A HISTORY OF MODERN PALESTINE Ilan Pappe’s history of modern Palestine has been updated to include the dramatic events of the s and the early twenty-first century. These years, which began with a sense of optimism, as the Oslo peace accord was being negotiated, culminated in the second intifada and the increase of militancy on both sides. Pappe explains the reasons for the failure of Oslo and the two-state solution, and reflects upon life thereafter as the Palestinians and Israelis battle it out under the shadow of the wall of separation. I P is Senior Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Haifa in Israel. He has written extensively on the politics of the Middle East, and is well known for his revisionist interpretation of Israel’s history. His books include The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, – (/) and The Modern Middle East (). A HISTORY OF MODERN PALESTINE One Land, Two Peoples ILAN PAPPE University of Haifa, Israel CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521683159 © Ilan Pappe 2004, 2006 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2004 Second edition 2006 7th printing 2013 Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by the MPG Books Group A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-521-86468-8 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-68315-9 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first printing, but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. To Ido and Yonatan, my two lovely boys. May they live not only in a modern Palestine, but also in a peaceful one. Contents List of figures page x List of maps xi Chronology xii Foreword xix Acknowledgements xxi Introduction: A New Look at Modern Palestine and Israel The Emergence of Modern Palestine – the Common Version Deconstructing the Emergence of Modern Palestine Writing the History of One Land, Two Peoples Fin de Siècle (–): Social Tranquillity and Political Drama The Rural Landscape and its People Urban Palestine and its Society A Society without Politics Globalization of the Local Economy The Political Economy of ‘Modern Palestine’ in the s Invading Civil Society: The Making of the Modern Ottoman State (–) End of an Era: Rural Chieftains and the A’ayan New Beginnings and New Influences The Zionist Impetus A New Crusade: Templars, Colonists and Profiteers Between Tyranny and War (–) Palestine in the Last Years of Abdul Hamid (–) The Arrival of Zionism Palestine in the Aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution (–) Palestine in the First World War vii viii Contents The Mandatory State: Colonialism, Nationalization and Cohabitation Allenby’s Palestine The Nationalization of the Cities (–) The End of ‘Southern Syria’ Early Years of the Mandate (–) Where Politics and Society Met: The Watershed The Making of the Zionist Enclave (–) The Pauperization of Rural Palestine (–) Questions of Leadership and Nationalism (–) The Revolt The White Paper Encountering Nationalism: the Urge for Cohabitation Palestine in the Second World War Between Nakbah and Independence: The War The UNSCOP Days The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (March–May ) The Palestine War (May –January ) The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (May –January ) The Age of Partition (–) Dislocation and Dispossession Patterns of Response: Guerrilla Fighters, Isolation and Co-optation The Suez Campaign Revolutionizing Politics: The Resistance Movement Institutionalized The Bogus PLO (–) Subduing Israeli Politics: Institutionalizing a State The Marginalization of ‘Arabism’ in Israeli Society In Limbo: The Bedouin and the Druzes Greater Israel and Occupied Palestine: The Rise and Fall of High Politics (–) The War of June Struggle for Survival: Palestinian Refugees after the War Popular Uprising, Guerrilla Warfare and Terrorism (–) The Occupation (–) The Settlements and Internal Debate in Israel (–) Survival under Occupation Pax Americana, War and Peace (–) The Question of Borders: The Jordanian Option and Greater Israel The Mizrahi Revolution The Begin Revolution Navigating between Agendas: The Politics of Palestine (–) The War in Lebanon and its Aftermath (–) Breaches in the Wall: The Polarization of Israeli Society Contents ix Palestinians in Israel (–) The Road to Intifada The Uprising and its