DOCSLIB.ORG

Archeological Findings of the Battle of Apache Pass, Fort Bowie National Historic Site Non-Sensitive Version

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Archeological Findings of the Battle of Apache Pass, Fort Bowie National Historic Site Non-Sensitive Version National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Resource Stewardship and Science Archeological Findings of the Battle of Apache Pass, Fort Bowie National Historic Site Non-Sensitive Version Natural Resource Report NPS/FOBO/NRR—2016/1361 ON THIS PAGE Photograph (looking southeast) of Section K, Southeast First Fort Hill, where many cannonball fragments were recorded. Photograph courtesy National Park Service. ON THE COVER Top photograph, taken by William Bell, shows Apache Pass and the battle site in 1867 (courtesy of William A. Bell Photographs Collection, #10027488, History Colorado). Center photograph shows the breastworks as digitized from close range photogrammatic orthophoto (courtesy NPS SOAR Office). Lower photograph shows intact cannonball found in Section A. Photograph courtesy National Park Service. Archeological Findings of the Battle of Apache Pass, Fort Bowie National Historic Site Non-sensitive Version Natural Resource Report NPS/FOBO/NRR—2016/1361 Larry Ludwig National Park Service Fort Bowie National Historic Site 3327 Old Fort Bowie Road Bowie, AZ 85605 December 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the Sonoran Desert Network website, http://www.nature.nps.gov/im/units/sodn, as well as at the Natural Resource Publications Management web site, http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm. To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please e-mail [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Ludwig, L. 2016. Archeological findings of the Battle of Apache Pass, Fort Bowie National Historic Site: Non-sensitive version. Natural Resource Report NPS/FOBO/NRR—2016/1361. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 424/135582, December 2016 ii Contents Page Figures.................................................................................................................................................... v Tables .................................................................................................................................................... ix Acronyms and Abbreviations................................................................................................................ xi Acknowledgments ...............................................................................................................................xiii Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Background..................................................................................................................................... 1 Study Purpose and Methods ........................................................................................................... 3 Findings and Significance .............................................................................................................. 3 Part 1: History of the Battle of Apache Pass .......................................................................................... 9 References .................................................................................................................................... 39 Part 2: Archeology of the Battle of Apache Pass ................................................................................. 43 Site Description ............................................................................................................................ 43 Methodology................................................................................................................................. 46 Artifacts ........................................................................................................................................ 50 Small Arms Ammunition ........................................................................................................ 57 Personal Items ......................................................................................................................... 67 Artillery-Related Artifacts ....................................................................................................... 70 Interpretations ............................................................................................................................... 79 Section A, Hill East of Parade Ground (16 Artifacts) ............................................................. 79 Section B, Ambush Site (42 Artifacts) .................................................................................... 83 Section C, Approach to Apache Spring (42 Artifacts) ............................................................ 