.O.A.G,, Post Returns, January, 1870. During the first half of 1870, Arizona and southern California were made a separate department. : Ogle, &E* o it., p. 76. 0 Report of the Secretary of the Interior. 1869-70. 551; R.0.A.G7, Post Returns .~TetbruarVT l87'0. 122 extensive scouting expeditions. Camp Bowie now had three companies, making a total of 232 men, Including seven of­ fic e r s . Despite the added company and vigor of the troops, how­ ever, conditions continued to be critical in southeastern Arizona. In August the mail coach en route from the post to Tucson was captured by the Indians near the San Pedro River. The conductor, driver, and escort (consisting of Privates Lawrence Moore and Washington Peabody, both of Company D, Twenty-first Infantry) were killed and the m il destroyed. Orders reached Camp Bowie from department headquarters directing that one troop of the command be kept continually in the field, scouting the country on both sides of the m il route. This was done, but with great difficulty, for in the autumn Company D, Twenty-first Infantry, was transferred from the post; this left two cavalry companies to perform the necessary garrison, escort, and scouting duties. Nevertheless, Captain Bernard, who was again in command of the post, together with Captain Russell and First Lieu­ tenant Lawrence L. 0*Connor did good work in attempting to 26 protect property and in scouring the country for Apaches.

R«0 *A , ______. . w - ______- _r sev­ eral weeks in the summer of 1870 Cochise was at Camp Ord 123

In January, 1871 while leading a command of Troop G, F irst Cavalry, Bernard surprised a rancher^a in the Pinal Mountains, killing nine Indians and wounding a large num- 27 her. This was Captain Bernard's last scout from Camp Bowie for in February he was transferred with Troop G, F irst Cavalry, and Major A.Yf. Evans, Third Cavalry, assumed com­ mand of the post. With the departure of Bernard fcht the F irst Cavalry, the garrison at Bowie was thus reduced to one company of the Third Cavalry amounting to 104 men. Needless to say, this condition was a decided handicap in the face of continued Apache h o s tility . In February a party of Indians approached the immediate vicinity of the post and made off with several horses belong­ ing to citizens. Sergeant Charles Burton with twenty men was sent in pursuit of the thieves, but was only able to re- 28 cover two of the horses. Again in March a few Indians managed to steal stock from citizens near the post. Captain Russell with eleven 26

26 (oont.) enjoying the hospitality of the colonel in charge. Again in October the chief and some of his band were collected at Canada Alamosa, New Mexico. Both tim es, however, after some food and rest, Cochise hastened to his former haunts. Ogle, op. p it., pp. 77-78, 84. ^7 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. January, 1871; Arizona Citizen, December 31, 1870$ January 7, 1871. In this scout Bernard’s command apparently included troops from Fort Grant. 2** R.O.A.G., Post Returns. February, 1871. 12V men of Troop K, two Mexican tr a ile r s , and one c itiz e n le f t camp in pursuit and followed the Apache trail for two days. The trail led into a large rancherxa in the Stein’s Peak range, which R ussell attacked. Three Indians were k illed and five horses captured, while the troops suffered no 29 casualties. Nevertheless, Russell could not dislodge the band with his small party for it was in a superior position in the mountains and in too strong force. Therefore he returned to the post for added men and supplies; after obtaining thirty mounted men of his troop and ten days’ rations, he set out again. This time Captain Russell encountered the Apaches near the Gila River and the boundary lin e of New Mexico. In the midst of a heavy rain storm, the Indians were given a severe beating. Fifteen of their number were killed and several wounded. At the same time, the troops managed to capture 30 and destroy a large quantity of their supplies. While R ussell was thus engaged near the G ila, a group of Indians made an unsuccessful night raid on the mules, woodcutters, and laundresses of Gamp M erijilda. This camp 2930

29 Ibid., March, 1871; Arizona Citizen. April 1, 1871. 30 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. April, 1871; Arizona Citi­ zen, April l, 1871; April 8, 1871. . ”----- The troops, who suffered only one slight casualty, also captured one Indian ch ild . 125 was the old post in Apache Pass which had been vacated by the troops in 1868 after a new Camp Bowie had been erected 31 on an adjoining h ill. Captain Bussell rejoined the garrison, but in I'ess than two weeks left again in search of a mail wagon which was long overdue. With thirty men and ten days’ rations, he proceeded along the Tucson road in the direction of the Dragoon Mountains. Near Dragoon Springs the mail coach was 32 found destroyed by Indians and the driver dead. After burying the expressman, Russell moved on to the mountains where he met the Apaches on the evening of April 16. There were at lea st 100 warriors, w ell armed and supposedly under Cochise. The captain fought until after dark, but was unable to dislodge the enemy from its superior position. Therefore he retired to the San Pedro Crossing and sent word to the post for reenforcements. Upon receiving an additional force, R ussell resumed h is pursuit. In the meantime, the Indians had left the mountains, but the captain was bent on following them. At th is time a party of th ir ty -six Mexican sold iers from Fronteras, who had been out scouting, arrived at Camp 31*

31 Arizona Citizen. April 8, 1871. Presumably Camp Merijilda was namedafter a guide who had been on duty at Camp Bowie.

32 R.O.A.Cr., Post Returns. A pril, 1871; Re 0 #A eGr# , Medical History. April, l871. 1 2 6

Bowie. Upon the promise of the Mexican commander, Lieu­ tenant-Colonel Escalante, to go to the assistance of Cap­ tain Russell, his men were furnished rations. Escalanto, however, proceeded no farther than Sulphur Springs, at which point he turned back to Bowie and then started for 33 home. .. ; Meanwhile, Captain Russell pursued the Apaches until April 21 when he was stricken with a severe attack of ill­ ness. An ambulance had to be sent out to carry him to the San Pedro Crossing, from which point he dispatched word to Bowie for an o fficer to lead the men. Major Evans, however 34 ordered him back to Bowie with h is whole command. Russell's Illness was apparently short-lived, for on May 9 he left camp again with twenty men of Troop K, Third Cavalry, and eight days' rations to cooperate with Captains Stanwood and Moore, Third Cavalry, who were reported as en­ gaged with Cochise in the Whetstone Mountains southeast of Tucson. R ussell f ir s t went to Dragoon Springs where no fresh signs were found. He then proceeded to the southern point of the Whetstone Mountains, crossing the San Pedro, and on to the sc#h# of the fight and death of Lieutenant 3334

33 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. April, 1871. 34 Ibid., April, 1871; Arizona Citizen. April 29. 1871. ' ' 127

35 Howard B. Gushing, Third Cavalry. Russell found that Captain Stanwood had been there and left, and that the trails showed the Indians had divided into small parties and had scattered. He therefore returned to the post, ar­ riving May 14• For the next month and a h a lf, the Apaches were re la ­ tively inactive; in fact, during June no depredations were reported and no scouts were undertaken from Camp Bowie. However, July began with a sudden increase in k illin g s and attacks in the Chiricahua country. A m il rider was found k ille d in Apache Pass by Captain R u ssell, who was once more out scouting with part of his troop. The situ ation was so serious that General George Crook, who had recently assumed command of the Department of Ari­ zona and who had planned to defer action until completely organized, decided that an immediate demonstration against Cochise was necessary. Therefore, with the two-fold purpose of leading a training expedition into the field and of strik ing Cochise, Crook organized a command of six companies of cavalry and scouts and left Tucson for Camp Bowie on July 36 11, 1871. 35*

35 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. May. 1871. It. Cushing was killed in a severe W ttie with Cochise in the Whetstone Mountains on May 5* 1871. Lockwood, Pioneer Days in Arizona, p. 165. ““ : " 36 Report of the Secretary of War, 1871-72, p. 78; Arizona Citizen, July I5, 1871; —3ohn G. Bourke, On the border "with Crook p. 137. ------

\ 128

General Crook reached Bowie on July 14 without having encountered any Indians on the way, but sufficient evidence of their numbers was noted to convince the general that u n til Cochise and his band were subjugated no permanent peace would be p ossib le. Crook might have remained at Camp Bowie to run Cochise down, but news concerning the govern­ ment sponsored peace mission, in the person of Vincent Colyer, ended his plan. Therefore the general decided to move his expedition farther north and left Bowie on the 37 evening of July 17. Two days after Crook departed from Camp Bowie, the beef herd was attacked within a quarter of a mile of the post near Bear Spring. At the time, most of the garrison was out scouting or on detached service. Therefore the commanding . officer. Major Evans, ordered First Sergeant John F. Farley, Troop K, Third Cavalry, to take the few remaining cavalry­ men and engage the Apaches, who numbered between 100 and 38 150. In the skirmish which followed Farley was badly wounded, and the Indians killed two of the herders and drove 39 off the entire stock. 37*39

37 Ogle, op. p i t . , p. 97; R.O.A.G., Post Returns. July, 1871. ~ ------R.O.A.G., Post Returns. July, 1871; Joseph Fish; "History of Arizona,*' Ms., pp. 482-483. 39 Arizona Citizen. July 29, 1871; R.O.A.G., Post Returns. July. 1871. ------129

About the same time as the Indians were making off with the post herd, Captain H.M, Smith was proceeding from Tuc­ son to Camp Bowie with Company G-, Twenty-first Infantry, to reenforce the garrison. Accompanying Smith were several trains of company property and supplies for the post trader 40 at Bowie. Near the San Pedro, Smith * s party engaged a large band of Apaches and killed thirteen. The troops suf­ fered a loss of four. As autumn approached, no relief was in sight for the white inhabitants of southeastern Arizona. The Apaches con­ tinued to haunt the vicinity of Camp Bowie and attack the few settlers in the region. Captain Russell remained active in the field, and troops from Bowie were called upon to 41 escort more supply trains from Tucson. In September Colonel Angel E lias of the Mexican army, with other officers and fifty men, arrived at Camp Bowie from a scout through the Dragoon Mountains. E lias had been searching for the Indians who had stolen Governor Pesquiera*s 42 eighty horses on a raid into Mexico. While at Bowie, Colonel Elias sent out two small scouting parties to look for Indian signs, one across the Chiricahua Mountains and

40 Arizona Citizen. July 29, 1871. 41 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. October, 1871. 42 Ib id . , September, 1871; Arizona C itizen . September 9, 1871 130 another to Mount Graham. Both returned, however, without having found any signs, and Qolonel Ellas left for Fronteras 43 on September 16. Notwithstanding the failure of Elias* men to detect the presence of Apaches, they were indeed present and active. Their attacks and killings in the fa ll prompted the Arizona Citizen to write contemptuously of the government’s peace plan which had the effect of preventing any large-scale of­ fensive against Cochise and other Apache bands. Although the peace emissary, Vincent Colyer, never brought his person to bear in the Chiricahua country, the Citizen reported the atrocities in that region as part of 44 "Colyer’s Peace Fruits.,* late in October a band of Indians, reportedly led by Cochise, attacked a farm house in the San Simon Valley, k ille d one man, badly wounded another, and burned down the 45 house. The wounded man, R.M. G ilbert, managed to escape and report the attack to Captain Harry M. Smith who was now in command of Camp Bowie. Smith immediately sent Captain Russell out in pursuit with all the cavalry that could be , spared. Russell proceeded to the scene of the recent Apache

r . o.A.G., Post Returns. September, 1871. ^ Arizona Citizen. November 11, 1871. ^ Ibid., November 11, 1871; Fish, op. cit.. p. 483. 131 killing and took up the trail of some eighty Indians which led him to Horseshoe Canon in the Chiricahua Mountains. While resting in the canyon, Russell’s command was suddenly 46 attacked by Cochise’s large band. The troops fought the Indians for five hours and remained bn the battleground fourteen hours when Captain Russell directed his men to start back to Bowie. During the engagement Private Block­ house, Third Cavalry, was severely wounded and Mr. R.H. Whit­ ney, wood contractor for Camp Bowie who had accompanied Russell, was killed. The number of Indians killed and wounded was not ascertained, but Captain Russell later re- 47 ported that they had been severely punished. Upon being informed of the fight in Horseshoe Canon, General Crook ordered the commander of Bowie to furnish reasons for not having sent more men with Captain Russell on his scout. Smith had sent Russell out with twenty-six men of his troop and two citizens. The garrison at Bowie amounted to almost 140 men at this time but, since a good number were on picket and escort duty. Smith apparently f e lt that he could not give Russell any more without endangering the camp’s position. At any rate, -Captain Russell’s service at Bowie was

^ R.O.A.G., Post Returns. October, 1871; Arizona Citizen. November 4, II, 1871. 47 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. October, 1871. 1 3 2 now limited, for in December he was transferred with Troop K, Third Cavalry. His departure left but one company at the post until February, 1872 when the garrison was re- 48 enforced by the arrival of Troop D, Fifth Cavalry. The la st year of Cochise's h o s tility thus opened with Camp Bowie's troop strength reduced to forty-seven men. /While in th is weakened condition, the Apaches attacked and captured the Eastern Mail which was due at the post on Janu­ ary 24 and the Western Mail which had Just left Bowie for 49 Tucson. In the course of capturing the mails in Apache 50 Pass, the Indians killed three citizens and wounded one. Captain Smith directed the recovery of those killed and had them burled in the post cemetery. He did all he could to find the stolen mails and was successful in recovering the mail which had been bound for the East. However, only fragments of the western bound m i l were found. Smith also recovered both buokboards which had been damaged by the hostiles• In reporting the above incident, the Arizona Citi­ zen praised Captain Smith for giving the best possible guards to the mail carriers and in no way considered his 51 small command negligent.

^ Ib id . , December, 1871; January, February, 1872. Report of the Secretary of War, 1872-73. p. 79. 50 Ibid.. p. 79; R.0.A.G-., Medical History. January, 1872; Arizona Citizen. January 27, 1^72. . . ^ Arizona Citizen. February 3, 1872. 133

The Apaches were interested in capturing the post herd at Bowie and made an attempt in January; however, they only 52 succeeded in stampeding the cattle. A month later after Troop D, Fifth Cavalry, had joined the post, the hostiles again attacked the cattle herd within a mile of the camp. One of the herders, John McWilliams, was instantly killed and the other, John Dobbs, severely wounded. The Indians, 53 however, were repulsed by the troops and the herd recovered. Activities at Camp Bowie during the following months of 1872 were somewhat conditioned by the presence in the te r ­ ritory of General 0.0. Howard. It w ill be recalled that with the arrival of President Grant's special peace commis­ sioner, the troops in Arizona were directed to avoid any en­ counters with the Apaches. Yet in the case of Bowie, it was not entirely possible to elude the Indians. On May 1, shortly after a company of the Twenty-third Infantry had replaced the Twenty-first and Captain Joseph T. Haskell had assumed command of the post, Indians entered the camp grounds. Their tracks, which were discovered by the post guide, Merijilda (or Marijildo) Grijalba, showed that they had visited the rear of the corral during the night and that a party of thirty or more had been

52 Report of the Secretary of War, 1872-73. p. 79• 53 R.O.A.G., Medical History,February, 1872; Report of the Secretary of War."1872-73, p. 80; Arizona Citizen, larch 2, 1872. 134

54 watching the cattle herd all day on April 30. Captain Haskell sent Lieutenants John B. Babcock and Henry C. Johnson, Fifth Cavalry and,Twenty-third Infantry, respectively, together with the post guide to scout around the vicinity and through the pass. The men searched the region for several hours but were unable to discover any 55 Indians. On May 4 Henry Abrahams, the mail driver on the eastern route via New Mexico, was k illed by Apaches th ir ty -fiv e 56 miles from Bowie at the base of Stein's Peak. The mail was due to arrive at the post on the morning of May 5, but since it had not come by noon on the 6th, Captain Haskell sent a party of the Fifth Cavalry and the post guide to ascertain the cause of delay. The troops found Abraham's body, horribly mutilated and partly consumed. The backboard that Abrahams had been driv­ ing and the mail were both destroyed by fir e . I t appeared from the tracks that the Indians who had attacked the coach 57 numbered about thirty, including squaws and children. For the duration of 1872 few, if any, Indian

54 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. May, 1872. 55 Ibid.. May. 1872. 56 Ibid. . May. 1872; Report of the Secretary of War. 1872-73. p. 80; Arizona Citizen, K y 11', 1872. 57 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. May. 1872. 135 depredations were committed within the range of Gamp Bowie’s operations. The troops, who numbered s lig h tly more than 130, were thus relieved of much scouting duty; however, they continued to maintain pickets at Sulphur Springs and San 58 Pedro Crossing for the protection of settlers. In addi­ tion, a detachment of Troop D, Fifth Cavalry, was always on hand at the post to escort the mails through the pass. In August after Captain Samuel S. Sumner, Fifth Cavalry, had assumed command of Camp Bowie, a detachment of cavalry was sent to Calabasas by order of General Crook to protect the inhabitants of that region while gathering and housing their crops. The party of Fifth Cavalry remained at Cala­ basas under the command of Second Lieutenant George B. Davis 59 u n til November. While there a number of men, including Davis, contracted fever for which they received little treat­ ment until returning to Bowie. With the activities of Cochise in a state of suspension during the la tte r half of 1872, events began which were to culminate in the chief’s submission. As previously noted,

5** Ibid. . June, 1872. The picket at Sulphur Springs had been maintained the longest by the troops; however, throughout the war years of Cochise, Camp Bowie supplied pickets, averaging five or ten men, where and when they were necessary, provided of course that troops were available. A picket was maintained for a time at the San Simon Cienega where a post garden had been started, and another at a wood camp near the post. 59 Ibid. , August, 1872; Weekly Arizonian. November 16, 1872. ------136 the success of President Grant's peace policy toward the Apaches depended largely upon a settlement with Cochise and his Chiricahuas. The President, therefore, directed Gener­ al 0.0. Howard to return to the Southwest and to seek out 60 Cochise and enter into terms of peace with him. After unsuccessfully attempting for weeks to communi­ cate with Cochise at a garrison in New Mexico, Howard se­ cured the services of Thomas J. Jeffords, a close friend of 61 Cochise. Jeffords felt that a peace could be made, pro­ vided the general would go to the c h ie f's stronghold in the Dragoon Mountains west of Camp Bowie. The proposal was ac­ cepted, and the party of Howard, Jeffords, and the general's aid-de-camp, Captain J.A. Sladen, set out at once with two 62 Indian friends of the Chiricahuas. The party was accom­ panied part of the way by an escort of one sergeant and fiv e privates from Port Bayard, New Mexico; however, upon being told by one of the Indian guides that he must diminish h is group or not meet Cochise, General Howard sent the en tire 60*

60 Howard was also to s e tt le a number of problems among the Apaches of Arizona and New Mexico which had no bearing on Camp Bowie. Report of the Secretary of Interior. 1872- n , Part 1, pp. ------— ^ — ------— L" Major-General 0.0. Howard, My Life and Experiences among Our Hostile Indians, pp. 187-185] Report of the Sec- retary of Interior. 1171-73. Part 1, p. 5 ^ “ Report of the Secretary of Interior. 1872-73, Part 1, p. 560; Ogle, op. o l t .. p. it)?." 137

63 escort to Camp Bowie to await further orders. The company of five continued their journey, and on September 30 or October 1 reached Cochise's retreat in the 64 Dragoon Mountains. The commencement of peace talk s was of necessity delayed to enable the chief to call in his widely-scattered captains for council. In summoning his men, Cochise desired assurance that they be allowed to come in without being fired on by soldiers. General Howard re­ sponded by offering to send Captain Sladen to Camp Bowie to notify that garrison and inform the other posts, but Co­ chise wanted the general to go, for the "soldiers would obey him. Therefore Howard set out for Bowie with an Indian guide, leaving Jeffords and Sladen to remain with Cochise. 65 The general and his guide reached the post on October 2. On their approach to camp, the outpost men had taken them for Apaches and had come very near fir in g at them. At Bowie Howard found the son of his old general, Cap­ tain Sumner, in command. The captain's wife helped put Howard's wardrobe in better condition, and after the general 6364*

63 Howard, op. pit., p. 195; R.O.A.G.. Post Returns. September, 1872. 64 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. September, October, 1872; Arizona Citizen. October 19, 1872. Howard remained with Cochise altogether eleven days. - 65 Arizona Citizen. October 19, 1872. 138 had given all necessary orders he took his escort, which had been le f t at the p ost, and started back to the Dragoons. Soon after returning to Oochise's stronghold, the chief’s captains assembled and peace talks began. Cochise agreed to move to Canada Alamosa in New Mexico but he realized that this would break up his band, leaving a part 66 . in Arizona to do mischief. Furthermore, his captains would consent only to a reserve in Arizona. Howard soon realized that there could be no peace among the Apaches un­ less the Chiricahuas were included. Therefore, upon Co­ chise’s promise to restore stolen property and to guarantee the safety of travellers in his country, the tribe was pro­ mised a reserve of their own selection. The final details of the conference were completed at Dragoon Springs on October 13. Captain Sumner, with several officers and a few civilians from Camp Bowie, joined the 67 parley to conclude the whole affair. The Chiricahua Reser­ vation was set apart east of the Dragoon Mountains in what is today that portion of Cochise County, and the headquarters of the agency were established temporarily at Sulphur Springs. Captain; Sumner was directed to furnish the trib e rations u n til the Department of the Interior could assume 6667

66 Report of the Secretary of Interior. 1872-73. Part 1, p. 550. ------— — 67 I b id ., p. 560; Howard, op. c i t . , pp. 220-221. 139 the responsibility. Finally, to the great satisfaction of Cochise and his people, Jeffords was named special agent 68 for the new reservation. Having fulfilled the chief object of his second mission, Howard le f t for Washington to d eliver his report. The Chi- ricahuas had obtained a promise from the general to submit their request for the removal Of troops from Camp Bowie, which was on their reserve. Howard, of course, could not recommend such a move since peace was not yet sure. However, to avoid many of the difficulties which would possibly grow out of contact with the soldiery, General Howard suggested that great care be taken in the selection of officers for Camp Bowie. In making th is suggestion, he, was also aware of the fact that there were some fifty Apache men in south­ eastern Arizona who were complete outlaws and who would not 69 come under Cochise's control. The establishment of the Chiricahua Reservation, which

Report of the Secretary of Interior, 1872-73. Part 1, p. 56d. According to Frank C. Lockwood, Jeffords was government superintendent of mails between Fort Bowie and Tucson in the m id -six ties. While in charge of the m ails, fourteen of his men were killed by the Apaches. At last, disgusted by the government's inability to protect his men, Jeffords resigned his post. Shortly thereafter, he risked a meeting with Cochise, which resulted in a lifelong friend­ ship between the two. Lockwood. The Apache Indians, pp. 111-112. ' " V 69 Report of the Secretary of Interior. 1872-73, Part 1, p. ih . 140

70 was set apart by executive order of December 14, was looked upon with much skepticism by the citizens of south­ ern Arizona who feared that Cochise’s peace was a mere win- 71 ter’s ttuce. Yet the chief.was to remain faithful until his death in June, 1874. The Chiricahuas were to retain their reserve for two years following Cochise’s death and then were to cause trou­ ble for another deSade. But in the f a l l of 1872 they were at peace and the war against them, which in a sense had been Camp Bowie’s war, was temporarily ended. Although Indian warfare was the v ita l problem facing Camp Bowie during the post-Civil War years, there were other aspects of the camp’s history which are worth noting. In February, 1868, instructions from department head­ quarters were received at the post relating to the construc­ tion of a new Camp Bowie on a different site. The site se­ lected was on an adjoining plateau, southeast of the bid

7° Executive Orders Relating to Indian Reservations from May 14, 1855 to July 1. 1912. p.TI The metes and bounds of the tinlrTcahua Indian Reservation were described as follows: "Beginning at Dragoon Springs, near Dragoon Pass, and running thence northeasterly along the north base of the Chirioahua Mountains to a point on the summit of P elon eillo Mountains or Stevens Peak range; thence running southeasterly along said range through Stevens Peak to the boundary of New Mexico; thence running south to the boundary of Mexico; thence running w esterly along said boundary f i f t y five miles; thence running northerly, following substanti­ ally the western base of the Dragoon Mountains, to the place of beginning." Ibid., p. 5. 71 Arizona Citizen. October 19, November 30, 1872. 141 fort and near the eastern mouth of Apache Pass. Soldiers: were soon put to work clearing the new location, and through­ out the spring and part of the summer, detachments were busy 72 gathering in timber for building purposes. By early fall construction had advanced far enough to warrant the hiring of a carpenter, two masons, and several laborers, all of 73 whom were c iv ilia n s. In December the post was occupied by Company D, Thirty- second Infantry, which constituted the garrison and amounted to sixty-four men. The new adobe quarters were comfortable and adequate; however, accommodations for the sick were in­ sufficient, thus prompting the post surgeon to recommend the immediate building of a larger hospital. But instead of acting upon his recommendation, the hospital was temporarily moved to a building which had been intended for guardhouse, adjutant's office, and quartermaster1s storehouse. It had a capacity of twelve beds. The vacated hospital building, 74 in turn, was set aside for bachelor officers. . With the subsequent additions to the post of Troop G, 727374

72 r. o.A.G., Post Returns. Maroh-July, 1868. In July an extra company was c a su a lly a t the post and no doubt as­ sisted in construction work. Ibid.. July, 1868. 73 Ib id .. October. November, 1868. 74 War Department, Surgeon General’s Office, "A Report on Barracks and Hospitals with Descriptions of Military Posts.” Circular No. 4, p. 472 (hereafter cited as Circular No. 4). For a time the building which was turned over for hospital use had been quarters for an infantry company. 142

First Cavalry, in May, 1869 and Troop K, Third Cavalry, in March, 1870 to replace an infantry company, more buildings were required, including corrals. However, before the post could be enlarged, some of the old buildings were put back into use as quarters for married officers and their families. And for some time after additional structures had been erected, married officers as well as other personnel con- 75 tinued to live at the old post. Throughout the la tte r half of 1869, c iv ilia n workers were at the post making adobes for new buildings, and for several months in 1870 masons were also employed. During th is period the troops were quite active scouting, but in the summer of 1870 they devoted much of their time assisting 76 in the erection of buildings. By August, construction work was essentially completed. Plans had been made to erect three additional sets of offi­ cers* quarters, a new hospital, and two adobe corrals, but only the cavalry corrals were built and put into use in Ooto- 77 ber. In later years more buildings were to be constructed and improvements made such as flooring and roofing. How­ ever, for the time being Camp Bowie was considered adequate 757677

75 Circular No. 8. n. 532: Arizona Citizen. April 8 1871. - I 76 R.0.A.G-., Post Returns. June, 1869-August, 1870; Arizona Citizen. April 15, 1071. 77 R.O.A.G., Medical History. October, 1870. 143

Figure 2 Diagram of Camp Bowie, A .T ., 1870 (Photostatic copy) 144

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W f p B f f W I E AT 'Scale: zoo f—tik J i*cA* 145 enough to permit a temporary halt in construction. The reader will find diagrams Included in this work which accurately desorihe the number and arrangement of buildings at different periods in the post's history. Never­ theless, since future structures were to be arranged within the design of 1870, it is well to describe the post of that year. .- • ; ■ ' All the buildings were constructed of adobes with dirt roofs and, perhaps, most of them with dirt floors. They were arranged on the sides of a rectangular parade in the following order: On the south side were two sets of offi­ cers * quarters; on the east side, going north, was a set of officers' quarters, adjoining which on the north was the ad­ jutant's office; then a bakery, followed by a building con­ taining the post library and a set of company quarters; on the north side, going west, were a set of company quarters, and two large storehouses (one formerly used as company quar­ ters); on the west side adjoining the last storehouse at"the rear of the west end, and forming with it an "L" which en­ closed the northwest corner of the parade, was the post hos­ pital. At a short distance west of the south end of the hos­ pital was the guardhouse; and directly west of the guardhouse was the post trader's store. The blacksmith shop, carpenter shop, saddler's shop, and corrals were at the north end of the garrison, w ith th e road from Tucson to la M esilia between. Sinks and most of the kitchens and dining rooms were provided 146

78 as outhouses behind or near each set of quarters. The company quarters were b uilt to house 300 men. They were heated by open firep laces and contained no furniture except rough bunks constructed of poles. The officers* 79 quarters had an additional coat of lime cement. The ground upon which the post was erected sloped gently northward, making it almost impossible to conduct satisfactory drills. In later years, drills were held some miles from the post where the ground was more su itab le. The post was supplied with subsistence and other stores p rin cipally from the depot at Tucson but also from Yuma. Usually a six months’ supply of subsistence was kept on hand at the fort. Most of the transportation of goods for Bowie and the post trader was furnished by the Tucson firm of T olly, Ochoa and Company. Water for the camp was obtained from a fine spring about 500 yards distant. It was brought to the post by means of a water wagon. Wood was furnished by contract at a cost of $9.50 per cord; however, the troops were often detailed to gather wood from what was known as the ’’Pinery,” eighteen miles south of the post, and also from the northern slope of the mountains. *79

7g "Diagram of Camp Bowie, A.T.,” 1870 (see Fig. No. 2). 79 R.0. Tyler, compiler, Revised Outline of the Posts and Stations in the Military Division of the Pacific. Com­ manded by jor-CeneraTJohn M. SohofieTd. p.TI Figure 3. Map of the Military Reservation at Gamp Bowie, Arizona, Surveyed 1869 (Photostatic copy) T

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•>" #> AT »#«• «4» %.W*T5r W.%0.>U, CHAINS ( asr ,5^VI> AtV' 5 .^ '^ 149

The nearest settlements to the post were each fifty- five miles distant. One, to the west, was located at the Intersection of the San Pedro River and the main road; the other, to the east, was situated in the "Burro" mining dis­ tr ic t of New Mexico and had sprung up in 1870 under the name of Ralston City. Later In the seventies the nearest settlements were on the San Pedro and Gila Rivers and at Camp Grant, each about fifty-five miles distant. Ralston City lasted only a few years and became nothing more than a mail station. Tucson and Silver City, New Mexico, each about 100 miles distant, 80 were the nearest towns. The mines in the immediate vicinity of Camp Bowie, which had brought several prospectors to Apache Pass in the late 81 sixties, were discontinued by May, 1871. In connection with the occupancy of the new Camp Bowie, it is necessary to mention the military reservation in which the post was confined. In February, 1869, First Lieutenant G.M. 'Wheeler, U.S. Engineers, and party arrived at Bowie and 82 surveyed a reservation. In the following year on March 30, 1870, the reserve of one mile square or 768.83 acres was 80*82

80 R.O.A.G., Medical History. October 1, 1876. Tyler, op. oit., p. 2. 82 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. February, 1869. 150

83 declared by the President. : ; . . . : v v. No account of Camp Bowie during the Cochise era would be complete without some reference to conditions and activi­ ties which, though-not directly connected with hunting.and fighting. Apaches, were nevertheless a part of frontier ser­ vice. : 'r j'n: ' The.health of the garrison was generally good, but the men did suffer!illness, chiefly as the result of two causes. First, there was a decided lack of.fresh vegetables in their daily, diet; second, while on duty away from the post, the men would contract diseases and, upon returning, their: germs would be spread to others. Attempts were continually being made to alleviate the vegetable shortage, but without much success. Since: nO vege­ tables could be raised.and few purchased anywhere in the neighborhood, of the fort, a post:garden was started near Camp Goodwin. In the late sixties, detachments were sent periodically to bring back wagonloads of the much needed food. Another garden.was.established on the San Pedro River in *19

:.i: R,A.G. . Reservation F ile . The boundaries of Camp Bowie’s reservation were announced in General Orders, No. 19, Division of the Pacific , 1870. ^ v,. v " 84 Circular No. J^, p. 472. Later in the seventies, a post garden was established about one-fourth of a mile from the camp; however, during the earlier years it had been con­ sidered impractical to attempt to raise vegetables near the post. Vegetables grown in this garden were not abundant, but they were, supplemented by purchases from ranchmen living on the Gila and San Pedro Rivers. : Circular No. 8. p. 533.' 151

March, 1869, but still the needs of the garrison were not met. The troops continued to suffer from the scarcity of fresh vegetables. The gardens having proved insufficient, it was neces­ sary to find another source, and in 1870 some vegetables were obtained by the men or sent from Mesi11a and perhaps 85 other points in New Mexico. The following year a new gar­ den was started th irty miles southeast of the post at the San Simon Oienega, but in a few months it was considered a failure and, like the others, abandoned. In 1872 the gar­ rison was less affected by the vegetable shortage, although a scarcity still existed. The illness thus derived from a vegetable deficiency and the diseases contracted away from the post were treated by the post surgeon, who was a very busy person. Besides run­ ning the post hospital and accompanying the troops on many of their scouts, the medical officer had to devote much of his time to travellers. Frequently emigrants on their way to C alifornia, most of whom were in d estitu te circumstances, would call upon him for assistance and supplies for their 86 sick and wounded. From what has been written thus far, it can be right­ fu lly assumed that l i f e at Bowie at th is time was not easy.

