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elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

E L K I N R. I S A A C s t u d e n t r e s e a r c h s y m p o s i u m

Symposium Sponsors Elkin R. Isaac Endowment Joseph S. Calvaruso Keynote Address Endowment Office of the President Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs Office of Institutional Advancement Prentiss M. Brown Honors Institute Stockwell-Mudd Libraries Foundation for Undergraduate Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity Office of Information Technology Friends of the Albion College Library

2006

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The Seventeenth Annual Elkin R. Isaac STUDENT Research Symposium

Albion College April 26-27, 2006 Schedule of Events

Wednesday, April 26, 2006

7:30 p.m. Elkin R. Isaac Alumni Lecture: Joseph S. Calvaruso, ’78 “Albion College: The Training Camp for the Nine Innings of Life” Welcome: President Peter T. Mitchell, ’67 Speaker Introduction: Larry E. Steinhauer, Professor of Economics and Management Bobbitt Visual Arts Center Auditorium

Reception immediately following the program

Thursday, April 27, 2006

8:30-10:30 a.m. Student Research Platform Presentations See also detailed schedule of presentations on pages 4-6.

Forum #1 Forum #3 Palenske 121 Palenske 227 Forum #2 Forum #4 Palenske 123 Bobbitt Visual Arts Center Auditorium

10:45 a.m.-Noon Honors Convocation Goodrich Chapel

1:15-4:15 p.m. Student Research Platform Presentations See locations listed for morning session.

3:30-4:30 p.m. Student Research Poster Session Gerstacker Commons, Kellogg Center

4:30-5:30 p.m. Dedication of Bruce A. Kresge Hall Kresge Hall

Reception immediately following the program

7 p.m. Joseph S. Calvaruso Keynote Address: Regina Carter “An Evening of Jazz and Conversation” This program will be a lecture-demonstration by Ms. Carter and her quintet. Welcome: President Peter T. Mitchell, ’67 Conferral of Honorary Degree: President Mitchell and Andrew O. Bishop, associate Professor of Music Speaker Introduction: Brent K. Clore, ’06 Goodrich Chapel

CD-signing and reception immediately following the program Bobbitt Visual Arts Center Lobby

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Elkin R. Isaac ALUMNI Lecture JOSEPH S. CALVARUSO Keynote Address Joseph S. Calvaruso, ’78 Regina Carter

Joseph Calvaruso currently serves as Jazz violinist Regina Carter’s eclectic senior vice president and director of and electric talents have endeared risk management for Mercantile Bank her to tough critics, A-list recording in Grand Rapids. He is also secretary artists, and music lovers worldwide. and treasurer for the Board of Direc- From festival stages to symphony halls tors of Michigan Certified Develop- to intimate clubs, Carter is at home, ment Corporation, which provides technically and artistically, playing funding for business start-ups and jazz, blues, classical music, and her expansions. As a member of the own compositions. Michigan chapter of the Risk in 2001, the Detroit native made Management Association, he has music history as the first jazz violinist held numerous leadership positions, and first African-American musician including the presidency, and won invited to play Nicolo Paganini’s many achievement awards. He has famed Guarneri violin, the “Cannon,” also served on the association’s inter- one of Italy’s national treasures. Sub- national Board of Directors and on numerous national committees. sequently, the Italian government transported the violin to New York, prior to joining Mercantile Bank, Calvaruso spent nearly 20 years where Carter played it for a sold-out audience in Lincoln Center. as executive vice president of Chemical Bank Shoreline in Benton The daughter of a Ford autoworker and a teacher, Carter began Harbor. He left that job in June 2004 to join Vice President Dick playing violin as a preschooler. As a teenager, she attended master Cheney’s reelection campaign as a member of the national advance classes with Itzak Perlman and Yehudi Menuhin, and played with the team. Over the past six years, Calvaruso has also served as a coordina- Detroit Symphony Civic Orchestra. She eventually spent two years at tor for visits to Michigan and throughout the country by members of the New England Conservatory of Music, coming to an awareness that the Bush administration. Earlier in his career, Calvaruso held positions the life of a classical musician was not for her. Carter graduated from with City Bank in Jackson and Comerica Bank in Kalamazoo. Oakland University with a degree in music performance, then spent calvaruso sits on the Gerald R. Ford Institute for Public Policy time in Germany, Detroit, and New York, chasing her dream of form- and Service Visiting Committee at Albion College and is a former ing her own ensemble. member of the Michigan Work Force Investment Board. He is a past Today, with and without her quintet, Carter performs at jazz chairman of the Kalamazoo County Republican Party and is a current festivals, clubs, and concert halls worldwide. She has performed and member of the Republican State Committee. recorded with artists including Wynton Marsalis, Aretha Franklin, in 2005, Calvaruso and his wife, Donna, endowed the Joseph S. Billy Joel, Dolly Parton, Tanya Tucker, Nadja Salerno-Sonnenberg, Calvaruso Keynote Address for this symposium. In keeping with Mary J. Blige, and Lauryn Hill. She has also appeared with symphony Calvaruso’s personal goal to “try different things in life,” the keynote orchestras from Atlanta to Minneapolis, and was featured at the 2005 endowment ensures the symposium will continue to provide an Hong Kong Arts Festival. During the first four months of 2006, Carter exceptional variety of presenters from the arts, sciences, social sciences, has had engagements at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in and humanities. An Albion native and a product of the Albion Public Washington, D.C., Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco, and New Schools, Calvaruso graduated from Albion College in 1978 and holds York’s Lincoln Center, among other venues. an M.B.A. from Western Michigan University. carter has recorded five albums under her own name, including Rhythms of the Heart, which made Time magazine’s 1999 “Best Music of the Year” list; Freefall, a Grammy-nominated collaboration with pianist Kenny Barron; and Paganini: After a Dream, a collection of classical, film, and original works recorded in Italy on the Cannon. A sixth album of jazz standards, I’ll Be Seeing You: A Sentimental Journey, is scheduled for release in June. carter has been heralded by numerous national media outlets, including CBS’ “60 Minutes II,” the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Oprah Winfrey’s O magazine, and National Public Radio.