86 Section D, South Side of Siphon Wash (62 Artifacts) ............................................................ 90 Section E, Point Below the First Fort (22 Artifacts) ............................................................... 92 Section F, Saddle Area (125 Artifacts) .................................................................................... 94 Section G, Area Below the Saddle (117 Artifacts) .................................................................. 97 Section H, First Fort Hill (50 Artifacts) ................................................................................ 100 Section I, Breastwork Area on Overlook Ridge (78 Artifacts) ............................................. 103 Section J, Base of Overlook Ridge (128 Artifacts) ............................................................... 107 iii Section K, First Fort Hill Overshots (42 Artifacts) ............................................................... 111 Section L, Hillside Northeast of Overlook Ridge (69 Artifacts) ........................................... 114 Section M, East Slope of Overlook Ridge (25 Artifacts) ...................................................... 120 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 123 References .................................................................................................................................. 127 Part 3: Appendices ............................................................................................................................. 131 Appendix A: Captain Thomas Roberts’s Report ........................................................................ 131 Appendix B: Excepts for Old Time Reminiscences, The Battle of Apache Pass ...................... 132 Appendix C: Notes of Marches Made by Co. E 1st Inft, C.V. by Eli W. Hazen ........................ 139 Appendix D: Letter From Lieutenant Thompson to Lieutenant-Colonel West .......................... 141 Appendix E: Troops at the Battle of Apache Pass ..................................................................... 142 Appendix F: Miscellaneous Bullets (N=17) ............................................................................... 146 Appendix G: Miscellaneous Artifacts (N=49) ........................................................................... 147 iv Figures Page Figure 1. Albert Jennings Fountain, 1883. New Mexico State University Library, Archives and Special Collections. ......................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Location of Fort Bowie National Historic Site, southeast Arizona. ....................................... 4 Figure 3. Battle of Apache Pass site. ..................................................................................................... 5 Figure 4. Overview map, progression of the Battle of Apache Pass. .................................................. 19 Figure 5. West approach to Apache Pass. ............................................................................................ 21 Figure 6. Ruins of Butterfield Overland Mail
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Good Afternoon Kara, Is the Carmen Court Designation Review Still Open
    From: Leo Cruz To: Hahn, Kara L. - CPD City Planner Principal Subject: [EXTERNAL] 900 E. 1st Avenue Date: Friday, July 17, 2020 5:10:28 PM Good afternoon Kara, Is the Carmen Court Designation review still open for public input? If so, I would like to state my support for the landmark consideration as stated in the application. In particular, I strongly concur with the assessments of criteria 6, 7 and 3 as detailed in the application. Please let me know if there is a process or format I need to follow to formalize my expression of support. Thank you! Leo Cruz 48 S. Pearl Street 720-219-3091 Karen Roehl, 90 Emerson Street, Carmen Court, Denver CO I was born in Montreal, Canada where I spent my childhood. In 1967 when I was 12, my family immigrated to Denver. I married and had 2 children by the time I was 24. The marriage didn’t work out, and I became a single parent. Working full time as a secretary while taking evening classes in graphic design made me a very busy mother! Eventually, I was able to shift careers and become a graphic designer. I had a great career for over 25 years. After my daughters went off to college, I began to pursue fine art painting. At age 50, I decided to go back to school to earn my BFA, my first higher ed de- gree. Graduating in 2007, I immediately found representation for my work and have made a living as an artist ever since. I sell my work through gallery representation and various shows.
    [Show full text]
  • KO DT Y3 Castles