85 R.O.A.G., Medical History. August. 1870. gz As a result of the burden placed upon the post hos­ pital by emigrants, extra medical supplies had to be kept on hand. Ibid. . October, 1868. 152

When not on detached service, or building, or guarding stages and emigrant trains from the redoubts,of rook and mortar which stood stra teg ica lly on the h ills id e s of Apache Pass, the men were kept busy with other assignments. The usual garrison duties of d r ills , grooming the horses, po­ lic in g the grounds and buildings, fetching water, working in the kitchen or as hospital attendants, and undergoing inspec­ tions were all part of the day's routine. Desertions during this period were not frequent or numerous. However, when a few disgruntled sold iers would decide to brave the hostile country rather than to endure further the unpleasantries of camp l i f e , they would be pur­ sued promptly by loyal troops. Food at camp, though plain and perhaps unappetizing, was edible; however, complaints were often voiced against the poor quality of beef. At times the regular diet was supple­ mented with canned fruit furnished by the subsistence depart­ ment. - Forms of recreation were extremely limited, and at this time had to be found within the confines of the post; Hunt­ ing, though enjoyed in later years, was too dangerous while Cochise was on the warpath. The camp grounds were not suited for outdoor sports, and the post library for the present was too poorly lighted and equipped to be of much enjoyment. Consequently, the men spent most of their spare time gambling and drinking, as long as their small pay lasted. In 1871 an

L 153 order was issued from department headquarters forbidding the sale of intoxicating liquor at all posts, but this did not 87 prevent the men from obtaining spirits. : The trader’s store was the social center of the post, presided over at the old fort by Mr. Anderson and at the new 88 one by Sidney R. Delong. It would appear from an article printed in the Arizona Citizen early in 1871, while Chiricahua hostilities were still intense, that the soldiers with talent and ingenuity often improvised entertainment for the rest of the garrison. The Citizen reported: The "boys in blue” at Camp Bowie, are a jovial set, judging from a programme of songs, dances, and laughable farces received and which were performed January 18. They style the entertainment "Bowie Varieties," and it was very likely quite e n j o y a b l e . It is not difficult to understand how much the men at Camp Bowie must have enjoyed any diversion, no matter how simple or unelaborate. Located as they were in an isolated region amid the most hostile and warlike band of Apaches, their lives were governed largely by the fortunes and dangers of war. ,

87 Arizona Citizen. March 25, May 20, 1871. Before Sidney R. Delong became post trader at Camp Bowie, it appears that a Mr. Zeohendorf held the position, or at least was head clerk. Incidentally, the post trader’s store catered to travellers as well as the military person­ n el. Weekly Arizonian. October 2, 1869. 89 Arizona Citizen. February 4, 1871. 154

Through their efforts, and with little assistance from other posts, they had diminished the number of Cochise's band. To a great extent they had prepared the way for the success of General Howard's mission in 1872. By that time Cochise had the choice of peace and salvaging what was left of his people, or of soon facing the combined strength of General Crook's command. The chief chose the former alter­ native, and Camp Bowie began a new r o le . For the next four years the post was to be guardian of the uncertain peace which existed on the Chirieahua Reservation. With the removal of the Chiricahuas and the dissolution of their reserve in 1876, the era of Apache renegades began. For ten more years Indian warfare was to continue. During this period Camp Bowie was to be one of the key posts in op­ erating against the Apaches. But its most important function was to be that of serving as headquarters for the campaigns 90 which brought an end to Apache hostilities.

90 Although General Nelson A. Miles moved his headquar­ ters from Fort Bowie to W illcox a few months before Geronimo qnd the other renegades submitted, Fort Bowie continued until the end to be the focal point for the military activities which were taking place in Mexico. And Fort Bowie was even to be the last stop for the renegades in Arizona before their being exiled to Florida. R.O.A.G., Post Returns. June- September, 1886. FORT BOWIE AT PEACE AND WAR, 1873-1 # 6

establishmeat of the GhtrlesUiua Reservation In Oetober, 1872 el@sely eoroeapoiiaed to the beginning of Gen­ eral George Crook's campaign in the Toito Basin area of ' east-central Arizona. Through the general* a vigorous efforts peace was practically consummated in April, 1873; and in 1874 with the defeat of several unresigned* bands, Apache hostili­ ties were regarded as at an end. ■ ^ - - ‘ The necessity for keeping a watchful eye oh the recent­ ly settled Chiricahuas prevented Camp Bowie from playing an active part in Crook1s operations. Only once during the cam­ paign were troops from Bowie called upon to a s s is t In a scout after h o stlie s. On May 27, 1873 an outbreak occurred on the San Carlos Reservation which resulted in the death of Lieutenant Jacob Alay, who was in charge of the troops on the reservation. A few months later Lieutenant George B. Davis, Fifth Cavalry, was ordered to proceed from Camp Bowie to the Graham Mountains with tw enty-five men of Troop D to cooperate 1 in the apprehension of Almy’s assailants. Lieutenant Davis scouted for almost a month and then returned to Bowie. By

1 R.O.A.G.. Medical History. July, 1873. 156

August, Almy’s death had been avenged. . v The history of Camp Bowie during the last fourteen years of Apache difficulties can be divided into two periods: the first period up to the disestablishment of the Chirleahua Reservatlon'ln (Tune, 1876; and the secwd, 1876-1886, dur­ ing the a c tiv itie s o f .renegades led by such Apaches as Vic­ tor io , Nana, Juh, Cerohimo, Loo6, and Hachez, While the Chlricahuas were at peace oh their reserva­ tion, Camp Bowie’s position was quite different from what it had been in the p ast. The troops were kept in readiness to meet any emergency, but the actual control and•supervision of the Indians were in the hands of their agent, Thomas J. Jef­ fords. Therefore, the development and activities of the post during most of th is period were along peaceful lin e s . In April, 1873 a semi-weekly mail was established be­ tween Bowie and Camp Grant. In the summer Captain Joseph T. Haskell, Thirty-third Infantry, left the post with fifteen men of his Company D to survey a new road to Camp Grant. The road was completed and put into use in August. Also during the summer, Reverend G.A. Reeder came to Camp Bowie from Tuc­ son and preached several sermons to the men and gave a lec­ ture on astronomy. The minister was pleased with the re cep tion given him by the troops at camp.

? R.O.A.G., Post Returns. April, 1873, 3 R.o.A.G.. Medical History. July, August, 1873. ^ Arizona Citizen. June 21, 1873• 157

Conditions were so tranquil at Bowie in the f a l l of 1873 that the Arizona Citizen reported: ' ' Ma j drj Sumner•of the F ifth Cavalry is in com­ mand and Captain Haskell of the Twenty-third In- • fantry is stationed here with-his company. ^ V Dr. Freeman has charge.of the medical department, ■ hut complains that he has little to do. All these ' officers have sensibly brought their wives with them, and they a l l seem contented and happy and' r .make everyone feel so who visits them.5 Of course, all of the enlisted men were not content with their situation at Bowie, as is evidenced by the number of desertions which occurred. Drunkenness and figh tin g among the men became rather serious problems as the post settled down to a peaceful routine, and especially were they apparent imediately after pay day. . . . . : ...... Lqte in 1873 the command of Camp Bowie was turned over to Major E.W. Chittenden, Fifth Cavalry. Crittenden had been in command only a few months when he instituted a schedule of "calls" to guide the men in their daily routine of duties. They were as follows: reveille at sunrise; breakfast, ten minutes after; stable, 6:30 A.M.; surgeons*, 7:15 A.M. ; fatigue, 7:30 A.M.; guard mounting, 8:30 A.M.; water, 9:30 A.M.; recall from fatigue, 11:30 A.M.; dinner, 12:00 noon; distribution, 12:30 P.M.; First Sergeants * and water, 1:00 ' '■ v': ' ■■ ' ■ " ;-v -: "■ ■ ■ ■■■ v -w .y ; . :v:.;y P.M.; stable and water, 4:00 P.M.; recall from fatigue, 5:00 P.M.; supper, 5:30 P.M.; retreat, ten minutes before sunset; tattoo, 8:30 P.M.; and taps, 9:00 P.M.

5 Ibidv, September 9, 1873. ^ R.O.A.G., Medical History. March, 1874. 158

In addition,to the above "calls,” the soldiers were subject to Sunday morning inspection, at 8:30 A.M. which was immediately followed by. guard mounting., Twice a week, on Monday and Friday, squad, manual, and mounted d r ills were held from ten to eleven o ’clock in the morning and,from two to three in the afternoon. And each day a detachment was detailed to drive the cavalry horses out to the. San Simon Valley to graze. ,r.) : , . .. .. , The d iet of the men improved considerably during the years of peace. By an economical use of most of the articles composing the ration , particularly pork and bacon, a saving was made, thus.realizing to each company a fund which was ex­ pended by the commander in purchasing vegetables and other foods from the .commissary and from ranchmen in the neighbor­ hood. In 1873 a post garden was started as an experiment and it s yield was beyond expectations. The garden was about one-quarter of a mile from camp and furnished varying amounts of water melons, musk melons, onions, tomatoes, radishes, squashes, and cucumbers. Also, during this time hunting entered largely in the sports and labors of ,the men and resulted in the production of a great amount of game, particularly deer, antelope, and turkeys. The cooking for the soldiers was done by two men detailed from each company

7 Ibid., .March, April, 1874. ® Ib id . . December, 1874. 159

and relieved monthly. ' . < One of the most important activities' at Bowie between 1873 arid 1876 was building and repair work. In 1873 many of the buildings had board flooring put In, and two addl- tiorial sets of officers’ quarters were built. Also, a •cellar was constructed under the commissarjr storerooms, and a bath and washroom b u ilt for each set of company quar­ ters. During the following year a large frame structure was erected for the commanding officer’s quarters, and a post library rind school room were constructed. A series of bad storms in the early part of 1874 caused 10 much damage to the camp buildings. Practically every ‘ building leaked, and some were falling down. In fact, as a result of the storms, Captain Haskell’s quarters had parti­ ally fallen. The troops were set to work making adobes, and most of the structures were put back in tolerably good re­ pair. However, the log and mud roofs were never sa tisfa c ­ tory in bad weather. Two other erections made in this period were an addi­ tion to the hospital off the northerly side, consisting of a kitchen and washroom; and a guardhouse on the westerly ter- minus of the jmrade.

^ Ibid.. October 1, 1876; Circular No. 8, p. 532. 10 Arizona Citizen. February. April, 1874. 160

The buildings continued to be heated by open fireplaces, although stoves were put Into use-and eventually became the chief source of heat. Lighting was provided at night by the use of candles. The furniture at the post was in very poor condition, but it. was utilized for a long time before being replaced. New iron-frame bunks were in sta lled in the eom- 11 pamy quarters, to the satisfaction of the occupants. ‘ In the mid-seventies supplies for Bowie were obtained from the Quartermaster and Subsistence Depot at Yuma arid, as in the past, a six months1, supply of subsistence was usually kept on hand. Wood was s t i l l furnished by contract at a 12 cost per cord of $10.50 for Imrd wd and #9.75 for soft. The atmosphere of peace which prevailed on the Chirioa- hua Reservation led to early rumors that Camp Bowie was to be abandoned and that the buildings were to be used for the Apache agency. The Arizona Citizen strongly opposed such a move, but it appears that the military had no intention of vacating the post. : : v '-'■ Before presenting a picture of. the - growth and develop­ ment of Gamp Bowie between 1876 and 1886, it is perhaps well to summarize the personnel at the post during the reservation years. Captain Samuel S. Suasisr, Fifth Cavalry, was in *12

H R.O.A.G., Medical History. April. 1871. . , ‘ 12 Ibid., October 1, 1876. " • ' : -, ■ \ : - _ ; v ■■ ' ■ 'v 1 ^ Arizona Citizen. August 15, 21, 1874. 161 command of the garrison, which consisted of Troop D, Fifth Cavalry, and Company F, Twenty-third Infantry,until Octo­ ber, 1873. At that time Major E.W. Crittenden, Fifth Cavalry, assumed command of Bowie. In June, 1874 the post v/as reduced to one company by the transfer of Company F, Twenty-third Infantry. On August 1 Major Crittenden died and Captain Sumner re-assumed the duties of commanding of­ fic e r . The F ifth Cavalry at Bowie was replaced in July, 1875 by Troop H, Sixth Cavalry, and First Lieutenant William M. Wallace, Sixth Cavalry, took command. Wallace remained in command u n til November, 1875 when Captain Curwen B. McLellan, Sixth Cavalry, relieved him. MoLellan’s arrival at Camp Bowie was accompanied by an increase in the size of the garrison, for the captain brought Troop L, Sixth Cavalry, 14 with him. During the last decade of Apache resistance, Camp Bowie reached the highest point in its development. After that time a large, new hospital was b u ilt and a few improvements were made; but, in reality, the fort had lost its importance and was not regarded as one of the permanent posts of *

R.O.A.G., Post Returns. January, 1873-June, 1876. Throughout 1873 and half of 1874, Camp Bowie did not vary much from 140 men, including o fficers and en listed troops. In June, 1874, the garrison was reduced to seventy-eight men and reached a low of fifty-three men in August, 1875. In November of that year the post was brought up to 114, and in December to 143; from that time until June, 1876 the garri­ son ranged between 143 and 128 men. Ibid. . January, 1873- June, 1876. 162

15 Arizona. Following the removal of the Chirioahuaa to San Carlos in 1876, activities at Gamp Bowie were dominated by ten years of interm ittent warfare. However, as in earlier . periods, running down Apaches constituted but one aspect of frontier service. It has been mentioned that the diet of the men was greatly improved during the mid-seventies. The soldiers en­ joyed a variety and abundance of the n e c e ssitie s of l i f e , in spite of the fact that they were often dissatisfied with . the meals prepared by their enlisted comrades. The success of the post garden had done much to insure an adequate sup­ ply of fresh vegetables, and the regular delivery of subsis­ tence stores prevented the men from suffering any deficien- oles In diet. ; ... ■ , , . , ,,.. Unfortunately, however, a food problem arose again in 1877• The camp garden began fa ilin g and men had to be sent to Silver City, New Mexico and to settlements on the Gila to procure vegetables. By 1878 no gardening was being done at the post and, to make matters worse, subsistence goods were arriving late. The fact that supply trains were frequently delayed en route to Bowie meant that large quantities of 15

15 R.A.G., Reservation File, 1886: Report of the Sec­ retary of War, 188%-I#i. p.13T As late "'as i876~some ot~ the structures of old Fort Bowie were used as laundresses* quarters. R.O.A.G.. Medical History. October, 1876. 163 vegetables and other perishable foods were spoiled upon ar­ rival. To'compensate for the resulting jadk of fresh vege­ tables , it became necessary to purchase canned vegetables ; from the post commissary. Not u n til the f a l l of 1879 did the procurement of garden stu ff cease to be a serious prob­ lem at fo r t Bowie. - - in December, 1876 a more suitable herding camp for cattle was selected hear the post, possibly for the purpose of avoiding surprise Indian attacks. Detachments were de­ ta iled to guard the herd, and they were relieved periodi­ cally. In 1879 and during the eighties; a great deal of ' the stock for Fort Bowie and also some dairy products were ' supplied by Branniok Riggs who 'had• established- a ranch on 17 the western side of the Chirioahua Mountains. ; • ; . Few food difficulties'arose in the eighties at Fort Bowie, although in *1886 complaints were made against one don- tract or for supplying the post with poor beef.: Also in that year, the post surgeon frequently criticized the Arizona flour which was used for baking" brbad as being inferior to - California flour and more expensive. Throughout the period; there was a need for efficient cooks; but nothing was 16*

16 g.Q,A.G.. Medical History; May. 1877-Sdntember. 1879. Lockwood.Pioneer Days in Arizona, pp. 236-237; , Ootohe:The Southwestern Stockmen, Ootohe:The er.3, 1885. R.O.A.Q-.. Medical H istory. March, November, December, 1886. 164 done to remedy the situ a tio n . Supplies for Fort Bowie were more effectively handled after the Southern Pacific Railroad went into operation in 1881. The post was only thirteen miles south of Bowie Sta­ tio n , which was to become a rather prosperous community, and i t soon began drawing stores from there through the firm 19 of Solomon, Wicker sham and Company. The demands placed upon Fort Bowie during the fin a l years of Indian warfare necessitated continued building and repairs to be made at the post. The structures at Bowie were of adobe with the exception of a few frame, or partly frame, buildings occupied by some of the enlisted men and of­ ficers. The roofs on many of the buildings were frequently in need of repair as the result of leaking. In June, 1878 the hospital received a tar roof, and all of the outbuild­ ings were repaired. However, such improvements as were made did not prevent leaks from recurring. Therefore, in 1879 it was decided to put shingle roofs on all the buildings, and the government entered a contract with the firm of Black and Cosgrove to furnish Fort Bowie with 100,000 feet of lum- 20 her and 350,000 shingles. By August Tally, Ochoa and Com­ pany's train had started from Black and Cosgrove's sawmill in the Burros loaded with 23,000 feet of lumber and 10,000 1920

19 Arizona Weekly S tar. June 13, 1884. 20 Ib id ., August 14, 1879. Figure k» View of Camp Bowie, oiroa 1877 (Courtesy of the National Archives)

167 shingles for the post in Apache Pass. The job of shingling the roofs required about two years to complete, for i t appears to have been done in stages. In the fa ll of 1879 several masons, plasterers, and carpenters were at the post and during that time many of the buildings 21 were shingled, including the hospital. In the summer of 1880 the commissary storehouse received a shingle roof, and early in 1881 the quartermaster storehouse was shingled. In July, 1880 a new building was started for the post adjutant, the quartermaster, and the telegraph operator. It was completed the following May, and the post school was then established in the old adjutant's building. During the summer of 1881, the post hospital received some additional improvements. A veranda was b uilt around the ward and d is­ pensary, and a board floor and c e llin g were put in the ward. Late in 1884 a cemetery fence was erected enclosing a space 140 by 190 feet, and in October of the following year a new guardhouse was erected. The old guardhouse was made into 22 an Indian ward, and la ter i t was used as an iso la tio n ward. By 1886 there were twenty-nine buildings at Fort Bowie, fiv e of which were frame and the rest adobe. The quarters

21 R.O.A.Gr., Medical H istory. November, 1879; R.O.A.G. , Post Returns. Sept ember-De camber, 1879. 22 R.O.A.G., Medical History. January,1886. In the eighties up until the end of Apache troubles, there were many civ ilia n s employed at Fort Bowie, and they were housed in an adobe building. R.A.Q.. Reservation F ile . 1889. Figure 5. Diagram of Fort Bowie in 1880»s (Courtesy of the National Archives) FORT BOWIE.

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/ ^ /.//-/-a r tj e t c tfr lijutun^S /A ^tv /*/* o>!± /# c/ /-/'a c A j ^ 0 K.i 11 h t n zi b ’ dni'y?*'ji %% a i/ | ^ 3 F. 't i I t* 1 c * h ou se

Z- 4 b t ' i v tj . Z ^ ( ‘ u/n i/yjicfKS (h e n Hj.CinuedhuiiJ* Z" X <’3 (AllUtters Zb J^ctKerij- Z o C iv y m /tl (hj's 3 o Hos'i Stenuxrtis (hr* 170 at Bowie were not always adequate enough to house the num­ ber of men at the posti Between 1880 and 1886 i t often be­ came necessary to ereet tents on the parade ground in order to provide shelter for added troops. - : :: One of the biggest improvements made at Bowie was the installation of water works in the fa ll of 1885. Pipes were laid and reservoirs and a pumphouse erected. Thereupon, water from the east spring was collected in a reservoir at the pumphouse and pumped from there into the largest reser­ voir above the post; from this it was allowed to flow into the lower reservoir, and from the two a system of pipes con- 23 ▼eyed the water to the various buildings of the post. Off-duty activities in the period from 1876 to 1886 were much the same as they had been in earlier years. The post trader1s store continued to be a very popular place, for it provided a bar, a billiard room, and an officers* club room. As early as 1876 the post library reading room was be- 24 ing put to good use by the men during their free hours. An officer acted as post librarian and was responsible for the addition of books and p eriod icals. Throughout the period, many of the soldiers took advantage of the library to relax and study. *24

23 R.O.A.G., Medical History. May, 1893. 24 Ib id ., June, 1876. 171

The post school became an important part of. camp life, in 1878. It was operated both for the children at Fort , Bowie and the. enlisted men. Teachers were, chosen from among the en listed men, and at times each company had it s own teacher. .> • ••.* : ;.■. . ,•. ’ • • •.■... - Desertions at the post were not infrequent, especially between 1879 and 1881, and at times they occurred while the troops were; out soouting.. Often the deserters took valuable horses and other government property with them, which re­ sulted in inconveniences for the= command. Usually,.however, vigorous efforts were made to recover the stolen property and apprehend the fu g itiv e s. L : - ... . .h x, ;; ; ; Although there was no athletic program at the post dur­ ing these years, the men indulged in outdoor sports as much as time and the uneven surface of the ground would permit. Hunting, though somewhat restricted with hostile Indi­ ans again roaming the countryside, w a s enjoyed by the o ff!-, oers and enlisted men alike. — \ : r. ; x A source of enjoyment for everyone at Fort Bowie was the music provided by the Fourth Cavalry Band which was at the. post between A pril, 1885 and October, 1886, r : It was a common praptice among officers and their wives to visit and entertain friends at the post. While General Crook was directing his forces from Fort Bowie in 1885, he relaxed occasionally by playing oribbage with some of. the .. officers, and Christmas, Day found him enjoying dinner with >, - 172 his aid-de-camp, Captain Cyrus S. Robertsand sipping egg- nog at Captain Matthew Markland ’ s . Another custom among : ■ , • •, .It:" t .. - 't- tK' the officers ws to. visit friends at Tucson or at other posts in the territory. t! t v Vt .■ t ttt ::' .t' u /t rJ-Uv'. f v:t' ::tt rr- Recreation was not altogether wholesome at Fort Bowie. Drunkenness and fig h ts among the men were common and often 111 resulted in the post' surgeon1s having to prescribe treat­ ment or mend wounds. In 1877 a "bagnio” had been started near the post, and it was apparently a forerunner to the notorious "hog ranches" which sprang up in the eighties be- yond the limits of Fort Bowie's reserve. These so-called "hog ranches" were to have a bad effect on the health of the garrison for they exposed the men to diseased women and cheap liquor. „ ... In the eighties, after the soldiers had occasion to visit such places as Bowie Station and Willcox, they became more subject to public censure. And perhaps, more often than not, they were cr itic iz ed en masse by some citizen s for the imprudent acts of a few. An example of how the troops were sometimes represented unjustly can be shown by reference to an article which appeared in the Arizona Weekly Star dated Bowie Station, October 10, 1881:

...... ^ Schmitt, 0£. oit., pp. 256, 258. 6 Arizona Citizen. June 9, 1877; Arizona Silver Belt. October S9 , 19^6. ------173

‘ - We see by reports in the Tucson C itizen . u • that the soldiers of Companies H and Kf Sixth Cavalry, were a l l drunk oh th eir arrival at ■ . . Bowie. We beg to inform Mr. Citizen that he is very much mistaken. We found Captain Wallace and his officers perfect gentlemen, in every ' sense of the word, and we are only too happy to : : see the "blue coats" in our midst, while you at Tucson, where there i s no danger may think d if­ feren t. Mr. C itizen, please put up your shingle ' for none but temperance men to ioln the U.S. o Army, and report your s u c c e s s . 27 Early in 1881 the War Department had prohibited the sale of intoxicants, with the exception of beer and wine, to all army posts, but this order was never effective at Fort ^ v: -v .In 1 -nn: .;n : ;;.;yn,.n:n , A n" X ! Bowie. The men were able to obtain liquor from sources near the post or from places through which they happened to pass while on detached service. Upon one occasion a t le a s t, a detachment from Fort Bowie was involved in a fa ta l fig h t which appears to have been the result of over-indulgence. On November 21, 1883 Captain William A. Rafferty, Sixth Cavalry, and his command arrived at Willcox on their way back to Fort Bowie after having de­ livered ninety Chirioahua renegades to San Carlos. During the evening a number of the men were in the Willcox saloon, •'•y. - y : yv. , - I : ::y2 8 ' yyy- "and more or less under the influence of liquor•" About nine o'clock an argument started between Sergeant Lawrence 2728

27 Arizona Weekly Star. October 13. 1881. 28 ^ i d . . November 29, 1883. 174 and a fellow soldier. The proprietor, Mr. H ill, and Ser­ geant Duffy attempted to pacify the men when Lawrence drew his pistol and shot and fatally wounded both H ill and Duffy. Before the sergeant could be disarmed, he struck a man on the head and fractured his skull. Although Sergeant Lawrence was taken into custody and 29 sent to Tombstone for trial, it is reasonable to assume that the reputation of the men from Fort Bowie was injured by his unfortunate behavior. As yet no mention has been made of communication at Fort Bowie in the late seventies and eighties. A military telegraph line was constructed in 1873 from San Diego to Prescott and Tucson. Subsequently the line was extended to other posts in Arizona, the labor being furnished almost en­ tirely by the troops in the department. By 1876 there was a gap in the m ilitary telegraph lin e from San Diego to the Rio Grande Valley of about 100 miles from Camp Grant to 30 Ralston, New Mexico. Plans were made to complete the line as quickly as possible, and at first it was the intention of the military authorities to leave Camp Bowie unconnected, but it was found to be shorter and more practicable to have 31 an office at that point. Thus by the spring of 1877, Camp *3031

29 I b id ., November 29, 1883. 30 Arizona Citizen. July 15, 1876. 31 Ibid. . February 10, 1877. Figure 6. Heliograph Station No. 3, It. A.M. Fuller, Acting Signal Officer (Courtesy of the National Archives) V vT vO [> H 177

