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SPECIAL REPORT
COVERING THE PROPOSED
FORT UNION NATIONAL MONUMENT
Submitted by Region III Headquarters National Park Service Department of the Interior
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Santa~Fe, New Mexico
June, 1939
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. SPECIAL REPORT
COVERING THE PROPOSED
"-·,: FORT·UNION NATIONAL MONUMENT
Submitted . . By .. Region III Headque.rters National Park S!lrvice Department· or the Interior . ', '' . :, ·' '
· Santa Fe, New Mexico
june, 1939 • •
. TJUlL:E OF CONTEN'.l'S
I. CRITICAL ANALYSIS O.F Tm; SI'l'E A. · Sy-noP.ais-_ • .--~_-:_~- •.• _.·_. •.•-:•-~::~:,~--. •· ~ _•_ • ~- .-.;·_ ... ,.- ._ •• •· ·-·· l , B •. Accurate Description or the Site •••• , ; • , 2 o• Identification o:f' the Site ...... • ...... 12 D, Historfcal.. Ne.rrati.Va.·: •· •• _.::~.--.:~•"·········•·1·2 :it. Evaluation o~- .the- S~-te •• • ~-· ~ ••. • ..•.•.• • 13
II. PARK DA.TA -A~ Owrier&hip •••••• ~- .• ,~- ••••••• •: . ••.•.••••••• • 14 - B. Apprai~e4 .Value •• • :~... -•• •·• •• ~ ...... • 14 o. Condi'l;ion, including .Previous . . _Development •• •. -~--•.·••-•. ~-- •• -.-._. ~ ••••.•• •:• .. _._14 D. Care, including Past, !'resent, and · Probable Fu.ture. •-•••• .. ••••···· , ••••• •.•.•• .,:-15 .E. AOoessib1l1 ty-:.,,. •. ·• .-. _..• :~ .. ;-. -~-~- .•. ·· .. ~--• ~-15 f, l?ossibili~ o:f' Presel"ration •• , •••• , , .•, •• 15 G. · . Bttggest8d t>evel(,pntlnt -~ •·~·. ~ .•· •' • ••.••••.•.. , l·6 H. Relationship or. Site to Areas Already · · Administered.by National Park.Service,,16
APPENDIX MAPS. PHOTOGRAPHS OTf.!ER.EXHIBITS • • . I •
. ORITIOAL ANALYSIS OF TEE SITE
A. 8ynopsis Fort Union is generally recognized as the outstandiIJ8 historic
United States miiitary poet in New Mexico. For four decades, from
1851 to 1891, it pleyed an ilnportant part in the establishment .of. pe~ manent United States rule in the Southwest. Established in 1851 to counteract the·depredations of frontier
Indians and to protect the Santa Fe Tra11.1 Fort Union experienced a varie.d existence, Typical of most United States. military posts in the West at that time, it was at first undermanned,· During the Civil War its greatest distinction lay in its importance as abase of supply. and
. '. ·. . . . ~ .. operations, inwhichitserved to keep much of the S()uthwest from be- ...... ing controlled by the Ooi:i:federate ·forces, keeping at the same time the . . . . . lines. of collll1111nioation open between Missouri and. the Southwest. After the Civil War, it became the center of arrrr;r activities upon the New Mencan frontier. Abandoned i.n ·1891, because of the absence of Inclian disorders and the abandonment of the Santa Fe Trail, it reverted· to pri• vateownership, The nation!il significance pf Fort uni.on :ls withPut question. As· . . the base of the United States Arrrr;r in. that part of the Southwest, it protected the. New Mexico frontier against the Indian and the invader; as the guardian of the Santa Fe Trail dur11J8 the American period, it
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, ,
, , insured the development of trade and, tlle mo;ement westward of the imm1-. -
grant1 as an arol,litectural monument, the remains of which are evident
today, it tells an eloquent story of the material culture,l:l.fe0 and activity of the frontier days of the Old Wes_t. -
B. Accurate Description of the Site
Fort Union is located, as all old army report states, in latitude_ . , . , . , .'. . .· .·'· -.. ·..... !/ 35° 54' 21" north; longitude, 27° 54' 15" west1 altitude 6,700 feet. · Upon a dirt road some nine miles northwest of Watrous, New MeXico,
about twenty-eight miles northeast of Las Vegas, it marks a spot upon
the old Santa Fe '!'rail, eviden.ces of which are still ample in that -lo-
cality, U, s. Highway 85 is Within four· or five miles of the fort in one place.
Within the heart of a great cattle ra11oh, Fort Union still retains
the evidences of itaone-time illlportanoe as a military center and as a
stopping plaoe upon the Santa Fe Trail, Row after row of adobe, brick,
and stone walls mark the size and location of the post itself~ A for
est o:f chimneys still _standing, and piles of fallen bricks, mounds,
and roe>fing tin lltrewn on all sidell, emphasize tlie deterioration _which
has taken place since the army•$. abandonment,
One of the earliest descriptions of Fort Union was that given by
Major E•. S, Sibley, later a fa111ous Coll.federate general, He, who was
responsible for much of the construction, described the completed
..1:/ See H, Woods, Eor'fi. [IJ!oJ!, Ms., 48. This longitude is measured from Washington, E.c,
2 • • JI post as1
Nine sets of offieersi quarters; each set -- With one exception,·which is composed.of three :rooms and a kitchen•- 18 feet long and J.5 feet Wide, These quarters have ear.then roofs; and five of them have, in addition, board roofs, The other sets of quar ters Will also .. be covered w.1 th board roofs, as soon as lumber for the purpose can be saved, and it.can conveniently be done,
Two barracks •.48 feet long and 18 feet wide, With two wings 50 feet long and 16 feet wide.I . board roofs •. '· : ._ ' ' ' . . Hog.ital - 4S feet long and 18 feet wide, with a willg 46 feet long and 16 feet wide; board roofs,
Storehouse• 100 fel!lt long and 22 feet Wide 1 with a wing 415 feet long and 16 feet wide; board roofs.
Commanding Officers• Office and a Court Martial .E22!! - 4S feet wide; earthen root, Offices for AssistantQuarterJl\aster and Commissal'l of Subsistence - 38 feet long and 18 feet wide; earthen root,
Smoke House - 100, feet long and22feet wide; board ·roof,
Guard House and Prison - 42 feet long and 18 feet Wide; earthen roof,
Blacksml.th's and Wheelright's Shop - 50 feet loIJ8 and 1,8 :t',eet wide; board roof,
Bakehouse - 31 feet .long and 17 feet Wide; earthen· root',
Ice &use - 20 feet long and 30 feet Wid.e; earthen roof, .covered by board roof,
Qu.arters :for Laundresses - 114 feet long and 18 feet Wide1 a.ix rooms1 earthen root~
~/ 8. s. Sibley, S• 122..2.• 32nd, Cong., ~Seas,. II. 75,
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In addition1. yards to five sets> Of officers. quarte~s have been enclosed,· and two oorrals have been made 1 each.lOOfeet square, Tb,e lumber used in the oonst..;. ruction of these buildings,. with the e:x:aeption .01' · · 14,,872 ;l:'eet, has been.sawed at the post, Forts;De• tiance1 Fillmore, a:ad C9nrad s:re Similarly co:astructed, lacking an icehouse,
An inspection in 1854 by Colonel Jof!eph K. F. Mansfield, res1ll-
. . ...• . .]/. ted in the following descriptiont
Fort Union is situated at the foot of the ?.Iese. Oppo• site Gallinas Mountain .on the west side. of. a valley · stretching p.early north and· south, say 35 miles. · . About 7 miles to the southward is :Ba:t>clay• s 11'ort on the Mora River, whenee the old road to Santa Fe cros ses theva.l;l.ey~ About 15 iniles to the northward t)le road .from the valley Of ·the Mora crosses the. valley· and 5 miles further is Ocat.e Creek, and 3 miles fur· ther still in a canyon of. the mountains is a fam at tached ti> this post.. This. valley is well adapted to grazing and large quantities of hay are ·et=ally eut on the Ocate fo:(' the public animals, . This post is . now directly on the shortest road. to Santa Fe, a .ohanoe having been effected through the exertions and recon naissance 01' Major J'~ N; Carleton, U. s. Dragoons, to open the road to .the northward off Wagon Mound and .Gallinas Mountain0 thereby saving in distance ab()ut 15 miles and. by the exertions of Major .Sible;t, U. s. Q.uartermaster, to open the road from the Post to Las . Vegas direct, thereby sa"fing .several miles in distance westward, Thus sj,tu:ated, it is well located :t'or a de pot for the supply of the northern posts, direct to. Burgwin andFort Massacl:lil.11etts through the valley o:t' Taos, and to Santa Fe and Albuquerque either via Burg win or Las Vegas, It is well adapted .for keeping beef cattle and superm.unmerary dragoon horses and llU:iles, etc,· The. supplies of flour, oorn,and hay and fuel are obtained from the neighboringvalleys as conven• iently as· .at. other. J;>Osts in New Mexico and on reason- . able tams. The buildings of all kinds are as. good· as at any post and there seellls to be enoug!lof them to sa'!liSi:'Y .the demand of the service, It is important, however, that a good.wagon road be opened to cross the
.]/. ;r, K. F. Mansfield, Report, • •
·Mora lfountain directly.. to lllirgwin fi\bout l.tf l!l1les south of Don FerMnde111 d.e 'l'eos, 11ru!. 11 diste:nce of'· l!bl>Ut 50 miles, li'or thi II Object I would l'e!)Om!ilend an appromation oi' two thou111e.nd dolla1'11.. For • 1111.'.etoh of' thia.~l.ey ®nd a plan of the post seoC and D het>llWith.append$d.
The post 1.e estabU.slu!ld en a resel'Tatfon or eight mil11111 a11uar111 and lilte the tam ta clai.i1md by Ci ti- 11en1s. . It tm11 col!ll!lonoed. in l.S6l by llrevet Lt. 001• 1£. l'l. Alexander of the 8th Intentrey' 11.nd conUnued succeeni't'ely by Bvt. M'ajor ;;. H.. Gerleton, let. Drego~m:i ~sid r<:a.Jor u. !torrf11 of the 'S:rd !n.,'i"ar.t:ey · · ud llt't. Lt.; Col. v. Brooks, i.lnd Jirtille:ey. ·It 1.s too close under the M"'M for e. tenable poei 1!1.on ~inst au ei».terpris1ng enemy, unl.ee11 the immediate beight be oceupied by a Block !louse, which could readily be .d¢ne. l t 11ee111e to blli.ve been aelecttld on f!OCOUnt Of fl. good apr1%1$. Of water 11.lld wil~ Uniloubt., . edlf .answer fi. Tfl'cy' good .pu~oee and Should be l!'e · Uilled.
'l'h11l locality. likll ths.t ot thfl lfon; V•lloy an& the $Quroe19 of tl:!e Pee1>s River, ie ex:posed to the depr. d!lltions of the .r1ca:ril1a .~,:
The setti~ an~.
M.11 been given by !.Ul. .EntJ,i.a:h wrve;vor by: the name of Bell, who
Fort Union is dh1tent trom Ma:;avell 's bf th.ti l'OIMl :t'ifty•two mileaf fl'Qm the point llh&:t'e our line of surv67 .oro111Sed .!led River, fifty..:six mil.es. The • ,.
· country 111 for. the ruoir~ pert 11 viu1t ~tl&>!-ocvt:1i-!>d · plain, dre.tned by th11 Hod IU ver. We t<:!'I'> never, however,· out of 11:!.;i:ht o:I' mountl!linll, 11ome of which ere tsolntf!d, and r:l.11e out of thf'I ple..in w:I. th !l;l'O• tarnl;.ue outline, ren;.oh t1111 Wti.gcin lfo11ntetn, llhllJ!ed exaetly like e. h\l~I Wsf:Oll dr11rm. by g pe:l.r of horee11. Mo et <•f tl•<'41 l)<'!'h.:ke of the Mes~ tome tiOllj ae lform k9l'llhe, whil.e otllarl! f01'1!1 rangt11; jutti~g out •f'f'<)li!. t!:,a Recil!'.y Moun tat Ill!: !l-S the Cimarron l"ll.ll£fl, bn1'.in:1 whio?i ~rre r,;,:l.sed :l.n r-tv.t'lly £{!'1'\'ltl"mr th~ iiino.~·-t.:;apped $U,i!'!ri.t~ .. :t:!f the< Tia~.n chei:ri_• Tho mCat bcmutif'ul, however• iii\ 'tu'l'key M
!3r.;ing ~~l ~~-orne~~:'~(~k ,- ! tooJ( '•th~ ·r~~~ul~t~J. n ~x~ed to t-be .. ~~ort on -t:iti.l 21.i'lt or lr.i1.r~st, ·:ond had Oll.O -o,t• the- mOet rol!aintic rid£<;e I C!