    Structures - Constructing a castle Key facts Flat objects with 2-dimensions, such as square, 2D shapes Castles can have lots of features such as rectangle and circle. towers, turrets, battlements, moats, Solid objects with 3-dimensions, such as cube, oblong gatehouses, curtain walls, drawbridges 3D shapes and sphere. and flags. A type of building that used to be built hundreds of Castle years ago to defend land and be a home for Kings and Queens and other very rich people. Flag A set of rules to help designers focus their ideas and Design criteria test the success of them. When you look at the good and bad points about Evaluation something, then think about how you could improve it. Battlement Façade The front of a structure. Feature A specific part of something. Flag A piece of cloth used as a decoration or to represent a country or symbol. Tower Net A 2D flat shape, that can become a 3D shape once assembled. Gatehouse Recyclable Material or an object that, when no longer wanted or needed, can be made into something else new. Curtain wall Turret Scoring Scratching a line with a sharp object into card to make the card easier to bend. Stable Object does not easily topple over. Drawbridge Strong It doesn't break easily. Moat Structure Something which stands, usually on its own. Tab The small tabs on the net template that are bent and glued down to hold the shape together. Did you know? Weak It breaks easily. Windsor Castle is the largest castle in Basic England.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wrath of Cochise: the Bascom Affair and the Origins of the Apache Wars Free Ebook
    FREETHE WRATH OF COCHISE: THE BASCOM AFFAIR AND THE ORIGINS OF THE APACHE WARS EBOOK Terry Mort | 352 pages | 17 Apr 2014 | Little, Brown Book Group | 9781472110923 | English | London, United Kingdom Review: 'The Wrath of Cochise: The Bascom Affair and the Origins of the Apache Wars,' by Terry Mort The Wrath of Cochise: The Bascom Affair and the Origins of the Apache Wars (English Edition) eBook: Mort, Terry, : Kindle Store. Bascom Affair Main article: Bascom Affair Open war with the Chiricahua Apaches had begun in , when Cochise, one of their chiefs, was accused by the Army of kidnapping an year-old Mexican boy, Felix Ward, stepson of Johnny Ward, later known as Mickey Free. The Bascom Massacre was a confrontation between Apache Indians and the United States Army under Lt. George Nicholas Bascom in the Arizona Territory in early It has been considered to have directly precipitated the decades-long Apache Wars between the United States and several tribes in the southwestern United States. Bascom affair Get this from a library! The wrath of Cochise: [the Bascom affair and the origins of the Apache wars]. [T A Mort] -- In February , the twelve- year-old son of Arizona rancher John Ward was kidnapped by Apaches. Ward followed their trail and reported the incident to patrols at Fort Buchanan, blaming a band of. The tale starts off in with Apaches attacking the John Ward ranch in the Sonoita Valley in Southern Arizona. Ward goes to Fort Buchanan to complain. The Army sends 2nd Lt. George Bascom and a patrol out to find the perpetrators.
    [Show full text]
  • The Norwich Gun Industry
    salzer_40_47 2/14/05 3:17 PM Page 40 The Norwich Gun Industry Dick Salzer New England and, especially, Connecticut have been and remain the center of the American gun industry ever since the days of the American Revolution. Gun makers orig- inally were attracted to Connecticut because of that state’s many assets—year-round water power, a skilled industrial labor base, good ports and rail lines, and proximity to the major population centers of New York and Boston—all of these contributed to that centralization. These factors were especially prevalent at Norwich. The City of Norwich was founded in 1659. By the time of the American Revolution, it had grown to become one of the 10 largest cities in the Colonies.1 It was richly endowed with all of those assets desirable in a manufacturing site, not the least of which was the confluence of the Shetucket and Yantic Rivers, which merged at Norwich to form the navi- gable Thames River. As a large city by the standards of the breadth of the Norwich arms industry during its golden day, it offered sources of capital, a diverse population of years. skilled workers, support industries, and easy access to the This presentation will focus largely on the period New York and Boston markets through its sheltered port starting in the 1840’s when conditions were exactly right and rail lines. for the incubation of the arms industry. This period The first record of arms making in Norwich was a con- includes names like Allen and Thurber, Smith and Wesson tract for 200 muskets of the Charleville pattern, placed with (and thereby Winchester), Manhattan, Christopher Brand, Nathan and Henry Cobb in 1798.2 These muskets were deliv- Thomas Bacon, Hopkins and Allen, and others.