Bowie had telegraphic service and^could then ooMauaioate in- ...... ' 32 stantly with all the other mjor: posts in the, department. Of course, telegraphy had its limitations, for it could not serve troops who were out in the field scouting for Apache renegades. Therefore, after General Kelson A. Miles assumed command of the Department of Arizona in A pril, 1886, he improved upon the communication system by dividing south­ ern New Mexico and Arizona into several districts of obser­ vation .and communication, each of which was patrolled by, its own troops who were: kept in constant touch with the troops of all other districts by Miles1 innovation of the 33 heliostat,• This instrument, which consisted of a mirror apparatus, was set atop, strategically located mountain peaks in the regions most frequented by the Apache renegades,' and by it s use provided a more rapid form of communication than the telegraph. In fact, in the end it proved to be a vital factor in rounding up Geronimo. Of the fourteen heliograph stations set up- in Arizona, two were located on the Fort Bowie Military Reservation, one at the post or on Bowie Peak, and one near the southeastern 34 border of the reservation. The sta tio n on Bowie Peak was

^ Ibid., February 10, 1877• ^ General Nelson A. Miles, Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. lilies7~pp. 481-485. ^ Report of the Secretary of War, 1886-1887. "Outline Map of the Field Operations against Sostile Chiricahua In­ dians, April 12, 1886 to September 4, 1886.” 178 the mdst Important in Arlzoim. I t not only eonmunioated with the greatest number of other heliograph stations In the department, but also sent and repeated- the greatest number 35 . of messages# r: ^ .. % / . . r.....i.: v Gommunlcation in other respects improved' at Fort Bowie during the late seventies and early eighties, although oc­ casionally a m il rider was still to fall victim to the at- 36 tacks of Apaches, ■" ■' : v" ■'1' v':t. :c-': As early as 1875• new two-horse, covered coaches were carrying m il and passengers to Fort Bowie from Tucson three times a week. In 1881 the post was served by the Southern > Pacific Railroad which began operating in that:year and which had one of its terminals thirteen miles north of the fort at Bowie Station. - A dally stage ran from Bowie Station to the post.. Mail for. Fort Bowie arrived from the east on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, . and from the west bn Mondays, Wed- nesdays and Fridays. - ; ; - -V- , By 1882 a tri-w ekly stage also ran from Will cox to Fort Bowie, and after July l;of. that year, mail was to be carried six times a week to Fort Bowie from Bowie Station (or Teviston as i t was renamed by the Post O ffice Department35 *37

• V . 35 Miles, op. olt. / pp. 484-485. ’ Arizcma C itizen. June 2, 9, September 15, 1877. 37 R.A.C.. Reservation F ile. 1886, 1889. , 38 in honor of J.H. T e? is). V:- . : 0 ;It is necessary, in concluding the picture of Fort 39 Bowie’s growth and development between 1876 and 1886i to" take note of the enlargement of the fort’s military reserve and to summarize the personnel at the post during this period. ' . -C,-:- : : , It w ill be recalled that on March 30, 1870, Camp Bowie’s reserve of one mile square was declared by the President. Howeverin the latter part of the seventies, for the purpose of including grazing lands and springs adjacent to the post and to protect it from the = encroachments of set­ tlers and prospectors, the reservation was enlarged by the President’s order of November 27, 1877, to include thirty- . . . 40 six square miles or 23,040 acres. The new boundaries of

Report of the Secretary of War. 1881-1882. p. 66; Arizona Weekly Star. June 15, 183?. The name of the fort’s po@t o ffic e kad Wen changed to Fort Bowie on June 22, 1880 and, although the Teviston post office began serving Fort Bowie in 1882, a post office was maintained at the fort after that time. Barnes, op. cit., p. 23; R.A.G., Reservation F ile. 1886. 1889: iSulpEEF valley News. Novem- W r 1 8 , 18$4 . ^ ^ 39 it should be noted again that the names of ’’Camp" and "Fort” Bov/ie appear to have been used interchangeably, the post returns designating it Fort Bowie until January, 1867, then Camp Bowie until April 5, 1879; it was finally fixed as Fort Bowie by General Orders, No. 2, Division of the Pacific, 1879. R.A.G., Reservation File. 1889. 40 Ib id ., 1889* The boundaries.were announced in Gen­ eral Orders, No. 1 , Department of Arizona, 1878, and were as follows: Initial point: Seven links south of flagstaff on parade ground. Thence west 240 chains to a post in centre of west line, marked "U.S.M.R., C.W.L. 1877." Thence south 240 chains to south-west corner of reservation, post marked "U.S.M.R., S.W.C. 1877." Thence east 480 chains to the reservation were maintained for the duration of the post’s existence. -• v . ■ : ^ :: y i •: - In present ing - a summr y of Tort Bov/ie ’ s personnel dur­ ing the last ten years of Apache conflict, it is important to realize that at times, and especially .in the mid- eighties, the number of troops, high-ranking military men Indian scouts, and civillan employees at the post far ex- oeeded the size of the regular staff. To record the almost endless arrivals;and departures during the final years of trouble would require more -pages than it is here possible to dtnrdte. v Suffice it to say, however, that few, if any, of the officers and men (civilians included) most immediately involved in the,task of tracking down the renegades, in New Mexicoi Arizona, and the Sierra: Madres, of Mexico did not ,, spend some of their time at Fort: Bowie...... , r. In June, 1876 when the Chirioahua Reservation was broken up. Gamp Bov/ie*s general sta ff consisted of Troops H and L,

.(ccmt.) south-east corner of reservation, post in monument of stones marked "U.S.M.R., S.E.C. 1877.° Commenc­ ing again at initial point: Thence north 240 chains to. a post marked HUeS.M.R., C.N.L. 1877." Thence west 240 chains to north-west comer of reservation, a cedar tree on mDuntain side marked "U.S.M.R., N.W.C. 1877.” From centre post in north line, east 240 chains to north-east corner of reservation, a post marked "U.S.M.R., N.E.C. 1877." From in itial point, a high point known as "Helen’s Dome,” bears S. 30®, 40* W., distance (estimated) 120 chains. Variation, 13°, 45? 1. Ibid.a 1889. (A surveyor’s chain is the equivalent of 66 feeCTT 181

Sixth Cavalry, under the oojumand of Captain Cur wen B. MoLellan. In November of that year the garr1son;was In­ creased by the addition of Company C, Indian Scouts. After this time no changes were made in the staff for a year and a half; however, Captain McLellan began a year’s leave in April, 1877 and his office was taken over by Captain William M, Wallace, Sixth Cavalry, until his return the following A pril.4 1 ':- •' 1 ' ' • • - Early in July, 1878 the strength of the post was re-’ duoed by the transfer of Troop H, Sixth Cavalry, to Camp Verde. Not until the fa ll ms the loss of Troop H compeh- 1*2 sated by the arrival of Troop C, Sixth Cavalry. • r; ’ The garrison at Bowie remained virtually the same 3 throughout 1878 and most of 1879. However, in September of i the latter year McLellan was relieved of his command by the A3 arrival of Major David Perry, Sixth Cavalry. And in No­ vember, detachments from "three troops of the Sixth Cavalry were attached to the post. - ■ v":■ '3 '■ : ;v., ;v: ;: Eor the first half of 1880 a detachment from an addi­ tional troop of the Sixth Cavalry was present at the fortV During this time, also, the command of Fort Bowie was divided among four officers. In January First Lieutenant James A.

^ R.O.A.G., Post Returns, June. 1876-April. 1878. 42 Ibid., October, 1878. 43 Ibid. , September, 1879. 3. ; 182

Craig, Sixth Cavalry, commanded; in February Captain MoLellan; in Marsh .and A pril, Major Perry; and in May and 44 June, Captain D, Madden, Sixth Cavalry. - - In July Captain MeLellan resumed the duties of com­ manding officer, which he retained until his transfer to _ Fort Lowell a year later. The latter half of 18S0 brought a reduction in the detachments of Sixth Cavalry attached to Fort Bowie and, presumably, the removal of the Sixth Cavalry Band which had been at the post in July. In August the de­ tachments were reduced to two, and;in October to one. The transfer of McLellan in July, 1881 was accompanied by the loss to the post of Troops L and C, Sixth Cavalry, and their replacement by Troop M, Sixth Cavalry, and Company 45 J, Twelfth Infantry. Captain W.A. Rafferty, Sixth Cavalry, became the new post commander. Y: For a brief period in the fall and winter, as the re­ sult of renewed Apache troubles, troops >of the First Cavalry were added to the p o st, Troops G and J arriving In October 46 and Troop M in November. Ih ile these troops were tern- » porarily stationed at the fort, the post command was taken over in October by Captain Ruben F. Bernard, First Cavalry, who had achieved fame as Bowie’s commander in earlier years,

^4 ibid. . January-June, 1880. 45 Ibid., July, 1881. ; 46 Ibid., October-Deoember, 1881; January, 1882. 183

Then'In the fin a l two months ofv1881 Hajor George B. Sanford, First CaTalry, oommanded; the post. r 1 : : v : .. - The transfer of the First Cavalry from Fort Bowie be­ gan-in November and was eompleted in January, 1882. Also in January, Company B, Indian Seouta, replaeed Company C at the 47 fort and Captain Rafferty resumed the o ffic e of commander. Ll May, 1882 brought an increase in the regular garrison, for in that month Troop: M# Third Cavalry; took station at Fort Bowie. This increase wasIfollowed by several altera­ tions in the staff during the second half of 1882. In July Troop D, Sixth Cavalry^ arrived1a t ,the post fo r a month1s stay and Company C, Indian Scouts, replaced; Company B. In August Company 1, Twelfth Infantry,: was sent to Bowie only to be removed, together with Company J, Twelfth Infantry, in September. Also iin September, Co^any C, Indian Scouts, •vms withdrawn. sv.rL" c- V.: ,:c. i u; : u ('-i 'v - ,i.:y : L- ;; The twelfth Infantry was replaced in October by Company 48 F, First Infantry, and from this date umt 11 June, 1884 the 49 general staff} at th e:post remained unaltered. Neverthe­ less, during this time some changes were made in the posi­ tion of commanding officer. Captain Rafferty was relieved of his command in July, 1883 by F irst Lieutenant George K. Hunter,

^7 Ibid. . January, 1882. 48 Ibid. , July-Oetober, 1882., ^ Ibid., October, 1882-June, 1884. 184

Third Cavalry, who in turn was relieved by Captain Leopold 0« Parker, First Infantry, in September. Rafferty was again, and for the last time, in command during part of November and most of December and January. At. the end of ' • "V ‘ ' ^ • • ' "v i» l . . > • . 4. January, 1884, Major David Perry, Sixth Cavalry, assumed the duties of commanding officer and held the position un- til June of that year. In June Ma j or Perry and Troop M, Sixth Cavalry, were transferred from Fort Bowie while Troop G, Fourth Cavalry, joined the garrison. This change brought to the post Major SugeneB. Beaumont, Fourth Cavalry,who became the new o ffi­ cer in command. Except for brief periods while on leave or detached service. Major Beaumont commanded Fort Bowie u n til the submission of the Apache renegades in - September, 1886 and-for some time thereafter. - > ; . ; The general staff of Troop G, Fourth Cavalry; Troop M, Third Cavalry; and Company F, First Infantry, remained in­ tact until February, 1885. In that month Company F left the post to-be replaced in March by Company I of the same regi- 52 m6nt. ■■ ... - !- .• ...... :.v .; A _ month., la ter -.the Fourth .-.Cavalry Band arrived at.Fort Bowie, and in May, following the departure of Troop M,

50 Ibid. . January-June, 1884• ^ Ibid., June, 1884-December, 1886. 52 Ibid., February, March, 1885. 185

Third Cavalry, the post was joined by Troop C, Fourth Cav- 53 airy. The last great outbreak of the Chiricahuas in May, 1885 resulted in General George Crook’s establishing his headquarters at Fort Bowie, where he arrived on June 11. From this point the general directed operations until he was relieved of his command of the Department of Arizona in 54 April, 1886. During the final months of Apache difficulties, in­ creases and alterations continued to be made in the garri­ son at Bowie. In March, 1886 Company H, gighth Infantry, was attached to the fort, thus Increasing the garrison to four companies. In April General Nelson A. Miles arrived at the post to relieve General Crook as department commander. Two months later General Miles moved his headquarters from Fort Bowie to Willoox, twenty-seven miles west on the South- 55 ern Pacific Railroad, In July Company I , F irst Infantry, and Company H, Eighth Infantry, were transferred from the post; however, in their place came Troop I, Fourth Cavalry. At the same time, Troof F, Fourth Cavalry, together with Company D, Indian Scouts, and a detachment of Company A, Eighth Infantry, were

53 Ibid., May, 1885. Ibid. . June, 1885-April, 1886. Fort Bowie appears to have been made the headquarters for the Fourth Cavalry at about the time of Crook’s arrival in June, 1885. 55 Ibid. . June, 1886. Figure 7. View of Fort Bowie, Fourth Cavalry Band at flagstaff for "Retreat,* 1886 (Courtesy of the National Archives)

189

56 . attached to the garrison. During the following month the attached Troop F, Fourth Cavalry, was reduced to a small detachment while the whole of >Company A, Eighth Infantry, joined the regular staff of 57 the, post. Thus, before the hostile Chlrlcahuas were brought Into the post in September, the garrison had reached a peak In Its strength. And though there were no drastic reductions ln: per­ sonnel for the remainder of 1886, the Fourth Cavalry Band was transferred in October and Company A, Eighth Infantry, in . 58 - ■ November, From 1873 until the end of Apache hostilities in 1886, the dominant aspect of Fort Bowie's history was, of course, the part it played in Indian affairs. While the Chlrlcahuas were settled on th eir reservation, the post was intended to

56 IW l., July, 1886. 57 Ibid. , August, 1886. In order to complete the summary of personnel at Fort Bowie between 1876 and 1886, it is necessary to mention the officers who commanded the post for short periods of time - and also to list the number of men stationed at the post dur­ ing these years. The officers, not mentioned above, who commanded the post and the dates when they were in command are as follows: 1st Lt. Frank West, 6th Cavalry, January 1878; Captain D. Madden, 6th Cavalry, November, December 1878; Madden, May: 1879; 2nd Lt. T.A, Touey, 6th Cavalry, August 1879; 1st * Lt. • James A. Craig, 6th Cavalry, January 1880; Craig, October 1880; Capt. D.J. Craigie, 12th Infantry, September 1881; Capt. Moses Harris, 1st Cavalry, January 1882; 1st. Lt. W.L. Geary, 12th Infantry, April, May 1882; 1st Lt. George K. Hunter, 3rd Cavalry, December 1883; Capt. William A. Thompson, 4th Cavalry, March 1885; Capt. Matthew Markland, 1st Infantry, 190 insure peace by Its presence on the reserve. Quite natur­ ally, this arrangement led to relations between the garrison and the Apaches. Upon the removal of the Chiricahuas to San Carlos in 1876, Fort Bowie assumed its role in the op­ erations of the next ten years against the unyielding Indian renegades. " " As previously stated, the Chiricahua Reservation, which comprised the southeast corner of Arizona, came into being

58 (oont.) November, December 1885; Capt. Theodore A. Baldwin, 10th Cavalry, July 1886; Capt.Folllot A. Whitney, 8th Infantry, August 1886; Thompson, December 1886. , During the latter half of 1876, Fort Bowie’s troop strength averaged about 128 men, including officers and en­ listed personnel, until November when, by the attachment of. Company C, Indian Scouts, the garrison ms brought up to 165. For the f ir s t fiv e months of 1877 there were between 178 men in January and 168 in May. Throughout the rest of the year the sta ff varied l i t t l e from 147 men. In February, 1878 the regular garrison was up to 204 soldiers, only to decline in March to 132, From April until June the Post Returns show a general staff of between 165 and 181 troops. With the loss of Troop H, 6th Cavalry, in July, the garrison was reduced to 95. In. October Troop C, 6th Cavalry arrived, bringing the post up to 153, and by December there were 168 men. In 1879 the fort was seldom below 144 soldiers and usually higher by fifteen or twenty. The highest number as­ signed to Bowie in that year was 201 in November. The largest staff during 1880 was 224 in July and the sm allest was 132 in December. The average troop strength for 1881 was approximately 140, although in October the staff reached a high of 278. The low for 1882 was 110 in September and the high 186 in May. . During 1883 the garrison did not go above 177 nor below 150. Throughout 1884 the troop strength was always close to 180 men. No great deviations were made in number in 1885; however, the staff reached 232 in October and at times there were as high as ninety-five civilians em­ ployed at the post. In 1886 the garrison was below 200 only during the first and last two months of the year. For the rest of the year the low was 227 in June and the high 275 in August. Ibid. , June. 1876-December. 1886. 191 following negotiations between Cochise and General 0.0. Howard. Although Camp Bowie was located on the reserve, its management was to be in the hands of c iv il authorities through­ out. In fact, immediately after the peace with Cochise was made in 1872, Thomas J. Jeffords took up the duties of Chi- rioahua Indian Agent without military aid. His agency was 59 first established at Sulphur Springs. Relations between Camp Bowie and the Indian reservation began with the post commander, Captain Sumner, furnishing the tribe rations u n til the Department of the Interior assumed the responsibility. Early in 1873 the post surgeon from Bowie visited Cochise and administered to the wants of the 60 sick in his camp. No doubt on several later occasions med­ ical attention for the Indians was supplied by Camp Bowie*s physician. On March 27, 1873 Cochise, together with Agent Jeffords 61 and some twenty of his band, spent the day at Camp Bowie. The chief’s first visit to the post in Apache Pass was sig- 62 nifleant enough to receive mention in the Arizona Citizen. It had been here in Apache Pass that the unfortunate rupture *61

Report of the Secretary of the Interior. 1874-1875. P. 595. ------6° R.O.A.G,, Medical History. February, 1873. 61 Ib id ., March, 1873. Arizona Citizen. April 5, 1873. 192

between him and the Americans had occurred. Now, after twelve years, the man who had terrorized eastern Arizona and had necessitated the establishment of Fort Bowie, was peace­ fu lly v isitin g the scene where he had been prompted into war. Following his first call upon the post, Cochise returned frequently for brief stays until shortly before his death in June, 1874. Members of his band, too, paid frequent visits to the fort and continued to do so until the abandonment of their reserve. It appears that while at Camp Bowie the In­ dians spent most of their time at the post trader’s store. Occasionally they would make small transactions at the store by trading or selling some possession. If they obtained money in th is manner, they would lik e ly purchase some object which struck their fancy. When Cochise came to the post the o fficers would in v ite him to drink with them, and it is said that he drank heavily. Nevertheless, the old chief never remined at the fort after sundown, no matter how much liquor he might have consumed. He would mount h is horse and depart; and he made i t a s tr ic t rule for his people that they should always leave the post 63 before sundown. 63

63 Lockwood, The Apache Indians, p. 125. Lockwood ob­ tained the information regarding Cochise's visits to Camp Bowie through personal Interviews with A1 Williamson who, shortly before Cochise's death, was a clerk in the trading post at the fort. Ibid. . pp. 124-126.

■ 193

Although peace prevailed among the Chiricahuas, condi­ tions on their reservation were not encouraging for the fu­ ture. The Indians were w ell armed and preferred to hunt and make their native "tiswln" rather than to assume the prac­ tices of sedentary life. Management of the warriors was maintained almost entirely through the personal influence of Agent Jeffords and the support given to him by Cochise. Upon the chief’s death in June, 1674, he was succeeded by his son, Taza, who, though lacking the experience and qualities of leadership of his father, continued to cooperate with Jef- 64 fords. Unfortunately, however, neither Cochise nor his successor had full control over all the bands. In order to encourage a settled type of life among his charges, Jeffords removed the bands from Sulphur Springs to 65 the San Simon Cienega in September, 1873» Here was the only region in the reservation adapted to agriculture; but in less than two months the Indians became so unhealthy that it was impossible to remain. Therefore, in November Jeffords again moved the Indians and established his agency at Pinery Canyon, which was about sixteen miles south of Camp Bowie and 66 a favorite resort of the Apaches. - *6566

^ Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1874-1875, p. 5 9 6 . ------^ ^ 65 Ibid., p. 595. 66 Ibid., p. 595. 194

The new agency, while healthful for the Indians, pro­ vided no means for a sedentary life. Furthermore, storage facilities were inadequate, which necessitated the storing of some reservation supplies at Camp Bowie. Despite its drawbacks, Pinery Canyon would probably have served as the Indian agency for an indefinite period had not a new problem arisen. Many freigh tin g and immigrant parties travelled through Apache Pass, which was within easy access of the agency, and here some of the Indians soon realized that the travellers 67 were only too eager to trade whiskey for horses. Jeffords was immediately aware of the dangerous consequences should the trade continue. He therefore requested permission to move his agency to Apache Pass where he could exercise the necessary surveillance. At this point his superiors tried to induce the Chiricahuas to move to the Hot Springs Agency in New Mexico. Upon failing in their efforts, however, Jef­ fords was allowed to establish himself at Apache Pass in May, 68 1875. The conduct of the Indians was quite good at their new location near Camp Bowie, but still there were difficulties in managing the tribe which had been more or less in evidence *66

6*7 Ogle, ojd. oit,, p. 164. 66 Report of the Secretary of the Interior. 1875-1876, P« 711. 195 from the beginning. The southern limits of the reservation, extending fifty-five miles from east to west, bordered on 69 Mexico. Wandering bands of Indians from San Carlos and New Mexico would stop at the Chiricahua reserve where they would receive rations before continuing on their raids into Mexico. And i f i t so happened that the raiders were hard pressed by Mexican troops, they would recross the border and seek refuge in the Chiricahua country. Understandably, these incursions into Mexico were a t­ tributed to the Chirioahuas and resulted In vain attempts to remove them to San Carlos or Warm Springs. Jeffords, of course, defended his wards and accused the visiting Apaches of plundering in Mexico. Nonetheless, it is quite probable that some of the Chirioahuas were guilty of depredations in Mexico without Jeffords* knowledge. The Indians were not subjected to roll calls, and when scattered among the rocks and mountains of th eir large reserve, i t would seem impossi- 70 ble for the agent to be sure of their number or whereabouts. The problem created by the Chirioahuas* location and the fa c t that they were making l i t t l e progress under Jefford s’ control made their removal only a matter of time. Finally, during the first part of 1876, events occurred which brought 69*

69 Executive Orders Relating to Indian Reservations from Ma% 1^, 1855 to fu ly 1, 1912. p."31 7° Report of the Secretary of War. 1874-1875. p. 65. 196 a quick end to the Chiricahua Reservation and a resumption of Apache hostilities. As a result of a severe ration shortage in February, 1876, Jeffords permitted some of his Indians to move to the Dragoon Mountains in the eastern part of the reserve to hunt for game. Soon a quarrel arose among these bands, resulting in the death of two men and a grandchild of Cochise. Most of the Indians, under Taza, returned at once to the agency; but Skinya with twelve men and their families remained in the 71 Dragoons. On the 7th of April, Skinya1s brother, Pionaenay, while under the influence of liquor, murdered Mr. Rogers, the station keeper at Sulphur Springs, and a cook named 72 Spence. Pionsenay, together with some other restless bucks, then proceeded to the San Pedro River settlement where th eir devastations culminated in the murder of one ranchman named Lewis and the wounding of another. The following day Second Lieutenant Austin Henely with forty-four men of Troop H, Sixth Cavalry, left Camp Bowie 73 under orders to pursue the marauders. The command overtook and engaged the renegades fifte e n m iles north of Mexico in the *7273

Ogle, op. cit., p. 165; Report of the Secretary of the Interior. I876-X877. p. 395. 72 According to Ogle, Pionsenay killed Rogers’ two sis­ ters a few days before killing him. Ogle, op. cit. , p. 165. 73 R.O.A.Cr., Post Returns. A pril, 1876. 197

San Jose'Mountains. In spite of Henely* *s efforts to dis­ lodge the band from its strong position, he was unsuccess- 74 ful and was obliged to return to the post on April 11. These events, and especially Gamp Bowie*s intervention, frightened all the Chirioahtias to the extent that they were bn the ver^e of flee in g from the reserve. However, by assur­ ing the bands that only the guilty would be punished, Jeffords and Taza prevented a general outbreak. During the next sev­ eral weeks the innocent members of Skinya* s party were a l­ lowed to come in while Plonsenay, unhampered by the troops 75 from Camp Bowie, was permitted to move nearer the agency. In allowing some of Skinya’s followers to return to the agency unpunished, Jeffords and the commander of Camp Bowie, Captain Curwen B. MeLellan, Sixth Cavalry, were denounced by the Arizona Citizen. It appears that among the innocent In­ dians who came in were also the accomplices of Pionsenay. The C itizen reported that on Kay 11 the g u ilty Apaches were seen at the post trader’s store buying various articles and 76 that no attempt was made to arrest them. In a later edi­ tion the newspaper stated that Jeffords, who had been aware of the "murderers’" return, informed Captain MeLellan of

7^ Ibid. . April, 1876; Arizona Citizen. April 15, September 30, 1876. * 75 §gie, op. cit., p. 166. Arizona Citizen. May 13, 1876. 7

198 . their presence, and that still neither man took any action to 77 apprehend them, : The attack on Jeffords and McLellan for their failure to ;f act against the guilty Indians was only part of a much more serious campaign against the agent and the Chiricahuas which ; had already begun. Governor Safford, who believed that Jeffords * charges had been responsible for border raids as well as the recent murders and who disapproved of the,agent's loose method of control, spoke out vigorously for the dismis­ sal of Jeffords and the removal of the Chiricahuas to San Carlos or Hot Springs. On April 20, Congress provided funds for the removal; and early in May, Agent John P. Clum from San Carlos was ordered to suspend Jeffords and remove the 78 Chiricahuas to San Carlos. Clum refused to undertake his orders, however, until the War Department supported him with a m ilitary force to meet any emergency. After a brief delay General August V. Kautz, ; commanding the Department of Arizona since General Crook's transfer in March, 1875, ordered out ten companies of cav- • airy from camps Grant, Lowell, and Bowie and two companies of Indian scouts from San Carlos. Kautz le f t for Camp Bowie • on May 31 with three companies of cavalry from Camp Lowell

7? Ibid., June 3, 1876. • 78 Ogle, oj3. c i t . . p. 166. 79 Arizona Citizen. March 13, 1875. 199

80 under the command of Colonel James Oakes. On the night of June V, before Glum or any of the troops had arrived for a council with the Chirio&huas, a serious fight took place among the Indians about fifteen miles from 81 Camp Bowie. The bands of course were aware of the govern­ ment’s intention to move them, and that night a meeting was held to decide their course of action. Taza and his brother Nachez favored peaceful submission, while Sklnya and Pionsenay desired a resumption of warfare. Refusing to compromise their views, a gun battle ensued in which Sklnya and six 82 other men were killed and a few wounded. Doubtless the number of casu alties would have Wen considerably higher i f word of the fight had not been brought to the commanding offi­ cer at Camp Bowie. Lieutenant Henely was immediately sent out with forty men of Companies L and H, Sixth Cavalry, and 83 managed belatedly to restore peace.