- MH'.lderinf;s. Tllee y,nr-(,1:ir voli:mnlo uatur.a of t!1~ rook.ii, tos;eUier with i;l1$ abund~nce of wcter~ .eave a twrtil1~y i!lnd . freeh:neas ti'.\· th'-l whol.'.; hndt•CS))e, wr.t eh coi~tr&ctll
Foll' twe.i:.ty milee I wciund l'lY Vll'C<)r thro;;.(';h this lNt>u- ti t'ul 9ountry, :rrit ell 11N;meil. · €'.1.11'<'!1 ovi>r entirely to na:ttire, .:lnt1 tb,et~& ·~~~-· ric_t th@ trr)·ce- ·o:f' 1~ ·bu_ni.ti.n be:lng e:i;al!!pt the (1>tl: uiion whitth I l'()!le. No floeke or.herds cropped the tender grass•. I.looked 1n vain emongst the trees 11nd up the vEilleya •l:lioh opened into th.0 pase, now on one side> end then on tbe other\; but there we.s no shepherd, no l1ut, Ile.• fanR to be seen; the wild tu±kf!Y~ be(j •l'-11 been e~ tller ellot er dl'iven m•e:r by i;~.ie oi'f'iv·n·u .t'r<>"1 Fort Uniou; · end tht11 same rni~t be !;tiid ot ilhe deer; but wt th this el\ileptlon •- thll! al1111ance ot · game -- n11tuI'l!ll;y remailled e:tuotl.7 us (iod ""d nu Fol't Union is 11 bust.ling place; t t is .the largest · mil1te:r:r esta.hliah.'llent to be tound on the plains, • • .and is the. supply centre from which the forty or fifty · lesser posts scattered all over the country within.· a · radiµs of .500 mil<>s or more, are supplied with men, horses, munitions of war, and often.with everything l).eed.ed for their support.. It il!l not in the .least·· fortified, as, of course, such a precaut1oll: would be useless; but ;Lt is a vast collection of workshops, storehouses, barracks,. o:t'fic<>rs· quarters,.•i;nd. offices of all. ki.nds belonging to the .different departments. The. dwellings, although buiJ.t, as are e.11 the .other buildings, of sun-dried bricks,. are mqst comfortable. They are ;roofed with thin. iron sheeting, covered with earth. The rooms of the officers are Totty and well furnished, The hospital, containing about 120 beds, is a very fine building, to which two resident sii,t geons are attached, A large settler• s store must not be forgotten, at which the daily sales average 5,000 dollars·. Over 1,000 workmen are here kept constantly employed, building and repairing wagons, gathering in and distributing supplies, .maldng .harness, putting up buildings, and attending to the long trains of goods and supplies constantly arriving or departing •. When we .. think for a moment of the hundreds of miles that every thing has tc> be .brought by a slow and expensive mode of aonveyance -- 600 miles by wagon from tl:le .end of the ...· railway, and nearly 1,500. by rail rrom .st. Louis; when. we consider.the price.of labor; when; in fact, we view the economic aspect of affairs, even a trayeller cannot heip beingemazed at the enormous expenditures of money necessary to·maintain s0 large.an establispxnent in such a loc:iality •. The millions of dollars which ar.e yearly. absorb.ed by su.ch a place as Fort Union must be. some.tl:iing marvelous; and tb,eopportunities ror peculation and growillB fat by the misappliance of public money, by ex.. · orbi tent charges if· not by actual fraud, are probably greater here than any other branch of the. public service. In 1875, a oomprehenflive .desc;1ription was given by Assistant Surgeon ...... ;Jj/ P, Moffatt of the United States Army. His report read: . Fort Union is situated in latitude 350 54' 21" north; longi tude 1 .27° 54' 15" west; altitude .6, 700 feet, . . ..JJI Circular No. s, War Department, Surgeon's General's Office, May.l, 1975. 7 • • Santa Fe is.one hundred.miles southwest. The nee.rest railroad station is.. Las Animas, near ll'ort Lyon,· 'l'he l!lost important settlements in the vicinity. are Mon, 18 miles to the west, and.Las Vegas, 20 miles· distant, on the sarita Fe road. · · The. post is in a beautiful valley. about 26 miles long.· by five and a he.l:f' wide, having on the .north and east a wooded range of hills known. as Turkey Mountains, aild on the west a low and rocky range running into table-land •. · The ci:aters of several extinct volcanoes are in the · vicinity, and on sinking wells in the vicinity of the arsenal, a stratum of lava is found of varying depths • . 'l'he water supply is obtained partly from wells,· and in part from an excellent spring about a quarter of a.mile.distant.· That from. the wells is hard, from · lime in solution. · Twenty m:l,les distant the road to Sarita Fe crosses a ridge Which is the divid.e. between the tributaries of the Mississippi and the Rio Grande, •Five miles ·nOrth west of Las Vegas are a ~ber of hot springs, noted for their efficacy in rhe\im.atism end ehrol\iC syphili tic complaints, The temperature is 140 Fahrelllieit. Among the µseful. .Wild .plants found in the vicinity is the co111111on hop. ( Hum.ulus lUl\\pulusJ, . Th:f.s grows abund antly along the mountain streams, and the product is of ·the best quiµi ty, · The following statemen'I; relative to the cliln.~te and . its effact uponJ1eaJ.th is by Assistant 'Surgeon l'/, H, Gardner, 111'ni ted $tates A~ , , , , Fort Union was established in August, 1851, and was . first located on the present site of Fort Union arse nal. 'l'he reservation, nearly square, contains 6li' square miles. There is also' a. t1lnber reservation of 50 square miles. Fort Union includes the post proper, the depot, and Fort Union arsenal, • • .The .arsenal is thlls described .by Captain w. R. Sbo.e:.. maker, ordllSl1ce officer in . charge: · )'ort Union arsenal · Js one mile west of Fort Union, on a rese:rTation belong- · 1ng to the Ordnance DepartmeI1t, and is inelosedbya wall foi'llli:og a S1).lare of :L ,ooo feet eaoh side. The .. · buildings are, one barrack 100 by 26 feet with porticoes in front and rear; one set officers' quarters 54 x 75 :f'eet1 and off'ice 45 x 181 one main stor&.bouse 216 feet long,. three smaller store•houses, shopsi &o•• Al,i .o:f' · these are .of adobe with stone foundationi;. The water supply i!! from a good well, and two eisternii of ia,ooo gallons each~ .. · . Fort Union is thus described by Captain a.~ o; Smith, a$Sistant quartermaster; \l'.~ited States Army: The depot . is adjacent to and. n9rth ·Of the post, The buildings . are, six sets used as offices and quarters; five store houses, Shops and Corra.ls, The quarters are well built of adobe, laid on stone foundat:!.ons, with tops finished with brick and roofs of tin, These .sets are each 79 x 5'7 feet;. the otlter three, each 56 x55 feet, The store houses are eaeh 200 by 40 feet, except the southern one, ·which is one~hslf the .width of' the others, In the plaza, fl'Onting the 110rthern sets of depot. quarters, .are two .. cisterns holding 2,400.· gallons ea.eh, the supply of which comes. from the roo.fs of the stora.houses, · . . Fort U!lion is a four-c6mpany post;: the. arrangement of the main part of 'w)lieh is shown in ll'igure 50• . · A, Off'icer~i Q.uartE!rs, BBBB equad-roomeJ c. C mess-~ooms, D,. forage rooms; E,ball:eey; F, quarte-rmaster's.etore rooms; H, issuing-roomj It quartermaster's stables; Mt cavalry.. eorral; N, (}ue.rtermaster' s corral. · All the buildings al'e of adobe, one story high, on sto?le f'oundations, andwith the exception of the hospital, are all roofed with tin. · · · On the northeast side of.the paralle~ground, e,il.d direotly opposite the li11e of officers• quarters, .are the· quarters of the men, Esch set occupies three sides of a rectangle w1 thin which is a lllllall court.yar.d or open spaee w1 th a well in the center. The main buildings are .each .75 by 27 · feet, T:hey are used at! squad rooms .and dorinitories, and at. the P1'!l8ant time have .an, average occupancy of .. 50 men· each, giviilg an air space of .about 700 .cubie f.eet :per man•. 9 • • . . The •lings on one side of each set are used as orderly · and. company store-rooms; tb,ose on the opposite side• for kitchens and dining-rooms• Those quarters are· really comfortable dwellings,· although deficient. in facilities for ventila.tion. · In rear of the blocks occupied by the men's quarters and separated from them by a wide street, are situa- ted the quarters of' the marrieQ. soldiers. and laundres ses; and in rl!ar of these again, and at proper .distance,. are the cavalry stables and other out..houses: On !Ille soutl!West of the.p!'lrade.,.ground are situated.the quarters of officers, consisting of nine.buildings in one row. Each building is divided.bys single hall run ning from front to. rear, .c:>n each side of which are three capacious.rooms-~ except the iniddle building {the eOl!ltllanding of:f'ic!lr' s quarters)., which has four ,:._ affording tb,!) regulation-allowance. of quarters f~r an officer. with tlie rank of' captain. As in the ease .:of most of' ths buildings here, the roofs are made too flat, so that they allow of leakage when violent rains . occur, as they fl'equently do during the rainy season. · In other respects the quarters are good; they e.ll have good yards and out-houses in the rear, and are .upon the whole very. comfortable residence.a, The guard-house ie situated :!.n the line of the laundrss- · · ses' · quarters. The structure itself may be· well. suited for the purpose for which it was intended, ·but the loca tion of it.is inappropriate, as no extended view of the post can be had from its vicinity. Sinks for the men an.d for the families of' soldiers have been constructed at all .available points, but .the acco.m modatione in this respect are not sufficient.without the ll.ecessi ty of traveling to a greater distance than is · likely to be don.e under all circumstal:lcei;, The post hospitalis situated outside.of the garrison inclosure, and.about 300 paces to the east of' it. The hospital building faces towards the southeast. It con sists essentially of a central building 151f feet wide, running baok 130 feet, this being a hall. 11?; feet wide inside. Attached to each side of this central hall al'.e three wings, each 31 x 39 feet outside, the long aXis parallel and the short exis at right angles to, the ha:u. These wings are separated from each other by spaces Si 10 • • · feet wide. An adobe part.I tion through the center of each wing 1and at right angles to the hall, divides each of ~hem into two rooms, 19 by 30 fe~t, by 12 feet. 9 inches high; ·.· thus giving twelve roQma, each of the· above dimension. !he two front wings are used as dispensary and store-rooms, · the rear half of each posterior wing fo:r kitchen and din,. ing room respectively. The two .. middle wings and the :f'ront rooms of the posterior wings are used as vrards, making six wards, occupied by sh: beds each, giving 1;200 dubio feet of spaoe to each occupant; . In case of emergency, the eapaci ty• could r,eadily be .increased o~e-fourth by temporarily using· some of the store-rooms as wards. The hosp1t~ differs from.all other buildings at the post, in being rooi'ed with shil:lgl.;ls, and in having a.roof.with the usual pit.oh•. .Although not coni;tructed upon the. best plan, in a ey-gienic point qf view, it is amply adequate to the requireJllents of a four•oompany post •. :For the rea son that this post 1.s located. tin the thoroughfa'.f'.e to and :!!om New Mexico, and that is the base of supplies of the dis•. · tri.ct, it. occurs that there are at alliiost all times men· in the hospital not belonging. to the command at l!'ort Union, but who have been taken sick or hurt while en route to or from other points, and been detained· .at this:pOStfor treatment or·di!i!charge on surgeon's certificate of d;l.s ability• Fort Union il'J. ei tuated '\IPOn the stae;"1-.road betl\'een the ;railroad teminus, on the :northeast, and the city of Santa.Fe, on the southwest. A daily stage, convehing the mail, is received from each point, From this paint mail eommuniGations can be had with Santa Fe in twenty houi;-s; with department headquarters at Fort .Leavenworth in four to six d!;!ytil, and with Was)lington in seven to nine days. A line of telegraph also passes this place.. en · route from the railroa,d to. Santa Fe a,long ·the. stage road, and having a station at this point. . Fort Union, as a :f'r.ont:l.er post,. may be considered desir. able, .not so much fro~ :the natural surrouD.dings as. trom: · the. facili.ties by stage, mail, and telegraph, o.t collllllu.ni- oation·with the outside world~ · · ·· One question I sho.uld like to add before closing: Are adobe quarters productive of rheumatiS!ll, I believe they · are a fruitful. source not only of rheumatiBlll, but scia• tioa, and other forms of neuralgia,· · · ll . ' . . . ' - . Siileel875 there has been no great ehange in the surroundings ot Fort Union. · Except for deterioration, not much has happened to mar .1 ts · ·. picture. lrogether, the fort, the plains, the 1n9unte,l.ns, and the old . . trails present a picture .ot unity in isolation; and each seems to cling ...... §/ to the .other in token ot a tar ·more glorious past, cr. Identification of the Site ' . . . The identification of Fort Union can be made :without a question of a doubt. Not only is this the origin8.1 site, but.the structures there are original. In no way have those structures or the site been al.tared, restored, cir modified, with the e:x:oeptionot deterioration through des• truetion, vandalism, and some erosion, From.the time ot the abandomnent. by. the llI'!11Y, loea.l citizens have used the fort as a source of building materials,. and the owners up to recent years have removed certain .usable items, such.as timbers. !), Historical Narrative . . ' . . . The story of Fort Union has been told in connection wi.th the history of the Southwest upon many occasions, Perhaps the best studies upon the fort as such, have.been those. of the historical technicians of the Nat ional Park .service.• ·· ·The report of Henry Woods, Fort Union, The History g!~Mexico•s Most Famous Military E.2!l• is included as the appendix of this report • .JY An accurate description of the fort aa it is now Will be submitted i:ri future reports to be made by National Park l;lervice .t~chnicians. Based upon the investigation and field surveys, those reports Will include accurate surveys, measurements, and other studies preparatory to the development of the area. 12 • • . . E, . :Eialuatioti of the Site . Fort Union falls into various themes of' national historY. Although it may be .considered as a part of "Po.litical and Military .Af'fa:J.rs, 1830- 1860", because of' 1 ts milita17 aotiVi ty from 1S5l to 1860., it may well · be considered to fall more properly into other· categories, . As part. of "The War Between the States, 1861-1865~, it was one of the outstanding factors i:il holding the Southwest f<)r the Union; and .its place in "West-. ·. ward J!:ipansion and the Extension of National Boundar.ies, .1830-1890" is expressed in its place in Indian warfare, in its protection of the ter,-: ritory 9f New Men co trom atta~k and invasion, and in its vital conneq tion with the Senta Fe Trail. "Means. of Travel and Communication" .llll!IY' · be considered as one of the them.es of Fort Union, because of its con• neotion with the Santa Fe Tr~i~ and the people ;.ho '!;ravelled thereon1 · . and "'Oommero~, Industry, and Agrioultu.re to 1890" may also be one of 1 ts themes, because of the importance of the Santa Fe Trail to commerce. The lllUs.eUm. posliibili ties at Fort Union are Jlnlimi ted, because.. 9t the· artifacts to be found there and the extensive history of the area.· It is thOught that through the cooperation of the War Department and local ei tizens, ma:ey of the likely museum p;ieces removed. from the area . J!lay. be returned, especially if adequate museum facilities are furnished in the future. lS • II. PARK DATA A. Ownership Fort Union :ls owned by the Union Land and GraZing Company, a cor poration whose members live mostly in the eastern part of the United States, Captain Edward .B. Wheeler of Las Vegas, New Mexico, :ls the ''" agent tor the'company. B. Appraised Value The full value of this site cannot be estilllated, because of the · ·~ historical significance attached to it, .Th<\l .assessed v.alue of some . '• . 