    [Show full text]
  • The Army Lawyer Is Published Monthly by the Judge Advocate General's School for the Official Use of Army Lawyers in the Performance of Their Legal Responsibilities
    Editor, Captain Scott B. Murray Editorial Assistant, Mr. Charles J. Strong The Army Lawyer is published monthly by The Judge Advocate General's School for the official use of Army lawyers in the performance of their legal responsibilities. The opinions expressed by the authors in the articles, however, do not necessarily reflect the view of The Judge Advocate General or the Department of the Army. Masculine or feminine pronouns appearing in this pamphlet refer to both genders unless the context indicates another use. The Army Lawyer welcomes articles on topics of interest to military lawyers. Articles should be submitted on 3 1/2” diskettes to Editor, The Army Lawyer, The Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, ATTN: JAGS-ADL-P, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1781. Article text and footnotes should be double-spaced in Times New Roman, 10 point font, and Microsoft Word format. Articles should follow A Uniform System of Citation (16th ed. 1996) and Military Citation (TJAGSA, July 1997). Manuscripts will be returned upon specific request. No compensation can be paid for articles. The Army Lawyer articles are indexed in the Index to Legal Periodicals, the Current Law Index, the Legal Resources Index, and the Index to U.S. Government Periodicals. Address changes for official channels distribution: Provide changes to the Editor, The Army Lawyer, TJAGSA, 600 Massie Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1781, telephone 1 -800-552-3978, ext. 396 or e-mail: [email protected]. Issues may be cited as Army Law., [date], at [page number]. Periodicals postage paid at Charlottesville, Virginia and additional mailing offices.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF of Auction 21 Brochure with Abstracts
    Dorothy Sloan–Rare Books Auction Twenty-One Friday, October 26, 2007 at the Badu House in Llano, Texas Featuring High Spots of Texas, the West, Mexico & the Borderlands, Rare Books, Maps, Iconography, Manuscripts & Ephemera Dorothy Sloan–Rare Books • Auction Twenty-One High Spots of Texas, the West, Mexico & the Borderlands AUCTION Friday, October 26, 2007, 6:00 p.m. Badu House, 601 Bessemer Avenue, Llano, Texas EXHIBITION Wednesday, October 24, 2007, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Thursday, October 25, 2007, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. 3 p.m.-5 p.m. Wine & hors d’oeuvres, hosted by Sharon and Ted Lusher Friday, October 26, 2007, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Photography: Tommy Holt at Third Eye, Austin Scanned images, web master & designer: Aaron Russell, Austin Design & typesetting: Bradley Hutchinson, Austin Offset lithography: Aus Tex Printing, Austin Copyright 2007 Dorothy Sloan–Rare Books, Inc. Cover image from Item 57, Hayden Expediton Report Following is a brief abstract of items which will be sold at private auction on Friday, October 26, 2007, 6:00 p.m., in Llano, Texas, at the Badu House, 601 Bessemer Avenue. Clients are urged to peruse our complete, illustrated, online catalogue, which is avail- able at our website (www.sloanrarebooks.com). The online catalogue includes copious descriptions and illustrations, full collations, bibliographical citations, extensive historical annotations, condition reports, and a bibliography. If you require assistance, or more information than is provided in this skeletal abstract, please feel free to phone, fax, or e-mail us, or consult our website. Please read our Terms and Conditions of Sale at the end of this brochure or on our website.
    [Show full text]
  • Castle Structure and Function
    Vocabulary Castle Structure and Function Name: Date: Castle Use A Castle’s Structure: · Large and of great defensive strength · Surrounded by a wall with a fighting platform · Usually has a large, strong tower A Castle’s Function: · Fortress and military protection · Center of local government · Home of the owner, usually a king The Parts of a Castle allure: the walkway at the top of a castle wall. The allure was often shielded by a protective wall so that guards could move between towers; also called a wall-walk arcading: a series of columns and arches, built in an upside-down U shape arrow loop: a tiny vertical opening in the castle wall; a thin window used for shooting arrows at the enemy; also called a loophole or meurtriere ashlar: blocks of stone, used to build castle wa lls and towers bailey: an open, grassy area inside the walls of the castle containing farm pastures, cottages, and other buildings. Sometimes a castle had more than one bailey; also called a ward. balustrade: railing along a path or stairway barrel vault: semicircular roof made out of wood or stone bastion: a small tower on a courtyard wall or an outside wall battlement: a narrow wall built along the outer edge of the wall-walk to protect soldiers against attack boss: the middle stone in an arch; also called a keystone concentric: having two sets of walls, one inside the other cornerstone: a stone at the corner of a building uniting two intersecting walls, sometimes inscribed with the year the building was constructed; also called a quoin crosswall: a wall inside a large tower Lesson Connection: Castles and Cornerstones Copyright The Kennedy Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Foundation Document Overview, Fort Bowie National Historic Site, Arizona
    NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. Foundation Document Overview. Fort Bowie National Historic Site. Arizona. Contact Information. For more information about the Fort Bowie National Historic Site Foundation Document, contact: [email protected] or (520) 847-2500 or write to: Superintendent, Fort Bowie National Historic Site, 3327 Old Fort Bowie Road, Bowie, AZ 85605 Purpose. Significance. Significance statements express why Fort Bowie National Historic Site resources and values are important enough to merit national park unit designation. Statements of significance describe why an area is important within a global, national, regional, and systemwide context. These statements are linked to the purpose of the park unit, and are supported by data, research, and consensus. Significance statements describe the distinctive nature of the park and inform management decisions, focusing efforts on preserving and protecting the most important resources and values of the park unit. • For over 25 years Fort Bowie was central to late 19th-century US military campaign against the Chiricahua Apaches. The final surrender by Geronimo in 1886 to troops stationed at Fort Bowie brought an end to two centuries of Apache warfare with the Spanish, Mexicans, and Americans in southeast Arizona. • Designated a national historic landmark in 1960, Fort Bowie National Historic Site preserves the remnants of the fort structures that are key to understanding the history FORT BOWIE NATIONAL HISTORIC of Apache Pass and the US military presence there, which SITE preserves and interprets the ultimately opened the region to unrestricted settlement. history, landscape, and remaining • Apache Pass offers the most direct, accessible route between structures of Fort Bowie, a US Army the Chiricahua and Dos Cabezas ranges, with a reliable outpost which guarded the strategic water supply available from Apache Spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Ous 1 Daniel B. Ous Dr. Bouilly Military History Competition
    Ous 1 Daniel B. Ous Dr. Bouilly Military History Competition January 6, 2003 The Battle ofValverde Surrounded by the fog of war, Confederate President Jefferson Davis faced mounting challenges to feed and equip his young army. The prospect ofuntapped mineral reserves in the Southwest served as a long shot worthy of speculation. In June 1861, Henry H. Sibley emerged with a grandiose plan that sounded too good to be true. The former Union Army Major impressed the Rebel high command with a campaign to capture the silver and gold in Colorado and California followed by seizing the strategically important West coast (Niderost 11). President Davis did not consider the Southwest an immediate threat compared to the chaos in Richmond and the Southeast. Davis also did not want to invest a lot oftime checking out the character ofSibley or the details ofthe operation, both of which would prove to be a mistake. Davis authorized Sibley the rank ofbrigadier general and sent him to San Antonio to gather a force ofabout 3,500 Texans under the Confederate flag and invade the New Mexico Territory as the first phase ofthe campaign (Kliger 9). Meanwhile, the Union forces in the New Mexico Territory faced serious problems. General Sibley's brother-in-law, Colonel Edward R. S. Canby, took command ofthe New Mexico Department ofthe U.S. Army in June of 1861. A Mexican War hero and seasoned frontier officer, Canby's mission to protect the Southwest took a back seat to main Civil War effort. The War Department reassigned large numbers ofhis enlisted soldiers to the Eastern Theater and Ous2 many of his officers resigned to join the Confederacy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mexican General Officer Corps in the US
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Latin American Studies ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-1-2011 Valor Wrought Asunder: The exM ican General Officer Corps in the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-1847. Javier Ernesto Sanchez Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ltam_etds Recommended Citation Sanchez, Javier Ernesto. "Valor Wrought Asunder: The exM ican General Officer Corps in the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-1847.." (2011). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ltam_etds/3 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Latin American Studies ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Javier E. Sánchez Candidate Latin-American Studies Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: L.M. García y Griego, Chairperson Teresa Córdova Barbara Reyes i VALOR WROUGHT ASUNDER: THE MEXICAN GENERAL OFFICER CORPS IN THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR, 1846 -1847 by JAVIER E. SANCHEZ B.B.A., BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO 2009 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December 2011 ii VALOR WROUGHT ASUNDER: THE MEXICAN GENERAL OFFICER CORPS IN THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR, 1846-1847 By Javier E. Sánchez B.A., Business Administration, University of New Mexico, 2008 ABSTRACT This thesis presents a reappraisal of the performance of the Mexican general officer corps during the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-1847.