80 Ibid.. June 3, 1876. R.O.A.G., Medical History. June, 1876. < 82 Ibid., June, 1876; Ogle, op. clt.. p. 167; Report of the Secretary of the Interior. liP?6-1877. p. 396. 83 R.O.A.Cr.. Medical H istory. June, 1876. F.G. Hughes, who was associated wi'ili the posi trader’s store at Camp Bowie, accompanied Lieutenant Henely to the Indians’ camp. Accord­ ing to Hughes, on the morning of June 5 an Indian party under Ca-ca-ri-za attacked Taza’s group, but a volley from Henely’s command scattered the attackers. Then Ca-ca-ri-za came in and agreed to be ruled by Taza. Arizona Citizen, June 10, 1876. 200

The next day after Glum and h is bodyguard of Indian police had reached the agency and had been joined by General Kautz, an interview was held with the Chirioahuas. Taza and the leading headmen readily agreed to removal; however, Geronimo, Juh, and Nolgee, leaders of a closely related band whose home was reputedly in Mexico, fled southward with their followers into the Sierra Madre. On June 12, Agent Glum started to San Carlos with 325 Chirioahuas. He was escorted by Colonel Oakes* command, which had been quartered at Camp Bowie for a week in a n tic i- 84 pation of the Apaches* transfer. Immediately after the Chirioahuas* removal, General Kautz was requested to treat as hostile all Indians found on 85 the abandoned reservation. Since Camp Bowie was on the former reserve, i t was lo g ic a l for Kautz to rely on it s troops to fu lfill the request made of him. Therefore, in an effort to round up some of the Indians who had evaded transfer and

^ Report of the Secretary of the Interior. 1876-1877. p. 396. The Chlricahua leaders "Brought their followers into Camp Bowie on June 11, and the next day they were started to San Carlos. Arizona Citizen. June 17, 1876. Kautz and TiTs sta ff le f t Camp Bowie two days before the Indians* departure. Major Compton and Major Brighton, each with a command of three companies of the Sixth Cavalry and one company of Indian scouts, arrived at Camp Bowie on July 15 and 16, resp ectively. Both commands were a u x ilia ries to remove the Indians. Each command remained at the post one day. R.O.A.G., Medical History. June, 1876. The Chlricahua Reservation was restored to the public domain on October 30, 1876. Executive Orders Relating to Indian Reservations, etc., p,6. 201

86 perhaps to capture the outlaw, Plonsenay, a scouting party was sent out from Camp Bowie on July 2. Sergeant Price with fifteen men of Troops L and H, Sixth Cavalry, scouted through the Sulphur Springs flat and Chiricahua Mountains, 8? but returned to the' post without seeing any signs of Apaches* The renegades were not long in making their presence . felt, however. On July 14 two prospectors were murdered some twenty-five miles south of Camp Bowie in the vicinity of 88 Pinery Canyon. Word of the atrocity brought forth orders for Sergeant Marcus Robbins and nineteen men of Companies H and L, -Sixth Cavalry, to run the murderers down. After find­ ing the Indians* trail, Robbins and his men followed it to the Sonora lin e . Having no orders to cross the lin e , however, Robbins started back to Camp Bowie. On his return the ser­ geant scouted through the Chiricahua Mountains, destroying a quantity of flour and mescal which the hostlies had cached *24

86 Plonsenay had been wounded on the night of June 4 but managed to escape. Four days later he was captured, but soon after Clum turned him over to civil authorities, on June 12, he escaped again. A sergeant and ten men from Camp Bowie were ordered to run him down, but they could not capture him. It appears that Plonsenay was joined by some other renegades after making good his second escape. Arizona Citizen. June 24, 1876; Ogle, 0£. oit., p. 167. ^ R.O.A.G., Post Returns. July, 1876. 88 I b id ., July, 1876. The murdered men were George Todenworth and Joseph L. Cadotte. The news of the murders was brought to the post by David Burroughs, a prospector, who was furnished twenty men by Lieutenant Henely to pick up the bodies. Arizona Citizen, July 22, 1876. 202

89 in a cave. i Although soouta continued to be made from Camp Bowie during the latter half of 1676» little waa accomplished. Within a few months the Indians had killed twenty persons. During th is period Lieutenant Henely was esp ecia lly active in leading operations from the post. In August and September he travelled over 450 miles on a scout which took him as far south as Janos, Mexico. In October he left the post with thirty men to join Captain T.C. Tupper who had been ordered 90 by Kautz to scour the southeastern part of Arizona. The failure of the troops to capture the "unremoved Chiricahuas" or to cheek their continued devastations had in­ censed the government o ffic ia ls of Arizona against General Kautz. Late in September, Governor Safford had threatened to call out volunteer troops unless additional Indian scouts. 91 were placed in the field. In response to this threat, the general ordered more scouts to be enlisted and in late Octo­ ber sent Second Lieutenant John A. Rucker, Sixth Cavalry, to Camp Bowie with Company C, Indian Scouts. Lieutenant Rucker began at once to lead his scouts and

R.O.A.G., Post Returns. July, 1876. 9° Ibid.. August-0ctober, 1876; Ogle, op. cit. . p. 168. Captain Tupper and h is command arrived at Camp Bowie from the field on October 30; Tupper then proceeded to Camp Grant. R.O.A.G., Medical History. October, 1876. 91 Arizona C itizen . September 30, 1876. 203 detachments of the Sixth Cavalry from Bowie on extensive searches for the renegades. Finally after two months of fruitless scouting, Rucker took up the trail of a large band of Indians who had recently been stealing horses near Old Camp Crittenden. With fifty -tw o men from Camp Bowie and thirty-four Indian scouts, he nursued the hostiles into the 92 Liedendorf Mountains of New Mexico. Here on January 9» 1877, Rucker’s command successfully engaged the hostile Chi- rioahuas, killing ten of their number and wounding several others. In addition, the command captured a large amount of supplies that had come from the Chiricahua Reservation and an entire herd of mules and ponies, consisting of forty-eight 93 head. After having the enemy’s camp burned and otherwise de­ stroyed, Rucker started back to Camp Bowie, arriving on Janu­ ary 12. The lieutenant reported the region infested with hostiles. : Despite Rucker’s success, Arizona enjoyed no apparent relief from the Apache terror. In fact, during the first part / of February, several men were killed in the Sonoita Valley

92 R.0.A.G-., Post Returns. January, 1877. 93 Ibid. , January, 1877; Arizona Citizen. January 20, 1877• One Indian boy, a nephew of Geronimo, was also cap­ tured. Dr. S.A. Freeman of Camp Bowie accompanied Rucker on the scout, and Jack Dunn served as Rucker’s guide. 20k

9k alone. Troops sent to the region from Camps Lowell, Apache, and Bowie simply resulted in most of the renegades seeking refuge in Sonora. One band, however, was intercepted by Lieutenant Rucker and pursued to the San Francisco River in New Mexico. At this point Rucker was obliged to turn back to Camp Bowie because of the fatigued condition of his 95 animals and the exhaustion of rations. Realizing the seriousness of the situation, General Kautz decided that a new post was needed in southeastern Arizona if the persistent raids of hostiles were to be check­ ed. Therefore, in March he established Camp Huachuca at the 96 north end of the Huachuca Mountains. Meanwhile, Governor Safford, who had long denounced Kautz for his inefficiency, decided to take matters into his own hands. He requested the territorial legislature to ap­ propriate sufficient funds to put a company of Indian scouts into the field to be armed with weapons made available by order of the Secretary of War. By the end of February, the scouts were in the field under the command of Captain Clay Beauford. The command stayed out for a few months, but 97 accomplished nothing.

94- Arizona Citizen. February 10, 17, 1877. 95 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. March. 1877. 96 g0hmitt, op. olt. . p. 245; Ogle, op. cit., p. 180. 97 Arizona Citizen. February 10, 24, 1877; June 16, 1877. Between February and May, 1877 Beauford*s command spent some time at Camp Bowie where i t recuperated from scouting and 205

The reminder of 1877 saw considerable military activity 98 at Camp Bowie. Reports of Indians having stolen stock from the San Simon mail station and having left the Warm Springs Reservation in New Mexico occupied Lieutenant Rucker's com­ mand during A pril and May. On May 29, Lieutenant Frank West and eight men of Com­ panies H and L, Sixth Cavalry, had a short engagement with renegades about eleven miles from the post. The Indians had killed the mail driver, Jackson Tait, who was headed for the 99 fort, and had carried off the m il. Two days later another mall carrier, Sam Ward, was murdered near the post. Lieuten­ ant Rucker set out in pursuit of the killers but failed to overtake them. On June 2, Lieutenant T.A. Touey with twenty-three men

97 (cont.) received supplies. Governor Safford joined the command at Camp Bowie on May 18 when it le f t on an ex­ tended scout. Ibid., March 31, May 26, June 16, 1877. 98 At times during the late seventies and early eighties, Camp Bowie was called upon to furnish escorts for mail car­ riers and wagon trains, and also picket guards, at such places as Yule Springs, Ewell Springs, and Riggs Ranch. R.O.A.C., Post Returns, 1876-1886: R.O.A.G.. Medical History, 1876- 1886. 99 R.O.A^G., Post Returns, May, 1877: Arizona C itizen, June,2, 9, 1877. ” " ' Early in May the commander of Camp Bowie, Captain William M. Wallace, became involved In the controversy over escorting Agent John P. Glum with the Hot Springs Indians from the New Mexico line. Clum was removing these Indians to San Carlos and informed Wallace that no escort from Arizona would be accepted. Arizona Citizen. August 18. 1877. 206 of Companies C and G, Sixth Cavalry, from Camp Grant and six Indian scouts left Camp Bowie in pursuit of renegades. The command struck and followed the trail of a small band of h o stiles into the Las Animas Mountains where, a fter a short " 100 skirmish, the Apaches escaped beyond further pursuit. Summer brought little reduction in scouting operations at the post. In August, Lieutenant Rucker cooperated with the command of Lieutenant R. Hanna, Sixth Cavalry, against renegades reported to have crossed the San Simon Valley. An outbreak of some 300 Indians from San Carlos on September 2 necessitated Rucker’s remaining in the field two more weeks. The lieutenant struck the Warm Springs Indians off the Ari­ zona reservation, but during most of this time his twenty- two Indian scouts and nineteen men of Companies H and L, Sixth Cavalry, worked with Captain T.C. Tupper who had been 101 sent into the field. The year 1877 ended in much the same way that i t had begun, with a command from Camp Bowie striking a tellin g 102 blow. Lieutenant Rucker and his command came upon a party

100 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. June, 1877* 101 Ibid.. September, 1877* In the fall of 1877, mails on the main overland route between Camp Bowie and M esilia were getting through irregularly. Arizona C itizen. September 15. October 6, 1877. 102 Rucker was accompanied by Lieutenant Touey; and h is command consisted of fifte e n men of Companies H and L, Sixth Cavalry, twenty men of Companies C and G, Sixth Cavalry, from Fort Grant; thirty-five men of Company C, Indian Scouts; and eight civilian employees. R.O.A.G.. Post Returns. November, December, 1877. ------207 of renegades at Ralston Flat, New Mexico on December 13• In the fight that followed, sixteen Indians were killed and one was captured. The troops also secured sixty horses, 103 fifty saddles, and a large amount of other property. In 1878, as the result of dissatisfaction caused by Gen­ eral Kautz’s alleged in efficien cy , the Department of Arizona was placed under the command of General Orlando B. W illcox. 104 The new commander assumed his duties on March 7• Willcox*a first move was to combine scouting operations under one head and to center activities in southeastern Ari­ zona. Major Compton, Sixth Cavalry, was placed in command. Lieutenant Carter, Sixth Cavalry, with a company of Indian scouts was ordered to march from Camp Apache to Fort Bayard, New Mexico and cooperate with Lieutenant Rucker's company moving southeast from Camp Bowie. At the same time, Lieuten­ ant Hanna’s company from Camp Huachuca was instructed to co- 105 operate on Rucker's right. A new base, Camp Supply, was established near the border

103 Ib id . . December, 1877. The command also had an en­ gagement in the Las Animas Mountains on December 17 or 18, presumably with the followers of Juh and Nolgee. The Indians suffered rather heavy losses in men and property. Ogle, op. oit.. p. 185. . 104 Report of the Secretary of War. 1878-1879. p. 193. Ibid. . p. 193. Before Willcox assumed command, Lieutenant Rucker had been out scouting in February and had been joined by Lieutenant B.H. Cheever. R.O.A.G., Post Returns, February, 1878. 208 at 'White River Canon to facilitate scouting. In April, Lieu­ tenant Frank West was ordered from Camp Bowie to superintend the laying out of a road from the post via Camp Supply to Sulphur Springs, so that stores could he transported more ea sily to White River Canon. :, So seemingly different were Willeox* s new arrangements and so thorough were the combined scouting operations in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that the renegades were impelled to take refuge in Mexico. Hot until September did any reappear, and then Lieutenant Henry:P. Per- rine found a small party in the vicinity of Camp Bowie. After k illin g two and wounding a number, he pursued the rest u n til 106 they crossed the border. The satisfyin g turn of events during 1878 was-marred by the unfortunate deaths of Lieutenants John A. Rucker and Austin Henely. They were drowned near Camp Supply on July 11 during the prevalence of a violent storm in that vicinity. Lieutenant Rucker had attempted to rescue his fellow officer who was trying to cross a flooded canyon, and in failing to do so both men were lo s t . They were buried at the Camp Bowie 107 Cemetery on.July 13. - Both Rucker and Henely had been extremely active officers

10^ Arizona Weekly Star. September 26, 1878; Ogle, op. cit.. p. 186. R.O.A.G., Post Returns. July. 1878: R.O.A.G.. Medical History. July, 1878. 209 at Camp Bowie, although the latter was not stationed at the post at the time of his death. Without detracting from the military qualities of Lieutenant Henely, it should be stated that Lieutenant John A. Ruoker was one of the most outstand­ ing officers ever to serve at Camp Bowie. In his honor the name of Camp Supply was changed to Camp John A. Ruoker in 108 April, 1879. Following Rucker’s death, Lieutenant A.P. Blooksom, Sixth Cavalry, was assigned to command Company C, Indian Scouts, at Camp Bowie. Blooksom immediately took up h is duties in the field and remained active throughout the latter half of 1878. In December he spent almost the entire month 109 pursuing h o stile s in the Hatchet and Las Animal mountains. Military activities in 1879 followed the general pattern of the preceding year, with equally good results. Perpetual scouting operations precluded any serious hostilities within the department. However, during the year conditions became critical in New Mexico where Vietorio’s band and others ter­ rorized wide areas with their devastating raids. Upon numer­ ous occasions troops from Camp Bowie and other Arizona posts were sent into the neighboring territory to campaign against the hostiles in that region. And in order to prevent incursions

108 Hamersly, op. oit., Pt. 2, p. 151. • 1°9 Report of the Secretary of War. 1879-1880. p. 168. In the summer of 1876 General Valle ox "had had his depart­ mental strength reduced to 700 men, which of course handicap­ ped operations. Ogle, op,, oit., pp. 186-187. 210 into Arizona or to drive out enemy intruders, much scouting was done along the New Mexico-Arizona line. Throughout the year scouts from Camp Bowie were con­ ducted by Captain D. Madden, Captain C.B. McLellan, and Lieu­ tenant A.P. Blocksom who, respectively, led Company C, Sixth Cavalry, Company L, Sixth Cavalry, and Company C, Indian no Scouts, into the field. In the fall Lieutenant Blocksom joined the command of Major Morrow who was pursuing V ietorio in New Mexico. And on October 17, Blocksom*s force had a brief skirmish in which one squaw and child and fifty horses 111 were captured. No doubt the most sign ifican t event of 1879 was the voluntary surrender of Juh and Geronimo with some 105 of th eir follow ers. They were induced to come in largely through the efforts of Lieutenant H.L. Haskell (General Willcox*s aid-de- camp) and Thomas J. Jeffords. Lieutenant Haskell arrived at Fort Bowie with the Indians on December 29, after receiving 112 their surrender some time earlier at Camp John A. Rucker.

R.O.A.G., Post Returns. January-December. 1879. In addition to Company 0, Indian Scouts, Blocksom*s scouting com­ mand consisted of detachments from Companies C and L, Sixth Cavalry. No fewer than sixteen scouts were made from Camp Bowie in 1879. m Arizona Weekly Star of October 23, 1879 reported that Blocksom lo st seventeen scouts and two soldiers in his fig h t with V ictorio. However, m ilitary records d isclose the lo ss of one Indian scout killed and one wounded. Report of the Secretary of War. 1880-1881. p. 216. R.o.A.G., Post Returns. December, 1879: Arizona Weekly Star. January 8, 18£k). ~ 211

During the f ir s t week of January the penitents were conducted to San Carlos, ' c The decade of the eighties opened with general peace prevailing in Arizona, while at the same time Viotorio re­ mained at large in New Mexico. Troops from the Department of Arizona were still needed in operating against the danger­ ous and capable chieftain. And to forestall his entrance into the department by attempting to localize his activities, precautionary scouting from Fort Bowie and other posts had to be continued. In 1880 field operations in southeastern Arizona were under the command of Colonel E.A. Carr who established his 113 headquarters-in-the-field near Fort Bowie. During the year Colonel Carr ordered several commands from Fort Bowie into the District of New Mexico to cooperate with the commander of that district. General Hatch, and consequently to improve the security of Arizona. Needless to say, the troops from Bowie had little time to scout in their own department while Vic- torio threatened elsewhere. Commands dispatched from Fort Bowie in 1880 consisted of Companies C and L, Sixth Cavalry, attached members of Companies A and D, Sixth Cavalry, and Company C, Indian Scouts. They were led by Major David Perry, Captains C.B. McLellan

113 Report of the Secretary of War, 1880-1881. p. 216. Between July and September, 1880, ticlone1 tiarr spent consid­ erable time at Fort Bowie proper. R.O.A.G., Post Returns, July-September, 1880. ' 212 and D. Madden, and Lieutenants A.P. Blooksom, T.A. Touey, 114 and William Stanton, all of the Sixth Cavalry. On April 7, 1880 Captain McLellan in command of a large 115 force, including Company L, Sixth Cavalry, from Fort Bowie, had an engagement with V lctorlo's hand in the San Andreas Mountains. The encounter resulted in the releasing of two companies of the Ninth Cavalry who had been h elp less under the overpowering number of the hostiles. While McLellan’s force and others were pursuing 71c- torio in New Mexico, Colonel Carr sent Captain D. Madden with Company C, Sixth Cavalry, from Fort Bowie to scout the coun­ try between Arizona and the Rio Grande and to protect the settlers in that region. Madden remained in the field dur­ ing April and May; he succeeded in striking Vlctorlo’s trail 116 and giving chase, despite the privations of his troops. In September Colonel Carr gathered together at Fort

R.O.A.G., Post Returns. January-December, 1880. 115 McLellan*s command included Company L, Sixth Cavalry, Company A, Indian Scouts, Lieutenant Gatewood; and Company D, Indian Scouts, Lieutenant Mills; and a company of scouts under Lieutenant Maney, Fifteenth Infantry. It is probable that Lieutenant T.A. Touey of Fort Bowie was also included in the command. Report of the Secretary of War. 1880-1881. p. 217. ------116 Madden also had with him a detachment of Company A, Sixth Cavalry. The principal points v isite d by him were Knight’s and MoEver’s ranches, Santa Barbara, Fort Cummings, and San lose, returning to Silver City and going thence to Mangres Springs, San Francisco Valley. Ibid., p. 217; Arizona Weekly Star. May 20, 1880. 213

Bowie all available companies of the Sixth Cavalry to aid in a general movement of both American and Mexican troops along the whole border from Texas to Arizona against Viotorio and his followers. Ninety-one enlisted men from Fort Bowie joined the command of Colonel Carr for this important under- 117 taking. They le f t the post on September 19 and returned October 7* Viotorio was successful in avoiding Carr's command; however, in October the chief met .his death in a battle with Mexican troops. The remnants of his band placed themselves under the aged and infirm Nana, and for the next two years this group of Apaches caused considerable anxiety in southern Arizona and New Mexico, Nevertheless, following the destruction of Viotorio and most of h is band, the troops at Fort Bowie enjoyed an in ter­ val during which they were relieved of the almost endless task of scouting. Not until the summer of 1881 were the men 118 at the post again called upon for any extensive field duty.

117 The men from Fort Bowie who joined Carr's command consisted of all the available strength of Companies C and L, Sixth Cavalry, and Company C, Indian Scouts. R.O.A.G., Post Returns. September, 1880. Between October, 1880 and July, 1881 there were on­ ly a few military activities at Fort Bowie worthy of mention. In November, 1880 the post commander was directed to take charge of a ll public property at Camp John A. Rucker and estab lish there a picket guard of eight non-commissioned officers and ten enlisted men. In June, 1881 Captain McLellan and Lieutenant Vf. 0, Clark led commands to the Las Animas Mountains for the purpose of capturing deserters and government property in that v i­ cinity. Ibid., November, 1880; June, 1881. 2H At that time hostilities were renewed, placing demands on all the troops in Arizona and necessitating reinforcements 119 from other departments for temporary duty. A number of White Mountain and San Carlos Indians who. had congregated near Fort Apache were brought under the I mystical influence of Nocadelklinny, a medicine man who claimed divine revelation. He attempted to raise from the dead two prominent ch iefta in s, and fa ilin g to do so announced that the whites would have to be k ille d i f the dead ch iefs were to be resurrected. Upon learning of this proposal, Colonel Carr, then in command of Fort Apache, reported the situation with a request for instructions. Acting on the ad­ vice of Indian Agent J.C. Tiffany, General Willoox ordered Carr to arrest the medicine man. On August 30, Carr arrested Nocadelklinny at his camp on Cibicu Creek. Unfortunately, however, the colonel’s ac­ tion resulted in an outbreak and revolt in which several of his Indian scouts betrayed their command. Carr’s troops, after suffering serious losses, made their way back to" Fort 120 Apache without further trouble. On the following day a large number of the Cibicu Indians, who were joined by other

^■9 in August, 1881 before hostilities broke out again in Arizona, men of Companies M, Sixth Cavalry, and C, Indian Scouts, were dispatched from Fort Bowie, first to scout for h o stile s reported moving from New Mexico toward Arizona, and second to in vestigate murders of American citizen s near the Mexican boundary. Ibid, . August. 1881; Report of the Secre­ tary of War, 1882-lWT p. 145. "

120 Ogle, op. c i t . . pp. 204-205. vj disaffected bands, made an attack on the post but were suc­ cessfully repulsed. When news of the Cibieu fight reached General Willcox, he moved headquarters to Catnip Thomas and quickly ordered out troops from several of the posts to crush the outbreak. Cap­ tain W.A. Rafferty and Lieutenant J.Y.F. Blake with Company M, Sixth Cavalryj le f t Fort Bowie for Camp Thomas where Lieutenant W.0. Clark, commanding Company C, Indian Scouts, 121 had already arrived from Bowie. At the same time, rein­ forcements from New Mexico, under General R.S. McKenzie, were sent to the scene of the uprising. So impressive was this concentration of troops that the Indians began surrendering at Fort Apache and San Carlos. By September 21 only a few of the Cibieu Indians were'still at large. The battle of Cibieu had also brought troops from Cali­ fornia to increase the military strength of Arizona. However despite these reinforcements and several commands in the field, including Captain Rafferty*s from Fort Bowie, another outbreak could not be prevented. On September 29 and 30, seventy-four Chiricahuas under the leadership of Juh and

121 R.o.A.G., Post Returns. September, 1881. John M. Weaver in his thesis on Fort Lowell states that "apparently Captain Rafferty's company at Fort Lowell took the field" to aid in putting down the Cibieu outbreak. However, Rafferty and h is Company M, Sixth Cavalry, joined Fort Bowie on July 18, 1881. The next day Captain C.B. McLellan left Fort Bowie with Company L, Sixth Cavalry, to take station at Fort Lowell. Ibid..Ju ly. 1881: John M. Weaver, "The History of Fort Lowell," Ms., p.-46. N&ehez fled the reservation and, : eluding the troops in the field, reached:their old haunts in Mexico where they joined 122 Nana and. his band. : r . - . i Within a few months following the Ghlrioahua outbreak, it was considered safe to release the troops from Hex Mexico and California from further service in Arizona. During their stay in the department they had cooperated with Willoox* s forces in scouring the mountains and valleys of southeastern Arizona. In November Captain C.C. Carr and Lieutenant John Pitcher, members of the First Cavalry from California, led their respective Companies G and I on scouts from Fort Bowie. And in December men of Company M, F irst Cavalry, joined de­ tachments of the post's Company M, Sixth Cavalryj and Company D, Indian Scouts, on a trip through the Chirioahua Mountains. Although conditions in Arizona were peaceful at the start of 1882, the mere fa ct that renegades were in Mexico made troop movements from Fort Bowie and other posts a con­ tinued necessity. Companies M, Sixth Cavalry, and B, Indian Scouts, were sent out from Bowie to patrol and scout near the

122 Report of the Secretary of War. 1881-1882. p. 1V7; Ogle, op. oitTT pp. 208-210. Seronlmo and Chaitowere among the seventy-four Chirioahuas who fled. Lieutenant W.O. Clark and Company G, Indian Scouts, returned to Fort Bowie in la te September, or early October and were sent into the field again on October 9* Among the troops that pursued the Chirioahuas were two of the F irst Cavalry under Captain Reuben F. Bernard. After the pursuit, Bernard was ordered to Fort Bowie with his troops and assumed command of the post for about a month. R.O.A.G., Post Returns. October, November, 1881. 217

Mexican lin e . Simultaneously, Captain Rafferty le f t the ]post 123 to lead an escort in the same vicinity. In February it was learned that renegade emissaries had come to San Carlos from Mexico to inform Loco that he would be forced to leave the reservation. Immediately scouting parties were increased along the Mexican boundary. Lieuten­ ant Francis I.A. Darr, Twelfth Infantry, commanding Company B, Indian Soouts, left Fort Bowie to scout in the vicinity of San Bernardino on the border. Also, Captain Rafferty with Company M, Sixth Cavalry, left the post to patrol another l2 t section of the boundary lin e . Despite the precautions taken by the military, Chatto and Naehez managed to cross the border and on April 19 reached loco’s camp. The pressure placed upon Loco by the renegade leaders was enough to secure his agreement to go. And the whole group, totaling perhaps 700 persons, started on its way toward the Mexican border. Troops from New Mexico and Arizona were promptly put in pursuit, while others were brought into position to head off the Indians. On April 24 they were overtaken tw enty-five

123 In early February, Captain Rafferty was ordered from Fort Bowie to examine and report upon a s it e for a four- company post at the south end of the Chlrleahm Mountains. His report presumably resulted in the establishment of Camp Price. R.O.A.C., Post Returns. February. 1B82. 124 In April Rafferty’s arid Darr’s precautionary scouts turned into actual pursuits of hostile Apaches near the Mexi­ can lin e . General W.T. Sherman and party (Colonel Poe and Colonel Morrow, A.D.C. to Sherman), General Willcox and Captain 218 miles south of Cloyerdale, New Mexico by Captain T.C* Tap­ per’s command which included Captain Rafferty^ Company M, Sixth Cavalry, and Lieutenant Darr* 1s Company B, Indian Scouts, from fort Bowie. In the ensuing fight the troops killed between twelve and seventeen warriors and captured 125 seventy-five head of stock. The next day the retreating Indians were struck by Mexican troops and, after a severe . fight in which they lost over 100 persons, the survivors fled towards the Sierra Madre. . ■ , Once the renegades had escaped the military’s reach, there was nothing for the Arizona troops to do but continue scouting operations. Parties from Fort Bowie were in the 126 field throughout the spring and most of the summer. Their activities extended from Camp Price and the Mexican line to San Carlos and the Gila River. : The series of outbreaks in Arizona since August, 1881,

124 (e0nt.) Haskell, A.D.C. to Willoox, arrived at Fort Bowie March 31 on a tour of inspection. They left the next day for Fort Grant. Ibid., March, April, 1882. 1.25 in the battle Captain Rafferty lost from his Company M, Sixth Cavalry, one private killed (W.W. Goldnik) and one wounded. Ib id . , A pril, 1882. 126 Those who participated in scouts from Fort Bowie dur­ ing the spring and summer included Captain Rafferty and Lieu­ tenant Blake with Company M, Sixth Cavalry; Lieutenants George K. Hunter and John M. Porter with Company M, Third Cavalry; Lieutenant W.L. Geary with Company C, Indian Scouts; Lieuten­ ant Edward E. Bravo, Sixth Cavalry, with Company C, Indian Scouts; Captain Charles G. Gordon with Company D, Sixth Cav­ alry. Ib id . , May-September, 1882. 219 of which Loco’s was the largest, finally brought aotion from . the Congress and War Department which. It was hoped* would - ~ 127 end the Apache problem. By May the troop strength in the department had been increased from 1,238 officers and men to 2,377 and orders had been issued for the transfer to Arizona of the First Infantry and Third Cavalry. ' ; Of greater importance than the strengthening of depart­ ment forces was the agreement reached between the United States and Mexico in the summer, of 1882. The international boundary lin e had long presented a barrier to the effo rts of both countries to capture renegade Apaohes. The Indians had naturally used the line to elude their pursuers from either country. However, on July 29 a treaty was signed whereby the regular troops of the United States and Mexico could cross the boundary lin e of each other’s country when pursuing hos- 128 tile Indians. With the signing of this treaty, one of the great obstacles to the ultimate conclusion of the Apache wars was resolved. And for the next four years the culminating campaigns were to be carried on by troops and Indian scouts many miles south of the border.

127 The last of the series of outbreaks in Arizona in­ volved the Cibiou irreconoilables and occurred on July 6, 1882. Troops from Fort Bowie were not used against these In­ dians who were defeated in the Battle of Big Dry Wash. Report of the Secretary of War. 1882-1883. p. 72. . .* r

, ■ ■ ■ - - : ' • ' ' ' /.v ■L*® Malloy, op. cit. . pp. : 1144-1145• This treaty was renewed annually and expired November 1, 1886. Ib id .; p p.. 1145-1146, 1157-1159, 1162-1163. ~ 220

In accord with the new measures taken to subdue the hos­ tile renegades, General George Crook was recalled to the De­ partment of Arizona. He relieved General Willoox of his ; command on September 4* 1882. . ; v . Crook began at once to re-institute a vigorous system of control over the reservation Indians.. In October he le ft, San Carlos, taking with.him two staff officers, an inter- . 129 preter, and six friendly Apaches, and went to the extreme southeastern corner of A rizona.- Here he hoped to open com­ munication with the Chirioahuas; but when his efforts failed, he was sa tisfie d that raids might be expected at any time. To be prepared for any trouble, the general reorganized his pack tra in s, broke up several small sta tio n s, including Camp Price, and concentrated his troops at permanent posts where they would be immediately available. Nothing happened for several months, although in Janu­ ary, 1883 Lieutenant Henry P. Perrine, Sixth Cavalry, was sent from Fort Bowie with th irty men to scout in the Dragoon Mountains, and in February Lieutenant Thomas B. Dugan, Third Cavalry, left the post to investigate Indian rumors at Bail­ ey's Wells. Finally, on March 21, twenty-six warriors under Chatto crossed the border and for six days raided in Arizona.