1,200 acres, which is the mininrwn acreage necessary for proper pres~r.. vation and development, varies .from two to.ten d()llars pe]! acre. Airf . • c . appraised value of the building materials :l.n the structures can oniy ,be made after an extensive study-, excavation, and clean-up of the area;. C. Condi ti on, including. Previous Developmen! · Fort Uni.on .is in a state of ruin, due to d.eterioration after the abandonment w the army in 1891. There has .been no attempt to pre serve the site, other than the constriiotion by the owners of fences· around. the riiins to keep out cattle and vandals. Recently, no tree- . passing signs have been put up by the owners Pl!Ohibitingbunting and wood hauling (see. the attached exhibit in Part IV) • · No restoration or. reconstruction.work has been done upon the.site or its structures,· 14 • n, Care,. including Past, Present, and Probable Future Fort Union as an active military post I"ecetved adequate care :from the army .up to tlietime of its abando!llllent, However, since the lS90 1 s . . . . to the present, tliere.he.s been little eare, a factor which has resul- ted in vandalism and deterioration, As stated above, a fence.around . . the important buildings offers .a minimum o:f'. protection, T;o, the tact •. · that the proper.ty has been under one owners)lip M.s meant some pr9tec tion. In the future, it. should receive a maximum o:f'.eere, especi~lly if it 1e.preserved and maintained by the Federal Government, E. Acicessibility road 'from t.hat highway, :from. a point five miles frolii Fort. Union, will add tq its accessibility, . . F. Possibility of.Preservation . The. cost of presenation will. depend upon the initial amount of stabil:l.zatipn which will be accorded the ruins and structures, A CCC • c!!lllp for a period of several years could be occupied in road. building, clean-up, excavating, e.nd stabilizing, and building·the necessary ad~ ministrative, exhibit, and cµstodian•s quarters. Once preserved, a custodian and rangers or guides .will be necessary to protect and main tain the area and to handle nsi tors. Because. of the interest in :fort Union and.its possibilities of tourist attraction, it may be col:lsid.ered desirab.le to charge en .admission fee .• 1.5 • • G. · SuSsested DeTelopment li .!! urgently recommended ~ !9:£! Union ~ established ~ ! · natioxlal monument EI. Presidential· proclamation, A CCC camp should. be establisheQ. there to preserve and d.evelo:P the site adequately. The· work tobedone, aside from.l"oadbu:11:ding, clean'"up, and constructing of necessary-buildings, will be largely work of prese!"Vation and res- . ,• ' - ,' ' ' ,, toration of.landscape feat,ures. No attempt should be made to restore or reconstruct the.buildings of .Fort Union, because of the.evidences of past material ctilture which are contained therein. It also is recommended that some l,200 acres·.. be acquired by dona tion to insure adequate presel"Vation and deirelopment~ The attached map shows in very rough outline. the area to be donated around the me.in Fort Union .ruins, Additional land to be donated will include the old Arse nal ruins and 100 feet on all sides of it (the si.te of the firsil .fort), a 200-foot right-of-way for the road to .U. s. Highway 851 a 100-.foot · r:l.ght-of•WS¥ for the road between the two Fort Union areas; alld 500 feet of scenic. eesement on .each side of the entrance road,. The construction of certain under•passes along the road for the passage of cattle will be required by the donor, An engineer's report, containing an accurate boundary description, will be submitted.latet, as will a suggested devel oplllent plall.for the area, if it is established as a national monument, H. Relationship of Site to Areas Already Administered by National Park Service Fo.rt Union is approximately l.00 miles f'rbm the. RegiOnIII Head- 16 • ...... , ·- . quarters of theNat:!.one.l Park Service in Santa Fe, and about 110 mil.es· . ' . . ' '• , - - -, southwest of Capulin National Monu:ment. Most of the other National Park areas l.n .New Mexico are within a day• s aut.omobile drive .from .F'ort :Onion. /2~L~.·~··. ~:Z1.H1storian. ·.. /ot/WE~a.~. gional Direator •.. o/173.? s 17 • • FORT UNION .The History of New: Men6o• s Most Famous Military Post lienzy Woods Student Technician Na,tional. Parle Servioe • • TABLE OF CONT!mS I. FACTORS LEADING TO THE BUILDING OF FORT" UNION • • _.. , ••• , ••••••••••••••••--· •• _••• • • l II, THE SANTA FE .TRADE •• ··;,, •••••••• , ••• .- • • • • • • • • 7 III. CONSTRUCTION OF .THE FORT AND .THE EARLY 'YEA.Rs .... -•-· ',. ~ ... .- ...... "· ~· ...... ~ •• ;i.1 IV. TBE CIVIL WAR ...... ·-· .... ' ...... •:• ...... 20 .V, AFTER TEE WAR Al\'D THE DECLINING YF.AI!S • , , • , • 35 VI. APPENDIX Footnotes • ~ •••••••...• .-•.•. _.-....• , •.••••••. 43 • • FACTORS LEADING TO. THE BOlLDING OF FORT trNION From three o•clock to. six on the afternoon of August 18, 18461 the little adobe city o:t' Santa Fe. echoed the oadence of marching feet. A sinuous, blue colUlllII. poured from the mountains to the east and filled this ancient seat of' Spanish and Mencan authority With a throngof soldiery. Betorethe sun set, a n!3W flag flew over the Governor•s Palace, and a n!3W era of' New Mexico history had its inception. Its prophet was Brigadier-General· S:tephen.w. Kearney, who, on the follow.trig morning, intoned to a ·.. curious native gatlleri,ng in the. platiu · ' •• , We have come emong you to take possession of New/( Mexico, whiah we do in the name of .the Govel'Illllerit of .. the United States •. We have come with peaceable inten- · tions and kind teelings toward you all, We come as friends to. better your. conditions •••You are no lon- ger Mexican subjects, .YOU .are .now become American citi zens • • • • x··em your governor .... _ . henoe:t'orth look to me for protection •••• ' · · · Kearney'a conquest was pei.-petuated on February 2, 1848, by the treaty of .G-u.adalupe Hidalgo, which gave to the United States not only New Mexico but Upper Califol'nia as well -- an area of almost a DIUlion square milell •. September is, lS50t as part of Oley'.s :famous Omnibus BUl, better known as the. Oompromisl} or · 1850, Congress organized over one-fourt)l of this. huge area iii.to the Territory of NewMexieo. '!'he eastern boundary wae .i'ixed on the l03rd Meridian of Longitude·•.. the western line was the .s!lllle . . as the eastern line of Oal1forn1a, the ZJOrthern bo),l.ndal';Y ran .on the thirty-seventh parallel of latitude :from.the California line eastward to the divide between th.e San ;Tuan Valley and the Rio· Grande northward along the divide to the thirty-eighth parallel . and.eastward along that parallel to the l03rd Meridian. The sou., them bounde.ry. was the international boundary, which was in dis- pute with Mexico, trom the mouth of the Gila River. to the R10 •· Grande. East of the Rio Grande the southern boundary ran along the thirty-second parallel of latitude to the l03rd Meridian of longitude. 'l'hus in 1853, with the addition of the Gadsden Pur chase of about 30,000 square miles, the. Ter.:itol';Y of New Mexico included all of the present states of New Mexico and Arizona, · and parts of.Colorado and Nevada. It was a strange land -- this .newest aoeretion of the Uni· ted States. Lieutenant C.olonel &ory1 with l!:earney' s advance guard,. gives us his 111lpression or wliat .. is now central western New Mexicot · · · · · l • . ·' . •strolling over ihe htilaaione, in pursuit of seed and geologil'..al s:pe.cimens, my thoughts went .back t.o ·th,e States, and when I turned ;from my.momentary aber- ... rations, I we,s struck most foreibly Vii.th the fact that not one o9ject in the whole v.iew, animal, v •The primitive Apache ws.s a t.rue nomad, a wandering child of Nature, whose birthright was a craving for the warpath, with courage and endurance probably exceed.ad by no other people, an4 with cun:o.ing b.eyond reckoning •. , • Fear to him iir unk:nown. Death he faces with ·stolid,. iridifferel1.oe •• •, 2 • • No people could. be better fitted than the Apache to conduct continuous predatory warfare. · Every form of. plant and. animal life pays him tribute. An entirely naked Indian, without implementi; of· art/{ sort, would stop on a mountain slope and .in a few minutes be sit... ti:og by a cheerful fire1 preparing a welcome meal. •.J21 . . The Navajos• Gregg designates the most important though not the most niunerous tribe, beoau se of tlrnir ability as herdsmen and cultivators of the soil •...2/ ·Despite thes.e sedentary traits, the . Nave_j.os were great raiders and ;plunderers, being probably the. most accomplished .horse thieves among the red men, whicb. is coverilig . · quite a bit of territory•. It is said that th('\ Navajos made peace with the Mexicans in the spring to allow them .to plant their. grain, 'whicl'.i. they promptly stole as soon as it was ripe, They were tEtll, well-ou:lJ.t, arrogant Indians -· energetic, industrioi;.s, ·and incle- pendent, · · On the plains to the northeast of New M.exioo roamed. the Coman ches and El>was. They preyed on wagon.trains and travel,ers, but not unfrequently ravaged_ the settlements or northfil'n NewMexi 0o, Wonderful horsemen. iind deadly accurate with .the lance or arrow, these two tribes were the red scouz·ge of the Santa Fe Trail, To the west of them ranged the Ute.hs, similar in he.bi.ts, but preven ted by geographical position from being a very serious ha.zat'd to . . the commerce and settlements of New Mexico, Colonel Sterling Price commanded tbe Terri tpry, now organ.1- zed into .the Ninth Militacy Department, unt.il October 11, 1848, being SU(lceeded by Colonel JohnM. Washington, who was in turn succeeded, on, October 23 1 1849, by Colonel .John Munroe, Munroe served as Military Governo,r until March 3, . 1851. · DUring .the tel'l!!s of these three departmental commanders and.military governo'.!;'s• the Indians· were especially troublesome; Doni:pXian e.nd Price orgai;ized threeexpeditionf! against .the Navajos and Colonel Washington led another. Af,1 were unsuccessf~ll es fe.r e.s obtaining acy definite results. In the meantime, the Apaches went on tl!te ~rpath and In . the winter of 1848 three. detaehments w.ere sent iJ1. pursuit of these marauders, but to no avail. ..J/ In the spring, of 1849 small com mands unaer Captain w, .·· w. · Chal)!!1.8!l an.dLieutenant A. J!:. llurneide 3 • • from a mere display of military m:!,ght to elaborate lilies of military posts, 12,t' These reoOJ!llllendations call\e from the Secre tary of War, the Indian CoJlll!lissioner, trciop'officers in the territory, the New.Mexicai;i delegate to Congress, and f'roin pri- vate i!lqividuals. · · ...· ..· , . ' The. system of fro!ltierdefe!lse that had been 11sed in the territory up to this time had been very. simple, .It involved the.. stationing of troops 1:n a ,few villages and at .the. one m.ili"' tary post in the territory, FortMa:rmr• estsblished by Kearney at Santa Fe in 1846• One company Of' the First Dragoons was lo. cated at Taos, a second at Albuquerque,. and a third at Socorro, Garrisons of aboµt twenty men were placed at Tome and Dol)a Ana, At Fort Marcy were st.ationed one company of the 'l'hird Artillery and a·· compan,y of the Second Dragoons,l!/ No sooner had .American army officers become acquainted with the complicated situation in New Mexico then they realized the impo'J:"tance of new army posts, .As early.as December 1848 o~ders .were issued fl'om the Adjut!UltGeneral1 s·oi'fiee fora eare:f'ul.. examination of Texas, New Mexico, Oregon, and Califqrnis by com., petent aut.horities assisted by officers of the Corps of Engineers and topographical Engineers. The eJ(81!1inations ware to be 111&.de .with a view toward locating permanent military posts, W In the seleetion of sites, the officers and engineers were to be guided by the following considerations: ( l) protection to. th 'In. the spring of.1850 Captain Henry B, .Judd, Third Artillery, made an examination along the Pecos. With Light Company c, eq_uipped as cavalry• and a .train of five wagons, .Judd traveled about 200miles i'rom Las Vegas to the southern extremity of the Bosque Grande, Judd considered the Bosque.Redondo and the Bosque Grande particularly suitable.for mounted garriSona. A military post along the Pecos, however, was. not selected until the time of the Civil War, In March. Major Steen reported to Lieutenant McI.aws that he had made an exam~nat1on of the Santa R:l.te. Copper Mine · countzy. and found it m tabl.s for the location of a mil itary post. The following month Captain w. N, Grier examined the New Mexican frontier and found that the line to be defended passed through Abiquiu, the Rio Colorado, Rayada, La Junta, Las Vegas, and San Migue10 -- a broken and mountainous country. Grier. reported • •• to MoLaws if the settl.:im.e~ts within this line were to be adequately protected and the two roads lea~-, ing to the Umted States were to be kept open, ad- ditional military posts .would. be. neoessaey. · · Inspector General George ·A. MoCall made a tour of • iD.spection of the .military posts of the department. · In his report to Adjutant General Jones, Decem.ber 24, 1650, McCallmainta:l.ned that the.only effective way· to distribute troops in New Me'Xico was to post them in the heart of the Indian country; forces should be of ·· suf'f:l.cient strength to overawe.the Indians. McCall, accordingly, reCOn!lllended the establishment Of three lluchm:l.litary' posts: one was to be located in the Nava~o country near Canyon de ChellYJ. a second in the .Apache .country, $0mewhe:re on the; eastern slope of the Sacramento Mountains; a third on. tl).e Gila or near t.he old Santa Rita Copper Mine. These posts were to be strongly garrisoned with forces ran@:ing from· 350 to 500 .men, .each, .· At the. close or 1850, mounted troops. were reported at Las Vegas, Santa Fe, Albuquerque, Dona Ana, Soeorro, Raye.de., and Abiquiu, in addition to the infantry at these places; and at Taos, San Elize.rio, eit\d. El Paso. In November the post at the mouth of .the Gila.was temporarily established which later become the famous Fort Yuma. t !if · . ' ··. . . ' '• . . . At the in:;;tanc.e of Secretary of War .Conrad, Quart19rmaster . Thomas Swords. was sent to l{ew Mexioo .in May 1851, He .. round man;r . unfavorable (1Qndition.s such as )ligh reµts 1 shortage of we.t~r, grass, timber, and an unhealthy condition pf soldiers' moral.s.ll?f Such were the implications Of this knotty problem with which the gO'V'ernment was faced in the derense of th.is vast terri tOry• To summartze its. basi.o aspects, the. Uni.tad States Government was confronted with} (a) serieus deprede.t.ion~ from five savage. tribes of Indiana, {b a hostility from inhabitants or the Terri.tory ·.·. who had given all,egiance t.o Mexico. in tlie past war, (a) demorali... zation of troops as result of the vices of New Mexican town.;.life, (d) the high cost of transporti!lg subsistence to troops in t)le Territory, · . No. comment has been made, as yet, upon transportation costs, but her.e .. was an. important angle of frontier defense, The total trans:poft costs of the army increased :trom.$130.000 inl846, to $2,.094,405 tn. lS511;!,!f which. must be attributed to tlle maintenance of troops on the western frontier. The added expwnse of animal• dra11Jt overland transport became the largest single item in the · .ma1n1;enanee of the United States Army.. 5 • • After all recommendations on the New Mexican situation had been· assembled, th~ War Departmeut assigned· Colonel Ed.Win Vose.· SUl!lner to the command of the Nint)l Mtl.i ta:ry District, embracing the Terri tocy, and" incorporated into. his. inst.ructions the c.rux of the best recommendations. He was to revise the entire system of defense in New.Menco, reorganize and build aTmy. posts and make such changes as his discretion m.ight dic:ltate. W He was also instl'Ucted."as early as practicable to make an expedition against the Navajos and, also, one against the Utahs and Apaches, and inflict upon them a severe chastisement." !§! Along with all . of :these aotiv1t1,es, he was to reduce expendi tures0 a seeming im~ possibil.ity•. Colonel Sumner arrived in Santa Fe on July 19, · 1851, and took command of the district. Edwin Vose Sumner was Jire- · · eminently fitted for his .position. As Captain of one of Kearney• s companies of Dragoons, he had made the marc:lh. to New Mexico in '46, Having.been promoted to major, he was left with four troops in occupation of the Territory when Kearney went on to California.l&f The opportunity had been his to observe, at first hand, conditions in New Mex:!. co before assuming c.ommand therE>. No doubt some very d.e:f'1nite ideas had evolved in his mind eoncerni~ the ameliora tion of conditions ill. New Mexico, At any· rate, he wasted no time ill. putti~ a pl.an of aotion int() effect. The· building of .three.