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Read the Full PDF Job Name:2250227 Date:15-05-18 PDF Page:2250227pbc.p1.pdf Color: Magenta Yellow Black THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE fOR PUBLIC POLICY RESEARCH, established in 1943, is a publicly supported, nonpartisan research and educational organization. Its purpose is to assist policy makers, scholars, businessmen, the press and the public by providing objective analysis of national and international issues. Views expressed in the institute's publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers or trustees of AIL Institute publications take four major forms: 1. Studies-in-depth studies and monographs about government programs and major national and international problems written by independent scholars. 2. Legislative Analyses-balanced analyses of current proposals before the Con­ gress, prepared with the help of specialists in the fields of law, economics, and government. 3. forums and Conferences-proceedings of discussions in which eminent authorities express contrasting views on public policy issues. 4. Reviews-timely presentations of informed opinion and information on the emerging issues of the day. COUNCIL Of ACADEMIC ADVISERS Paul W. McCracken, Chairman, Edmund Ezra Day University Professor of Busi­ ness Administration, University of Michigan Kenneth W. Dam, Harold 7. and Marion F. Green Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School Milton Friedman, Paul Snowden Russell Distinguished Service Professor of Eco­ nomics, University of Chicago; Nobel Laureate in Economic Science Donald C. Hellmann, Professor of Political Science and Comparative and Foreign Area Studies, University of Washington D. Gale Johnson, Eliakin Hastings Moore Distinguished Service Professor of Eco­ nomics and Provost, University of Chicago Robert A. Nisbet, Albert Schweitzer Professor of Humanities, Columbia University G. Warren Nutter, Paul Goodloe McIntire Professor of Economics, University of Virginia Marina v. N. Whitman, Distinguished Public Service Professor of Economics, Uni­ versity of Pittsburgh James Q. Wilson, Henry Lee Shattuck Professor of Government, Harvard University EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Herman J. Schmidt, Chairman of the Board Richard J. Farrell William J. Baroody, President Richard B. Madden Charles T. Fisher III, Treasurer Richard D. Wood William J. Baroody, Jr., Executive Vice President Anne Brunsdale, Director of Publications Gary L. Jones, Assistant to the President for Administration PROGRAM DIRECTORS Joseph G. Butts, Legislative Analyses W. S. Moore, Legal Policy Studies Robert A. Goldwin, Seminar Programs Robert J. Pranger, Foreign and Robert B. Helms, Health Policy Studies Defense Policy Studies Thomas F. Johnson, Economic Policy David G. Tuerck, Research on Studies Advertising Marvin H. Kosters, Government Regulation Studies SCANDINAVIA AT THE POLLS SCANDINAVIA AT THE POLLS Recent political trends in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden Edited by Karl H. Cerny American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Washington, D.C. Distributed to the Trade by National Book Network, 15200 NBN Way, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214. To order call toll free 1-800-462-6420 or 1-717-794-3800. For all other inquiries please contact the AEI Press, 1150 Seventeenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 or call1-B00-862-5801. AEI Studies 143 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Scandinavia at the polls. (AEI studies; 143) "This study is based on a conference which was held on February 10 and 11, 1975, in Washington, D.C.; sponsored by AEI in association with the Graduate School of Georgetown University." Includes index. 1. Scandinavia-Politics and government-Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Scandinavia-Social conditions­ Addresses, essays, lectures. 3. Scandinavia-Economic conditions-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Cerny, Karl H. II. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. III. Series: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. AEI studies; 143. JN7042.S26 329'.023'4808 77-1343 ISBN 0-8447-3240-0 © 1977 by American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C. Permission to quote from or reproduce materials in this publication is granted when due acknowledgment is made. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS Preface PART ONE: PARTIES AND ELECTIONS 1 1 Recent Trends in Danish Voting Behavior Ole Borre 3 Development of the Danish Party System, 1955-75 4 Social Bases of Danish Voting Behavior 14 Ideology and Domestic Issues 21 Foreign Policy: The EEC Issue 27 Alienation and Involvement 30 2 Electoral Trends and Foreign Politics in Norway: The 1973 Storting Election and the EEC Issue 39 Henry Valen and Willy Martinussen The Upheaval of 1973 39 Trends in Electoral Behavior 45 The Issues of the 1973 Election 54 Some Concluding Remarks 70 3 Recent Electoral Trends in Sweden Bo Siirlvik 73 The Electoral Stalemate in 1973 73 Party Strategies under Minority Government 79 Uncertainty and Stability in the Party System 81 The Social Bases of the Parties 90 The Voters' Views 97 A Scandinavian Trend? 