It appears that Lieutenant Thomas B. Dugan, Third Cavalry, was ordered from Fort Bowie to Camp Price to take charge of these friendly.Indians during late .October and early November. R.O.A.G., Post Returns. October. November. 1882. ------221

.Instructions were sent to the commanding officer at Fort Bowie to send parties to thoroughly scout the Chirleahua Mountains and to watch the San Simon and Sulphur Springs Val- 130 le y s. A l i t t l e la ter Captain Rafferty with two companies from the post was directed to San Bernardino to cooperate in an attempt to cut-off the hostiles on their return to Mexico. Meanwhile, troops from other posts had been sent into the field, but all efforts to intercept the band proved inef­ fectual. After killing twenty-six persons and travelling over 400 m iles, the h o stile s escaped back into Mexico. For­ tunately, however, one of their number, called "Peaches had voluntarily surrendered at San Carlos and offered to - guide General Crook to the stronghold of the renegades in the

Sierra Madras. - ":- V: - v •• With the services of "Peaches" and the authorization of General Sherman to pursue the hostiles, regardless of depart­ mental or national lines, Crook completed arrangements for an expedition into Mexico. In selecting his force, General Crook did not take any troops from Fort Bowie although he did em­ ploy eight civilians from the post including a blacksmith,

130 Company M, Third Cavalry, Lieutenants Hunter and Dugan and th ir ty en listed men le f t Fort Bowie on March 23 to scout the west side of the Chirleahua Mountains to the v ic in ity of the boundary lin e . On the same day a detachment of Company M, Sixth Cavalry, twenty-four enlisted men, left the post to scout the east side of the Chirleahua Mountains to the v ic in ity of the Mexican lin e . The la tte r group was joined by Lieutenant Blake on March 24. Ibid., March, 1883. 222 chief packer, cargador, and five packers. It appears also that he ordered Captain Rafferty to aid in guarding the rear of his force and In protecting Arizona settlers near the 131 border. -- ■ v : v-..".- On May 1 after securing the cooperation of Mexican c iv il and military authorities, Crook left San Bernardino Springs with his command for the rugged Sierra Madre of Mexico. By June 23 fifty-two men, including chiefs Nana, loco, and Bonito, and 273 women had been returned to the San Carlos Reservation. The Indians who were left behind with their lead ers, Nachez, Chatto, Mangus and Geronimo, came in in separate groups during the next ten months, so that the sur- 132 render was not completed until April, 1884. ' The ten-month period required for the last of the Chiri- cahuas to reach San Carlos was an active one for the garrison at Fort Bowie, especially for the officers and men of Com­ panies M, Sixth Cavalry, and M, Third Cavalry. In July Cap­ tain Rafferty.with Lieutenants Blake, Perrlne, Dugan and cav­ alry detachments left the post for San Bernardino to meet any ■ ■■ ■■■■' 133 straggling bands and to escort them to the reservation. '

131 George Crook, Annual Report of Brigadier-General George Crook. U.S. Army. 1883. p. 26. Report of the Secretary of War. 1884-1885. p. 134. 133 R.O.A.G., Post Returns, July, 1883. Rafferty also had to investigate Indian rumors on his trip to the border. 223

The command returned to the post, however, without seeing any signs of Apaches. ; . During the following month. Lieutenants Blake and Dugan were out scouting on the west side of the Ohirioahua Moun­ tains as far south as San Bernardino and around old Camp .. Price. And in September, Rafferty and Blake were directed to scout in the v ic in ity of the Mexican lin e . Finally, on October 22, two Indians from among the re­ cently hostile Ohirioahuas came into Fort Bowie. The next . day Lieutenants Hunter and Dugan with men of the Sixth and Third Cavalry were sent out to receive the surrender of ninety renegades, including Naohez, and turn them over to Captain, . Rafferty, commanding in the field. Rafferty proceeded to de­ liver the Indians to Captain Crawford at San Carlos and re- 134 turned to Fort Bowie on November 23. 135 During the next six months R afferty, Blake, and Hunter with men from Fort Bowie*s two cavalry companies

3-34 I b id ., October, November, 1883. tin November 25 Lieutenant Blake le f t Fort Bowie and was followed two days later by Lieutenant Dugan and a detach­ ment, of Company M, Third Cavalry, a ll of whom were sent out in pursuit of robbers who had ditched and robbed a mail train on the Southern Pacific Railroad near Gage, New Mexico on November 24. Ib id . , November, December, 1883. ^35 For an interesting account of how Lieutenant Blake helped his West Point chum. Lieutenant Britton Davis, escort Geronimo and his band and 350 head of stolen Mexican ca ttle to San Carlos, against the demands of two government o f f ic ia ls , see Lockwood, The Apaohe Indians, pp. 272- 273. 224 completed the job of receiving the Chirleahuas from Mexico■ -. 136 and conducting them to San Carlos. Lieutenant Hunter le f t the post In late April, 1884 to escort the last group a t Apaches to the reservation and returned on May 18. . With all of the Chirleahuas settled and at peace, ac­ tivities at Fort Bowie v/ere virtually reduced to the perform­ ing of regular garrison and escort duties. Indeed, it ap­ peared that the Apache problem in Arizona had at last been solved. However, for some reason the Indians became d issa t­ isfied with conditions at San Carlos. Undoubtedly they sensed a contest in progress between the Indian Bureau and the military for control of the reservation, and perhaps felt - that such a rivalry would bring injury to them. At any ra te, in May, 1885 after indulging in a tiswin drink, forty-two men, including Geronimo, Nachez and Nana, accompanied by ninety- 137 two women and children fled toward Mexico. As soon as their departure was known, all available troops were put in motion to overtake or intercept them. Major Eu­ gene B. Beaumont with four officers and ninety-three enlisted men of Troops C and G, Fourth Cavalry, who had replaced the Third and Sixth Cavalry at Fort Bowie, set out with orders to lie in ambush at proper points in the Stein’s Peak Ranges

^•36 Captain Rafferty also did some scouting in February and March, 1884 in southeastern Arizona and near the border. R.O.A.G.. Post Returns. February. March. 1884. . "^7 Report of the Secretary of War. 1885-1886. p. 169« 225

This range had been part of a favorite trail in former years, 138 but Beaumonts command encountered no sign of the fugitives. In fact, the renegades avoided all their pursuers as they moved quickly to the border, bringing death and destruction to ranches along their route. Major Beaumont returned to th e:post on May 31, whereupon Captain William A. Thompson, Fourth Cavalry, was ordered to assume command of the troops in the field...... -,/-- . ' On June 9, Crook received a telegram from Lieutenant General Sheridan authorizing him to enlist 200 additional scouts and informing him that the Cheyenne pack train would 139 be sent down to participate in an active campaign. He also ordered that the department commander establish his headquar­ ters on or near the Southern Pacific Railroad. Accordingly, 140 Crook proceeded to Fort Bowie, where he arrived on June 11. t From this time until the end of Apache resistance in September, 1886, Fort Bowie was to be the center, of military operations against the hostiles. For troops and scouts sent into Mexico under such men as Crawford, Wirt Davis, Britton

138 The offleers who aeeompanied.Beaumont were Lieuten­ ants W.E. Wilder, John M. H eall, Guy E. Huse, and Hugh J. McGrath,' all of the Fourth Cavalry. R.O.A.G., Post Returns, May, 1885. ' : : : The Cheyenne pack train under Mr. T. Moore, chief packer, arrived at Fort Bowie on June 17. ;Ibid..June. 1885. ll*0 Ibid. , June, 1885; R.O.A.G., Medical History. June, 1885. • : ; ...... : -...... 226

Davis, Gatewood, Maus, Lawton and Wood, as w ell as packers, interpreters and other necessary men. Fort Bowie became the chief point of departure and return. : : : ; The days in June preceding Crook’s arrival at his new headquarters found troops from several posts continuing: their efforts to overtake the hostiles.: When it became evi­ dent that the Indians were moving south, the general began preparations to follow them Into Mexico, although they did HI not cross the border until about June 10. Captain Craw­ ford v/as put in charge of a battalion of scouts, and Lieu­ tenant Britton Davis with sixty Indian scouts was ordered to join him. On June 11, the combined force of ninety-two scouts and Troop A, Sixth Cavalry, followed the Apaches once more into the Sierra Madre. v: : ^ , In the meantime, on June 8, a report reached Fort Bowie that a party of hostile Indians had passed Biggs Ranch not far from the post. Lieutenant Robert H. Noble, First Infantry, with six mounted men, was sent out to Investigate. Noble con­ firmed the- report and immediately sent couriers to inform Lieutenant Britton Davis v/h© had just left Fort Bowie with H 2 his scouts to join Crawford’s command. Unfortunately,

•^1 On June 8 a small party of the renegades surprised a camp of Fourth Cavalry in Guadalupe Canon, Sonora; guarded by seven en listed men, k illin g four of them. Private John Sohmitzer of Fort Bowie * a Company G, Fourth Cavalry , was com­ mended for his conduct in attempting to save one of the vic­ tim s, Sergeant Peter Munich. Report of the Secretary of War, 1886-1887. p. 149; R.0.A.G., Post keturns. June.1885. , 142 Davis-arrived at Fort Bowie on June 6 in command of fifty-eight Indian scouts and eleven packers. He left the 227 however, the information conveyed to Davis did not result - in a successful pursuit. ' . ^ . With one expedition on its way into Mexico, Crook took up his headquarters at Fort Bowie and proceeded to complete his plans for a long campaign. He instructed Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood to comb the Mogollon and Black ranges with 100 Indian scouts and then report to Bowie. Gatewood1s force was then organized-Into an expedition‘under Captain Wirt Davis consisting of one troop of cavalry, 100 Indian scouts, and a pack train carrying sixty days* rations. Davis' command was to move cooperatively with Crawford's . and attempt to surprise the hostile camp in Mexico. At the same time, to prevent the return of the Indians into Arizona or New Mexico, Crook stationed a troop of cavalry at every watering place along the border "from the Patagonia Mountains 143 to the Rio Grande.” Also, to insure prompt supplies to the commands operating in Mexico, the general established a depot at Lang's Ranch in New Mexico at the south end of the Animas V alley. ■ Crook's plans required the post quartermaster at Fort 144 Bowie to forward supplies to Lang's Ranch under escort.

142 (oont.) post on June 8 for San Bernardino via Galeyvllle. When Indian scouts arrived at Fort Bowie, they usually camped in Goodwin Canon. R.O.A.G.. Post Returns, June, 1885. ‘ ^43 Report of the Secretary of War, 1886-1887. p. 149. 144 Lieutenant Guy B. Huse did much of the escorting to 228

And in line with his defensive disposition of troops, Cap­ tain William A. Thompson.with Lieutenants W«E, Wilder and K.J". McGrath and Troop. G, Fourth Cavalry, le f t the post, on June 12. for Rucker Canon. f. ; . . : Meanwhile, on June 23, Captain Crawford's scouts struck a party of hostlies in the Bavispe Mountains of Mexico. The warriors escaped, hut fifteen women and children were cap­ tured. Five days later Lieutenant McGrath in command of a small detachment.of the Fourth Cavalry and accompanied by Acting Assistant Surgeon F. Bass v®.s ordered to proceed from Fort Bowie to San Bernardino to receive Crawford’s cap tives. Apparently only four prisoners were turned over to McGrath, for Lieutenant R. Hanna, Sixth Cavalry, arrived at Bowie on 146 July 2 with eleven captive squaws and children. Captain Wirt Davis' expedition, which crossed into . Mexico July 13, located a camp of renegades under Geronimo northeast of Nacori. Again the hostiles could not be cor­ nered, but seven squaws and eight children were seized. On September 1, these prisoners were brought to Fort Bowie, for confinement by Lieutenant G.E. Huse and Troop C, Fourth

(oont.) Lang's Ranch with Troop C, Fourth Cavalry. R.O.A.G., Post Returns. Juhe-.October. 1885. ^ 1885. The San Carlos pack train left Fort Bowie June 29 for Crawford's command. .. . v : Ihid., July, 1885. Carlyle's pack train arrived at the post July 4. 229

147 Cavalry. , . . . <* Despite Crook's preoautldhary measures^ the h o stlies upon being pushed out of the Sierra Madre crossed into the United States at Guadalupe Canon on September 28. They were clo sely followed by Crawford and Davis; and Captain Charles D. Yiele, Tenth Cavalry, who left Fort Bowie on September 29 to join his company, pursued the renegades as far south as Ascension, Chihuahua, before turning back. Meanwhile, Captain Thompson's troops proceeded from Rucker Canon to Guadalupe Canon to reinforce the outpost there. The Indians having returned to Mexico, the commands of Crawford and Davis and other scouting parties reported to Fort Bowie in October. The troops and scouts were sent back to their respective stations, and preparations were started at once for a new and more effective campaign into Mexico. - • ' ' - -v ' V ' •' : - ' ' : The results of Crook's first campaign in 1885, though not successful, at least brought to Fort Bowie several Chirl- oahua women and children as prisoners of war. The most no- 148 torious squaw, Huera, was kept in chains, while the

147 Ibid., September, 1885. About this time Rohrer's pack train arrived at the post. 14® Arizona Weekly Star. September 24, 1885. According to this newspaper, Huera was the reputed in stigator of the outbreak in May, 1885. Ib id ., September 3, 24, 1885. —- ’ 230 others were put to work making adobes. Their presense at the fort caused the post surgeon to complain that "the In­ dian prisoners are committing a nuisance in the vicinity of 149 the non-commissioned officers' quarters." : The-Arizona. Weekly Star asserted in December that the captives at Bowie should be subjected to trial by a civil court for partici­ pating in the murder of settlers during the early part of the year. The newspaper also stated that h o stile s were ap­ parently lurking in the vicinity of Fort Bowie with the 150 hope of rescuing their squaws and children* Notwithstanding the complaints and criticisms brought about by the confinement of Apache prisoners:at Fort Bowie, no action was taken to move them u n til A pril, 1886 when ad­ ditional prisoners were brought to the post. Before Crook1s second campaign could get into motion the renegade, Josanie, led a raiding party of ten warriors across the border early in November. During the next month he travelled 1200 miles, killed thirty-eight people and, though twice dismounted, succeeded in crossing back into Mexico with the lo ss of but one man. The apparent inability of the troops,to capture the renegades now brought General Sheridan to Fort Bowie to

149 r . o.a .G. . Medical History. November. 1885. 150 Arizona Weekly Star. December 10, 1885. consult with Crook. He arrived on November 29* .just in time to countenance Crawford’s second expedition into Mex­ ico. Captain Davis’ command had left the post several days earlier for the Sierra Madre, but both o fficers were again 152 to operate in conjunction with each other. . ^ Once more the post quartermaster and acting commissary of subsistence at Fort Bowie was directed to furnish funds for the forces in Mexico. Two hundred dollars, quartermas­ t e r ’s funds, were to be transferred to Lieutenant Leighton Finley, Tenth Cavalry, acting assistant quartermaster in the field, for the use of troops operating under Captain Davis. And for Captain Crawford’s troops, |300 subsistence funds and $200 dollars quartermaster’s funds were to be turned over to Lieutenant S.L. Faison, First Infantry, acting oom- 153 missary of subsistence and quartermaster in the field. Thus with the campaign resumed in f u ll force, General

151 Sheridan’s visit to Fort Bowie resulted in the tem­ porary transfer of the District of New Mexico to the Depart­ ment of Arizona. Report of the Secretary of War. 1886-1887. p. 9. 152 Davis’ command consisted of Lieutenants Day, Finley and Benson, Dr. Carter, Companies A and B, Indian Scouts, three pack trains and fifty-seven mules each, nine saddle mules, and three bell horses. Crawford’s consisted of Lieu­ tenants Mans, Faison, Shipp, 100 Indian scouts, three pack trains of 172 mules,.nine saddle mules and three bell horses. Crawford’s entry into Mexico was delayed about two weeks because of his pursuit of Josanie’s party. Ibid. , p. 151; R.O.A.G., Post Returns. November, 1885. 153 Arizona Weekly Star. December 17. 1885. 2 3 2

Crook settled down to wait. From day to day couriers ar­ rived at the post with dispatches from the various commands 154 in the field, reporting on the progress of the expedi­ tio n s. On January 10, 1886 Captain Crawford attacked the main camp of the hostlies about sixty miles below Naoori. All the supplies of the outlaws were captured, and the renegade leaders were so demoralized that within a short time they asked for a peace ta lk . Arrangements were made to meet the next day, but before Crawford was able to confer with the 155 h o stiles he was fa ta lly shot by a force of Mexican troops. The Apaches then conferred with Lieutenant Marion P. Mans, who succeeded Crawford in command, and agreed only that they would meet Crook in "two moons” to ta lk about a possible sur­ render. In March, Mans notified Crook that the hostiles would meet him at the Canon de los Embudos about twelve miles be­ low the border. On March 23 the general left Fort Bowie with Captains Bourke and Roberts and Roberts' young son, Charles, for the scene of the peace talks; two days later the first 156 of the talks began. Finally, after three days of interview#,

154 Frank L eslie, superintendent of pack tra in s, was one of Crook's chief couriers. Ibid., January 14, 1886; R.O.A.G., Post Returns. August. 1885. >55 Report of the Secretary of War. 1886-1887. p. 152. ; Ib id . , pp. 152-153; R.O.A.G-., Post Returns. March, 1886; ScEmitt, op. pit. , p. 260. Figure 8. View of Fort Bowie in 1886 (Courtesy of the National Archives)

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235 the hostiles agreed to surrender under the conditions that they would be sent East for two years, taking with them the members of th eir fam ilies who would go. Thereupon, Crook left for Fort Bowie where he would be within telegraphic com- munication of the War Department. Lieutenant Maus was left behind with Instructions to escort the prisoners to the post. For two days Lieutenant"Maus moved toward the border with his charges. Near the border the renegades obtained a quantity of liquor from a man named Tribollet and in the ex­ citement following their indulgence, Geronimo and Nachez with twenty bucks and sixteen squaws and children fled again to the Sierra Madre. Immediately Maus took out after them and followed their trail for several days without success. In the meantime Lieutenant Faison escorted the other prison­ ers, including Chihuahua and fourteen warriors, to Fort Bowie, arriving on April 2. As the Indians were coming into the post Captain John G. Bourke, Third Cavalry, was leaving with "the remains of the gallant Captain Emmet Crawford” who was being taken to Nebraska for Interment.

.157 Crook arrived back at Fort Bowie on March 29. The next day Governor Zulioh of the Arizona Territory and b is' staff arrived at the post and remained for two days. R.O. A.G.. Post Returns. March, April, 1886. 156. Several days afterward, two of the escapees sur­ rendered voluntarily. Report of the Secretary of War, 1886- 1887.' p. 154. " ------— ------159 The remains of Captain Crawford were brought to Fort Bowie on March 25 under an escort of six men. Every 236 r ' The Chirloaliuas 'were'kept at the post m itii April 7 when, in conformity with President Cleveland’s wishes, all the Apache prisoners at Fort Bowie, seventy-seven In number, were entrained for Fort Marion, Florida In charge of Lieuten' ant J.R. Richards, Jr., Fourth Cavalry, under an escort of 160 the Eighth Infantry. As might be expected, the p artial fa ilu re of Crook’s campaign was made to outweigh all that he had achieved. In particular he was criticized for his reliance on Indian scouts from whose custody G-eronimo and Nachez had escaped. However, rather than refute their complete loyalty or alter his tactics, Crook asked to be relieved of his command. Ac­ cordingly, General Nelson A. Miles was appointed to succeed him as commander of the Department of Arizona. Miles ar­ rived at Fort Bowie on April 11; the next day, upon the

159 (ocint.) honor was given the dead o fficer as his body was being transported from the post to Bowie Station. General Crook, Major Beaumont, post commander, Lieutenant Neall and all other officers present at the post attended in a body. Two companies of the F irst Infantry, commanded re­ sp ectively by Captain Karkland and Lieutenant Benjamin, formed„the escort, for half the distance, seven miles; they they turned over the casket to the care of two companies of the Eighth Infantry commanded by Captain Savage and Lieutenant Smiley.'The detachment of Apache scouts under Lieutenant MacDonald was drawn up in line at the station to serve as a guard of honor; and standing in a group were the o ffic e r s and men of the Eighth Infantry, Second and Fourth Cavalry, there bn duty. Bourke, op. c it., p. 481; R.O.A.G.. Post Returns. March, A pril, 1886. : ------~™ .. • . - : - departure of General Crook, he took up his new d u ties. With a great deal.of vigor General Miles went to work to bring a speedy end to the Apache trouble. He divided his department into several districts of observation, each to be patrolled by its own troops, to keep the country clear of hostlies. And, as previously mentioned, he established a system of heliograph stations, two of which were on the Fort Bowie Military Reservation, to counteract the Indians’;ad­ vantage o f , incredibly fa st movement and to provide communica­ tion with troops in the field. In conformity with Miles’ departmental Innovations, the commanding o fficer at Fort Bowie, Major Beaumont, was placed in command of the D istric t of Bowie. Throughout the spring and summer, Beaumont directed the available o ffic ers and men of Troops C, F, G and I , Fourth Cavalry, Troop I, Tenth Cav­ alry, Company I , F irst Infantry, and Companies A and H, • Eighth Infantry, in patrolling and scouting his district. Also, since the heliograph station s were an essen tia l part of the district of observation, Beaumont had to furnish from

161 The following officers operated out of Fort Bowie during the final months of Apache hostilities, and most of them participated in patrolling the District of Bowie: Major E;B. Beaumont; Captains O.W. Budd, A.E. Wood, T.A. Baldwin, M. Markland, W. Davis, W.A. Thompson (as Acting As­ sistant-Adjutant General to Miles); and Lieutenants Wilder, Benjamin, Richardson, Neall, F. Wheeler, Lockett (with forty-eight Pima Indian scouts), Richards, Ames, Erwin, Dean, Mason, W._Mott, Macdonald, and P e ttit. (Lieutenant W.E. Wilder had been in the field almost constantly since .July, 1885.) R.O.A.G., Post Returns. April-September, 1886. 238 four to seven men for heliograph duty. - - Before General Miles was fully prepared to launch his offen sive, Geronlao and Nachez precipitated the campaign by crossing the border into the Santa Cruz Talley on April 27. Pursuit parties immediately took out after them; and though none were captured, they were:kept moving so rapidly that th eir raid caused l i t t l e damage. Among the commands that pursued the renegades were two from Fort Bowie led by Lieu- . . 162 tenants Robert A. Brown and W.E, Wilder, Fourth Cavalry. About the middle of June, Captain H.W. Lawton from Fort Huachuca was ordered to lead a fresh command into Mexico to intercept the renegades, who apparently were trying to return to their stronghold in the Sierra Madre. Lieutenant Robert A. Brown from Fort Bowie v/as one of the officers selected to accompany Lawton’s expedition, and during the fin a l two months of the campaign he was in command of the captain’s ...... 163 company of select Indian scouts. •' - Instead of directing what proved to be the last Apache campaign from Fort Bowie, General Miles moved his headquar­ ters to Willcox in June. Nevertheless, he continued to use the post in much the same way that he had before moving to Willcox.. And,.in reality, Fort Bowie remained the focal point

Report of the Secretary of War. 1886-1887. n. 168. v .- 163 Ibid., n. 180; R.O.A.G.. Post Returns. July, 1886. 2)9 for the military activities which were taking place in Mexico. - - - ' ■ • - - ^ ' : ' " • Lawton*s command pursued the elusive renegades from one mountain range to another until his force was all but de­ feated by extreme exhaustion. Finally, however, on July 14, 1866, the scouts under Lieutenant Brora surprised the hos- tiles some 300 miles below the border and succeeded in cap­ turing most of their supplies. Thereupon, the Indians moved rapidly north to the vicinity of Fronteras. Word of their movement brought orders for several troops from Arizona to proceed to the region of the new hostile camp. On August ' 17. Lieutenant James Lockett' with Troop F, Fourth Cavalry, and a company of Pima Indian scouts and Lieutenant W.l. Wilder with %oop Fourth Cavalry, left Fort Bowie for the vicln- 164 ity of Fronteras. - Shortly=after reaching their destination, Lieutenant Wilder -met two of the renegade women and informed them that if they and their people wanted to give up, they could surrender to the American troops. Previously the In- ' dians had communicated with local authorities regarding peace terms, but they had been unwilling to place themselves in the hands of the Mexicans. : ’ .i

l6/*’ Heport^of the Secretary of War, 1886-1887. p. 169; R.O.A.G., PostRepygns. August. 1^6" "It appears that Lieu­ tenant Wilder’s command was joined by Lieutenant D.N. Macdonald's troop of Fourth Cavalry at Power’s Ranch, A.T. Lieutenant Lockett’s command was not ordered to the same location in Mexico as Wilder’s ; however; both apparently proceeded to the same vicinity. 240

Meanwhile General Miles had anticipated a possible peace overture from the renegades, who were reputedly de­ moralized, and had ordered Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood to go into Sonora with two frien d ly Chiricahu&s, enter Geron- imo's camp, and demand his surrender. Gatewood hastened to Fort Bowie with his two scouts, where he obtained the neces­ sary animals for the expedition and hired George Wfatton as 165 interpreter, Frank Huston as packer and, later, "Old Tex" 166 Whaley as Courier. He then proceeded into Mexico and joined Captain Lawton to await his opportunity. Therefore, when he learned that the h o stlie s were near Fronteras, Gate- wood moved ahead of the main command, got his scouts into the Indians* camp, and then met them in conference on August 24. At first it appeared that the renegades could not be induced to surrender; however, when Gatewood told them that their people on the reservation were all being sent to Flor­ ida, their opposition melted. The next day the Chiricahuas agreed to meet General Miles near the border for a final sur­ render. - Miles was reluctant to move south to receive the hos- tiles* surrender personally; however, he did proceed to Fort

In November, 1885 while Crook was in command, the quartermaster at Fort Bowie was ordered to employ a G.M. Yfratton as superintendent of pack tr a in s. Arizona Weekly Star. November 4, 1885. 166 Lockwood, The Apache Indians, pp. 297-298. Figure 9. (Jeronimo and Natchez with other renegades at Fort Bowie, September, 1886 (Courtesy of the National Archives)

Figure 10. Scene at the guardhouse after the arrival of Geronimo, September 4, 1886 (Courtesy of the National Archives)

245

Bowie on August 29 and at Lawton's request and upbn learn­ ing that Geronimo was sending his own brother to the fort as

■ ...... 1 6 7 a hostage, he decided to meet the renegades. He le f t Fort Bowie on September 2 with his aid-de-camp, Lieutenant Dapray,’ and a suitable escort; and on the evening of Septem­ ber 3 hejoined Lawton's command at Skeleton Canyon which was located a few miles north of the border. The following day General Miles accepted the Chirlca- ■ -■ • . ■ - '• • • • • . ■ • • huas* surrender, and on September 5 he started for Fort Bowie with an escort of cavalry under Lieutenant Wilder, accom­ panied by Geronimo, Nachez, three bucks, and one squaw. The party reached the post shortly after dark. On arriving at the fort, in order to avoid any disturbance by civil author!- ties, General Miles placed a strong guard around Fort Bowie's extensive reservation. On September 7> Captain Lawton arrived at the post with ...... 1 6 9 the remainder of the renegades. One day later, under

Report of the Secretary of War. 1886-1387. p p . 172- 173; ^Miles^ 0£. c it., p. $19; RT^.O?. . Tost Returns. ; :

5 168 Report of the Secretary of War. 1886-1887. p. 173. Accompanying Lawton and his oaptives were Lieutenant Gatewood, Sixth Cavalry, and Lieutenants Haden and Smiley, Eighth Infantry. First Lieutenant Leonard Wood, who had been ah outstanding member of Lawton's expedition and was A ssistant Surgeon, apparently did not come in with Lawton, although he was at Fort-Bowie in October. R.O.A.G., Post Returns, September, October, 1886. 246

Lawton1s charge, the entire Chirloahua group of twenty-eight persons was escorted from Fort. Bowie to Bowie Station, th ir - 170 teen miles away, and entrained for Florida. The departure of the hostiles occasioned General Miles to describe the scene in his Personal Becollections and Observations: As the procession was about to move from Fort Bowie, the band of the Fourth Cavalry was stationed on the parade ground, and, partly it is to be presumed through sentiment, and partly through derision on the occasion of the final adieu of the troops to the Apaches whom they had been hunting and fighting for so many years, it struck up MAuld Lang Syne.”171 This important occasion in finally ridding the South­ west of the Apache, menace marked the end of an era in the history of Fort Bowie. Now, after twenty-four years of deal­ ing with perhaps the most formidable and warlike Indians of North America, the post was suddenly of little real value.