• !lew posts was immediately begun .,.;;. Fort Union, Fort Fillmore, and Fort. Conrad •. The latter two were built on the Rio. Grande, ·Fort Fillmore near El Pa.so, .. and Fol'.t Conrad at Valver.de. By far the greatest historical iuterest attaches.to the fir!it>. riot only because it was for years the largest. and .Ill.Ost·. important post in . New Mexico, supply depot, departmental headquarter.s,. and prima.1'y objective of the Confederate invasion, 'butal.so,becauee it in-· fluenced immeasurably. the. history and development of the. mcst/./· .· famous of all western 1'outes, the l:lanta Fe Trail, ;; · 6 • • II. Foi-t Union was located, as 8ulllnerwrote, "'near the.Mora River and on the line of cormnuni'eation with the lUssouri l':ron tier." W Colonel Suinner, sel:lool!'ld by 32 years of. a:t'l!cy" ax . :perience t 0 think and write in military tel'!lls, veils tlie true . importa!lee .of' Fort i.nion• s locatio.n behind the phrase ~line of eominu¢cation." . The .. two groups of' wagon .-uts which joined at the Mora River, had in thre.e decades become :ilnportai:it avenue$ oi' travel and ai'te:riee of e. great. t.rade ii>. which. llmE>ricans .had invested over $10,0001000, mostly in the last few years, ·an~ realized a return tnat was ofte,if fabulous. In the yeai- before ·Fort Union 1 s establishment more. than .500 wagon loads. of' goods, valuing over $2,000,000 had traveled from Missouri to Santa Fe, the great trading center, &:/ · . . · · . .;from Independence, Missouri, the.route of the trade ran directly west across Kan.sas. t 0 Dodge· Cit~ where the traces· E_~-~ tea. One cut soutnward O'V!llr a dE!sert belt of i'i:f'ty miles, known then as the Jorneda (journey with.out lister) to t)le Cimar• ront from which the trace derived its name, From there it as cended .the river and, passin~ south and we.st over the U.pper .tributaries draining tl:le danadia!l, it gradually climbed toward Las Vegas Mesa. Up on Las Ve~s 1lesa, the trace . came to the hallks of.. a little stream known as the Mora River, Its Wa.ters fl~w a.ow.ii in:to the Pecos to the Rio Grande and on into the Gul:f' oi' Mexico. --·---- 'l'he Mountain Route went 5'15 llliles · u:p the bal\ks. of the Arkansas;. across vast undulating 'prairies, covering with. lush grass a:nd trave.rsed by :rows of cottonwood lining th.a stree.Jlls. At the· foot of the Sangr~ de Cr:is-t;o Mountains, where Bent•s Fort · was. established in 182'3 .as a gathering plaee .oi' mountain trap- · :pers and a wey.:.station on the route to New.Mexico, it turned southwest 'J.P the valley Of tl'ie l?urgatoire River tov:ard the Spei!. ish Peaks, Md then bore directly south, threading its way be- . tween the SaJigre de .Crist.o and Mt, Raton, Descending by :pre eipi tous drops, wl:tieh as iate as 1844 ·tried the skill o:t' v.et eran wagoners aild &iq;tlailied a .. deoided :preference among :prairie ·.traders for the dese.rt trace, the Mountain Route. caro.e out.· on · Las Vegas Mesa. Tb.en, united at the Mora, the trail defiles · through the gorge of the upper Pecos, whose waters. tumbling down from the southern e:x:tremi ty of' the Sa.Dgre de Cristo and weari.ng a channel across the Glorieta Mesa --, a southern continuation of. Las Vegas Mese,. -- afforded to. wagon transports the only nat ural gateway north of El. Paso .i'rom ·the east into ·the u:ppei:- 7 • • v!illey of the Rio Grande, ·This gorge is known as Apache Pass, Fourteen miles beyond .lies Santa Fe. · A Missou.ri trader and .trapper by th.e name of Beeknellj.a credited with opening up the Santa, Fe trade. He .set out with a lllllall party :rrom Arrow Rock, .Missouri, September l, 1821• and ascended theArkansasRiVer to what he described as the left fork of the Arkansas, probably the P'Urgatoire River.· W A little.·lat.er .. t· hey wer·e ....s.trUggling .. through.. what.m'U. st.. hav·e. b. een ))Raton Pass, W Going southward, Becknell. struck the Cana• . dian River, and. turned westward up this stream, reaching Santa. Fe on November 16. &J ll:e and hia party were >mrmly recei.ved by the natives; .Becknell was an honored g:ue13t of the governor, Wf The expedition returned and paid out a 1500% profit to ·. those who had been ··fro fortunate as to invest! 'E§J R1l.lltors of the fabu.lous profit spread over. Missouri, . Becknell r13turned the ne:it year by a route approximating what was afterward known as the ~arron trac!tj the party almost per:!.shed .from thirst on the Jornada, !!1J But the profits of the trade ind.ieated hy · · Becknell' s first expedition were worth. great hardship. Before long the dust .on the trail. bellltiin to thicken.. . In 1825, accord- ing to Gregg, ninety propritli,tors and. al together one hundred and thirty men madt) t:p.e trip, !&/ Senator Benton of' 1Ussouri hadfi1 become so interested in th.e possibil.1 ti ee of the trade as to introduce a bill in Congress asking for an anpropriation .1!L;. build a road to Santa ]'e, .. A modt)st sum of $80,000 was V_!?~ ]i}. Of th;i.s 1 $20.000 went for tJ1'eaties with the I.ndiane. whose territo1•ies .the road was to cross, $10,000 went for a survey . and .. the placement of markers. '!!di Benton's so-called "road" followed the Cimarron route, :Before long, however, the markers were washed away ·or blown away• They were somewh~t .superflu• ous, for the trail never had the rigidity of a railroad or a modern highway-• at least not until it reached the junction of the traces. "It .was a living thing which changed. and wandered and grew. It was not nemes upon a llle.p -- it was people; people traveling, singing,< S1'1!earing, aweating, fearing, fighting,. go- .. :l.ng in clouds of' dust. by day, plowing through. quicksand. and llUl!4_ sitting around great fir.es at night, hunters. trappers, traders, soldiers, ·emigrants,· of e.lLdegrees of. intelligen:9e, virtu~am'L_ vice, of. most races; boi.;nd t.ogethsr only by. a common hardihood . ~d .a common e;posure. to the • astU!jes 1mil. deiinlat1nn and beaut71 of the trans-:-Missouri wilderness," 'lff}} · · · · · . Before the Mexican War military protection to the.Santa Fe traders had been scanty.·· In 1828 a series of. Comanche and Kiowa depredations on .the Trail caused a furore in the Missouri set tlements and.an insistent demand was made that the Federal Gov• ernment send troops to protect the cara'fans; In the spring of • • 18~9, Major Bennett. Riley was ordered to take :{'our companies of· the Si:li:th Infantry and accompany the . traders as far as the In ternationa1. boundary,·~/ .Riley exceeded.his literal orders. A short time after the caravan had crossed into. Mexican terri tory it. was bes.et by a horde, of Kiowas, W9rd .was sent. back to Riley, who promptly nrar.che'dAmerican. troops into Mexican 'l'erri tofy and put the Kiowas tb flight, '§§/ Riley retired to Chou t.eau' s Island in the Arkansas. and. we,ite.d the return qf t.he .· traders. ':M/· On the return trip the train was escerted by · Mexican .troops. A large group o:t' .Comanches and Araphoes swooped · do\vn upon it+ Unfortunutely .:t'or them, the Ioo.ians gave out of/f !lllll1lUD.ition at a ori tioal point in. thei.r attack. The furious . traders pursued and. slaughtered them with such savage cruelty ' . . as to shock. even the Mexican regulars,.· · .. · · , . . ' . . . O:nly ·twi ee was the e;cperilJlent of sending military escorts repeated, At all other times the traders were forced to rely onthemselvesfor protection, In reality; the large caravans did not seriously wa.nt for proteotion, Santa Fe ce.ravans were veritable moving fortresses, "'l'1le. traders soon learned that no 'one' earad as .much for their skins as they did themselves. 'l'heir occupations made tham good shots and superb i:-iders; they were fiercely seif•reliant and they knew the viays o:t' the Indians, In effect they became. soldiers in tbeir. own defense -- better soldiers then the governme11t could have eiilietad end sent. into the field," 35/ It .was the solitary travelers and s;nall t'r~ins · that met massacres at. the h~s of the Coln$.nches and Kiowas, The government, o:f course, did not feel that it could escort every small party down the Trail, · Thus was the Santa Fe Trail )'ihen Colonel· E. v, Sumner rode out in the: early spring of 1851 to select the site for his · master post. , More than a· mere "line of collll1l\lnicatiori", the Trail was a great e.venue of co::mnerce whose yearly volume was beginning to Nn into milJ.i.ons of dollars. Nor had the zenith of its importance been :reaohed, '.t'rade with Santa Fe .and· :I.ts '. environs was nowunhelllpered by the prohibit0ry taxes of Arittjo and promised to reach aillazing proporttons•. Westwar.d travel had received another great impetus a short tilJle before. On the · property. of an old l'>enta 'i!'e trader mmied .Sutter, who had. oros- lr·· sed :the mountains into California in 1638, a nugget cir gold wall found by one JeJJtes Wilson Marshall. ·'§J./ An influx into Cali fornia began in the spring of 1849 that. is 11nparall.eled in the. history of any state. Independence, Missouri,. at the head of the Santa Fe Trail, became .the rendesvous of thouse.ndSI of gold . seekers~ While. the greatest llUlllber chose what became lqlown as the Northern Route to Celifornia, up the Platte<1. and across the Territory of Utah, the Santa Fe Care.van .Route was next in 9 • • i.nlportanos. ·Y}/ · .It was known as the Soiither~ Route, At Sant.a· · Fe this route deviated in different directions; by the oid ·· · Span:ish traU round the north banks of the Coiore.do crossing · Rio Virger to Mojave Ri ve.r and d.esert, e.nd through Cajon Pass· to Loe Angeles; by General Kearney' 13 line of march throµgh. Arizona, elong the GUa; by that of Coionel .Cook down the .Rio Grande and westward aoross the Sonora. tableland to Yµma, W At the time of Fort Umon•s construction the stell.dy. stream of fortune hunters to California he.d not noticea.bly abated. In deed, news of the great strike was just rsaohing ths outlying s.ections of ths south. and .east, · Tw1.tchel;J. cites e.nothsrreason for Sumner•s selection of· Mora Rirver sit.a for Fort Union, besides its. strategic value for the Pl;'i>tection of. the Trail. •.·.This was .the value of the locality $S a forage produci·ng region, ]!:nowledge of whioh Sumner had gained while in collll!land of Kearney• s Dragoons in 1846. !9/ . . . 10 • • III. CONSTRUCTION OF THE FORT AND THE EARLY YF.ARS. - ' . - - . Fort Union was placed on the ;,,~st side of the grassy valley formed by Ge.llinas Mountain on the .east and a mesa on the west. ~ At the point .where the fort was placed, the valley is about . four.miles wide, broadening out both to the north and south.g,' Numerous canyons cut back into the mesa, the largest of which is called Big Canon, about two. miles above the fort.• ~ . The Mora River cute through tile.mesa in the southwest corner of the res;. erve:tion, which was eight mile11 square, 1dJ Sharp sandstone. · bluffs, wooded .with cedar and pine, ·define the valley on the west and command the• fort to such an extent as to lt;!ad other· officers to question .Sumner's judgment in :I. ts location. W •. Later on, Canby was 'llo move the fort turther out i.n the center of the valley, in anticipation of Confederate attack~ · .The construction of Fort Union, and other posts mentioned above, was ])egun b;y troops whomJlumner abruptly removed.from the New Mexican to1'!1ls. His own headQ.1,W.rters. were. taken to the em- . bryonic •Fqrt Union from Sant a. with whi eh Sum• er made these changes can t aced to his violent d;l.s U:st .at·. 1fe in the New e can towns. He felt that it was working . o we.rd the complete damore.lization o:I' the Aineri can soldiers •. · . Sulnn,el' held that the whole population of New Mexico was being / kept up with. Goverlllllent money• which was probably.not.far from !the truth. The inhabitant.a of Santa Fe were especie.Ily. blatant in protesting .. the' removal of. the eentel' of the military estab- lishm.ent from their midst. The bewhiskpred old .colonel poured out a full measure of scorn-on these people in a report to the Adjutant Generalf · · 'I l'eached Sl!lllta Fe on the 19th of July and assumed command qf t.he Department,. My first step was to break up ~he post at Santa Fe, that sink of vice and qf extravagance, and to remove the troops and.publie property to this place (Fort Union). I left one com• · pany of. artillery there and shall have a cavalry ste.~ tion Within striking distance of that place during the coming winter JGalisteo) , I understand that many applications have been made to the Government 'by the people.of Santa Fe to have the troops ordered back there, I have no hesitation in iaying that I believe most.of these applications proceed directly or indirectly from those who have hitherto managed to :Live, in some way 0 :from the 11 • • ·extravagant expenditures of _the Govermnent. I trust their petitions will not be heeded •. I have ~so wi iJldrawn the._:J;roops fro/!': the to~_!0l1' Las )egas, Rayald~ Albuquerqu~e?oleta, Sooorro,. Dona Ana, San Elezario, and El ·Paso, and I bave . estab:Lished thi_s post (Fort 1Jnion), near the Mora ·River, a.nd on that line of' communication with the. Missouri frontier. Ibis wll 1 be the Departmenj _ .l!eadquarters and general depot. I. have. also estab lished a post on ·the Rio Gr_ande ·(Fort Fillmore) .· near l!:l Paso, one at Valverde on the i,;ame river (Ft. Conra.d), and one at Canon Bonito (Ft.Defiance), These posts .have .all been selepted with a view to oultivat:ton, as well as the defense or the frontier, . and.they are now being ])uilt by the troops ail.d th11. 11xpense will b.e very Slllail. I designe.d establishing a post in the Utah oountry this fall, but it is so late_ I g obliged to postpone. it ti'.1-1. epring. I consider the withdrawal of the troops from the towns a matter bf vital :l.mpo;t'tance, both as regards·· disc:t.pline an<'!. economy. It :t.s unquest:t.onably true that most of the troops in this territory have be- come in a high degre!l demoralized, and it can only be aooounted:l'or.by the vfo:loueaseoois.tions in these towns, These evils are so great that I do not expect · to eradicate them entirely, until I can bring the · troops together, .in. ooneiderable bodies,· for disci- pl.ine ·and instriletion.. • £?! · In the same .order .·by which he _moved the headquarters· froil . Santa Fe to Fort Union, Sumner direct.ed the discharge_ of all c1.ti111ens *ployed i!l the public service in New Mexico, excepti!lg !i few o1erks, HI The .trans:!'er of the qu.arte1'lle.ster i;itores to • . Fort Union from Santa Fe wss acoompUshed in twenty days, _almost · exclusively by public wagons; all citiztins employed in the qlls.r... terms.ster;s !lepartment J:tad · be_en. disohargea shortly bef~re~ .· £!! Bees.use of the faot that .Sumner was away much of the time · during Fort Union's construction, Lieutenant-Colonel E. B, .• . Alexander and Major E•. S. Sibley, Sul!lner' s quartermaster, super intended most of the actual building. Sibley describes the coin pleted. post· as toliows; 'Nine sets of Officers'- quarters; each set -- with one exception, which is oompoeet_\ of. three rooms and a kitchen -- 18 feet long end lo. feet _wide, '.l.'heee quarte;t's have ea_rthen roofs; and t'ive of them have, 12 • • in addi t:lon, board roofs, The other sets of quar ters will also be covered with board roofs, es.soon as lu:mber for the purpose.can .be. saved, and it can 'conveniently be done, Two barracks - .48. f~et long and 18 feet wide, with two wings 50 feet long and 16 feet wide, board roofs. · Hosl!ital - 48 feet long and 18 feet wide, with a . wi:og'.