Political Consequences (–) Gender and Class The Oslo Process and After In the Shadow of Politics: Religion, Nationalism and Multiculturalism A Post-Zionist Moment of Grace? The Academic Debate – The Post-Zionist Scholars The Political Background The Academic Background De-Zionizing Other Periods Post-Zionist Poetry, Pop Music and Literature Post-Zionist Theatre and Films The Post-Zionist Media The Suicidal Track: The Death of Oslo and the Road to Perdition The Second Intifada The Desperate Tilt to Martyrdom The Demise of Post-Zionism Postscript: The Post-Arafat Era and the New Sharon Age Notes Bibliography Glossary of Names Glossary of Terms Index Figures . Palestinians and Jews in the Jerusalem market near the Jaffa Gate, circa . Heiko Haumann, The First Zionist Congress in – Causes, Significance, Topicality (Karger, Basle ) page . A rural family from the Ramallah area at the end of the Ottoman era. Walid Khalidi, Before their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians, – (Beirut ) . The Girls’ College of Jerusalem, . Walid Khalidi, Before their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians, – (Beruit ) . The Atlit stone quarries, where Arabs and Jews were jointly employed by the Mandate government. Sarah Graham-Brown, Palestinians and their Society –: A Photographic Essay (London ) . The women and children of Tantura shortly after the occupation in May . Courtesy Teddy Katz . Demonstration of the Black Panthers in Jerusalem, . Courtesy Sami Shalom Shitrit . Palestinians at a West Bank checkpoint in December . News From Within (/ January ) . Haifa , a view from the Carmel. Courtesy Casa Editice Bonechi x Maps . Administrative boundaries under the Ottomans page . Land ownership in Palestine, . The UNGA Partition Plan, . The Near East after the June War . Interim Oslo Agreement, September . Camp David Protection, July . The wall at the heart of Palestine, xi Chronology Austro–Ottoman War ends; Peace of Karlovitz – Sultanate of Ahmet III – Russo–Ottoman War – Ismail Pasha governor of Damascus – Sultanate of Mahmoud I First Wahhabiyya state founded in Arabian Peninsula – Dahir al-Umar rules Galilee – Sultanate of Uthman III – Sultanate of Mustafa III – Further Russo–Ottoman War – Ali Bey al-Kabir rules Egypt Dahir al-Umar and Ali Bey occupy Damascus – Sultanate of Abdul Hamid I Kaucuc Kainerge Agreement between Russia and Ottoman Empire – Ahmad al-Jazzar rules vilayet of Syda from Acre Russia occupies Crimean Peninsula – Further Russo–Ottoman War – Sultanate of Selim III Austrian army invades Bosnia and Serbia; Russian army invades Moldavia and Wallachia – Bashir II Amir of Mount Lebanon Napoleon invades Egypt Napoleon in Palestine and Syria French army retreats from Egypt Wahhabis occupy Karbala Mecca and Medina taken by Wahhabis – Muhammad Ali rules Egypt – Further Russo–Ottoman War – Sultanate of Mustafa IV xii Chronology xiii – Sultanate of Mahmoud II – Abdullah Pasha rules vilayet of Syda and Acre London Society for the Promotion of Christianity among the Jews begins activity in Palestine – Greek War of Liberation First modern hospital opens in Palestine Massacre of Yeneceris in Istanbul – Further Russo–Ottoman War French invade Algeria British consulate opens in Jerusalem – Ibrahim Ali rules Syria and Palestine Revolt in Palestine against Egyptian rule First Arab printing house opens in Beirut – Mustafa Rashid is Grand Vizier British occupy Aden – Sultanate of Abdul Magid I Hat-I-Sharif of the Gulhana lifts discrimination against non-Muslims in Ottoman Empire; beginning of the Tanzimat period Treaty of London ends Egyptian rule in Syria and Palestine Lebanon divided into two sub-districts: Maronite and Druze Riots in Aleppo against Tanzimat Sahayun Anglican School opens in Jerusalem – Crimean War Paris Conference ends Crimean War Land Law of the Ottoman Empire – Civil war in Lebanon – Ali Pasha is Grand Vizier Massacre of Christians in Syria and Lebanon; French forces land – Fuad Pasha is Grand Vizier Organic Law of Lebanon – Sultanate of Abdul Aziz II New Vilayet Law of the Ottoman Empire Young Ottoman Movement founded; first Templars’ colony founded in Haifa Suez Canal opened; Fuad Pasha dies Mikveh Israel, first Jewish agricultural school, founded in Palestine xiv Chronology Sanjaq of Jerusalem autonomous; Templars’ colony founded