170 Ralph H. Ogle states that thirty-tw o renegades were escorted from the fo rt to Bowie Station. Ogle, op. oit.. p. 241. Fort Bowie1s Post Returns record the number of hos­ t ile s who le f t September 8 at tw enty-eight. R.O.A.G., Post Returns. September. 1886. It is known that six Indians (three men and three squaws) escaped the night before Lawton reached Fort Bowie. Report of the Secretary of War. 1886-1887. p. 173. General M ilesleft Fort Bowie with Lawton on Sep­ tember 8; however, he was on h is way to Albuquerque, New Mexico instead of to Florida. R.O.A.G., Post Returns. September, 1886. 171 Miles, 0£. c it., p. 527. 247

No longer was it in the midst of a hostile country. And although it was to remain garrisoned for eight more years, its great service to the Southwest was of the past. Figure 11. Geronimo and band leaving Fort Bowie as prisoners of war, September 8, 1886. At l e f t , cemetery where Geronimo*s son, "Little Robe," is buried. (Courtesy of the National Archives) ■■

O n -4- CV 1 *: ■ CHAPTER VI

" V • .* PEACE. AND ABANDONMENT

The final years of Fort Bowie’s existence were accom­ panied hy a gradual revision of military policy in Arizonaw; With the end of“Apache resistance there was little need of a large armed for ce in the territory; however, caut ion was -■ex­ ercised in the reduction of military strength and theaban- , domaent of frontier posts. Six Apaches had escaped while Captain Lawton was escorting the main group of renegades to Fort; Bowie, and although they were seldom to leave their re­ treat in the Sierra Madre, the danger existed of their in­ vading the United States and influencing disaffected Indians from San Carlos to join them. M oreover/for a number of years following the Chlricahuas1 surrender, a few Indians oc­ casionally fled the reservation or escaped from civil au­ th o r itie s . Such minor outbreaks were often exaggerated by citizens who resented any type of military reduction in Ari­ zona. V, - Nevertheless, it soon became apparent to military au­ thorities that r several posts in Arizona could be safely aban­ doned and their garrisons concentrated at larger stations. But in the- case of Fort Bowie, it was realized that its location was on or near a trail which Indians were likely to 251 travel in going into or returning from Mexico. Consequently its disestablishment was not seriously considered until the fall of 1892, and then was not carried out for another two years. Of course, people in southeastern Arizona opposed every move to discontinue the garrisoning of Fort Bowie, and they attempted to give convincing reasons why the post should not be abandoned. They claimed that hostiles still frequented the region and that the fort was the only restraining influ­ ence on their activities. Actually, however, their interest in the retention of Fort Bowie was largely economic. The expenditures of the post and its personnel formed a large per centage of the financial benefits of the surrounding towns and settlements. Before recording the story of Fort Bowie's abandonment, several aspects of the fort's history during its last eight years merit consideration. As in earlier periods, field operations, garrison life, and recreation were all part of service at the post. Activities in the field during the late eighties and early n in eties were more varied for the troops at Fort Bowie than they had been in previous years. Besides hunting for Indian outlaws, the men participated in field maneuvers, pursued robbers, escorted an international boundary survey commission, received President Benjamin Harrison at Bowie Station, and investigated murders and the alleged arming of 252

Figure 12. Physical map of the country surrounding Fort Bowie (Photostatic copy) flu . -1

FORT BOWIE, ARIZONA. 254

Mexican rev o lu tio n ists. :r _ r - • i:v v Following the Ghiricahuas’ removal from Arizona in Sep­ tember , 1886, two small groups of Apaches remained at large. One group under Mangus was s t i l l somewhere in Mexico; and. the other, consisting of the six Indians who had escaped from Captain Lawton's custody, were fleein g toward the Sierra Madre. ; V., .... Through the efforts of Lieutenant 0.P. Johnson, Tenth 2 Cavalry, Mangus; and. his followers were forced out o f Mexico : and on October 18, 1886 the chief and his. band, were in ter­ cepted and captured by Captain Charles LV Cooper,.Tenth Cav­ alry, who had been sent out from Fort Apache. ? ', r : Thus, encouraged by the capture of Mangus, General Miles instructed Lieutenant Johnson to return to Mexico,:apparently with orders to track down;the,other party of hostlies that remained out. - Johnson proceeded to Fort Bowie, where he ar­ rived with a detail of his regiment on November 12. Two weeks later, after-fitting up a pack train and obtaining supplies, he left the post;for_Mexico. Unfortunately, the lieutenant's second journey below the border was not successful. . The: 123

1 Report of the Secretary of War. 1887-1888. n. 94. - Mangus had cut himself off from all contact with Ger- onimo and Nachez during: the summer of 1885;; and, so far as was known, had committed no depredations since that time. Ibid., 1886-1887.-p. 155; Lockwood, The Apache Indians, p.291. 2 Report of the Secretary of War. 1887-1888. n. 158. 3 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. November, 1886. 255

Indians were not captured, nor were they forced back:into the -United S tates. % ':v ; v.: , :: - z ^ ; While the last of the renegades remained in the Sierra Madre, the troops at Fort Bowie had little to do.except to perform th eir usual garrison d u ties. However, .in March, 1887 two parties were sent out from the post to look for signs of host lies. Lieutenant John M. Neall, Fourth Cavalry, led a detachment of ten enlisted men into the San Simon Val­ ley; while Lieutenant James Lockett,.Fourth Cavalry, and ten 4 men scouted in the Sulphur Spring Valley. A lso,:during the month, the heliograph line was temporarily opened between the post and White1s Ranch which was twelve miles from Rucker Canon. v : v. . y r . : y Early in June, a disturbance took place at San Carlos which resulted in a small outbreak. Upon the news of the affair reaching General Miles; troops from Forts Apache, Bowie, Grant, Huaohuca, Lowell and Thomas were ordered to occupy the country through which the Indians would likely pass. June 6, Lieutenants Lockett and Letcher Hardeman with Troop G, Fourth Cavalry, left Fort Bowie to scout in the Chi- rieahua !&>untains and to picket Wood, Pinery and other canyons in the vicinity. On the same day Captain Atram E. Wood and Lieutenant Robert A. Brown with Troop I, Fourth *4 'll--______. ' . 4 Ibid.. March, 1887. No signs of renegades were found by either command. - V;-.-’ V - . rr- 2567

Cavalry, left the post to hunt for the renegades in the Dra- 5 goon Mountains and Cochise Stronghold. Both parties remained out until June 19 without erieoutitering:the fugitives. In the meantime, however, a command under Lieutenant C.P; Johnson n surprised the renegades in the Rincon Mountains, from which 7 point the Indians made their way hack to Sah Carlos where they - . . . V surrendered June 19, 21 and 23. - - ■ ' Although no furtherrtrouble was anticipated from the In­ dians at San Carlos, General Miles considered it important that the troops in his department - should not forget the tae- t ic s of Indian warfare. Therefore, he;ordered fie ld maneuvers to be held in the fa ll. Post commanders wre to occupy their districts of observation by the location of outposts, signal arid heliograph stations, • and) establish oomauhi cat ions with 7 the nearest signal stations of the adjacent posts. Then "raiding" parties from designated posts were to take’ the h field and-attempt to "capture" other posts in the territory. At the same time, the garrisons at these posts were to de- ■:: fend themselves and set out in pursuit of the "raiders."In order to have witnesses present in case any question should arise between the attacking and defending forces, the com­ manding o ffic ers at Forts Bowie and Grant were to send one 7 -7 '':; t-h- ' : i.nv ; v- - v.'v *7 ^ Ibid.. June. 1887. ^ Report of the Secretary of War. 1887-1888.: p.1160. 7 Miles, op. clt^. p. 538. 257 commissioned or non-commissioned officer to accompany the "raiding" party. - - - The maneuvers, which began in September, 1887» were con­ tinued during October and part of November, and embraced an area of almost 300 square m iles. -While the movements were in progress Major Eugene B. Beaumont, :commanding o fficer of Fort Bowie, directed activities ini the District of Bowie. The major's entire garrison, consisting of Troops;C, G and I, Fourth Cavalry, participated in the field operationsj:and ' his troops were led by Captains O.W. Budd and W.A. Thompson 8 and by Lieutenants Neall, Hardeman and H.J.-McGrath. The highlights of the field'maneuvers> as far as they concerned Fort Bowie, were as follow s: On September 21, Troop G succeeded in capturing the "raiding" party from Fort Huachuca. Four daysr later Lieutenants McGrath and Hardeman with a detachment of twenty men from Troop G le f t the post as a "raiding” party. After successfully misleading and - eluding their pursuers, they were finally captured at Pantano by troops from Fort Lowell who had been lying in wait for 9 them. On the whole, the maneuvers of 188? were considered very satisfactory, and General Miles felt that the same' type of field training would be worth repeating -in 1888. During the months which intervened before maneuvers

8 R .O .A .G .P ost Returns. September-November. 1887• :..-T...... : ...... , ■■ - r .■*- ~ -■ ■ 9 Ibid. . September, 1887. 258 were resumed, .commands from Fort Bowie were ordered on- r three different occasions to investigate reports of Indians lurking in southeastern Arizona. Late in February, 1888 a Charles" Gotgkens arrived at the post and. informed the com­ manding o fficer that he had seen four Indians on the morning of the 23rd a few-miles east of Dos Cabezas. Lieutenant: Hardeimn with ten-men of Troop G, Fourth Cavalry, was or--. dered to proceed;to the region:where the Indians had sup-- - posedly been seen. After a careful.investigation, Hardeman ascertained that the alleged Apaches: v/ere tfexican wood chop­ pers.; In June' Lieutenant F.H. Albright, Ninth Infantry, accompanied by a d e ta il of six enlisted;men and two packers, left the post on a reconnaissance of the Chiricahua Moun- 10 tains. Albright was out for almost two weeks, during which time he found no sign ofhostiles. The last scouting party to be sent.out before the resumption of maneuvers consisted of Captain Budd, Lieutenant McGrath, 3and th irty-four men of Troop C, Fourth Cavalry. The command le f t the,post August 2 for the Dragoon Mountains to intercept a few in - toxicated Indians who were thought to be moving south from San Carlos. The troops scouted for more than a: week but,; -: failing to contact any Apaches, they returned to the fort on August 12.

I? Ibid., June, 1888. Lieutenant Albright had the Hotchkiss B.L. Gun with him to test the packing outfit for said gun. ' “ 259

The maneuvers of 1888, which began in September and were continued through November, were somewhat of. a fa ilu re for the troops at Fort Bowie. ; In September"Lieutenant McGrath with thirty-two men of Troops 0, H and K, Fourth Cavalry, _'x: l unsuccessfully pursued a, party of "raiders." During the :x. * • following month Troop C patrolled a ll the approaches to the post until October 28t and.Company. G, Ninth Infantry, pick­ eted the neighboring h i ll s . Then, to the dismay: of the gar­ rison, on October 31 Lieutenant C.P. Johnson from Fort Grant with, twenty-one men o f.the Tenth Cavalry dismounted and sur- 11 prised the post at : noon. ; • : : . : : r ::r ;bv Apparently in November the troops displayed more vigi­ lance in their efforts to avoid the humiliation of a second "capture," for "raiders" were not successful in getting through the patrols and pickets that were again sent out to protect the post. : The maneuvers of 1888 were the la st a c tiv itie s to be: carried:out under the command of General M iles. : On November 24, 1888, Colonel B.H. Grierson became the new commander of 12 the Department of Arizona. / : ; : : v :: * 1 The experience" gained by the troops while participating in mock warfare was put to some p ractical use in: December.

" . ' '- ■ - : '- ' V'. IO ': : I v . v - r : - : ^ Ibid., October, 1888; Arizona Weekly Star, November 22; 1888. “ 12 Report of the Secretary of War, 1889-1890. p. 178. 26b

An Indian prisoner escaped from Fort Grant, and men from several posts were sent out to intercept him. Lieutenants McGrath and R.D. Walsh le f t F ort: Bowie with detachments from ' Troops H and C, Fourth Cavalry. However, w h en itw as learned that the fugitive was near San Carlos, the officers were or- 13 dered to return to the post with their details. ^ . The year 1889 began q uietly in the Department of Arizona and was uneventful until April. Late in that month while 'i Colonel, Grierson was at Bowie; Station, either, .before or after visiting Fort Bowie, he received word that an employee on a ranch at Deer Greek east of the Animal. Mountains near the Mexican lin e had been shot and tortured by about forty Indi­ ans. Grierson immediately directed Major Henry E. Noyes, the commanding officer of Fort.Bowie, to:send a detachment to ascertain and report upon the facts in. the case and, if possible,.■■ to capture the marauders.;; Thereupon, a small com­ mand was dispatched;to the scene of the; murder, only to find that the report had been false. No Indians had been away : from the reservation; none had been;at Deer Creek and, fu r- - thermore, i t was discovered that the ranch worker had been 14 killed by three Mexicans. Attributing crimes to Indians was to be a common and usually unwarranted; practice in the Southwest for many years;

14 Report of the Secretary of War, 1889-1890. p. 181. however, in May, 1889 an event occurred for which Apache outlaws could in no way be held responsible. A paymaster1 s train consisting of Major1 Joseph W.cWham and*eleven sol­ diers was ambushed and robbed' of ' almost $29> 000 betwen- Forts Grant and Thomas by a band of highwaymen. Upon learning of the robbery, troops and Indian scouts were or­ dered out, including detachments of Troops C and H, Fourth Cavalry, from Fort Bowie under M eutenrits McGrath and Walsh, : . 16 respeotively. Swift action followed/ Eleven men were ar­ rested, and in October seven of them were in d ictei by a grand jury. "A t r i a l was then held in Tucson and, although the ac­ cused were identified by members of the paymster^s train, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty. v Following the hunt for robbers in May, the troops at 17 Fort Bowie were relatively inactive until the fall. In September Lieutenants McGrath, Neall and Walsh le f t the post with Troops C and H, Fourth Cavalry, to take part in the maneuvers which were being held near Fort Grant. The fie ld maneuvers of 1889 were conducted in a manner which was some­ what different from that of the two previous years. In 15*17

15 Ib id . , p. 185. : — : - - I6-R.0.A.G., Post Returns. May, 1889. 17 For a week in June, Major Noyes and Lieutenant Neall were on detached service at Rucker Canon, and perhaps they were accompanied by detachments of Troops C and H, Fourth Cavalry. Ibid., June, 1889. 262 proceeding from and returning to their respective posts, the troops marched as if in a hostile country, and disposi­ tion s were made accordingly. However, the principal part of the maneuvers consisted of settin g up an encampment near Fort Grant for four weeks. During this time the soldiers re­ ceived instructions in heliograph signaling, field hospital duty, attack and defense convoys, troop, company and batta­ lion drill, reconnaissances, and field maneuvers. The exer­ cises were very successful, with the exception of two draw­ backs. There was a scarcity of o ffic ers on hand to direct 18 activities and an inadequate supply of water near Fort Grant. During what might be called the "post-Geronimo* years in Arizona, perhaps no other Indian gained more notoriety or caused more apprehension among the citizens than the Apache Kid. The reputed depredations of this outlaw, who was s till at large when Fort Bowie was abandoned in 1894, had been given as one of the main arguments for retaining the post. At any ra te, in November, 1889 while Sheriff Reynolds was transporting the Kid and eight other convicts (including seven Indians and one Mexican) to the Yuma penitentiary, he was overpowered and killed by the prisoners, all of whom 19 made th eir escape. Troops and scouts were at once ordered *19

^ Report of the Secretary of War, 1890-1891. pp. 163- 19 Ibid. , p. 165. One other man who was with Sheriff Reynolds was also killed by the convicts. 263 into the field from San Carlos and Forts Thomas, Grant, Lowell, Hmchuca, Bowie and Apache. Every effort was made to capture or destroy the escaped convicts. Finally three of the fu g itiv es were k ille d in Arizona and the Mexican prisoner surrendered at Florence, thus leaving the Apache -- Kid and three other Indians still at large. ^ U' Despite the fact that four of : the prisoners-remained free, no depredations.occurred in Arizona unt11 the spring: of 189.0, and then there was a question • in the minds of m ili­ tary men as to whether they had been committed by Indians or some ,other parties. ; . C:, . : n , , : On May 24, a man by the name- of Robert Hardie was : - : killed in Rucker Canon. No Information of the murder reached either of the nearest posts, Fort Huachuca or Fort Bowie, until more than two days had elapsed. When notified of the occurrence Lieutenant McGrath with forty men of Troop C, Fourth Cavalry,; left Fort Bowie at once for the scene of the k illin g , where he was presumably joined by a command from . 20 Fort Huachuca. No tr a il was found in Rucker Canon, so the troops moved southward sixteen miles where i t was reported that horses had been sto len . There they found a dim tr a il five days old, which they followed to a point nearthe Mexi­ can lin e where i t was lo s t . The only evidence found near 20

20 Ibid., p. 171; R.O.A.G.. Post Returns. May. 1890. 26k the trail was the carcasses of two horses, although It:was thought that the t r a il might have been made by Indians, pos­ sibly three In number. : ^ ; For the next four months, following the murder of Bardie, troops from Fort Bowie were a ctively engaged in fie ld opera- tions. On June 14, Lieutenant Alvarado M. Fuller and ten men of Troop K, Second Cavalry, le ft:the post for Rucker Canon with orders to establish and operate a heliograph sta- 21 tion there and also to scout the country. Fuller found one man in the region - who claimed that he had seen some Indians, 22 but his statements were very co n flictin g . N evertheless, the lieutenant did not conclude that the vicinity of Rucker Canon was free from Indians u n til he had made a'-: thorough : - scout. ''^v' June 20, Lieutenant Ralph Harrison with twelve men of Troop E, Second Cavalry, l e f t Fort Bowie in obedience to i ': orders to investigate reports of hostile Indians committing 23 depredations in Pinery Canon. :: Harrison explored the area and discovered tracks, supposedly made by Indians, but for some reason was unable to follow them. 3 He, returned to the -

post on June 24* ' -r v i:v -3 .::v In July a new agreement was reached between the United *2223

...... ?^...R.0.A,G., Post Returns. June, 1890. 22 Report of the Secretary Of War. 1890-1891. p. 175•

23 R.O.A.Gr., Post Returns. June, 1890. 3 ., 265

States and Mexico allowing the reciprocal crossing of the - international boundary lin e while in pursuit of h o stile s. At the sane time a special force of scouts with a few men of Troop K, Tenth Cavalry, was organized for service oh the southern border of Arizona and New Mexico under the command 2k of Lieutenant P.H. Clarke, Tenth Cavalry. Clark was given a roving commission to operate actively in conjunction with troops already in the field from Fort Bowie and other posts. He was ordered to pursue, capture or destroy any hostiles : who might -be found near the border; and if it was discovered that the depredations were not being committed by Indians, he was to t r a il the marauders to th eir dens or rendezvous. Clarke was active throughout most of the summer, during which time he used Fort Bowie as his base of operations. The post commander, Major Thomas McOregor, furnished him with ra­ tions and carbines and cooperated in other ways to enable him 25 to carry out his assignment more successfully. Meanwhile, commands from the fort continued to perform their duties in the field. On July 14 Lieutenant Harrison left the post with Troop E, Second Cavalry, to relieve Lieu­ tenant Fuller and Troop K of the same regiment at Rucker Canon. A few days later Captain Custavus 0. Doarie, command­ ing Troop A, Second, Cavalry, was ordered to Cave Creek with

2Zk Report of the Secretary of War . 1890-1891. p. 178. R.O.AVG.. Post Returns. July. August T 1890. 266 instructions to establish a: heliograph station and scout the 26 surrounding country. ; . . ; ; i _ • - ; : ; : ; : - In mid-August the command at Rucker Canon, after four weeks of sending out scouting-parties along the Mexican7line to intercept renegades, was relieved by Troop K, Second ; Cavalry. Accompanying TroopsK from Fort Bowie were Lieuten- 27 ants Fuller and Charles G. Lymn. ; ; Both officers led de­ tachments on.soouts in;the; vicinity o f;their camp at Rucker Canon, and la ter in the month they were joined by Lieutenant Francis (xi; Irwin,: Ir. Wo was sent down to scout along the international boundary l i n e .: : ., : ; Early in September the troops operating out of Rucker - Canon were ordered to break camp and return to Fort Bowie. By the middle of the month they were a ll back at the. post , and the field activities which,had.been going on continu- n i 28 ously since : the spring were , virtually at an end. •; Although

1 26 Ibid.. July. 1890. r : - : : w : b 27 Ibid. , August, 1890. On January 29, 1939 Captain Charles G. Lyman, U.S.A., Retired, returned to old Fort Bowie where he hadbeen stationed in 1890 as a lieutenant of Troop K, Second Cavalry. All that he saw upon his return were the ruins of buildings, their walls "melting earth­ ward." He searched in vain for some familiar spot. Finally his eyes,caught sight of Helen*s Dome. "Trembling; he U pointed his caneiat the.coneshaped•mountain in:the back-. ground: 'She's the same as ev e r.: Always w ill be.'" Keith Humphries, "A S old ier's Farewell," Arizona HighwaysV X7' (August, 1939), 37. r The final activity;of the spring and summer opera­ tions from Fort Bowie occurred in the latter part of Sep­ tember. 7 Lieutenant:Fuller le f t the post on September 20 to estab lish a system of heliograph station s communicating with 267 the troops had been unable to capture any renegades, it Is probable that their scouting had prevented some additional plundering-on the part of the few remaining hostlies. The fa ll of 1890 passed uneventfully for the men at Fort Bowie until December 14 when news'reached the post that two men had been slain:by Indians in the vicinity:of Guada­ lupe GaHon. Lieutenant James J. Hornbrook set out immedi­ a tely with th irty men of Troops A and K, Second Cavalry, to investigate the reported killings. After several days of : : scouting Hornbrook struck an Indian trail, supposed to be that of the murderers. He followed it until lost beyond re­ covery by the Indians.! having made use of broad cattle 'trails 29 and water courses. ; . . '-vv-V .u.-v-'. No Indian disturbances were reported in the: Department of Arizona during the first four months of 1891. Consequently the garrison at Fort Bowie enjoyed a brief respite from ser­ vice in the field. Only once during this period did the men leave the p ost. On April 21 they proceeded to Bowie Station to receive the President of the United S tates, Benjamin Har- 30 risen, and returned the same day. ; : r: .

- ' - -:: - . : •: A:-v. vc:wi .. (cont. ) Fort Bowie and one or more detachments in the v ic in ity of San Bernardino Ranch and Guadalupe Canon. He returned to the Fort September 29. R.0.A.G;; Post.Re­ turns , September , 1890. _ ; . ; I b id .. December, 1890. Lieutenant Hornbrook re­ turned toTFort Bowie on December 25. : - : : . : c: >0 Ibid.. April. 1891. : - ^ - i: : zm

•Late in May a party of renegades mas; again reported to be in Arizona in the vicinity of Eagle Creek. Lieutenant Hornbrook and twenty men of Troop K, Second Cavalry, were' sent out to explore the region:in an effort to capture or destroy any hostile s that they could find. However y by the time the troops reached Eagle Creek, the Indians had long since disappeared. - •' - '• ••':-•' •:- - •' •-• : The repeated failure• of scouting parties to capture or even encounter any renegades during Fort Bowie’s final years was not surprising. In the first place, false rumors of - Indians were frequently circulated by citizens. And/ 'r: secondly, small groups of Apache outlaws experienced little difficulty in eluding military detachments. Nevertheless, commands from Fort Bowie continued to follow up a ll reports of hostlies roaming in southeastern Arizona or southwestern New Mexico. In June and July, Lieutenants Harrison and 31 Fuller led detachments of Troops E .and A, Second Cavalry, on fruitless scouts along tha border. : • - - : ■ During the fall the:troops were again active. In October a few weeks after the new department commander ,-• 32 General Alexander McD. McCook, visited the post, Lieutenants

31 Ibid. . June, July, 1891. Lieutenant Harrison, who was commanding a detachment of Troop E, Second Cavalry, also had two Indian scouts with him. . r i- ; \ 32 ibid.. September, 1891. General McCook was at Fort Bowie on September 26 and 27* He. had relieved Colonel Grier­ son of his command of the Department of Arizona on September 16, 1890. Report of the Secretary of War, 1891-1892. p. 254* 269

Hornbrook and Irwin were out scouting along th© Mexican line with men of Troop E, ; Second Cavalry. - ,; The following month two depredations: were reported to have taken place in Pinery CaSon..On November 27, Lieutenant Harrison and nine men of Troop E,:Second Cavalry, left-the 33 post to investigate the killing of:a Mr.. Daniels,. Two , days later Lieutenant Irwin;set outwith detachments of Troops A and E, Second;Cavalry, and,two % Indian scout s to - -- inquire into the shooting of a man named Downing. Although the findings of Harrison and Irwin are not known, it appears that the reported.shootings in Pinery Canon did not occur, for no mention is made of them eith er: in:the m ilitary rec­ ords or in newspaper accounts of. the. time., . i ■ One of the most important services performed by the garrison at Fort Bowie.in 1892 was the escorting of an In­ ternational Boundary Survey .Commission. In A pril, Lieuten­ ant Irwin was assigned to this duty with Troop A, Second Cavalry, and two■Indian scouts. He remainedwith the sur- 34 vey commission u n til August. However, besides furnishing men for.escort duty, the command at Fort Bowie was required to send out several scout- ing parties in. 1892. The Apache Kid,v^io had. been living in

13 R.O.A.G., Post Returns. November. 1891. Earlier in November, Harris on %had been scouting in the vicinity of ; Rucker Canon. ..y;;-':' v/v 34 Ibid., April-August, 1892. 270 the mountains bordering upon the White Mountain Indian Reser­ vation, came down from his stronghold in May. Before the month ended he was reported to have k illed an Apache woman on the south side of Black River and a young boy, thirty. 35 miles north of Florence. Troops and Indian scouts from several stations were sent out to search for the renegade. Lieutenant Harrison, commandinga detachment; of Troop: E, Second Cavalry, and two:Indian scouts left Fort Bowie on; May 24. to join in the search. He remained out until June 7. Meanwhile the Kid, having eluded all of his pursuers, proceeded to a reservation camp sixty miles west:of Fort Apache and kidnapped a squaw. Word of h is la te s t crime reached Fort Bowie after Lieutenant Harrison had returned to the post; but when it was learned-that the outlaw was pro­ bably moving southward, the lieutenant again took to, the 36 field. He scouted for two days without seeing anything

O f the Kid. ■ ■ No depredations were attributed to, the Apache Kid during

35 Report of the Secretary of. War. 1892-1893. p. 130. , The Kid also made o ff with the daughter of the Apache woman whom he h ad .k illed . The murder of the young boy north of Florence was investigated by lieutenantjFuller before returning to Fort Bowie upon completion of his assignment to temporary duty at San Carlos with Troop K, Second Cavalry^ R.O.A.C., Post Returns: June. 1892; Arizona Weekly S tar. June 23. 1892. 3° R.O.A.G., Post Returns. June, 1892. ^rrison was accompanied by the; same command with which he had scouted in late May and early June. 271 the summer of 1892; however,on August 8 two men were - killed at Davenport *s Rsmoh, twenty jniles south of Separ, New Mexico. Detachments of Troops E and K, Second: Cavalry, and four Indian trailers under the command of Lieutenant Horn- brook were dispatched from Fort Bowie to in vestigate the •, 37 murders., The evidence gathered by Hornbrook was not con­ clu sive. The k illin g s were said to have been committed by a band of eight Indians; yet the agent at San Carlos .reported that no Indians were absent from the reservation on that 38 date, August 8. : r: ; . :, ■ : (hide more in the fall of the year, the elusive Kid made his presence felt in Arizona, and rumors: were circulated - that he had been joined by other renegades. On the after- noon of October 9 a teamster, Florentio Morigarro, in the em­ ploy of E.B. Moore was shot and killed near the latter * s ranch in Rucker Canon. At the time the murder was thought to have been the work of the Kid and h is so-called band, but in later months evidence was uncovered which indicated that the Chiricahuas, who had escaped from Captain Lawton in 1886, . - / • '...... 39 ' ' . were the guilty party. Nevertheless, upon learning of the

37 Report of the Secretary of War, 1892-1893. p. 130; R.O.A. G.. Rosf Ret urns. Augus tT X8’92. Shortly before being assigned to the in vestigation of the murders at Davenport’s Ranch, Hornbrook had been escorting;Major J.P. Baker, pay­ master, to Lang’s Ranch, New Mexico. Ib id . . July. 1892. 33 Report of the Secretary of War. 1892-1893. p. 130. 39 R.A.G., Reservation P ile. McCook to Adjutant General of the Army, March 7, 1894; Arizona Weekly Star, October 20, 1892. ------272 murder of his- employee, Moore hurried to Fort Bowie to in- 40 form the post commander, Major McGregor. c McGregor responded to the' news: by sending out Lieuten­ ant William H. Bean with a detachment:of Troop E, Second Cavalry, and" two privates of Company I, Tenth Infantry, as trailers. Lieutenant Bean proceeded to:the scene of the depredation, which was about thirty miles south of Fort ' Bowie, and took up the trail of the murderers. He followed i t into:Sonora, Mexico but, since the Indians had several good mounts, stolen from ranches along their route, he was 41 unable to overtake them^ 1 ' • . : z : : ; While Lieutenant Bean was returning to the post after his unsuccessful pursuit, two .additional commandsiunder r 42 Captain James N. A llison: and. Lieutenant Fuller were sent out to operate against the Kid and his uncertain number o f’ follow ers. And, in November, Lieutenant Bean was again or­ dered into the f ie ld , as were Lieutenant Hornbrook and F irst

R.A.Gr.,; Reservation F ile. Affidavit by E.B, Moore, ~ December 9, 1893• " ; : - c. Ib id . J A ffid avit by .BjB. Moore, December 9 , 1893; Report of the Secretary of War. 1893-1894. p. 139i - : ; R.O.A.G., Post Returns. October, 1892. Captain Al­ lis o n ’s command consisted of a detachment of Troop E, Second Cavalry, and four privates of Company I , Tenth In­ fantry. Lieutenant Fuller’s command consisted of Troop K, Second Cavalry, and four privates of Company I, Tenth In­ fantry, as trailers. ■ l-. .1 v7. a •273