~46 feet long and 16 feet wide; board roof; ·. storehouse - 100 fee.t i~ng and 22 feet wide, with & .wing .45 feet long and 16 feet wide; board roofs. Commanding 0ffl. eers t · 0ff1 ce and .a Court Martial -Room • 48 feet wide;· earthen roof, Offices fo:r Assistant Quartermaster and Comlllissary' of Su.bsistenoe • 3!;l feet lo,ng and 18 .feet wideJ earthen roof. · · · Smoke House - lOOfeet long and·ll2 feet wide; board roof, . Guard 'House. and Pr:J,son - &2 feet long and 18 f~et wide; earthen roof, BlackSll!i th' s 8lld WbeelrirJit' s Shop - 50 feet long .and 18 feet wide; board root\ · Bal<;e.house - 31 feet long and 17 feet wide; oar the.n .rtio:f'. ' . !oe House • 20 feet long and 30 :f'eet Wid~l earthen· · roof, covere.d by board roof, · Quarters for Laundresses~ 114 feet longS:nd 18 feet . Wide; six rooms; earthen roof, In addition, yards to five sets of .officers quarters have been enclosed, &nd two corral·s have been made, each 100 feet square, The lumber used in the construc tion of theae buildings, with t]?.a exception of 14,.872 · feet, has been sawed at the post, Forts Defiance, ll'1l1more, and. Conrad are similarly constructed, lack:~ 1ng en ice.house.' W · ·· 13 • • . While most of the.above building was in·prqgress, SUm.ner was oil a lengthy but unsuccessful csmpaign against the Navajos, lie had starte.d out on the 17th o:f' August with tour companies of dragoons, one .of artillery, and .. two of infantry, The Navajos eluded. the troop11 and Sumner did no.t succeed in dealing them a deciSive blow, a11. he. had hoped. !2Q/. At Canon Bonito, Fort De fiance was established t.o . check the NaV'ajo raiders. af Major Backus, with five COJ!lpanies, was left SS a garrison and the remai.llder of the .columi:I returned to Fort Union• §!:/ .. · ·In the folloWing spl'ing .an interesting experiment was made, The .heads of War Department conceived the idea of having the troops provide for a part of their own$ustenance by the cul tivation of crops on .the. various post reservations. General Scott penned a general .order outlining the scheme, and the sol diers at Jl'prt Union beo!l11le part-time farmers, ~ Through pro• bably no fault. of their own, they wore complete failures st their new avocation, At.this time there were at Fort Union three cmnpanies of the First Dragoons.two ~ompanies of the Third Intantey, and ·one ordence detao!unent, totalling 409 officers and men. Ej/···· Sumner and Indian Collllllissioner Calhoun concluded a treaty wi.th the Navajos about this timef which the Navajos e.Peedily broke, ru2/. The.New Mexico Press.championed the cause of fron.. tier defense and took SUlllner to .task for suoh.peacetul poli· cies and lack of military energy. f1!1 S\Ultner retal:i.atedMareh 5, 1853, with a newspaper article slurring the populace of New Mexico, '£:Jj He proposed what amounted to the abandonment of the Territory to the Indians, declaring that the Ggvermnent should issue the inhabitants guns and let .th& defend them selves, 01' course, the natives were infuriated.and demanded Sumner's recall, which was ordered in a short time. As a matter of 1'act, the situation in Now Mexico w~s no fault of SUlllner's, He was s capable, efficient army officer, but as appears above, utterly intolerant. of criticiam. The fault l.ay in the systelll of defense, promulgated. by Secretary of War Conrad, consisting of a chain. of fixed posts, weekly garrisoned, Mobile Indian.raiders struck with the rapidity of lightning and :fled to a. hideout in the mountains. By the time word was communicated to the nearest a:rmY post and a pur'." suit organized, the Indians were miles away. "Old Fuss and _:B'eathers" Scott, the General-in-Chief, :had for some years at'." tacked the .system in hie annual report. ·.He advocated a greater concentration of forces in a. few poets and a system of mounted 14 • ' • . . . patrols which should co~~tantly scour the country :for II!d;lan raiders. '§!J/ Congress ignored the recommendations until 1854 and then voted three regiments of .mounted troops, i The sto:ryof.the el!lrlY years of the:fort's existence then is a story of futility, Its garrison had peen out down to . ·.. garrison.other posts -- Fort-Defiance, Cantonmen1; Burgwin, Fort Webster, Fort Massachusett8, until. in 1853 it. :consisted of only two companies, W. In .November 11355, :fourteen men end a_ser:"." ge!!nt. were sent in.. pursu:l;t of a band of 300 Utahs, §52/ ifust what these fifteen would have done , if they had.. been ,so unfor tunate as to catch the Indians is a matter of conjecture, .The fo].lowtng February, thi:rfy .. caval~e sen.t after a band. o:f Indianswho had stolen cattle;and.l!l!l.ltreated herdsmen on the property of one Waters. W Witness the post commandel'., CaP:"." tain Macree•s instructions: · · · 'l:f you find these Indians in camp Oi'. otherwise, · your :first duty will be surro1rnd them or cut riff !!heir retreat to broken ground -- then, it ap,. peering that they are a. gtllil ty party -- demand the .surrender Of the a.ctual marauders~ , I:f they. are delivered or pointed out, have them.severely whipped, and takes poey as an.indemnity t<;> Mr, Waterst U' they make a plausible ex811se, of their . inability to surr11nder .. the depredators (and time, i:f necesaal'.y • may be given whilet you keep the ·· Chief ·-in your power), then· seize horses .or ponies double the amount.in value _o:f tlle stolen animals. In case or resistanoe.()r insolence or o:f their be ing overtaken flying fl'Olllye>ur. pursuit, attack them, . Y()u 'Ifill, of course, use. your dis oration .in unfol'e- . seen Circumstances, I w . . '- . - - ,_ . . . A detachment of fi:fteen men under Lieutenant Bell, while on a scout dewl1 the Ci;uiadian, had a b.rush With the Apaches in which their chief was slain. W. Before L:l.eutenant>Bell o.ould return . to the Fort, these. same Apaches were reported in the vieinitY of the post herd by 'the -surgeon who had pr()aeeded 'oU:t to care f.or. Bell's wounded, 2,1 The harassed lieutenant had to hurry to tey to save. Fort Union 1 s beef, Captain Macree plead for r~enforce- · ments, it being time for the trains to leave ·for Miasouri1 'I can muster. and e:ffectively arm but. 36 of my ·only company of 'dragoons; 13 ot these I e:xpec"t; to send on the 14th instant (Marohl to .meet the mail 101 miles from here ·- a de:fensive measure; and the merchants . of the territol'.y at this season sent theif trains to Missouri for goods,• ·f:!?./· 15, • • Genera.l Scott in. 1854 advised the abandonment of useless I>osts, a moderate inc.rease of strength, and the establishment o:f'.battalion•cantonments at strategic points with a view to aupportillg mobile oolumnel 0when at rest, instruction and discipline would be advanced, and eachbattalion, leaving ~Lemall. gi.iard behind,. might in column, ooinposed of at le19-st a por tton ot .cavalry, .be instructed 'to. make an •. annual · · . circuit through the neareat Indian country .,._ always. in a condition to purS\le and strike --·1nol'derto overawe hostile machinations. and.· to punish violation · ot peace •. Similar views h$.ve oftep.times been pre- sented in my annual reports,. b&gi,nnip.g with l842, but from the. vmnt of troops they have be.en ofily par . tially put into practice,• §§! . ·.. . In these plans General Scott bad the hearty approval of . Secretary of War J'.efferson Davis. In 1854 Colonel Joseph K. F • 1 1 .·.• ·... ~.:!.)r.j)f recommending.!. =.~ ..··.!··· .. ~ ·. :.!:i which ~~j~~s;=.·~.~r.:. posts be ;. 'o~abandoned,~... !:dM. !i~.· .. :.·!n·n.. Colonel.Mansfield·· gp:;i. ~.?··. !t .. · a.t~ !n!··.·.··.i··. ad-·.:;.·)•\• vised that Fort Vnion be bel.d, Note bow thill army engineer, who later was·to.prepare .the .. de:f'enses ofcWashiligton, sized .. up·the . location and value of Fo.rt Union1 · · · .. ·· ' . 'Fo.rt Union is situat~d at the foot of the Mesa op posite Gallinas Mountain on .the ;>;est side of a valley · stretcb;l.ng nearlynorth·andso\J.th,·sey 55 miles> About 7 miles to the southward is Barcl.ey's Fort on the Mora River, whence. the old road to Santo, Fe crosses· the val.. iey, · About 15 miles to the nortltwal:'d the road from the· valley of the Mora crosses· the.valley and 5 miles fur• . .. tber is Ocate Creek, and .5 miles furth~r .still. in a can ·yon Of the mountains is. a farm attached to this post •. This valley is well adapted to grazing and large quan: tities of bq are annually cut on the Ocate for .the ... public animals. This post is now directly. on the shor te1>t road to Santa Fe, a chance having been effected• through the exertions.and reconnaissance of Major ;r~ N, Carleton, u. s. Dragoons,. to open the road. to the north-. ward off Wagon Mound and Gallinas Mountain, thereby · saving in distance about 13 miles and by the exertions of'Major Sibley, u.s. Quartermaster, to cmen the. road from the post. to La.s Vegas direct, thereby saving sev-' · eral miles in.distance'westward,. Thus situated, ij; .1.s well located for a depot for the supply.of the nor thern posts, direct to Burgwin and .Fol:'t Massachusetts 16 • through the valley of Taos, and to Santa Fe and Al~ .buquerque either via Burgwin or Las Vegas. It is well adapted for. keeping bee:t' cattle and supernum merary dragoon horses and mules, etc. The supplies of flour, corn, and hay and fllellt are obtained :f'r:om the neighboring valleys as conveniently as at ot)ler posts in New Mexico and on reasonable terms. The·· buildiligs of all kinds are as good as at any post and there seems to be enough of .them to satisfy the .demand of th.e service, It is inlportant, however, · that lit· good wagon l'oad be opened to cross. the Mora .· Mounta;l.ns i!irectly to Bul'gwin about 12 .miles south of. DonFel'nandez de Taos, anct a distance of about 50 miles, For this object .;t would l'ecommend an appro.., priationof .two.thousand dollars. Fore eketeh Of this valJ,e:r and a plan of the post. see () and D here- with appended,. · The post is estal)lished on a reservation o:f eight miles equal'e and l:t.ke the farm is olaimedby Citi zens. · It wall. commenced in 1851 by Br!)vet I,t. Ool, E, B, Alexander .. of the Sth. Infantry an .This. locality, .like that of .the Mora Valley ~nd the sourc.es of th~ Pecos River, is exposed to the depre dations of thEl Jica.rilla Apache and the Utah Indians who§1/ frequently. al'e quite Sllll<)ying. end tl'oublesomEl,' · . The· fam., to Which C.olonel Mansfield referred, had been giv- . ing the post c0mmander as much .t.rouble !lf! the Indians. Janu,ary 20, 1854• Captain Maeree rll.Ported to headquarters that the. eorn produced on the farm was costing the Government $5.14 tor labor alone, while better corn could be purchased on tile. market for $3.00. §1/. . . .In l8551 a band of Ute:hs having committed 17 • • · Coohetopa Palu; .with a :t'oroe of 500 regulars and volunteers. and · inflicted a defeat "s.eldom, if ever, equal;t.ed in the United .States." §2/ ·· · Forty Indians were killed, a· large nwnbel' woun- .· . ded, and six. ea.ptured, . 1857 brought trouble w1 th the Mormons in Utah. They were . purportedly flaunting civil authority, and an al'l!1y of !l;OOO was sent into. the tel'ritory to l'e.stol'e O:t'del'. 70/ Thi.s dl'ac•ned New Mexico of tl'Oops. The .depleted garrisons were insufficient to check the Indians and outbreaks occurr.eO, ell over the Ter- ri tol'Y• . By 1858 there were onl;t 147 men at Fort Union under the command of Captain A•. · J, Lindsey, 'J1J . 'l'here were only 1687 · men in the whole department distributed among twelve posts.W Almost this mmiber had been in t.he field actually campaigning against the Indians in 1855. · · · · From 1858 trrrough 1860 Indian depredations in New :Mexico · reae:hed their .peak •. To illustrate in cold figures: ~ J!ll torical. Register~ Dictiona;:i ·!?.!, ~ u. s. Army .lists. 72 · aot1ons alid expeditions in. which the army was engaged during these three years. 'J.Y Forty-four of these WE>re in New Mexico, · Fl'om.the end of the Mexice.n War to. the beginning of'. the Civil Wal' at Fort SumtAr, .the army had engaged in 196 actions and expedi ti one; 76 of·. t!).ese were in the Tel'l'i tory of New; Mexico. W Over half of 'the Indian tl'oubles in New Mexico for the period 1848:-1861, measured by the criterion of. the llUJllbel.' of actions end expeditions, occuned in 1858-59•50, Im. extl'eme l'eorganizat1on.of frontierdefenee was planned, Between J'u.ly and.September 1859, Lieute!lant Colonel Joseph E, . Jobns:ton made a tour of inspection of posts in the Territorr and, of course, included .Fort Union in his. i~inerary, '1J2I · Colonel. Thomas T. Fauntleroy assume.d comand of .the Department· on October 25, 1859. 'Ji/ · · 'In an attempt to inject a new spirit into the fron- · · tier defense policy in New. Mexico, Fauntleroy worked out an elabo-rate military reorganizationprogrmn. His plan included no less than twelve proposals, Some involved the abandonment of e:s:i~i;illg mil:ltery positions and the creation of new ones; others JlrO vided for an intensification progl'am, the strength ening of military posts, The first proposal related to Fort Union. This post Fauntleroy desired. broken up and moved to a, point · northeast of its existing position'. The new lo(latfon 18 • • near the Raton Mountains, Fauntelroy believed would render more direct ano. adequate protection to the ms.il _from Independence. The new post ti on would - aleQ be close to the great Comanche Trail and de- :t'end a larger" area _of frontier settlel!lents, _ It was _ to be geo.rrisoned by one mount_ed company and one eom- pany of infantry,' '!Ji · 19 .• -•1 • • IV, ll'auntlol'oy was never.Ja)>le to take any steps toward put ting his elaborate .plan into effect.· :EVents. in the east had brought the 0011?).try to the brink of Civil War. He himself was a Virginian and resigned his oollmliS$1on early in 1861 to ac cept a brigadier-generaloy .in the Virginia State :t'orces. The officer wlio had made the tour. of inspection in the late sum- ·. mer of 1859 was, in 1861, made a :t'ull general of the Confed. eracy and colltlllanded the gray forces at Bull Run in the first major battle of the War •. ' ...... : . ' ·Repercussions of the great conflict were soon to reach New M:e:dco and the Territory wa.s to experi$noe again, within the spec$ of fifteen years, another expedition bent on its conquest, · Colonel w. W, Loring took .col1J1!land of the Department o:f New Mexico on hf.arch 22, 1861, relieving Fauntleroy, Loring we.a .. a southern synivathizer. (later a Confederate major-genere,l). When news .that Fort Sumter heli been :fire~.. upon an 20 • • . . . . . · Union, his campaign was a dismal failure, Colonel Canby's first commun1 0ation1 after assuming co111- 111and of the Department, was to the commanding officer at Fort·. Union in regard to.ru:mored plans of a band of Texans .to ope~ ate against the supply trains frOl!l Missouri!. W 'Commanding Officer, Ft, Uniom · Sir!· Information from private sources ilidicat~s the possibi;l.i ty of demonstrati.on by the people of Texas against the supp),y trains on the route to this coun try fl'Ol!l ~he Missoui-:t R.i var and the lieutenan.t. col onel; command;!.ng directs tha.t the movements of Co:ln pS.!JY A, SecondDragoo~s, as directed by Special br ders No, 38 of t.he 13th instant, .he suspended alto gether, e.nd that the mounted force. of your Colllp!IJJY . be. held in r.eadiness for an.v movement that may be necessary for .the protection of th.e tl'ains. lni;ttl'uo tion in detail will be sent .. to you l.n a •day Ol' two. by express. Yours respectfully, sil' · . A. L. Andersen Second Ll.eut, 5th Inf.• Act. Ass•t Adjt,Gen. <' < . . . '' ,' ,' . Lieutenant Colonei Willi8Jll Chanman was in ~ommand ·of ll'ol't Unton . . .at .this time. Ile .w'ls directed" on J"une 19. to 9rga.nize a mna1;!. ·. · · party of spies to ope>rate in· the country ·east of Fort Union. fill A pal'agraph from the communication is significant; · · 1Arl'allgements are being made by the War De:rartment for guarding 21 • · · New Mexico. He advocated strongly garrilloning ihree p9sts -- .. either Fort Fillmore or Fort Bliss and Forts Union and Stanton. W Thie was. to be done with.a view of. (l) prote-0ting the in habitants of New Mexico from Indian hostilities, (2)protect ing the Territory from inve_sion, (3) ~arding oommunications with the East, §j/ On the sllll!e.day Colonel Canby called on the Governor. of New Mexico for three compall.ies of volunteers which were "to aid in the pl'()tection of the. eastern frontier of the 'l'erritlbry and guarding the trains on the route from the Arkansas to this department." .!!2/. These tr0ops were ~o rendez vou. at Fort Union. Canby gave. orders that as soon. aii theiie / .. volunteers wel'e equip'Jle 22 • • Baylor on August 1 issued a :pl'.".oclSlllation taking possess,. ion of the southern half of.the Territocy in the nallle and. be half of the Confedel'.".ate States of Jlmel'.".ioa and designated Mesilla as the seat of govel'.".ll!llent, ilf Meanwhile, on July s, Brigadier General H. H. Si.bley was chal'.".ged at Richmond, Vil'.".gin1a, with. the duty of.driving the Fedenl tl'.".Oope out of New Mexico. 