111 Postscript: The 1976 Election 115 PART TWO: SOCIAL DISCONTENT AND THE MASS MEDIA 131 4 The Changing Basis of Radical Socialism in Scandinavia Daniel Tarschys 133 Exit the Old Guard 135 Enter the New Left 138 1968 and Beyond 141 The New Profile of the Scandinavian Left 145 The Impact of Radical Socialism 148 The Future of Radical Socialism in Scandinavia 152 5 On Welfare, Happiness, and Discontent in the Scandinavian Countries Erik Allardt 155 Patterns of Alienation 156 Satisfaction and Happiness 161 Dissatisfaction 162 Summary and Discussion 174 Methodological Note 177 6 The Political Role of Mass Communication in Scandinavia Steen Sauerberg and Niels Thomsen 181 The Changing Structure of Political Communications in Scandinavia 182 The Danish General Election of 1973 208 Concluding Remarks 215 PART THREE: BUSINESS AND LABOR IN THE WELFARE STATE 217 7 Economic Development in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden C. C. Uhr 219 Before the War, 1919-45 220 The Postwar Decades 223 The Welfare Impact of Structural Change in the Scandinavian Economies 237 Concluding Comments 247 8 The Changing Role of Private Enterprise in Sweden Goran Ohlin 249 Socialization of Income, Not Production 249 Beyond the Welfare State 253 Old Business and New 259 A New Industrial Society? 262 9 Current Problems of Scandinavian Trade Unionism Walter Galenson 267 The Setting 267 Wages and Taxes 274 Collective Bargaining 283 Non-Wage Issues 286 Conclusions 295 Contributors 297 Index 299 PREFACE Scandinavia at the Polls: Recent Political Trends in Denmark, Nor­ way, and Sweden is another volume in the AEI series of studies of national elections in selected democratic countries. Volumes have already been published on the two 1974 British parliamentary elec­ tions, the 1974 French presidential election, the 1974 Canadian general election, and the 1974 Japanese House of Councillors election. In progress are studies of the 1975 Australian national election, the 1975 British referendum, and the 1976 elections in Italy, the Federal Repub­ lic of Germany, and Japan. Also launched are studies of the projected 1977 elections in Spain and Israel. The present study does not attempt to discuss all of Scandinavia. Parliamentary elections happened to be called in 1973 in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Because these three elections occurred in the same year, and because their outcomes shared certain unusual fea­ tures, they seemed to form a natural group for purposes of analysis. It should also be noted that the approach adopted here is slightly different from that used in earlier AEI election studies. First, this study is based on a conference which was held on February 10 and 11 1975, in Washington, D.C., sponsored by AEI in association with the Graduate School of Georgetown University. These essays are revised versions of papers that were originally presented at the conference. They incorporate suggestions made by conference participants as well as the reactions of the writers to issues raised in the conference discussions. A second difference between this and earlier AEI election studies is that this one includes more extensive analysis of social and eco­ nomic developments. The present study does not explicitly describe and analyze the institutional framework of the 1973 Scandinavian elections nor trace the course of the several political party campaigns. Rather, it analyzes the 1973 election outcomes-as well as con­ comitant socioeconomic developments-with a view to determining whether the political party systems of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden are undergoing significant long-term change. In addition, it examines the extent to which the 1973 election outcomes can be related to the development of the welfare state in the three Scandinavian countries. The most striking outcome of the 1973 elections in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden was the electoral decline of the Social Demo­ cratic parties. For decades-in Sweden, for example, since 1932- these parties had in varying degrees been the dominant parties within their respective political party and governmental systems. Under their leadership, Scandinavian politics had come to be characterized by stability, gradual change, pragmatism, and consensual decision mak­ ing. Under their leadership, too, the major features of the Scandi­ navian welfare states were fashioned; some initial steps were taken in the 1930s and much more extensive reforms enacted throughout the post-World War II period. Against this background
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