43 Sergeant Hard. v v. j In spite of the energy displayed by the troopa at Fort Bowie in attempting to apprehend the Kid and other h o stile s, the renegades frustrated all efforts.to capture them, t - Aroused by th is situ a tio n , the War Department renewed th e . agreement of 1890 with Mexico, whereby troops were permitted 44 to follow renegade Indians across the line.In accord -with the renewal, General McCook directed Lieutenant R.B. Wallace from Fort.Bowie to lead an exp ed ition ;into Mexico to track . down the h o stile s, the Kid in particular. ^Furthermore, Wal­ lace was instructed to remain in the field until a capture 45 was e ffe c te d . .Vi:.-.-., x W--, v December 26 the lieutenant began his difficult assign­ ment. He left Fort Bowie with:twenty-seven men of the Second Cavalry and three Indian scouts; with the exception of peri­ odic returns to the post, he ..trailed the hostiles throughout the great er part of .1893 • L However, hi s o ^ r at ions did not *I,

M Ibid. , November, 1892. The commands sent out in No­ vember were as follow s: Lieutenant - Bean, twelve men of Troops E and K, Second Cavalry, and two privates of Company I , Tenth Infantry, as tr a ile r s; ^Lieutenant Hornbrook, ten men of Troops E and K, Second Cavalry, and six privates of Company I , Tenth Infantry; Sergeant Hard, seventeen men of Troops B and I , Second Cavalry, and two privates of Company I , Tenth; Infantry. . . . v r ,= r : . ' 44 Ibid. , December, 1892. 7 45 Arizona Weekly Star. December 15, 1892. " 46 R.o.A.G.. Post Returns.January-July. 1893. Wal­ lace’s field operations continued into August, 1893J however, it is uncertain whether or not he remained in the field 274 result in the capture of any renegades. In July, 1893 while Wallace was still on detached ser­ vice , the Arizona Weekly Star published an account which placed the lieutenant in a ridiculous light and made it ap­ pear that h is command was somewhat n e g lig e n t.' The newspaper stated that apparently Wallace and his "force had no sooner left their camp to go to Tort Bowie than the Indians, who evidently had been camping near'them; proceeded to follow the troops. At the time of writing, the Star predicted that the hostiles were undoubtedly bn the Bowie reservation and that when the men completed their “pay frolic” and returned to th eir camp on the Mexican lin e , the Indians would be found not ten miles --behind them. The paper then noted the recent horse theft by renegades near Rucker Canon and1 concluded by statin gi Tr: :-v ■ :,M. n -. ; : r; There is nothing to hinder their progress as Lieutenant Wallace and command are at Bowie get-, tin g paid for la s t month's work in Uncle Sam's " vineyard.47 , -•V:.-/';. .. vl' ; nr'' ^ - v", r-'.— Notwithstanding the Star's report, which■ appears to have had no factual basis. Lieutenant Wallace’s scouting opera- tions undoubtedly checked renegade activities. The fact

^ (cont.) after that time. The fact that his name was not listed in the Post Returns during the final months of 1893 indicates,- perhaps, that he was s t i l l on detached service in the field. Ibid. , August-Deoember, 1893•

t7. Arizona Weekly Star. July 27. 1893. 275 that there were no depredations committed by Indians within 48 the geographical limits of Arizona during the year 1893 must have been due, in some measure, to.W allace’s work. . Although the command under Lieutenant Wallace was per­ haps the, most important force to operate ou t.o f Fort Bowie in 1893, it was,by, no means the only one. Early.in January, Lieutenant J.S. Winn and Corporal R.W. Parker, Second Caval- ry, were sent on a brief trip to Bonita Canon in compliance 49 to1 ■ . " orders,from■ - - - x.- General - b c McCook. - ' ■ ...... ' " . The - ’ following ‘ r month'• " * Lieu- tenant R.B. Bryan and five men of the Second Cavalry left, the post for Stein’s Peak, New Mexico with instructions to scout in the region for two weeks. w . / ; In the spring a more,- extensive scout was. undertaken by a command from the. fort". Captain Joshua L. Fowler with eleven men of Troop I, Second Cavalry, set out on May 10 to explore the Tonto Basin area of east-central Arizona. After two months of reconnoitering in that part..of the territory without finding,a trace of hostiles, Fowler and his men re- ' - ...... ' ' 50' ' ..... - ...... turned to the post. v ^ - Meanwhile the post commander, Major McGregor, urns: ; again called upon to furnish an escort for the International

^8 r. a .G., Reservation F ile. McCook to Adjutant General of the Army, March 7, 1894. ^9 R.Q;A.G.. Post Returns. January, 1893. 5° Ibid. . July, 1893• 276

Boundary Survey Commission. On June 16 he sent two non­ commissioned officers-and eight privates of Troop B, Second Cavalry, to Nogales to report to the senior offleer in 51 charge of the commission. . • Since 1890, field^maneuvers in-Arizona either,had been omitted or restricted to those posts which were not esp eci­ ally active in ' operating against Indian renegades•. Conse­ quently, Fort Bowie had been exempted from participating in maneuvers; however, in the f a l l of 1893 orders were is sued instructing the command at Bowie to take part in the regi­ mental d r ill and encampment at Fort: G-rant, November 6 to 18. Major McGregor, commanding h is squadron of the Second;Cavalry, le f t for Fort Grant on November 2 and was away from his sta - 52 tion until.November 21. / : ; f.c . i : : In mid-December a report was received by McGregor' in­ forming him that Mexican revolu tion ists were arming them­ selves at Willcbx. The commanding officer immediately sent Captain W.C, Rawolle to investigate the alleged arming, but 53 Rawolle apparently found that the report had been false. . ... As Fort Bowie_ began its final year of existence, the military establishment in Arizona had already-been subjected to great change. Several posts had;been abandoned and even

51 I b id ., June, 1893.: ; ■ ; ' :

4- - Ib id . . November, 1893• '••• c -3 - ; " - ^ ".. .h :' v v i Ibid. , December, 1893. ' ■ ; :: 277 the Department of Arizonaihad ceased to e x ist.h a v in g been replaced by the newly-created-Department of Colorado which consisted of the states of Colorado and the territories of - 54 Arizona, New Mexico,-and Utah. : ; : ' ^ The decision to abandon Fort Bowie in October, 1894 was but one more step in the change and decline of Arizona*s m ili­ tary system. Yet even in the waning months of operation, Fort Bowie was to see some service in the field .: The fact that a few unresigned Indians were still at large necessi­ tated the sending out of an occasional scouting party from the post. On January 26^ 1894 Lieutenant P.D. Lockridge with twenty-five men of the Second Cavalry left the post for a t seven-day scout along the Mexican border. Apparently rumors had been circulated that h o stile s were hovering near:the : boundary line, but Lookridge found everything to be quiet and sa tisfa cto ry . ;■ :w:. "/r I.‘ ' -'.Xi:!;; v-'.:: ' On August 13 i t was reported that the Apache Kid ^ a o -:: companied by Massa (or Masse) and -three other renegade Chiri- 55 oahuas, was seen in the v ic in ity of Ash .Creek, midway.

54 ibid. , July 1893: - Report ■•of. the Secretary of War. 1893-1894. n. 133. On July 1, 1893, the Department of Ari­ zona was abolished and the Department:of Colorado was estab­ lished . General A. MoD. McCook assumed command of the De­ partment of Colorado on July 6, 1893. : i • - : v: -x 55 Report of the Secretary of War, 1895-1896. p. 137. The renegade Massa (or Masse), aChiricahua Apache, had escaped from the band of Gefonimo and Naohez at Spring- field, Missouri while the Chiricahua prisoners were en route to Florida in 1886. : He had made'his way back to the moun­ tains of Arizona. Ibid. , 1891-1892n p. 260. 278

"between San Carlos and Fort Apache, heading - northwest. Scouting parties from Forts Bowie, Apache and Grant were im­ mediately put in motion; hut after a thorough scout of the- country, no indications could be found of the presence of 56 : the Kid or his party, v , If: ^ r. In the meantime,.-however, information reached Fort • - Bowie that the renegades had changed th eir course and were moving south towards Mexico. Lieutenant R.B. Wallace in com­ mand of twenty men belonging to Troop I, Second Cavalry, set out for the neighborhood of Stein's Pass,. New Mexico in hopes 57 of intercepting the hostlies. After scouring the region for more than two weeks without success, Wallace returned to post, having concluded that either the Indians had moved south along a different route or the Information regarding- their movement had hot been correct. • • With the return of Lieutenant Wallace and his command to the post, Fort Bowie’s long history of action and service in the'field was at an end, and within a few weeks the oldest garrisoned fort in Arizona was to be permanently vacated. At this point it is appropriate to give a compendium > of the personnel at Fort Bowie during its closing years.: It will be recalled that at the time of the Chiricahuas’ surrender in September, 1886 the garrison included the Fourth

56 Ibid*» 1895-1897, p. 137.: • - 57 R.Q.A.G., Medical History. August, 1894. Cavalry Band, Troops 0, G- and I , Fourth Cavalry, and Company A, Eighth Infantry, under the command of Major Eugene B. ■ Beaumont. Before the year ended,: the general: staff was re­ duced by the. transfer of. the Fourth Cavalry Band In October 58 and Company A, Eighth Infantry, in Novembers The next alterations in the regular garrison were made during the f a l l of 1887. In September Troop I , Fourth Cav­ alry, left the post for another station and was replaced in 59 October, by Company G, Ninth Infantry. Fort:Bowie’s sta ff of Troops C and G, Fourth Cavalry, and Company G, Ninth Infantry, remained unchanged u n til Sep­ tember, 1888 when Troop G,Fourth Cavalry, was ordered to Fort Lowell. Three months later Major Beaumont and Company G, Ninth Infantry, were transferred to Fort Huaohuca, and in th eir place came Major Henry^E. Noyes as new post commander and Troop H, Fourth Cavalry. Troops C and H, Fourth Cavalry, under the command of Major Noyes continued to garrison Fort Bowie until June, 1890. At that time the entire garrison was ordered to another department while Troops A, E and K, Second Cavalry, were as­ signed to duty at the p ost. Major Thomas McGregor became the new commanding officer of Fort Bowie, a position which he

5®R.0.A.G., Boat Returns, October, November, 1886. 59 Ibid.. September. October, 1887. ^ I b id ., December, 1888. 280

retained until the. post was abandoned in 1894. OL-r.-r Although three o ospariies of the Seoohd Cavalry were sta ­ tioned at Fort Bowie, it soon became necessary for each, troop to take its turn strengthening the rather unsettled .. garrison at San Carlos. In September, 1890 Troop E pro­ ceeded, to San Carlos and remained there until it was re­ lieved by Troop A in March of the following year. . Subse- •: < ; quehtly/-Troop A was replaced at San Carlos by Troop K in : - - % . ' 61 -■ ... October, 1891. : : :: . While Troop K was absent from Fort Bowie between Ooto- ber^ 1891 arid J u n e,‘1892, the post received the temporary ; : ' - - *•: * ' - » ... i • ’ • ■ y * , . .‘a 62 .' : L L: ... i"" .. services of Company C, Twenty-foiirth' Infantry. ' ■ -,.‘C 2' \ • .i.r, b CO. • During the second half of 1892 the general staffiat- : ; .2.2.- 2 -2:2 : Fort Bowie underwent a number of alterations. In August. ; ‘ -- ' - / 2 2. / ; ;.;y , »2.; 22;-.; 2;„. ; .... . ) 63 Troop A, Second Cavalry, was transferred to Fort Wingate, • ■ - . -2 , - ; f ,.. ... 222 L :;-, ;v. 2. from which post Company I, Tenth. Infantry, was ordered to •" . :'2- . 2 ..2 . : .. ;: 2 .2 ' .2'2 Fort Bowie in September. Two months later Troops E and K, :;2 ;--. 2v '.-22:2 12 v -rx:..: :2- 2 Second Cavalry, were ordered to Fort Huachuca to replace .2:2 j.; 2 ',2,; r2':.2 ;::2222 - 2o.; : ; - Troops B and I of the same regiment, which were slimltane- 2-' 2'-; . . ,2.. f:<2 , 64 ously instructed to;take2station: at Fort Bowie. . ■ ; ;;

Ibid., September, 1890; March, October,; 1891. .2 s*} ' ' *'" ' -• * ; ; : 22: ; •- 2; 2/% -;: - ; .. r - Ibid. , October,1891-June,; 1892. c • 22 v. oi Ibid.. August, 1892. Troop A ,,Second:Cavalry, was relieved from escort duty with the International Boundary Survey Commission to proceed by way of Fort, Bowie to Fort Wingate, New Mexico. • 2 2-2 :,;2 2-;..v -22 • ; ^ 2;' :2:2: 2':.2.' 222-, '

Ib id .. September-November. 1892. r , 2 2 ! 281

v The fin a l change in Fort Bowie*s garrison occurred In April, 1893 when Company I, Tenth Infantry, left the post for another station. From that date until its abandonment in October, 1894, Fort Bowie was a two-company post consist* 65 ing of Troops B and I , Second. Cavalry. : c 7 r : . 7.

V.-.-rt Fort Bpwie ? s Post Returns and Medical History record that at different times during the post’s last five years Indian,. Scouts^ from San .Carlos, were stationed at the fort and were used as trailers in scouting operations. In October, 1890 Company F, Indian Scouts,; was attached to the post;and in la te 1892 and early 1893 another Indian company was sta­ tioned. at the post. On most .occasionshowever, between 1890 and 1893 there appear to have been from two to six Indian scouts at Fort Bowie. R.O.A.G.. Post R eturnsJanu- ary, 1890-May, 1894; R.O.A.G., Medical S isto ry . January. 1893.7 ■7 7 7 7--. ;7'. ; 7 : a".;.7 7- '-7:'71 Li 77' 7..7 " Officers who commanded Fort Bowie for short periods of time between 1886 and 1894;and the dates of their- com­ mands were as follow s: Capt. W.A. Thompson, December 1886; Capt.;O.W. Budd, January, April 1887; Capt. Alfred Morton, December 1887, January, May 1888; It. W. Black, August, September: 1889; Capt. G.C. Doane, February: 1891;: Capt. D. C. Pearson, "M&j 1891; It. J.N, Allison, May, June 1892; Capt. W.C. Rawolle, November 1892, May 1893, May and perhaps June and July 1894. R.O.A.G., Post Returns, October, 1886- May, 1894. 7: ; ••.lc- - i 777 7v. 7 7.1:7:7, It is necessary to mention briefly the number of men stationed at Fort Bowie during its final eight years of existence, excluding clerks, mechanics and other non­ military and civilian workers:who fluctuated from about five to forty present at the. post. 7 77:7777 : l lor 7 7 7. 7 In,October, 1886 the troop strength; at Fort Bowie • was 232, including officers and enlisted;men. : During the last two months of the year, the general staff was reduced to 191. In 1887 the number of„soldiers ranged from: 252 in April and 181 in September, with an average for the year of about 170 men. Throughout the f ir s t eight months of 1888, the garrison was;never below 174 by more1thanlthirteen;men; however, in November the post was feducedtoalow of 107. 7'The, number of men. at Fort Bowie;, in' 1889 averaged 124>5• During the succeeding twelve months, the" post had a wide variation of 114 in January and;213 in :June;: the -. average for this period was approximately. 150.. The: high for 1891 was, 186 in September, and the low was: 132r in,August..;; In 1892 the fort maintained a relatively,stable garrison; 282 Throughout the years of Fort Bowie’s d eclin e, matters pertaining to construction and maintenance, supplies, and communication were important features of garrison l i f e which, of course, constitutes an essential part of the fort’s h istory. Y/hile plans were underway in the late 1880s to abandon a number of posts in Arizona, it was generally felt that Fort Bowie would possibly have to be retained in d efin itely because of its strategic location. In accord with this feel­ ing, funds amounting to §15,000 were provided in 1888 and 66 1889 to improve the physical condition of the camp. The money allocated for the improvement of Fort Bowie was put to use in the following manner: additions and re­ pairs were made to some of the buildings; the water supply was increased; the system of surface drainage at the post was partially replaced by the laying of sewer pipes; and a - large" and expensive hospital was built on the side of a 67 mountain commanding a fin e view of the San Simon V alley. *6667

(oont.) of 170 to 196 men, only dropping below 170 in August when the general staff numbered 128. For the first three months of 1893 the garrison averaged 177 sold iers; but from A pril, 1893 u n til the post was abandoned in October, 1894, the total troop strength appears not to have exceeded 130 nor to have gone below 116. Ib id ., October, 1886-May, 1894. 66 Report of the Secretary of War, 1889-1890. p. 189. 67 Ibid., p. 189; R.O.A.G., Medical History, March, April, 1#9T The extensiveness of the improvement program at Fort Bowie can be shown in part by pointing out that in November, 1888 nine railroad cars of lumber arrived for use at the post and that contracts were let for making 40,000 Figure 13. Diagram of Fort Bowie in the 1890s (Photostatic copy) r J. r > ». >e ». > vKtixt. l 1 NtJ l 1 mi U n - nt p nt - !Oc !\t I* K tlr t t tlr K (.Itorte * I* >\t Kn. < m i< ' le Kn. t 3. If. Wt) i kl v * f»L» V’ - V’ f»L» * v kl i Wt) If. 33. ji c b}- 11 *• l l (hit *• 11 b}- 33. c ji 5? t 5? . ^ H*tt l Kot St 3 C. 3 J I ■ yitk ss k* It I t <• t. >l< % >l< t. <• t I It k* ss yitk ■ I J i*.. t^lA. $l«r i k ta -‘. 2 L C v w’11 t w r r w t w’11 L v 2 C 2 2 11. tii* i v k 11 11 k v i tii* 11. — ^. (& w h. t t h. w V (& ^. — 1$. C.mmurvlirel^ Ctr Ut' Ctr C.mmurvlirel^ 1$. ll rt 2". r». S C v Qw.It XC> Cr t* 4* r kA. H f K b l b K f H kA. r 4* t* Cr XC> U.*+M « Xiv X K z -— « « -— • ••••* ••••* • Vt ^ 1 cL a 1 ^ Vt

r l t r C;e.». I fj, ^ > - 1 Fort BouzievJrizona. | L, V V | L, U I' B«rf* 6Ks (.C•>r 1 (.C•>r 6Ks B«rf* I' ll| tin T r » „ K S S K „ » r T ll| tin . to. K t l c k l r t i c «f «f U * Xtlck*.*. li t , I*» SuW »nl»’fwtt 5 t »r t k«» i . k«» t SuW»r t »nl»’fwtt I*» 5 II. II. Aw-lh k i e t ltl^. tw r \K» I t . ra. G •3 OUX.t|.U »v /$■ II. L tl K«wlk. L II. if % I C It 1 l6T 1 » ' . i t 11 ■ v f *. t H $ $ H t . *. ) ■ f t v 11 U J L y ' 285

The only.;important oversight in the building and re­ pairs program appears to have been the fa ilu re to construct any new barracks for the enlisted men, or at least.to reno­ vate and enlarge some of. the old ones. From the middle of 1890 u n til orders to abandon the fort were announced a few years later, the need for new and larger troop quarters was frequently brought to the post commander's attention. How­ ever, l i t t l e was done except to build an addition to one bar­ racks building and make unavoidable repairs on the rest. The job of keeping Fort Bowie well furnished with sub­ sistence and other necessary stores presented no serious problems from 1886 to 1894. The fa ct that the post was only a short distance from the railroad at Bowie Station meant. : that it could be quickly and cheaply supplied. In addition, an ice machine was put into operation at the fort in August, 68 1887, and from that time on the spoilage of perishable foods was reduced to a minimum. As in earlier times, however, the bill of fare at the 69 post occasionally brought forth complaints, most common of which were the poor quality of beef and the scarcity of

6? (cont.) adobes for construction work. Arizona Weekly Star, November 22, 1888. R.O.A.Gr., Post Returns. August, 188?. In 1886 complaints were frequently heard regarding . the poor bread served; however, the bread was soon improved after a new and larger bake oven was installed and efforts to obtain a higher grade of flour were successful. R.O.A.G., Medical History. October-December, 1886. 286 fresh vegetables. The inferior grade of beef was attributed to the fa c t that the price paid for i t was too low to ob­ tain a good quality, and also that the cattle usually were driven fifty to seventy-five miles without food and were scarcely fed after reaching the post. The lack of fresh vegetables was hardly the concern that it had been in pre­ vious years. Seldom after 1886 was there a time when no fresh vegetables were on hand, even though the post no long­ er enjoyed the produce of its own garden. Yet while fault could be found with the rations, they were actually ample 70 in quantity and essentially well-balanced. In considering the overall supply situation at Fort Bowie, mention must be made of the water shortage which de­ veloped about a year after the supply had been increased and which later became a factor in the decision to abandon the post. An insufficient amount of water for the needs of the fort was first reported in June, 1890. From that time on the supply continued to be limited save for relatively short periods following heavy rains. By July, 1891 Bear Springs, from which water was pumped to serve the whole camp, had become so low that it was necessary to begin hauling water 70

70 it wag customary at Fort Bowie for each troop to use its Troop Fund to supplement the regular issue of food rations by purchasing from the post commissary or other sources extra quantities of b eef, canned goods of a ll kinds, fresh vegetables, butter, lard, and many other small arti­ cles. Ibid.. July, 1893. 287

71 in wagons from a spring west of the post. The water trans­ ported in this manner was emptied into two reservoirs and then distributed to the buildings through the regular system of pipes. Although the new source of water compensated for the failure of Bear Spring to provide a sufficient quantity, its supply was so heavily taxed that by the spring of 1893 Fort Bowie’s water shortage was more critical than ever. For several days during May, 1893 less than 4,000 gallons could be obtained in a twenty-four hour period from the spring west of the post. This small amount of water was required to supply 135 to 150 people, besides a steam engine and an ice machine. Needless to say, if a fire had occurred at this 72 time as one did in 1887, it is probable that the entire camp would have been destroyed in spite of all efforts that could have been made to save i t . 7172

71 Bear Spring was located east of the post. Until the spring became too low, water was collected from it in a reservoir at the pump house and pumped from there into the largest reservoir above the post; from this it was allowed to flow into the lower reservoir, and from the two a system of pipes conveyed the water to the various buildings of the post. R.O.A.Gr., Medical History. July, 1891; July, 1893. 72 on October 20, 1887 a hay stack in the hay corral caught fire, and only by the prompt and efficient work of the garrison and the fortunate calm was the post saved from great danger and loss. (In October,1893 another fire broke out, destroying part of a building used as a bar room by the Post Exchange. Fortunately at this time, water was available to fight the fire.) R.0.A.G., Post Returns. October, 1887; October, 1893. 288

The severe plight which existed at Fort Bowie as the summer of 1893 approached caused Gteneral A. McD. McCook, commanding the Department of the Colorado, to fear that the troops would have to be removed. However, by prohibiting general bathing and practicing strict economy in every other 73 way, the garrison managed to survive its crisis. In July, Bear Spring had recovered sufficiently to fur­ nish water to the engine, or boiler, and to make ice, thus relieving the west spring of part of its burden. Still regu­ lations governing the use of water had to remain in force until the fa ll when the supply became plentiful by virtue of copious rains. And fortunately, in April, 1894 before the rainfall supplies had been exhausted, a large stream of water was struck at Bear Spring. The garrison was now,as­ sured of a sufficiency of water, at least until late summer, and as matters proved, the post was never again to experience 74 a scarcity of water. - Among the aspects of garrison life closely connected with the operation of old Fort Bowie, communication requires 7374

73 During the critical water shortage at Fort Bowie, the post surgeon recommended that water from the spring west of the fort be boiled before being used. A spring north of the post was used at this time for the horses and mules, but was considered dangerous for human use. R.O.A.G., v Medical History. May, June, July, 1893* 74 Ibid., July, August, 1894. In the summer of 1894 a series of1 good rains insured a full flow in Bear Spring for probably a year. The post was abandoned in October, 1894. 289 the least discussion. The post continued until the end to enjoy the services provided by the Southern Pacific Railroad and post office at Bowie Station, in addition to the stage 75 line running daily from the latter point to the fort. In the late 1880s, and perhaps even in the 1890s, mail was car­ ried directly between Port Bowie and Port Huachuca by sol­ diers employed for th is purpose. On one occasion in Septem­ ber, 1887, a soldier from Fort Bowie, Private William C. Drake, was mysteriously murdered while carrying mail between 76 the two posts. The only significant innovation made in the fort!s com­ munication system after 1886 was the establishment of a tele­ phone line between the camp and Willoox, Arizona. The line was erected in 1890 and was intended to replace the tele­ graph as the p o st’s only means of rapid communication with 77 the outside world. Important as matters related to building, supplies, and communication were to the adequate functioning of Port Bowie, 757677

75 in 1890 Don Alger was running the stage lin e to Fort Bowie. Arizona Daily Star, January 19, 1890. 76 R.O.A.G-., Post Returns. September. 1887: Arizona Weekly Star. October 6. 1887. 77 Arizona^Daily Star, April 1. 1890* In October, 1894 shortly before Fort Bowie was abandoned, Lieutenant P.D. Lockridge with a detachment from the post was tearing down the telegraph line from Fort Bowie to Willoox. Ibid.. October 18, 1894. — 290 they do not present a well-balanced picture of life at the post from 1886 to 1894. During these years the soldiers* camp routine was similar to what it had been in former peri­ ods. Definite times were set aside for such compulsory activities as drills (mounted for cavalry and on foot for 78 infantry), inspections, rifle practice, caring for the cavalry horses, cleaning quarters, and policing the grounds. Furthermore, the men were obliged to supply much of the la­ bor for construction and repair work at the fort and to take 79 their turns performing kitchen duties. In an effo rt to meet the educational needs of the troops, time was made available for the men to attend the 7879

78 Because of the uneven surface of the ground about Fort Bowie, drills were held in an area about one and a half miles from the post. Report of the Secretary of War, 1891- 1892. p. 256. .V™ — 79 The men at Fort Bowie were held responsible for the laundering of their clothes. Since there was no regular laundry at the post, the en listed men usually depended upon the wives of other enlisted personnel for laundry work. R.0.A.G-., Medical History, July, 1893. An unpleasant aspect of garrison life arose from the presence of an Indian Company at the post in the late months of 1892 and early 1893. Many of the Indians drank heavily when the opportunity presented itself and then engaged in wild brawls. Nineteen squaws had accompanied the Indian Com pany from San Carlos to Fort Bowie, and they were reportedly filth y beyond description and an important reason why l i t ­ t le progress could be made with members of the company. Great difficulty was encountered in getting the Indians to bathe, for prior to enlistment in the service it was not ous tomary for them to bathe themselves during the winter season Nevertheless, to improve th is situ ation , the post commander ordered details of the company to bathe under the supervi­ sion of a non-commissioned officer. Ibid., January, 1893. 291 post schools. The schools were under the supervision of the 80 post chaplain or one of the commissioned officers, and.in­ struction was given by men selected from among the enlisted personnel. Attempts were made to assign a teacher to each:: troop, but frequently there was only one enlisted man.at the post competent enough to teach the whole garrison. - ; . During the 1890s, an educational program was; conducted . for a ll of the o ffic ers in the Department of Arizona -(and th e.la te r established Department of the Colorado). The of­ fic e r s at Fort Dowie participated in the;:prograun,rwhich, con­ sisted of choosing military subjects to be considered in class meetings and then of writing essays on the.topics studied to 81 be' submitted to the department commander. ;; r . i I. . Garrison l i f e would probably not have been normal at: Fort Bowie after 1886 if there had hot been some cases of desertion. As in the past, there was a small group of dis­ satisfied individuals who preferred to risk the consequences of deserting rather than to endure the unpleasantries of

'8 0 port Bowie had the services of Post Chaplain John D. Parker for a few months in 1891. This was the only.instance in the history of the garrison of a chaplain’s being on duty at the. post. R.O.A.G., Post Returns, January-Wroh, 1891. :.Vv...... v :j .:- , _ : o./.-n- . ;r ■; : 81 Ibid.y November, December.11891:: Report.of the Secretary of War, 1893-189A. p. 136;-: 1894-1895. P. 14^7 : ■ The: officers' educational program was referred to as a "lyceum." One offleer always served as secretary!of the lyceum. Field officers apparently acted as instructors. Some of the subjects taken up by the officers at Fort Bowie were Field Engineering, Drill Regulations, and Minor Tactics. 292