2Pf .Sib• ley did not l'.".each Fol'.".t Bliss and assume command in person ~ntil Decembel'.". 14, 1861~ ~ "The A1!11Y$ of New Mexico", as Sibley's brigade lJ78.S called, consisted of three regiments of mounted in• fantry, five companies under the charge of Lieutenant Colonel · Baylor, two batteries, and three independent companies - a total of nearly 3,500 men. 'jJ;/~ · Canby had llesrdrumors for some time that a large Con:f'ed .erate force was planning the inva.s1on .of the Terrttory, By · the first of the year he was convinced <;of the truth of these rum. ors.•. '}Ji/.. .At t.his tilne Canby. had ~ •. 64. 6 .·t.ro~ps in his. de. p. art ment. ~- These were mainly concentrated at Fort Craig and · Fc:irt Union - · 2,266 ai; ·the. former, and. ;l,140 at the latter.· Seven hundred twenw men were 11t Albuquerque, and 391) at Santa Fe, 'i:!J The remainder were .scattered through the Territory, Governor Connelly, terr1 torial ~overrior of New Mexico, l'.".e oeived word from Canby to hold the milit;ia in readiness to re- ·. inforce .Fort Union and Santa Fe. 'fU .The departmental colJlJnander himself went to Fort Craig where hi.s greatest concentration ot troops had been made, From ll'ort Craig CanbY .. Planned to check the i:ltvaeion before it had. penetrated, very. tar into New Mexico. ' . ' ,' In t~e midst of·. all these trials which the. Union cause was . undergoing, tw 'l'l:te 121;11 of February l.862, saw the.Con:t'ederates 7 miles be low Fort Ci:a1g. 102/ ·•On the 20th they camped across the river fl'.".Om it, 103/ 'l'll,e ne:xt day.at a ford in the Rio Grande, calle4 Valverde,. 5 miles. above Fort Craig, was fought the first sel'.'ious battle of the New Mexic1m Campaign. A small Union force under ·Lieutenant Colonel Robe.rte brought on the battle, but before long both al'ln:tes were engaged in e. sangU1neet1'!lggle• 'I'heConfede;tates were victorious, due. to the fear and inexperience of the u. s. Volunteer Troops, an,d Canby withdrew his troops to the protection of' l!'ort Craig. 104/ · 23 • . . . •. Leaving a small :f'orc~ to watch Canb}' at Fort Cral.;Lg, the Con:t'edera_te main body proceeded on up the valley toward Fort Union, their objective.. Un.ion t'orces at Albuquerque and Santa Fe fled_ at the advance o:f' the. Southerners, but successfully brought a quarter of a million dollars worthoi'quarterma$hr stores to. 'Fort Union; 105/ · . · ._ •- · . · . . . . . Colonel Paul, in colll!lland at Fo.rt .Union, was in more. or less of a quandary. Between l!'ort Union and Fort Graig was the Con federate Army and communi,catioii. with Canby was thus. cut orf. 10&/ Canby had euooeeded :f.lt getting a me.ssenger through to Major Donal_dson_ in· .conimand. at Santa :Fe, directing that offic.el' to c<:)me to his relief •.bu.'t the 9rder was give)l under the impression that reinforcements we-r>e in Santa Fe from 1Cansas, _107/ _. Golo_nel Paul, · _however, began.the.organization o;f' an expedition to relieve Canby, 10$/ . .· . ··. . . . •. ·. • . ··. · . .· " - . . General Davi.d lrunter, commanding the .Department of Kansas, had in the_ meantime directed the Acting Governor Of- Colo.rado ti) reinforce Canby in .New MeXico, l09/ Acting Governor Weld hur- .. · ried the 1st Colorado into New Mexico, 110/ They heard at Pueblo · of the dei'e11.t at Valverde and the advance of the Confederates up the Rio Grande. 111/ Discarding all but a~tunl necessities, they hurried over snow coveredmountainoua country at the.rate of 40 miles a. day, 112( By11brch 8 they were on the eoutherlt slope of the .Raton Mountains• As, they were preparing to bivouac, a cour ier 1l'olll. Oololl;el Paul rode into camp With information. that the Conf.:derates 'li:ere in Santa Fe, preparing to .advance· on Fort Union. 113/ With only armrs and . blankete, the "Pikes Peakere•" struck ou.t illll!lediately for the threatened poet, .marking .all night and.· . most of the following day•. .Arter a. J:>rief hn1:f' at Maxwell's Ranch, :e'ort Uni~n we>.e reached in the evening or the 10th. · · . ' ' ...... At .this time t)le Confederat~. situation, as seen throligh the eyes of Colonel William Steele. of th~ Texas Mounted Rifles, was none too promising, 1n sp:lteof the apparant success of Sibley's operations; !JJI His report is remarkable :for its aocµrate dis· cernment of the military situation: 115/ . - Camp near Dona Ane lllal'ch 7, 1862 Gen. s. Cooper, Ad\j.. and Insp. Gen, Generali • , .. Our condition now is nearly as fol lowet Gen, Sibley, at or near Albuquerque, With about 1,800 men; probably not wellStlpplied With either ammunition or provisions. .Below Fort Craig, not over 350 serviceable men. Between the two 24 ' • • . ' portions stand Fort Craig strongly f'ortified, and with still six gullll, ·two. of' them. 24 pounders, and garrisoned by aboll.t 5,ooo men of whom l,200 or l,500 are regulars and Pike's Peek Vo.lunteers, the remaindel'Me;lloan volunteers; provisioned for three months, Gen •. Sibley was preceded up the .country by two· companies o:f' dragoons, destroying supplies of all kinds, It is. stated that there w<;>re at Albu querque two companies o:f' regulars, two at Santa Fe, . and one at Union. , These troops, with. these moving inadvalioe of Gen, Sibl&yand auoh .other troops as· aan be rahed, will be marched into Union in advance of ·aey mov.ement on .the part of our troops. · Two regiments are reported to be on the way :f'rom Denver to New Mexico. J'.t,. Union· is represented as being strongly :fortified •. It will. thus be perceived that the probabilities are that the entire te1'r·itory, . with the exception of Fts, Union and Craig, will be stripped. of. all public property of value, and :that · our army .will find itself in the midst of a popula tion of so,009 souls possessing no very :friendly . spirit toward 1ls •· a eountry nearly or quite exhau- · sted as regards :f'orage .and other.· a:rmy supplies,· with . a force of nearly 1,000men in a strong fort with abu.n(lant supplies in our adve:twe, a force of some 3,000 (in Ft. Craig). in our rear, either of which is too st1"()ng to assail with.the me~ns at our com mand and a population stated> besides holding credHs of .the Federal ·Government to a large amount, and we are Withou.t funds which are available .. ·• Wm. Steel,e, Col. 7th Texas Mtd. Mil, Colonel .John p, Slough was in comniand of the Coloradp regi ment, It so hap1>0n<>d that. his volunteer eommis$ion antedated trui.t. of Colonel, Pau11 who hadheen a maJor in the regular al'licy". Slough was thu$ the ranking officer at :Fort Union and, as Paul wrote, '"an officer of only six ll!Onth$ servic.e and Without e:x:perienee, takes precedence of one of many years experience and who. had :fre quently been tried in battlet" 116/ Not knowing of the arrival.reinf'orcell)ents from Colorado,· Colonel Canby wrote Colonel Pa1ll the :follo1"-:tng letter: 117/ March 16 · 'Plac11 no r.eliance ··on the New Mexioan troops, ex- · eept for partisan operations, and tnenonly when 25 • the. llla:l..n operations Will. not be a.:f'f'eoted by the result• · Concentrate ill your reliable troops until the i'eillf'orcements f'romKansas,.Oolorado, ai:tdOali~ fornia arrive. If in suffic'-ent force to operate · · directly upon tl:\e enerr.y, advisl'! llle of. your plans, in. order that I ir,ay cooperate• Ft. Union .must be l:\eld and our eommunication With the East kept open, .Ft. Garland is not so important, If it canno.t l:le held, it shOuld be destroyed, All other· points are .of no importance •. While awaiting reenforcements harass. the enemy ,by partisan operations;. ob.struct his movements• and remove or destroy any supplies that might fall into his bande, This post must be . held in order to. cut off his retreat, Our supplies Will last until the .10th of Ap:;il, and can be made · to last· until the. end, If it is.· necessary. to abandon the post, everything will be destroyed• I will m By the lStli Canby had received .. ord that the lst Colorado regiment was at .Fort Union. On that date he wrote to Colonel Slough; 118/ . Hdqre, Dept. of Arizona Ft, C:t'aig, N.Me4., Mar, 18, 1862. •Col, J'. P. Slough, lst. Col, Vols •. Sir: Keep your command :prepared to make .a junction with this fc.rce. I will indicate the time .and route. Move w:tth as little baggage as possible, Take no tents and olJly the C8lliJ;l equipage essential for .com• fort .. and eff'iciency. Ammunioation, at least 100 cartridges per man and gun ••• , • If you have been joined by a sufficient force.to aot independently against theenemy, advise me of your.plans and move• meµts that I :may cooperate, In this you must. be 26 • • govern~d by your own judgment and discretion, bu.t nothing must, l:ie left.·to chance. 'rl:tere is no neces- sity for a premature m<>Vement oli account of this. post. We have flour to last until the lOthof. next month (April) and it can be made to last until the end, I 8lll. jerking beet to serve as bread. Of all other sup• plies we have enough for three months. The .question is not of saving this post,, but of saving New ilexico and defeating the Confed.er1>tes in such a way thSt an 1nva11ion of this Terr;ttory will never again be. attemp ted, , It is essential to the general plan that'this post should be retained, ·Fort Union must be held.and oµr .collllllun;l.cation wi.th the East kept open,. If you lllove, a reliable garrison must be le:f't in it, The communica t:l.on by Fort Garland should also be kept open. If 1 t cannot, that post should 1;le destroyed •. All other. , points are of rio importance •. While waiting for rsen forcements harass the enemy by partisan operations. Obstruct his movements and cut o~f his supplies• Use the mounted )rolunteers for these purposes and kei!!p .the regular cavalry in reserve.· Feed their horses well•••' Ed. R, S, Canby Col. 19th Inf, Commdg• .A violent oontroverl!y arose ovel'. the construction of these instructions from: Canby. Cololle,l Pa"Ul mai.ll-tained that Canby de sired all troops to remt:iin at Fort Union to insure theo retention of that post, Slough.claimed that the instructions ill the words "harass the enemy" gave hi_w. lice11se to conduct a field campaign against Sibley.•s troops. l?aul tried to diSsue.de him and received this eurt, reply on· March .. 2'21 119/ , Hdqrs. Northern Division Fort. Union. N. Mex. Mar. 22, 1862. 'Col. G, R. Fault Commdg. Eastern Dist •. Ft, 'f]nion; New Mexico! S:t.r1 I am instructed by Colonel slough to &~know ledge the receipt of your communication of this date, and to state in reply that .the instructions of Colonel Canby are not only to protect Fort Union, but also to harass the enemy, By moving the .colllllland to or near Bemal Springs both ends can be aooompli shed, and as the command Will be between the enemy and Fort Union, the latter is as much protected as if.. the troops remained, here, By being at the Springs we can better operate for the double purpose of hare.s-' ' sing the· enemy and protecting Santa Fe from depreda tion. 27 • • If the enemy at $an Antonio are no stronger than re ported by Captafll Walk•)r, ~he troops under my eom. ·:mend will be suffici.ent to control their action .and to defeat them in case of an attack~ 'l'!lillking that the command aesigtl.ed by you. can be spared for the purpose named;. the Colonel coll1Jlland- 1ng 9annot consent to leaveany portion behind. I. have the .honor to be, sir, very respectfully, You~ obedient servant . G'O.rl!en Chapin Captain, 7th Infy-, Actg. Asst. Adj. Gen, Paul. wrote ag~in on March 2!!t ·. 'In. the name. of the depa:rtment oommanl!er, of the );!eat 11\tereets of the service1 .and of the safety of all the troops fn this territory, I protest age.inst this movement of yours; made as it is twO days .before the. time agreed on, and I c.onceive in d:lrect disobedience of the orders of Colonel Canby.• l!Q/ .To no avail, for on that date Slough marched out of Fort Union with. the let•. Colorado, a battalion of regulars, a com pany of tlle 4th New Mexico, a deta.obment Of Cavalry, and two batteries of four guns -- an aggregate of 1 1342 l!ien; 121/ • Bue t 0 l;bc energy and aggressiveness of a fi&hting clergyman_._, ~C'P !. M. Chiy1 Pli't~ Slough's campai@ was a huge success •. ·.-' - . . Chivington. making a recon.naissance in force with about . · · olJ,e-third of the command !!!Ought on the battle of La Glori eta · on March by a collision With a .Cofil'ederete force under Major Pyron neE!r . geon s anch. 122 Pyron•s battalion was· t e vanguard o ib f1Y s Brigade, A hot fight ensued and both majors sent urgent requests for reinforcements. 123/. The Con federate Colonel Scurry was at Galisteo about fifteen miles away. 124/. By a fo:rced march he reached Glorieta Pass the next. morning, 125/ The remain.Iler of Slough's. command ollllle up dUI'.ing the night and the foll.9v.1:ng day; the second phase Of the battle begun about noon, . 126/ While this battle raged furiously on.the.afternoon of the 27th, with the Federals being slowly pushed back,. the master stroke of the campaign was executed, Majol'. Chivington, with . ·about 430 offioers and .Picked men, made a wide. turning movement 28 ------• • around Scurry• s flank, _fell upon the small fo1•oa ·guarding his · trains, dispersed it, and d.estroyed .73 we.g0ns filled with am. munition, subsistenae, forage, baggage, qffice:rs• clothing, medical and surgical stores -- all of the equippage. and other ne1,1essary !!UP:Plies for a small army ii:!_ camp :and on the march,\' 1£l. In a_d. d. itio_ n1 Chiv.ington• s men bayonetted between _500 and l_ 600 horses and mules, 128/ ·. . -_ · Thie proved the death blow to the Conteder~te. invasion. II There was nothing for Scurry to .do except' retreat in search o:t' subsistence, of which there was little to be found in this -·. barren country, - Colonel Slo11ghwas eager to press on in pursuit of the hungry and demoralized enemy, but Canby sent an _orde_r to re tire to Fort Union. 1B9/ · Re was taking no chances of losing the key to his whole defensive set"".up, Slough, in disgust, resigned hie commission. 130/ . . With 1,200 troops Canby marched north from·Fort·-Cra;l:g, leaving the remainder· of his :t'oroe under Colonel Kit Carson to garrison tb,e fo:11t. 131/ He met Sibley at Albuquerque -in 1'1;11 · retreat down the•'Q'.alley. After soine skirmishing, April S-10, ·Canby withdrew jJito the Sandias and _awaited reinforcements from Union. 132/ _ On the 13th these arrived and Canby prepared to take.the offensive, only to learn that Sibley had evacuated Albuquerque. 133/ 'l.'he pursuit of.the weary Contedera,tes be- gan "".- Canby on the west side, Sibley on the east, At. times the two foroes were opposite each other. A sma11 skirmish was fought at Peralta0 but other than this, the Contederates were allowed to escape _unmolested down. tbe_ valley. and ba_ok into. ·Texas. 134/ The New Mexicans were extrelllely critical of Canby J( fo:t' his tailure to annihilate or capture the retreating co11lllll1. _ 135 The_departmental_commander defended his actions on the ground ~hat he bad nothing with which.to_ feed the Confederates in the event of their capture, since his oW:n_ troops were half fed•. · · · ·· One thing that had contribui;_ed to the precipitate re~reat · of _the Army of New Mex5..co was the news that a large Fedel'al · force was advancing from California to retakethe captured posts :l.n New Mexico, This force was orgail:l.zed in California by Col onel Jmnes H. Carleton who bad conrmanded Fort Union in the early 11350' s. 136/ It aonsisted ot abo.ut 2, 350 men _and proceeded aoross Arizona without oppoai ti on •. 157/ Colonel:.. Carleton held his troops . in Tuason from May 20 1 1862 1 to July 20 and then J:ll'Oceeded to -· Fort Thorn, which he reached on August 7, and immediately com- __ JllUnicated with Co_lonel Canby, 138/ _ _ _ · · • • . . On the 18th of. September, 1862, having been promoted to Brigadier Genl'Jral, ()arletoii asSllllled oommend of the Department of New Me:g:ioo, ·relieving C&nby who had also received a.prom()~ . .tion to Brigadier General. 