    [Show full text]
  • Geronimo's Story of His Life
    Geronimo’s Story of His Life Taken Down and Edited by S. M. BARRETT Superintendent of Education, Lawton, Oklahoma DIGITAL REPRINT Elegant Ebooks COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Book: Geronimo’s Story of His Life Authors: Geronimo, 1829–1909 S. M. (Stephen Melvil) Barrett, 1865–? First published: 1906 The original book is in the public domain in the United States and in some other countries as well. However, it is unknown when S. M. Barrett died. Depending on the year of his death, the book may still be under copyright in countries that use the life of the author + 70 years (or more) for the duration of copyright. Readers outside the United States should check their own countries’ copyright laws to be certain they can legally download this ebook. The Online Books Page has an FAQ which gives a summary of copyright durations for many other countries, as well as links to more official sources. This PDF ebook was created by José Menéndez. NOTE ON THE TEXT The text and illustrations used in this ebook are from a photographic reprint of the 1906 first edition. A number of typographical errors in the paper book have been corrected, but to preserve all of the original book, the misprints are included in footnotes signed “J.M.” The line breaks and pagination of the original book have also been reproduced. In addition, a few endnotes (also signed “J.M.”) have been added to point out some other errors and inconsistencies in the original book. I would like to express my thanks to Mr. Lenny Silverman at the New Mexico State University Library’s Archives and Special Collections department for providing me with several page scans from NMSU’s copy of the 1907 edition.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Army Military History Institute Indian Wars-Southwest 950 Soldiers Drive Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5021 16 Dec 2011
    U.S. Army Military History Institute Indian Wars-Southwest 950 Soldiers Drive Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5021 16 Dec 2011 APACHE WARS A Working Bibliography of MHI Sources CONTENTS General Sources.....p.1 Pre-1861.....p.3 Apache Pass (Feb 1861).....p.4 Mimbres Apaches.....p.4 1860s - (Cochise, Mangas).....p.5 1870-75 (Reservation Roundup).....p.5 1876-86 (Geronimo).....p.6 Prisoners in the East.....p.10 GENERAL/MISCELLANEOUS Altshuler, Constance W. Chains of Command: Arizona and the Army, 1856-1875. Tucson, AZ: AZ Historical Society, 1981. 280 p. UA26.A7.A45. Baldwin, Gordon C. The Warrior Apaches: A Story of the Chiricahua and Western Apache. Tucson, AZ: King, 1965. 144 p. E99.A6.B15. Barnes, William C. Apaches and Longhorns. Los Angeles: Ward Ritchie, 1941. F811.B27. Bell, William G. “Field Commander vs. Washington Negotiator in Apacheland.” Army (Feb 2001): pp. 68-70, 72 & 74. Per. Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip. (John S.). Massacre at Camp Grant: Forgetting and Remembering Apache History. Tucson, AZ: U AZ, 2007. 159 p. E99.A6.C66. Cornell, Charles T. "Apache, Past and Present." Tucson Citizen (May/Jul 1921). Order of the Indian Wars Coll-File-A-4-Arch. Cozzens, Peter, editor. Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865-1890. Vol. 1: The Struggle for Apacheria. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2001. E81.E94. Cruse, Thomas. Apache Days and After. Caldwell, ID: Caxton, 1941. E83.866.C95. Apache Wars p.2 Gaston, J.A. "Cavalry Officer on the Frontier." Typescript carbon, Wash, DC, Dec 1935. 19 p. Order of the Indian Wars Coll-File-G-10-Arch.
    [Show full text]