82 outpost service; ' • Although the years following Apache opposition in Ari­ zona found the men at Fort Bowie relatively active in per- foriaing their garrison and field duties, a good deal of free time was available to them. The ways in which this time was put to use varied somewhat according to the circumstances under which the soldiers lived at the post. The married men, who were influenced by the presence of their wives, usually spent their off-duty hours enjoying moderate forms of recreation such as visiting and entertaining friends. On the other hand, the majority of soldiers, who were not re­ strained by family ties, devoted much of their spare time to drinking, gambling, and seeking female companionship. The post canteen (or exchange}, which replaced the post trader's 83 store in 1890, was a favorite gathering place for the men. Here they had facilities for drinking beer, gambling, and playing billiards. ;-

r ; 82 2?ppm September, 1890 to September , 1891 six deser­ tions took place at Fort Bowie. This figure probably repre­ sents a high for any twelve-month period after September, 1886. Report of the Secretary of War. 1891-1892. p. 121. ^ In 1890 the system of post traders was largely abolished throughout the Department of Arizona, and i t was replaced by Post Exchanges which were established at many of the military stations. Ibid.,1890-1891, P* 16. In the spring of 1890,TMr. Thomas Chattman resigned his_position in .the post trader's store at Fort Bowie; and during the summer of 1891 Mr. S.R. Belong, who had been the post trader-at Bowie,.rsoldrhis real estate at the post. Arizona Daily Star. March 23. 1890; Arizona Weekly Star, August 2), 1891. 293

The popular pastime of drinking was one In which the soldiers frequently indulged too heavily, with the result that drunkenness and brawls were common among them. Early in the 1890s the troops began the practice of drinking large quantities of cold beer every morning during their free ....,. hour. This habit prompted the post commander to order that 84 ■ the canteen remain closed each day until after .11 A.M. • ...... however, his order did little to,reduce beer consumption at the fo r t. The. men were s t i l l to have more than enough time to visit the exchange. In fact, during the three months , ending January 31, 1893 there, were 10,000 b ottles of beer sold at the Post Exchange to members,of the garrison, which 85 at that time consisted, of only two companies. . ; Despite the men’s obvious fondness of beer, they, were perhaps even more partial to liquor which could be readily purchased, so long.as their pay lasted, from neighboring. ranches. Most of the places from which the men obtained their strong drink were just off the m ilitary,reservation and were actually no more than cheap saloons. At lea st one of them, on the way to Bowie Station, .was classified as a ”hog ranch” (the term used at Port Bowie since the early 1880s to denote a combination saloon and house of prostitution). The post surgeon was greatly concerned- over the men spending t h e ir ,>

' ■ ' ... •• ------— ------• . 1 V o r*- >:'C.v; •■■■ R.O.A.Gr., Medical History. August, 1890. Ibid., January, 1893. free hours at this establishment, for a number -of them were contracting venereal diseases. Nevertheless, no serious ef­ fort was made to close the place or prevent the soldiers from frequenting it. v ; ; : . • Though it might appear that off-duty:time at Fort Bowie was spent almost entirely.in dissipation, such was not the case. The men engaged in several healthy and worthwhile"ac­ tivities, among which were reading, sports, and social func­ tions. The library maintained at :the post, .although of in­ sufficient capacity, contained enough books and magazines to interest the soldiers and afford them hours of recreation. :v;... Participation in sports was quite high, notwithstanding the disadvantages of uneven ground surface around the:post and the absence of any gymnastic facilities.-According to a medical officer at Fort Bowie, the men were believed to be more vigorous physically than the average, and he attributed 86 this largely to their cultivation of athletics. One of the most popular sports among the garrison was i baseball. During the 1890s a:ball club-was organized to play teams from Fort Grant, W illoox, and possibly other places within reasonable traveling distance of the fort. A baseball game played at Willooz:in July, 1894 between the post team and the lo ca l nine was reported in the Sulphur Valley News. The final score in the contest was Willcox 21, Fort Bowie 20;

ibid., August, 1894. v ; 295 however, "the game closed with an inning yet to the credit of the Willcox team, but with the game already won, they 87 gave it up as an unnecessary advantage.M The loss suf­ fered by the Bowie club no doubt was p a rtia lly o ffse t by the fact that through the courtesy of two Willcox citizens "the 88 boys were supplied with liquid refreshments." Fort Bowie’s so cia l a c tiv itie s were greatly.enhanced by the officers1 and enlisted men’s wives who were-present at the post. The-ladies planned parties for their respective groups and generally added assistance'and refinement to all social undertakings. Perhaps a good example of a gala so cia l event at Fort Bowie was the ball given on January 3, 1890 by members of Troops C .and H, Fourth Cavalry. The a ffa ir was well attended and such a success that plans were made to re- 89 peat it in February. ^ . -"■■■ Overshadowing every other h isto r ic a l aspect of Fort Bowie’s concluding years was the controversial, though suc­ cessful, movement to abandon Arizona’s oldest garrisoned p ost. The f ir s t indication that Fort Bowie was marked for eventual abandonment came, oddly enough, before the fort’s important role had been played in forever ending-the Apache menace. In March, 1882 General W.T. Sherman made a tour of

^ Sulphur Valley News. July 31. 189A. . i ; ■ 1 88 ibid., July 31, 1894. 89 Arizona Daily Star. January 19. 1890. 296 inspection of military posts in the West. After-visiting the posts in Arizona, he reported that Fort Bowie was obso- 90 lete and ought to be abandoned. Needless;to say, the serious renegade troubles of the mld-»1880s proved that Gen­ eral Sherman's views regarding the state and"disposition of Fort Bowie were premature. -: ' ;c ' With the conclusion of the Geronimo episode, the time > soon came when a large number of posts:in Arizona could be and were abandoned. However, there was no-hurried plan to evacuate Bowie, as Sherman had proposed in 1882. In fact, ^ Colonel Grierson, commanding the Department o f Arizona, stated in his annual report of 1889 that so long:as there was any probability of trouble with the Indians, it would be neces­ sary to retain and strongly garrison Fort Bowie because of its strategic location. Moreover, he recommended: that the post be increased to three troops of ■ cavalry and one company 91 of infantry. rr ^ v Grierson’s successor, General:Alexander MoD. McCook, while seeing no necessity for increasing Fort Bowie’s troop strength, continued to believe for a time that, the garrison was worth retaining. In 1891 he remarked that the post was 92 ’’well situated for the work required of: it ,? " and that the

90 Report of the Secretary of War. 1882-1883/ 0/ 10. : 91 ibid.. 1889-1890 . p. 189. u: 92 Ibid. . 1891-1892.- p. 256. ;; : ■ c : . - 297 mountains around Bowie made i t an important heliograph sta ­ tion for the surrounding country. Nevertheless, By the fa ll of 1892 General McCook had decided that the fort was no lemger of great military impor­ tance; He suggested to his superiors, therefore,.that with permanent peace obviously established,: Fort Bowie could join the other posts in Arizona which had already been:abandoned. No action followed McCook's suggestion, however, and the gen­ eral did not stress the matter of Fort Bowief s abandonment ■' * . .■> } - •• ' — until the next year. In response to a high; level request for information regarding the advisability of abolishing the post, General McCook directed a letter to the adjutant general*s o ffic e , dated September 8, 1893 in which he gave h is reasons for believing that the garrison was no longer needed. : i.'~ • He declared that the special use of Fort Bowie as a station apparently ended when the Chiricahua Apaches were.re­ moved from Arizona. Acknowledging the fact that a few Indi­ ans were still at large and occasionally crossed over from ‘ Mexico on quick raid s, the general expressed the view that - the further occupation of Fort Bowie could have no a ig n ifi-: cant influence in preventing this small group of renegades from entering the United States. He went on ito say that the forts being fifty-five miles nearer the Apache raiding area than Fort Grant. was hardly of consequence when compared with the good for abandoning the post. McCook noted that the greatest economy had to be exercised in the use of water in 298

order to continue the garrison there. And in conclusion he w rote: : v '.v Forts Bayard, Grant, and Huachuoa offer good protection to the country subject to raids, and at most troops w ill be but forty-eigh t hours -.... longer in arriving at any point than if stationed , at Fort Bowie. 93 y - General McCookTs letter to the adjutant general1s office had two important and almost immediate re su lts. F ir s t, the general’ s recommendation to abandon Fort Bowie received the - approval of the War Department and only awaited word from: the secretary of the interior that no serious objections to it existed before being carried out. Second, the contemplated withdrawal of Fort Bowie’s garrison aroused strong opposi-: tion to the move among citizens of Arizona, headed by the te r r ito r ia l governor, L.C. Hughes, and some newspaper ed l- •, tors., ./. ■ ^ -I. : " 1 y Thus the controversy over whether to abandon or retain Fort Bowie had begun; While General McCook believed that the post, having lost its value, should go for the sake of-mili­ tary efficiency and economy, the people of southern and east­ ern Arizona felt just as strongly that it;should continue to be maintained. :The citizens of this area were anxious, of course, not to .lose,

93 r .a .G.. Reservation F ile. McCook to the Adjutant General, XJ.S. Army, September 8, 1893. 299 to have been sincerely convinced that the security of their region hinged on the retention of the post. - The principal arguments used by those favoring Fort • Bowie’s retention were as follows: the fort was in the im­ mediate vicinity of the Apaches’ old stronghold which was on the direct trail from the San Carlos reservation to Mexico; discontented Indians were still known to leave the reserva­ tion and escape into Mexico; the Apache Kid and his followers continued to remain at large; depredations were s t i l l being committed on both sides of the international boundary lin e ; other posts, and especially Fort Grant, were far too distant to protect the region of Arizona most frequently attacked by renegades; and, fin a lly , the abandonment of F ort;Bowie would make that vast section of-country east and west Of the Chiri- cahua Mountains even more unsafe than i t already was 1 :Al­ though many of the above reasons seem to have been highly exaggerated and hardly a representation of-the true facts, they did provide suitable propaganda in the campaign to keep Fort Bowie in ta c t. . As soon as it was learned, in September, 1893> that the y l: War Department was planning to abandon the p ost, effo rts were, quickly made, to prevent such action from being taken. Governor Hughes, who™was in Washington a t :the time, person­ a lly went to* work-to have the War Department’s decision 94 reconsidered. . Besides? consulting government a u th o rities, he filed an official protest complete with reasons for so doing, and urgently requested that the removal of the gar­ rison be postponed at least until the Apache Kid and “his band" were captured or destroyed. ; ? . - Meanwhile, newspapers such .as the Arizona Weekly Star carried articles dramatically^ expressing the danger of dis*- continuing Fort Bowie and recommending;that public; meetings be held to pass resolutions against the proposal of the War 95 Department, and that they be telegraphed to Washington. The result of protests being registered by Governor Hughes and Arizona citizen s was to have action directed toward the abandonment of Fort Bowie suspended until a ll pertinent evi­ dence could be gathered from people in the territory. .In an effort to substantiate further the necessity for retaining the post, Governor Hughes had a number of a ffid a v its and statements of persons in Graham and Cochise counties prepared to be sent on-by him to Washington. :The material contained in these documents was intended to a tte st the oc­ currence of certain Apache depredations in southeastern 96 Arizona during portions of 1892 and•1893. ?.

% Arizona Weekly S tar. October 12, 1893. 95 Ib id , , September 28; October 5, 12, 19, 1893. . 96 R.A.G., Reservation F ile . Hughes to J. Donald Camer­ on, U.S. Senate, February 3,■ 1094; Hugues to Secretary of War, February 7, 1894. 3 0 1

After all of the data in support of the protest against the abandonment of Fort Bowie had been submitted to the War Department, they were referred to General McCook for his final:remarks and observations. McCook, who had previously alleged that the people, led by Governor Hughes, were moti­ vated primarily by financial considerations in objecting to the fort1 a disestablishment, refuted most of the statements in the material: sent to him regarding Indian dangers and - atrocities in southeastern Arizona. Singling out Governor Hughes, the general asserted: . :: r . :: Naturally enough the governor objects to the removal of troops from the territory. Fort Bowie • has been a hospice for the people of that dis- . . : trict of Arizona; the medical officers and hos­ p ita l have been much in demand.97_ , ^ Despite General McCook*s apparent success in. exposing flaws and ulterior motives in the case of those'opposing the withdrawal of troops from Fort Bowie, h is recommendation to abandon the post Immediately: was not accepted. In Mar oh ^ 1894 the War Department informed Governor Hughes, and in April General McCook, that after due consideration it had been decided in the interest of economy that the garrison 98 at Fort Bowie would remain for the present. The hews that the people of southern."Arizona were. s till

97 ibid;, McCook to the AdjutantvGeneral, March 7, 1894. Ibid. , Acting Secretary of War to Hughes, March 27, 1894; Adjutant General to McCook, April 3, 1894. 302 to enjoy the fort‘a protection was received with great sat- iafaction. Indeed, it appeared to the Arizona public that Governor Hughes and h is supporters had won a notable^vic­ tory over McCook, who would have deprived the territo ry of a necessary defense. ■ : ir ;.v i , - ,. j-r-.; Neyertheless,the contented and proud feeling of know­ ing that Fort Bowie:would be retained was destined to be short-lived. In September, 1894 .General McCook repeated his. recommendation that the post-be abandoned and added; by way ■ ; • ' v v ;; 'L r:: - V 'y j . ' v " " ":N ; Or r • > of implication^ that the troops at Fort Bowie were urgently needed in Colorado because of serious unrest existing there. Apparently the War Department was su ffic ie n tly impressed'by ; - - : ------ooot- .0. '.-r -■ , : .o;.; O'- 00- the information accompanying McCook*s recommendation, for approval was quickly given to evacuate the old fort. Amid the last futile protests against the government’s announced intention to abandon Fort Bowie,:plans were hurried to com­ pletion to withdraw the troops and to send them on to Colo­ rado. % O ' : Cl : On October 17, 1894 Troops B and I^ Second[Cavalry, marched out of Apache; Pass on their way:to Fort :Logan.

^9 Report of the Secretary of;War, 1894-1895;;d p . 140- 141. "cr •*■9® Although it was fir st planned that „the troops march the 716 miles to Fort Logan which was ten miles from Denver, Colorado, the men apparently travelled by rail:from Bowie S tation . The shipment from Bowie Station to F o r t : Logan supposedly included 118 men, 110 horses,: mules and pack o u t f it s , and nine women and children. Fort Bowie and the remaining government property at the post were le f t in 303

Within a few weeks the Fort Bowie M ilitary Reservation was 101 to pass into the hands of the Department of the In terior. The long, eventful history of Fort Bowie was princi­ pally the history of the conflict between the Americans and the powerful and warlike Chiricahua Apaches. From beginning

(oont.) charge of a c iv ilia n engaged for the pur­ pose. The ice machine and other machinery at Fort Bowie were to be sent on to Fort Grant; and the quartermaster from the latter post was sent to Fort Bowie during the last week of October, 1894 to select other property which could be put to good use at Fort Grant. Arizona Weekly Star, October 11, 1894; Sulphur Talley News. October 24, 25, 1894. The abandonment of Fort Bowie, which occurred dur­ ing the Democratic administration of President Grover Cleve­ land, brought forth the following comment, from the Sulphur Talley News; "For once;it can’t be said ’the Republicans did i t .’ Fort Bowie was occupied and maintained by succes­ sive Republican administrations, but iti has been abandoned by the Democrats. The Lord only knows how many more of our people are to fill bloody graves Sulphur Talley News.- October 3P * 1$94* ; • ’ • ■ . • ■ ipi In accordance with an Act of Congress, Inly 5» 18^4.providing for the disposal of abandoned military res­ ervations, Fort Bowie was transferred to the Secretary of. the Interior;by General Orders No. 63, Adjutant General’s office. The date on which Fort Bowie was relinquished to the Department of the Interior is questionable. The War De­ partment records indicate that the post was transferred to the Department of the Interior on November 14, 1894. Ac- cording to the Arizona Weekly Star and the Interior De- partment, the fort was relinquished by the War Department on November $1894# Finally, a letter from the War Records Office in Washington,discloses that the Fort Bowie Military Reservation was transferred to the Secretary,of the Interior on November. 20, 1894• Report^of the Secretary of 1895-1896. p. 342; Report oj the Secretary of_the Interior. 1896; pp. 100, 103;., . Letter from the .Warltecprds Office, Washington, D.C., February.19, 1948; Arizona- Weekly Star. December 13, 1894. - — - • ; ; ^ : Ike. remains of;soldiers buried in the post ceme­ tery at Fort Bowie were removed to the San Francisco Nation­ a l Cemetery in March, 1895. L e t t e r from the War Records Office, Washington, D.C., February 19, 1948. to end, Port Bowie was in the center of this struggle, and upon its conclusion experience demonstrated that the post

' 102 had lost its military importance.

:: '

: - - v

"When diff iculties arose with the Apaches in the ^. spring of 1896 General Nelson A. Miles, commanding the Army of the United States, urged the re^coupaney of Fort Bowie and Camp Rucker: (in White Riyer Canon, forty-two miles -vTi.-,, south of Fort Bowie). As a result, the Secretary of War asked and received permission from the Department of the In­ terior to reoocupy the Port Bowie reservation. By this time (June, 1896), however,; plans had been made for supply­ ing the troops in the field from Bisbee, Arizona. Report of the Seoretary of War. 1896-1897. on. 4, 141-142; Letter - from the War Records Office, Washington, D.C., Pebruary 19, 1948. , On June 20, 1911 the Port Bowie Military Reserva­ tion was sold at public auction in"Phoenix, Arizona by the United States Land Office officials at the house of B.W. Getsinger, auctioneer in charge. Squatters on the reserva­ tion bought their holdings at from f1.25 to #2.50 per acre, and there were ho other bids. In all there were fifty-nine tracts sold. The landowners did not bid in competition of each other. Arizona Daily Star. June 15. 1911: Tucson Citizen. June 21. 1911. Late in 1949 Joe and Anna Mae Riggs Schaffer sold their ranch on the former Port Bowie Reservation to T.D. ; Shown. The w riter,■who visited the aforementiohed ranch, which embraces part of old Fort Bowie, while i t was s t i l l in the possession of the Schaffers, recalls that the ranch house is located about:a mile below and east of the Fort Bowie ruins. Incidentally, the ruins of the old post, which still stand on the summit of a flat-toppedThill, can:be• ; readily reached by driving south from Bowie, Arizona on the Apache Pass Road. Arizona Daily Star. December 31, 1949. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Bourke, John G ..O n the Border with Crook. New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1896. 2nd ed. Browne, J. Ross, Adventures in the Apache Country. ' New York Harper and B ros., 166$. B u tterfield , Roger, The American Past. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947. Clum. Woodworth. Aback# Agent. New York: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1936. .. ' ...... ' Conkling, Roscoe P. and Margaret B ., The B utterfield Over- land Mail. 1857-1869. Glendale: %e Arthur H. Clark Co 1947. 3 vols. Cozzens, Samuel Woodworth, The Marvellous Country. Boston: Shepard and G ill, 1873. Cremony, John C ., Life Among the Apaches. San Francisco, r - New York: A. Roman and Co., 1868. . . DeLong, Sidney R., The History of Arizona. San Francisco: The Whitaker and Ray.Co., 190$. >06

Dodge, Ida Flood, Arizona Under Our Flag. Tucson: Arizona Daily Star , 1928. "(First published serially in the , Arizona Daily Star.) . Our Arizona. New York: Ohas. Scribner's Sons,

Dunn, JT.P. j Jr., Massacres of the Mountains: A History of the Indian Wars of the"7ar"West. New York: Harper and ErEs'.T Y m i ------E lliott, Wallace W, aM Company.(dompilers)i History of , Arizona Territory. San Francisco: Wallace W. EllTott and Co., 1884• Farish, Thomas Edwin, History of Arizona. San Francisco; The Fllmer Bros. Electrotype do., 1915. Tols. II, IV. Forbes, Robert H., The Pennlhgtonsy Pioneers of Early Arizona. Tucson: Arizona Archaeological and Historical - Society, 1919. ... v.:.,: Hafen, LeRoy R ., The Overland Mall, 1849-1869. Cleveland: The Arthur H7 Clark Co.','; 1^26. Hamilton, Patrick, The Resources of Arizona. San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft and Co., 1884. 3rd ed. ; Hinton, Richard J ., The Handbook to Arizona. San Francisco: Payot, Upham and Co., 1878. Hodge, Hiram C.. Arizona as It. la : or. The Coming Country. New York: H.O. Houghton and Co., 1577. Howard, 0 .0 ., My Life and Experiences .Among Our H ostile Indians. Hartford: A.D. Worthington and do., 1907. Lockwood, Frank C., Arizona Characters. Los Angeles: The Times-Mirror Press, 192"5% :. ___ _ . , The Apache Indians. New York: The Macmillan Co.. 1938. ■ ...... ■ ...... - -...... v ______t Pioneer Days in Arizona. New York: The Macmillan CoT, T73T. ' ■ “ — Manypenny, George W., Our Indian Vfards. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke and Co., iMC. v - ; ; • : , ' : \ McClintock, James H., Arizona: Prehistoric. Aboriginal, Pioneer, and Modern. Chicago: I.S.J. Clarke, 1916. 307

M iles, Nelson A ., Personal:Re6oileotIons and-^Observations of General Nelson A* M iles. Nev; York: "The Werner Go.. T59T. ~ ^>wy, Sylvester, Arizona and Sonora. New York: Harper and Bros., 1864. 3rd ed. • - ; ' Murdock, John. R., Arizona Characters in - Silhouetted Tray Marcos.de Niza Edition, 1939• Ogle, Ralph H ., Federal Control of the Western Apaches. 1848-1886. - Albuquerque: I'he^lJ'hiversi'by of New Mexico iPress, 1940. Toll DC. . . - : .L:...:V::; - Opler, Morris E .. An Apache Life-Way. Chicago: The Univer- : s ity of Chicago Press"^ 1941. - -.. V".;-. ;';C Ormsby, Waterman L ., The B utterfield Overland Mall. San Marino, Calif.: The Huntington library,' l'$42. . Pumpelly, Raphael. Across America and Asia. New York: Ley- poldt and Holt, 1870. Robinson, Will H., The Story of Arizona. Phoenix: The Berryhill Co., 1919. , Rockfellow, J.A., A Short History of Old. Fort Bowie in Bloody ApaoheTPaa*. Wlllcox ,“A riz.: 'Chamber of^TTom- ...... merce,' & y 1927. •" / - _ - • ; - -- • - - ■' Schmitt, Martin F. (editor), General George Crook. His Autobiography. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, V 1946. Wellman, Paul I . . Death in the Desert. New York: The Mac­ millan Co. , 1935. , r- : ' Works Project Administration, Arizona. (A State Guide). New York: Hastings House, 1940. V/yllys, Rufus Kay. Arizona, the History of a Frontier S tate. Phoenix: Hobson and tierr, 1950.

Official Doeuaehts 1

Annual Reports of the Postmaster General, 1857-1859, 1867; Washington: Govt. Printing Office, I858-1860, 1868. 308

Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Interior, 1857-1877. T895. ITasETngton: G-ovt. Printing O ffice, 185&-1878,

Annual Reports of the Secretary of War. 1855-1897. Wash­ ington: Govt. Printing Office, 1856-1893. Executive Orders Relating; to Indian Reservations from May 14, 1855 to lu ly 1, i9 l2 .T rWasliington:. Govt. Printing ;. WiceT TfS.'" ^ Hamersly, Thomas H .S.. Complete Regular Army Register of the United States: Por One IiuMrel Tears, 11779-1^79). Washington: D.S.M. Hamersly, 1881. Heitman; francis B., Historical Register and Dictionary of United States Army. . Washington: Oovt. PrInting.Office, 1% .;'Tp■ ;:;;,,:•.v^ ;;; _ , ; ■ ^ House Exec. Poo. . 35th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 108, 1859. " " Washington: Govt. Printing O ffice, 1859. • • . 35th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 96, 1859. : Washington: Govt. Printing O ffice, 1859. _____ . 37th Cong., 3rd Sees., II, 1862-1863. . Washington: Govt. Printing O ffice, 1863. . _____ . 40th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 1, Part 1, 1867. Washington: Govt. Printing O ffice, 1868. Malloy, William M. (compiler), Treaties, Conventions, Inter­ national A cts, Protocols and Agreements Between the United States of America and other lowers. 1776-1909. Washington: Govt. Printing Office,• 1910. Vol. 1. Orton, Richard H., Records of California Men in the War of the R ebellion, 1861 to”T86'7. Sacrament o: State Off Tee, 1890. - v:-; y

' ’ " • ■ ■ ; : , ' ; ' ' " ...... " Post Records of Fort Bowie (microfilm copies from National Archives) ; v.V,: :: x:".-: ' .. a. Records of the Adjutant General, Fort Bowie. Arizona Territory. Reservation F ile. b. Records of the Off ice of the 'Adjutant General, Record of Medical History of Post Fort. IBowie. , ' ArizonalTerritory. c. Records of the O fficeof the Adjutant General, Post Returns - Fort Bowie. Arizona Territory, 1866-lf94.~~~ ■ 309

&. Records of the.Quartermaster General, Consolidated . ■ File: A Plan- of--Fort -Bowiet Arizona territory, e. Records of The Quartermaster General. Consolidated F ile: Proceedings of a Board of Officers Fort Bowie/“"Arizona. July T.v 1890. . - -- -• - The T/ar of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Onion and Confederate^Armies. Washing­ ton: Govt. Printing Office, l£80-l&98~ Series I, 53 v o ls. in 111 parts. Toulouse, J.H.. Reports of the M ilitary Department of Arizona. Tucson: typed copy in the Arizona Pioneers Historical Society Library, 1868. Tyler, R.O. (compiler).Revised Outline of the Posts and Stations in the Military Division of the Pacific. Gommanded"TylZa j or -General John 'jyl.~l?ch‘o'f ieT&'I Washington: Govt. Printing Office', 1872. War Department, Surgeon General's Office, nA Report of the Hygiene of the United;S ta tes Army with Descriptions of M ilitary P o sts,” Circular No. 8. Washington: Govt. Printing: Office, 1875. 7 ^ • "A Report on Barracks and Hospitals with Descrip- tio'ns of M ilitary P o sts.” Circular No. 4. Washington: Govt. Printing Office, 1875.

A Periodical Articles

Bell, William A., "Ten-Days1 Journey in :Southern Arizona,” detached from Illu stra ted Travels: A Record of Dis­ covery. I (1869), 145-14d. . Bender :f A.B., "Frontier Defense in the Territory of New Mexico. 1853-1861.” New Mexico H istorical Review. IX 4 (October, 1934), 313^373. ' % . . : . Bieber, Ralph F ., "The Southwestern Trails to California in 1849," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XII 3 (DecemEer, 1925), 342-575. Humphries',' Keith, ..”A Soldier's Farewell," Arizona Highways, . XV, 8 (Augu.t, 1939), 37. ; . . : : , Irwin, B.J.D., "The Apache. Pass Fight,” reprinted - from the ,Infantry Journal (April, 1928), 1-8. 310

Lockwood, Frank C., "Early Military Posts in Arizona." Arizona Historical Review, II, A (January, 1930), 91

Winn, Fred, "Old Fort Bowie," Arizona Highways. XIII, 2 (February, 1937), :6,-25-267 .

Manuscripts

Fish, Josephi "Manuscript on the History of Arizona." r Tucson: Arizona Pioneers Society Library. ; • ■ : - ; - v , ...... : , - :■: :: Hand, George 0 ., "George Hand’s Diary." Tucson: Arizona Pioneers Society Library. Palmer, Edward, "The Palmer ManuscriptTucson: University of Arizona Library. Stone, Jerome, "The History of Fort Grant," Master’s th e sis, University of Arizona, 1941• Weaver, John M., "The History of Fort Lowell,"M aster’ s thesis, University of Arizona, 1947•

Newspapers

Arizona Citizen (Tucson), April, 1870-October, 1877. Arizona Daily Star~(Tucson), June, 1889; January-April, T890; Octofceri 1894; June 15; 1911; December 31, 1949. Arizona Silver Belt (Miami), October, 1926. : Arizona Weekly Star (Tucson) June, 1877-October, 1879; January-October,■1880; January, 1881-November, 1882; April-November, 1883; January-August, 1884; March- October, 1887; January-November, 1888; August, 1891; June-December, 1892; April-November, 1893; A pril- Dee ember, 1894. Connell, Charles T., "The Apache, Past and Present," • Tucson C itizen . February-April 24, 1921. Hughes, Fred G., "Evacuation of Tucson by Confederate Troops," Arizona Daily Star (Tucson), May 21, 1907. M esilia Times (M esilla), October 18, I860. 311

Oury, W.S., MA True History of the Outbreak of the Noted Apache Chieftain Cachise in the Year 1861,M Arizona Daily Star (Tucson), beginning June 28, 1877• Southwestern Stockman (iVillcox), January-0ctober, 1885. Sulphur Valley News (Willcox), April-November, 1894. Tucson C itizen . June 21, 1911. Weekly Arizonian (Tubac), June 2, July 14, 1859; (Tucson), "October 20, November 17, 1859; January-December, 1869; February-May, 1870: October 28, 1871; June-November, 1 8 7 2 .

Miscellaneous

"Diagram of Camp Bowie, A.T.,M 1870 (photostatic copy in writer’s possession). Interview with Mrs. Thomas Davenport, Tucson, October 20, 1947. Letters from War Records Office, Washington, December 2, 1947; February 19, 25, 1948; March 16, 1948. Maps a. Hutton, N.H., Maps Nos. 1 and 2 of the El Paso and Fort Yuma Wagon Road, House Exec. Doc., 35th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 168', 1859'. Washington: Govt. Printing Office, 1859. b. "Map of the Military Reservation at Camp Bowie, Arizona. Surveyed February, 1869” (photo- static copy in writer’s possession). c. Rieoker, Paul, "Southern Arizona in the Late 1870s" (in possession of Dr. R.C. Ewing, University of Arizona, Tucson).