139/. Just before Canby gave up the command, he oi-ganized an e:x:pedi tion to protect the trains from .. M1s$ourt •. 140/ Al;. the time Carleton too.k command of the De:oartment there . were 1082 troops at Fort Union, its garrison being double the size of any.other illt}le Territory.~ Carleton called the attentio.n of the :Adjutant General .oto the im.Pcirtance of' Fort · Ullion in a comm.1,11lication of September 3; -. . . . t'l'Jie .great mass of subsistence stores 'which. are · now in the Territory are a.t Il't•. Craig and Ft. Union.• · 'l.'bese. two. points will claim all our eN'orh in. their defense should tbs terr! tory be again invaded~ t 143/ · James :a:. Carleton .was a man of singular foreoef'Ulness• He proseouted '!;he most energetio and sucoessful campaign against .. · the Indians that the Territory had known. In 186.3. five new posts were built'. In 1865 Fort Selden was built. The gal'rison at Fort .U:niol1 was cut. dlYWn to supply the new :posts, llut it. still remained the most :l.mpor'j;ant p6st in the Territory. In June 1863. there were 445 troops at Fort Union. 143/ No r~spil:te was given thll! Indiana by General Cal.'leton, Wiien~ ever they showed signa ofmaldng trouble, he illllllediately dispatched a punitive e:xpll!di tion against them•. All Order. to Lieutenant .Col onel .William u:eMullen, commander at .Fort Union, on August l, · 1864t is typi oal; 144( · · · Hdqrs. D$Pt• of New Mexiao Santll. Fe, :N •. Mex, August 1, 1864 · lieut, Col. William McMulleru Commanding at.Fort Union, N• Mex, Oolone11 · :r understand frolll Col. Pearce that the Ind ians of the plains are very tro11olesome end menace th.e safety of the trains eoming to New Mexico. . Send with-· ou.t delay Capt, N, s. Davis; in colllllland of fifty cav alry, fifty :tnfantey 1 . and with ·two mountain. howi tzars I with fifty .da:r's rations, by the Cimarron route tofu-.·. crossing of the Arkanii!as 1 to render such. aid as, .. in his judgment, can be effected with such force. Cap• tain Davis has a carte blanche to :manage the. matter as ]le shall deem best, hJlving the purpose in view .for wM.eh · I he is. sent. · · · · · .I 30 • • I am, colonel.1 respecti'ully, etc.• Sames H;. Carleton Brigadier General, Connndg, Let us follow the i;xpedition, which was only one of many, similar in~eup and purpose, during the last two years of the war, From a cemp on the Arkansas River, Captain Davis reported the fortunes and findings of his commdn. 145/ •camp on Arkansas River Twenty-five Miles .. below Crossing · August 23, 1864 Col!llllanding Officer, Fort Union, New Me xi co; I have the honor to report that near Red River I met four trains returning who reported that a · train had been attacked, taken, and five men killed on .. Lower Cimarron, I offered the trains eseort, but they declined returning. Near Palo Blanco met S)loemaker1 s. train, who. returned with me, At. Ar- royo Vega$ met Waters' train with two others, Wat• ers returned; the others declined, Near Rabbit Ear met Samson's trains.that had come through;.reported heving been attacked near Upper Crossing of Cimar ron, losing 130 mules; the freight was being brought in by .returning ox trains; Found the remains of five· men at LowerC1marron scattered over the prairie, which I had buried. On my arrival here· today· found camped two trains for Fort Lyon, one for Fort. Garland, one for Fort Union, and one citizen train for Taos. These. trains while Jn camp here oil the 21st instant, were attacked by the Indians, killing.the wagorinlaster of contractor's train, Fort Union, No .• 4$, taking a.11 the oxen of that. train and about 100 head from the . others, I have sent Captain Butcher to escol't these trains to Fort Lyon .... With the aid of Shoemaker's and Waters' trains will take.the Fort Union train to Fort Larned. Will endeavor to have the freight sent forward ae soon as p.ossible. Although I did not see any Indians on the Cimarron route, found trails of. large parties; that are evidentlywatohing the trail; It will not be safe for trains without escort .... N, s. Davis, Capt• 1st, Inf. Cal, Vols, Comdg, Det, 31 • • 'l'r11inillg of volunteer troops was an important part of th.e routine a;t Fort Union in .1864. Gerierel Cerleton. outlined the training ·of a volunteer company· in §pecial Orders No. 17, May .. 30, 1864: 'The exigencies of public service requires that cOlllpany H, ll Cavalry, Misisouri Volunteers, take post at Fort um.on, l'f, Mex,> unt.11 further ord.ers. ·The comml!.ndillg. officer at tlmt post is. charged with personal.ly seeillg that thili! company is put . . into a state of drill, diScipl:lne, and good order, He will have two drills a day every week day - one on f 0ot and (lne mounted1 will have the.oi'ti· oers recite :ln ti;\CtiCe to himself three time.s a week, .and have the non.,.comtl).issioned officers re. cite .in tactics to his adjutant three times a week, and will report when the company is properly ins1;1'11cted, and ready at.all points for.ti~d· set"9'1ce~ • 146/ Fort Union lllUst )lave been a lively place during these stir ring war times. At any rate, there Wll.S no dearth of alcoholic spirits at tb,e post; .on the contrary, there seell!ed .to. b.e a lim i.tlese variety, .. The accou.nt. of ll.ieutenant. Colonel William · . · . Mcl4ullen at the post store from. July 1864 to· :May 1865 1e. illumi'- nating, .147/. · · · · · · . COL, McCO'LLEN 1864 1864 . J:uly 25 1 ·bot, sle 1,50 o.ct, 7 l bot. Wi.ne 2.50 25 Soap .• 25 7 l ff " 5.00 ·· .....""· ' " 26 s bots. ale 4 •. 50 .;n . 12 l " " 5.0.0 .. 27 l bot. varnish 1.75 " 14 l ... 2.50 .. 27 l bo.x smo. toh •. 2.00 ... 18 1 undershirt" 7,oo · Aug. 4 l pr. boots 12.00 " 18 2 linen hdkfs, 2.50 .. 4 2 overshirts 12.00 " 24 l: bot. wine 3,50 .. ltl 2 bots• ale 3.00 " 24 2 bots·. Wine 7,00 " 31 3 bot$. wine 12.00 .. 27 1 bot. wine 3,5() . " . 31 l .suit olothes 35.00 Nov, 20 Drawers, s.ocks 3,50 .. 31 l hat 4,00 " 20 l pr, gloves . 2.50 " 11 l bot. ohampatgne 3,00 ff 29 l suit clothes 55,00 Sept• 5 l llo.t. porter 1,50 Dec. 3 2 collars i.oo ... 7 1/2# V:trginny 'l'ob, l.oo .. 8 l bot. bitters ~.oo Oct. 3 2 bots, wine 5.00 ff. : ' 18 2 hdkfs, 2 pr.ss 5,50 1865 1865 Jan. 9 cash 10,00 Jan. 24 4 bottons .25 " 24 4 yds; flannel 5.oo " 25 sewing ·. siik l.oo 32 • • 1865 186.5 FElb• 2 l plu1r to b. . . l.50 . ll'Elb. 17 4 bots. whiskey 10.0() " 2 ·· 2 eans oyster 3.00 ... 19 l h«lkf. . l,50 " 5 1 bot•. winEl 2.50 Mar. 17 cash 2.00 " .8 l deck cards 2 •. 50 Apr. 6 2 pr. drawers 7,00 " 12 3 bots. ohampgne. 15.00 " 6 2 hdkfa. 2.00 " 13 l ease whiskq 25.00 .. & · 2. bot, absynthe io.oo .. 14 2 bots champgn. 5.oo " +3 cheese 2.63 ... crackrs. l.75.. . 4,37 .. 15 2 bots. " 5,00 13 prf •• 25, sardns, " 16 l.pipe stem • 75 .. · $f, tob. 1,5() 5.75 .. 16 l. bot. Wine · 3,00. " 18 l porter · 3,00 " 20 sho.ee #8, gloves l .• 50 9,50 One Lieutenant :Rawn, however, seemed to b.e able to outdo the Colonel by. a wid.e margin in the matter of absorbing alcohol. Here .was his accot1nt for .the month of 'March. 1863: 148/ Lil!UTlNANT RAWN • . 1863 1863 Mar. l 1 tooth brush .50 ·Mar, 14 cigars .,75 .. l 2cakes soap . ,50 . tt 15 Whis, 2.00 " l l . shaving brush ~50 " 15 powder )l,50 " l l .. ·.box .5() .. 15 caps .75 .. l l qt, whiskey . l.5o " 15 lbot. winOt. porter· 'l.50 .. 15 l can t'omatoEla l,25 " 2 2 cans. veg,· trta, :;,oo " 16 tobacco 16.50 " 4 . 2 qt> Whiskey 1.50 .. 17 5·c1gars .62 " 6 l de(:antElr 2.50 " 17 olarElt 2.00 " 6 l qt. whiskEly l,5o " 17 Whiskey.· 2.00 " 7 cards l.oo 19 l bot, champn, 3.00 .. 7. 2 orave:ljs 7.oo .." 2o l bot •. ale .75 " 8 wine 3;00 " 20 ·cigars .50 " 9 whis. 1,50 .. al l bot, ale .•. 75 ... 9 wine 3,00 .. 21 l bot. whis• 2,00 " 9 whts. 1.50 n 21 2 bots, ale 1.50 .. 10 wine 3.00. .. 21 l/2 gal,· whis. 4.00 n ll wine 3,00 : '"· ll3 l bot, ale .75 n " 11 cigars. ,50 .. 23 l " ' l.50 " 12 cigars ,75 23 l chempaigne . · 3.00 "n " 13 pe:naoE>a 2.50 24 ,cigars .50. " 13 l bot, wine 2.50 " 24 3 bots, alEl l,50 " 13 l bot, claret 2,50 .. 25 l whiskey, lqt. 1.50 26 3 bots. ale 1.50 .. 27 3·oversh1rts 15.00 " 26 ·2 cigars .• 25 n 27 2undershirts 6.00 " If .. 26 1 qt~ whiskey l.50 27 6 pr. 1/2 hose 2,63 .. 26 l bot. wine 3.00 ff 30 whiskey 75, ale50 2;25 33 • • . Thus Lieutenant Ohai>les Ootesworth Hawn, .a native of Penn"' sylvania, spent $65,50 on strong drilik:. within the short space ot one month, while illtat.ioned at Fort Union and shortly before .he was promoted to Captain {November 4 1 1863)1 149/ Prices at the fort in.1864-5 are interesting; can tomatoes, $1,50; can jelly, $1.00; pair gaiters, $10,00J box cigar, $6.00; plug tobacco, $ .50; enveloper;, $1.50; matches, $ .131 15 yards calico, $5.63; hoop skirt, $3.00; pr, kid gloves, .$1.25; 6 lbs; crackers> $3.00; 4 cans peaches, $6.00.; pen knife, .$5,00; shawl, $20.001 bot.tle red ink, $3.50; cravat, $3.00j castor o:!.l, $ ,251 . novel, $. >75; spelling book, $ .75; drawers, $2.00; !O lbs. sugar, $5.00J 10 lbs. coffee, $7.50, 150/ When Lee surrendered at Appomatox and ended, to all ptlrposes, the J.'OUI.' years of Civil War, there were 816 troops at Fort Union, an\'f310e9 tr0ops in the Terr:!.tOI"J. 151/ Thearee. of NeV! Me:doo had been.cut almost in half when the Territory of Arizona was organized.December 29 1 1863, so in 1865 there were only nine · posts in the Tsrritory, of .which Fort Union was by far the lRrgeat. 152/ 34 • • v. ·. AFTER 'l.'HE WAR .AND M .DECLINING YFARS An English surveyor by the name of Bell., a membei- of an ex pedition charting a route for the "Sou_the_ril Trans-Continental Railway", gives an iilterestingpieture o:!'Fort Union in 18671 \ •Fort )Jnion is di,stant from Maxwell• e by the :road · fi:f'ty.two miles; _'from t)le point.where our line of . survey crossed Red River, :!'ifty-sixmiles. 1'he coun-: try is. for the most .part e. vast grass•oov<0red plain, drained by _thll> Red_ River, Vie are never, however, . out of' signt of: mountains, some _o:!' .which are. isolated, and ris<> out of' the __ )?lain with grotesque outline, · sueh asWagon"Mountain, shaped exactly like a huge wagon drawn by a pair of.horses. Most of theni partake of the Mesa :!'ol'll!ation, as Mesa Apache, while othei:s form ran11;es jutting out fl'.'Om the Rocky Mountains as "the Ciniarron range, behind \ Being on horseback1 I took the mountain road to·. the fort on the 21st of August, and he.done of the most romantic Tides I can remember in all my .wanderings, The partly volcanic nE1ture of the rocks, together with the_ abundance of water, gave a fertility and . freshness to the whole landscape, which contrasted most delightfully with the monotonous plains. Rich grassy park;s, studded.with noble trees, and wate1"ed by an abundance .of rivulets, ware hem.111ild in by glor ious_._turrets of rock, and overshadowed by the pine clad SUl1llll1 ts of the peaks, whic.h, with the_ art of na tu,re, broke the oppresl'!i ve regular:i, ty of the sky- · line. · For twenty miles I wound my way through this beauti ful' country, yet all seemed given over entirely to. natu!'e, and there was not the trace of a human being except the path upon which I rode. No flocks or herds oropped the tender grass. ·r looked in vain S111ongst the trees and up the valleys which opened into the. pass, now on one side and then on the other, but _there was.no shepherd, no hut, no farm to be seen; the wild turkeys had all_ been either shot or .driven awey by the offieers. from Fort Union; and the same might be said 35 • • of the deer; but with this exception .,.. the absence of game .;_ nature.. remained exactly .as GOd had made it. Fort.Union is a bu11tl.1n.g place; it is the largest .military establishmelit to l:>e :t'oillld on the plains. and. is the supply c.entre from which t)'.te forty .or fifty lesser poste scsttered i:tll oyer. the. country within a .radius of 500 miles or more, sresupplied with men. horses, munitions of,. war, and. often with everything needed for ther support. It is not in . the least fortified, as, of course, such. a precau;_ would be useless; but it if! a vast collection of workshops, storehous€Js, barracks, officers quarters, · and of:f'iceei of all kin the daily sale.s average 3,QOO dollars •. Over 1 1 000 workmen are here kept. constantly ~mployed 1 building aild repairing wagons, gathering in and distributing supplies, making harness, putting up buildings, and. attending to the lolig trains of goods an.d supplies constantly arriving or departing. .When we think for a moment of the hundreds of miles .. that ever-.;thing has to be brought by a slow and expensive .mode of eonvey-· anoe -- 1500 mile.a by wagon from the end of the rail way, .and nearly 1~500 by rail from St. Louis; wh.en we consider the pr1ce oflal:>or; when, in fact 1 we view the economic aspeotofaffairs, even a travel ler cal!not help beint al!tazed at .~he enormous expendi .tures cit money necessary to maintain so large an. es tablisblllent in such a locality• The millions of dol lars which are yearly·absorbed by such a place as . Fort Union must l;>e something marvelous; and the op portunities for peculation and groWing fat by the misappliance of public money, by exorbitant charges if not by actual fraud, !"re probably greater here than any othE)r branch of the public ser'i':l.ce.' 153/ I After the Civil War 0 the army decided to abandon a llUlllber I of the older forts in New Mexico. It was decided, howeve:i', .that I 36 I _ _J • • Fort Union should be retain11d •. ·. Major General Pop~, in_ command . of. the Department of' M:l.ssouri, wrote in 1871: · •FortUnion, now th~headquarter13_of the Eightlicav:· alry, is admirably placed• not only to a:t':f'ora pro. tection against the Utes,-but to cover the whole of the eastern and·southeastern:t.'rontier settlements of New Mexico against the Indians on tl'le so.uthern reservation, It is proposed to keep Fo.rt Union as one of the large pcfi!ts from which to send out _de;. tachments for the summer. on tb.e plains east and . south, 1 154/ · · By or_der of the Surgeon General's Offi9e, in 1875, a compl11te report on the bygiene of the u, s. ·.l\J;my was !!lade; This report .. included a description _of' all military. posts,_· Here is how Fort Union was described in that year by Assistant Surgeon p, Mof- fatt, u.s.A; 155/ · 'Fort Union is situated ln latitude 35o 54' 21". north;· longitude, 2'7° 54• 15" west; altitude, 6,700.:f'eet, . :--.. ' ,, --- . . . Santa·Fe is one hundred miles southwest. The near est railroe,d station is Las Animas, near .Fort Lyon. The moe;t important settlements in th11 vioini ty are . Mora, 18 miles to the west, and Las Vegi;.s, 20 miles distant,. on the Santa Fe road, The_ post is in.a beautl:t'Ulvalley about 25 miles ioilg by five arid a half Wide, having on the north and e'.'st a wooaed range of hills known as Turkey Mountains, and on the west a low and rocky range ru.nni11g into. table-l_and. The craters of seve.ral extinct volcanoes are in .. the vicinity, and on stDk:ing wells iri the vicinity Of the aresenal, a stratum of lava is fo~d of varying . depths, . The wate,. suppfy is obtained partly from wells, and .in part from an excellent spring about a quar ter of' a mile Clistant. That from the wells is h_ard, from lime in so.lutio.n~ Twenty miles distant. the road to Santa Fe crosses a ridge whieh is the divide between the trib 37. • • F -- A ~~ 00 \98 \ll§ \§§ \i ai '("\gH\tlH\ ft PLAN of fORT UNION, Rcc.~~an~1nj Asst Sur411.ori fl'loga tt'~ l)oscr1ptrori. ------• • . . miles northwest of Las Vegas area number of hot springs, noted .for their efficacy in rheumatism and . chronic syphilitic complaints. The temperature is .140 Fa4renhei:t. Among the usefUl.wild plants :found in the vicinity is the common hop (Humulus lumpulus). 'l'his ·grows abundantly al,ong the mountain streams, and• ·the pro duct is of the best quality. The :follQwing statement relative to .the.climate and :I.ts effect upon health is by Assistant Surgeon w, . H•. Gardner, Un:!. ted !3tates Army• •• ; • "Fort Un:ton was established .in August, 1851, and was first located on the present site of Fort Union arsenal. The reservation, nearly square, contains 51!. square miles. '?here is also a timber reservation of 50 square .miles. Fort Union Jncludes the post j;!Orper, the depot, and FortVnion arsenal." The l!.rsenel is thus d.e.scribed by Captain w. R, Shoe maker, ordnance o.f:fi cer in charge: "Fort Union. arsenal is one mile west of . Fort Union, on a reservation· belonging to the Ordnance Department, and is. inclosed · by a wall forming a square of l,ooo :feet each side.. The bu:Udings are, on.a barraok ;LOO by 26 feet with porticoes in :front and rear; one set officers• quarters 54 by 75 · feet; and office 45. x 18; one main store-· house 216. feet long, . three smalier store- · houses, shops §:c, All of' these.are of' adobe with stone :foundations; The water suppl,y is. from !l good well, end two cisterns of' 18,000 ga:l.lons each •" · Fort Union .is thus described by Captain "The depot is adjacent to and.north of' the post. · !he buildings are, six· sets used as offices and.quarters; five storehouses,. shops and corrals. ·The quarters.are well • built of adobe, laid on stone founda tions, .with tops finished with brick· and roofs of tin. 'l'ht'lse sets are each 79 by 5'7 feet; the.other three, each 56. by 5.5 feet. The .store-houses .are each 200 by 40 feet, exoept the southern one, which is one-half' the width of the others, In the plaza, fronting the northern sets of depot quarters, are two oisterns hold• ing 21 40.0 gallons e~ch 1 the i;upply of which comes from the roors·.ot the store•houses," Fort Uni6nie a ;four-company post, the al'rangi!Jn~nt of the mli.inpart of which is shown in Figure .50, . ' ' . - . A; officers• quarters, BBBB squad'-rooms; 0 C mess I"Ooms, D, forage rooms; E, bakery; .F, quartermaster's s(ltre-rooms; . JI, iasu:l.ng-ro(lmJ I, .quartermas1;er1 s · s'llables; M, cavalry. corral; N; quartermaster's corral, , ' ' ' - . All the building$ are of adobe, one story high, ollll! . · sto.ne foundations, !lnd, with the exception of the hos- pital, are all roofed With tin, · On the northeast side of the parade-groµnd, and dir ectly op:positetb.e line o:f' officers• quarters, are the quarters of :the men, . Each set ·occupies three sides of a .rectangle within which .is a small court-yard or open spacll with a well in the. center, The main buildings are each '73 by 2'7 feet.. They are used as squad rooms . an.d dormitories, and at the. present time .have an aver• · age occupancy of 30 meiil each.; giving an !lir space .. of about:700 cubic feet per lllall.• ·The· wings on one side of each Se:t are used as orderly and company store-rooms;. tho.se on the opposite side, for kitchens and dilling• rooms. Those quarters tire really cOJnfortable dwellings, alth~ugh deficient in faeil.ities for ventilation. ' , ' . " In rear of the blocks occupied by the men's quarteI"S and separated from the111 by a wide stI"eet, are situated .· the quarters of the IJlarried soldiers and laundresses; and in rear.of these again, and at proper distance, ere the cav!lll'Y ,stablee and 0th.er otit•.houses• . On the southwest of the parade-ground· are situated the quarters of of:t'icers, consisting of nine buildings in one row, Each building is divided bya single hall • running from front to rear, on each side of which are three. capacious rooms -- except the middle building (the commanding officer's quarters)• which has four - affording the regulation-allowance of 1l(UlU'ters for an officer with the rank of captain. As in .the case of . most of .. the. buildings here, .the roofs are too f.J.at, so that they allow of leakage when.Violent rains oc cur, as they freq"Uently do during therainy season. In other respects the quarters are good; they all have good yards and out-houses in the rear, and are upon.· the whole :very comfortable residences. · . . ' . . ' ,, ... . The g"Uard-house is situated in the li~e of t.he lauajres ses' quarters, The structure itself may be well suited for the purpose t~r which it. was intended, but the loca tJon of 1 t ii; inappl'Opriate, as no extended view of the post can be had trom its vicinity. · I Si~s for the men and for the. families of soldiers have . been construct.ed at all .availa.ble points, but the ac commodations in this respect. are not sufficient Without the neceilE;ity of.travelling to a.greater.distance than is lH:ely to be done under all cirC1.llllstances,. The post hospital. is situated outside of th.e garrison in• closurefand about 300 paees to .the east. of 1t, The hos pital building faces towards the southeast, I.t consists esl!lentially of a central building l~ feet wide, running ba()k 130 feet, this being ahalllli feet wide inside •. Attached to each. side of this central hell are three wings, e(l.oh 31 x 39 feet ·outside, the long axis parallel end the ... short axis at right angles to,· the hall, These. Wings are separated fl'Qm each othel'. by spaces. Gt .feet wide. An· adobe partition through th.e center of. each wing, and. at right angles to the hall, divides each.of them into two . rooms, 19 by 30 feet, by 12 feet .9 inches high; t.hus giv ing twelve rooms, each of the above dimE;nsions •.. The two front wings are used as dispensary' end store-rooms, the rear half of each posterior wing .for ki tehen and dining- · room respectively, . '!'he two middle Wings and the fl'Ont · rooms of the posterior wings are used as wards, making six wards, occupied by six beds each, giving 1,200 cubic feet of space to each occupant. In.case of emergency, t.he cap acity could.readily.be increased one-fourth by temporarily using some of .the store-rooms as wards.·. The hospi'tal dif fers from all other buildings at .the post, in beingrc,io:f:ed with shingles, and. in having a roof with the usuel pitch • .Although not constru.cted upon the best plan, in a hygienic point of vi.aw, it is i!l!lply adequate to the. requirement$ of • • a four-compaey. post, For the reason that thi.s post is located on the thoroughfare.to and from New Mexico, and that it is the base of supplies of the di.strict,. it occurs that there are at almost all times.men in the hospital not belonging to the command at Fort U'nion, but who have taken siok or hu~t while enroute to or from other points0 and been detailed at this post for treatment or .discharge on surgeon's certificate. of disability. · · Fort Union is situated upon the stag&-road .between the railroad terminus, · o1l .the northeast, .Ud. the City of . Santa b' e, .on the southwest. ·· A daily stage, conv\!l)>:ing the mail,. is. received· from each point. From th1S point mail communications o~.be had with Santa Fe tn twenty hours; .with department headquarters at Fort Leavenworth in four to six days, and .with Washington in seven to nine days, A line of telegraph also passes this place en route .from the/rsUroaa to Santa Fe along the stage road, and having a stat.ion at this point. '' . . . . . Fort Union, as a frontier post,. may be considered de sirable, not so much from the natural surroundings as from the facilities. by stage, mail, and te1egraph, of oommµnication with the outside world. · One question I shoµld like to add. befo!'.e closing: Are adobe quarters productive. of rheumatism? I believe. they ar.e a fruitful source not only of rheumatism, but acia• tica, and oi!Jher forins of neuralgia.• By the early l880's the Indian menace had disappeared f!'Om the Southwest and the Gcreat Plains. Thu.s one of the chief rea sons .for the fort's eXistence had passed~ The Santa Fe Trail was now rapidly passing into history, A new trail of steam and steel was pushiug its way into. the west,.which needed no fron tier post to offer it protection and wh~ch .would, dispense with supply depots and distribution points. · Late in the evening of December 28, 1872, the rails of the · Atchison, Topeka, and Santa '.fl'e Railroad were laid across the Kansas-Colorado boundary, On July 4, 1879, Las Vegas; New Mexico, was reached and a Fort Union heard its death knell in the whistle of a steam .locomotive, 157/ In 18831 Major General Pope was wr:I. ting: "Fort Union valuable only as a shelter for troops", 158/ and the following year Colonel L. p, Bradley, commanding the District. of New Mexico, wrote: "I think it would be an economy of men an.d money to bre.ak up Forts Umon .and 41 • Selden and transf'er the gal'l'isons of' ,these' posts to :Forts Win-·· gate s.nd Bayard." 159/ ·Colonel B. R• Grierson made the same. recommenda.tions in 1885 160/ and 188'1, 161/ In Oo'f;ober 1887 Fort Union performed its last duty. A detscbml'Jnt under Lie~ .tensnt J", N.• Glass was sent to see .that ejected' 'squatters 4id ·. not return to the. J"icarilla .Reservation., 162/ ·.''This. detach-. ment .. was relieved in. the early part of December 1887• and r<:l turned. to Fort Union after accomplishing its duty in a very satisfactory manner," 163/ Even. in 1688 the Fort retained . mUch of', its grandeur -- the historian H, H; Banero:t't wrote: · "Fort Union is O)lEI. of' the best knoivn n1ilitary posts ()f' the territory. having been liluch of the time the military head- quarters," 164/ Fort Union was abandoned bn February 21. 1881, 165(. end the center of military activity. in. New Me:d.co during the most colort\ll. era of her history was left .to vandals and. oblivion~ · · 42 • Al'PENDIX . . Dui'fu.s, The ~ ~ 'l'rail, 202-3 {1931) •. l!inory, ~ g! !!. Militar,v Reconnaissance, 77 (1848) ~ JI· Ibid., 77. ~ Gregg, The Commerce g! ~Prairies, 92 (.1844), Ibid,;. l.89; - ·-.-·' . . '. -- . . Curtis, The North Am.erloan Indian, I, 14 ( 190'1). ' -- Gregg, S!E.• cit.• 190-1, Bender; "F:t'ontier Defense in.the Territoi-y of WewMe:xi~o, 1846•1853", ~Mexico Historical Review, g, 249 (1934). ~ ----Ibid,, IX, 256-'7, . · ···..21 !J!ll•, IX, 260, !91 !J!g., IX, 261, lll !!.• 5• Docs., 30 Cong., & ~· • No •. l, p, 165, YI !!!ll·, P· ie1. ~· !!_. Docs., 32 Cong;,!. Sess .• 'fo, 1, pt. 1, PP• 1171 . 125, 243. Bender, S!E.• cit,, 262·3• ~· S• Docs., ~ ~·, !.~· No. 1, pti. l, PP• 235-239 •. w Steel'.', nrort· Un:i.on - Its Economic and. Military History," 4, Twitohell, Leading Facts g! llil:!!: MeXican History, lll• w 331-2 ( 11117). W Emory, 21!.• .ll!.!•, 53, 43 • • FE) Report, SUlilner to Jones, Adj, Gen., Oct. 24, 1851. @:/ · Duffus, 21?.• ill•.o .244, & Becknell, "Journal", Mg,. Hist. Revielv, ll.• 71-6 (1909), !&/ Duffu~, 21?.• ill·' .68. W . Becknell, 21?.• 9.ll•, 76-7. -Ibid;, 77. 25 / nuirus, 21?.· ill· , 69.• w tl:>:l.d,, 77-9 •. . ~ Ibid,, 84. '!/!/ Ibid., 89, -Ibid. !l:!.!:i· • 9 l • ~ Ibid., l.1s. -Ibid, I. l.19-20. -Ibid, '§!§/ !l:!.!.£.. '2§1 !J:!.!.£.., 125• . EJ/ Bancroft, History 2! California, VI, 33 (1888), '§!!/ Ibid. 1 157, '§2/ Ibid,. M!J Twi tehell, 21?.• ill•·•· III 1 404! W Enos, Map 2!. !2,tl ~. !;[. Mexico (1866), New.Mexico State Museum Library, ... w !:214· ~ .. Ibid. 44 • Mansfield, Report (l~4) 1 M•. L. Crimmins Collection . · in New Mexico State Mu$eum Library. Sumner, Report !£ J"ones, Adjutant General, Oct, 24, 1.851, Sibley, Assist!!At Q,U.a~termaster !£Q,uartern!asterGe~eral Jessup, S:_ ~· £2.£• ~; Cong,, ~ ~·, ll• P• 75. u. s. War Department Annual. Report, 1852, ·Report 2!. (\Hartermaster General,p. 73. · ~/ Stbley, 2E.• .tll·, ~· ~· £2.£., 32 CciI!S·, ~· Sess, ··· u· 75. f}j Tw1.tchell, £!E.• fil•• III, 33Z..3. ?fY. Sumli.er, Report !£ ~. Adj. General, 1851, Bl !ill.· '§Y ·Ibid. ~ G, O. No. 1, Janu!lrY .8, .1851, A.G.O, ·.'§Ji U~ s. War Department, Annual. Report, 1852. '!&/. Bender, 2E.• .tll• , 267, .'!&f. I'btd., 269, .w !Ell·. 270. ~ u. s. War Department Annual Report, Report o:I' the General in-Chlef, 1852, '§!/ . Ibid.•, 1854. §9/ Steere, £!E.• cit,, 14, citing !£ll Union Letter ~· §!/ -.Ibid., 17. w !.!U:!· ···§!! Ibid,, 18, w Steere, 2E.• cit., ~4 1 citing Fort ~Letter Book, · 45 • • .§!JI Ibid, ~/ u, S, War Dept, Annual Report, 1854. Report of the General-· in-Chief, 51. ft!l Mansfield, .2].. oi t. §J/ Steere, 2P.• £!!., 16, oi till5 li'.2l:! ~ Letter Book, !:2J .· U• s. War Dept, Anllu.al. Report,· 1855, Report of the Ninth · · Military District, .63-4, · '!!)/ Bancroft, Histor:t; .2! Utah, 497 (1891). '!1:/ Coan, Hi.storr .2! New Me7'ico 1 I, 560 ( 1925). Heitman, Historical Register~ Dictionary .Q! .fu!!. !!! §.• &!!!l,1 II, 403-405 ( 1903), '!JI · Ibid., 400.;.405, 'JJd . Bender, "Frontier Defense in the Territo~ of New Me:doo, . 185~1861", !!21l'.e7'1Co Historical Review, g, 366 ( 1934)...... ·. ·: ...... ··•'ill Ibid,, 367, T!./ --Ibid~, 367-8. War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and - ,..... Confederate Armies, Series, ;t; !,. 606 ( 1891i7" §9/ Ibid,, Se.ries I, I, 605. 'SY -Ibid., Series I, IV, 40. !W ----Ibid,. -Ibid., Series I, IV, 41, §!§/ · War of .the Rebelliom Official Recorils of .the Union and --, ,..... Oonfedel'ate Armies, Sel'ies ]_, !!,, 642 ( l8~1Y:- 46 • • W Ibid., Series I, IV, 48. §1/ Ibid, Whitford, Colorado Volunteers.in. the Civil War, 29 (1906). ~ · ..... -- '• -. §J) -Ibid. w Ibid;, 30, 'lY ~· w Ibid., 32. Ibid., 33, 'l.Y -:. w Ibid, War of the Rebellion: Official RE>aords of the Union and. w ,' ' -~--Confederate.- .Arlllies, Series L !!----.. 81; w -Ibid, w Ibid~ 2§/ -·Ibid. w Ibid, 1 S'eri es I, IV, 86, 100/ Ibid. 101/ Ibid •. 102/. Whitford, .!?R.• cit,, 57. Ibid,, 58, . .,..._Ibid,, 56-69, War of the Rebellion! Official Reao:rds ·of the Union and - ,__ Coni'ederate Armies,. Series !; ff," 645, - - .,..._Ibid, 107/ Ibid. · 108/ War of the Rebellion; · Official Records of the Union and - - Confederate· Armies, Series r. IX, 645. - 47 • • ,, 1~9/ ·.Ibid., S~ries I, IX,. 630. 110/ Whitford, 211.• .2!1·, .76, lll/ -Ibid,, 7'1, 112/ 113/ -Ibid. 114/ War of the Rebellion; Official Records of the Union and - - Confederate Armies, Series !• ui!;'792.. - 115/' Ibid, . llti/ Ibid., Series I, IX, 645. 117/ Ibid,, Series I, ·IX, 653. lU!/ -Ibid., Series I, IX, 649. 119/. Ibidq Series I, IX, 654. Series I, IX, 655. 120/ ~·· 121/ -Ibid., Series I, :i;x, 054. 122/ Whitford, 211.; cit, , . 85--92,; 123/ Ibid;_,..... 124/ lliil•' 98. 125/ Ibid, 126/ ~·· 102. 116-122, •. 127/ ~·· l2efF Ibid, War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and - - Confederate Armies, Seriee !, ji,'"'659~ - J.50/ Whitford, .\?.£• cit;, 12'7. 48 • • 132/ Ibid., 192. 133/ -·Ibid. I 130. l3fl/ !.!?!:!·. 130-137. 135/ Ibid., 132. 136/ "'!'he California Col.umn", Arizona Historical Review, I, . . 82 .(1938). - 137/ . 00· . 84-88. l38/ !£!!., 88'-91. illi·. 93 •. W'3.r of the Rebelliozu.· Official Recorils of Union and ---~"-·. .· ·· ..•. · . Coni'edera'•a -Armies,- Series-- '' L .----!!• 689, ...... 14.l/ · .~•, Series I, IX, 696., 142/ Ibid., Series !, X!I, 577 • . . 143/ ~·, Series !; XX"'VI, (Part l), 612, ~ Ibid., Serie.s 11 :xr.r (Part .2} . 512. 145/ !fil::l·, Series r, XLI (~a1't 2), 828. 146/ Ibid,, Series :r, ·n:tV (Part 4) 1 l35. dl47/ LedSer, ll'ort lTniqu Sutler• s Store; orh New Mexico State Museum- Library {1865-4-6). · Heitman, Jm• cit,, I, 817, Ledger, !2!:l Union Sutler's Store, original in New · New Mexico Sta-t.e MuseUlll Library {l86~4:-5), War. of Rebellion:. Official Records of the Union and - - Confederate. Armies, Series ;t;' XLVI! (Partl) x.&, . 1309, . . . 49 ,-~ • 153/ Bell, New Tracks ~North America, 121-3 (1869), · Report af.··.!ll.2 Secretary of ~. Bnd ~· 42 Cong,, Vol, 1• · 1871-2; John Pope, Brevet Major General, to Lt. Col. ;r. n. Fry, p. 39, . \I 155/ Circular N.!2.· §.,··~Department, Surgeon General's Ofi'ice, Washington, Ma., l, 1875. 156 I_,__. _ __,...,.,..=-·, .. "FU'ty years of $anta Fe History", ~ · ~Magazine; January 1923, 27,· .157/. Ibid, • · . . . .. · . • -'·' 158/ ;-Docs;, 1!i• Sess. 48th conf5l,. 1883-4, Vol,.~. Reports · of Maj, Gen •.John Pope, Commanding, Department .of the Missouri, p~ 132, ~ ~· ~·, ~ ~· ~ Cong., l.88~85, Y.21; ,g, Reports of Gol. Bradley, Commanding, Di.strict of New Mexico, p. 123. 160/ ~ ~ Docs., 1st. ~· ~ Cong., 1885-86, Y.21• ~. ' p. 1630 Report o.f Ool, Grierson, Commanding, Dis'!;rict of New Mexico. · I House 5. Docs., ~· ~· .!2.Q.t1a Cong., 1887-8, Ytl• ,g. · .. R.ep. Col, .Grierson, Comdg, Dist. of N. Mex• p.166, Rouse£!!• Docs., ~ Sess •. ~ ~., 1888-'89, Ytl• g,, . ·. Report of Col, Grierson, Oommanding District of New Mexico; August lO, 1888, p. 132, 164/ .Bancroft, Histor;y; of~ Mexico and Arizona, 783 (1889). 165/ • Las Vesas optic, Feb. 27, 1891. 50 MAP or rnc .MILITARY RE SERVAT: ON AT RT N. EIGflT Sea.le Survel:fed. drawn by JoHA./ Lambert under the ion of' Bv,.- COL. H. 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