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Student Presentation Schedule – Thursday, April 27, 2006 FORUM #1 – Palenske 121 8:30 ross O’Hara (M. Walter) The Parsimony of Electoral Decision-Making: Need for Cognition and Need for Closure as P predictors of Political Interest 8:45 Victoria Brown (Christopher) individual Differences in Math Attitudes 9:00 spencer Dawson (M. Walter) Social Dominance Orientation, Right-Wing Authoritarianism, and Similarity Effects in Biracial Elections 9:15 maria Pintar (J. Walter) A Naturalistic Study of Post-Conflict Interactions among Preschool Boys and Girls 9:30 amy Naramore (Berkey) Body Image and Self-Esteem among Elementary School Girls 9:45 karly Redburn (J. Walter) Adolescent Conflict between Siblings and Peers: Affective Quality and Conflict Resolution 10:00 Jennifer Najjar (Christopher) Effects of Employee Age and Sex on Perceptions of Personality and Professional Competency 10:15 Jordan Troisi (Christopher) Predicting Money Motives: The Interactive Effects of the Protestant Work Ethic and the N need for Cognition 1:15 Troy Piwowarski (M. Walter) Effects of Mortality Salience and Literal Immortality on Prejudicial Beliefs 1:30 erin Lusk (Berkey) The Social Construction of Gender in Middle Childhood 1:45 lauren Downham (Jenson) Perceptions of Aging and Recovery from an Acute Event 2:00 liliane Saliba (Christopher) Locus of Control, Materialism, and Well-Being 2:15 eric Ziem (M. Walter) Attitudes toward Capital Punishment 2:30 cameron Harris (Jechura) The Effect of Alcohol on Jet Lag Recovery in the Diurnal Rodent, Octodon degus 2:45 megan Anderson (Wilson) Within-Subject Comparison of Appetitive Delay and Trace Pavlovian Conditioning in the Rat: Effects of Scopolamine 3:00 David Goodyear (Wilson) Within-Subject Comparison of Appetitive Delay and Trace Pavlovian Conditioned Inhibitors in the Rat: Effects of Scopolamine 3:15 Jonathan Zombeck (Wilson) The Interaction of Ginseng and Nicotine on Anxiety 3:30 ashley E. Alker, Jaime Fornetti (Saville) comparing DNA Repair in Two Different Strains of Drosophila 3:45 andrew Hasley, Brandon Hill (Scheel) phylogenetic Analysis of Netrin Genes 4:00 stephanie Clark, Wendy Simanton netrins: Creating Divergent Axon Morphologies (Scheel)

FORUM #2 – Palenske 123 8:30 eric Krieger (Levine) Who Graduates under the No Child Left Behind Act? 8:45 erin Lusk (Levine) Policy Analysis of the Effectiveness and Implementation of the School Choice Provision of N no Child Left Behind 9:00 matthew Lozen (Levine) The Problems of Qualification: A Look at No Child Left Behind 9:15 Zachary Dagneau (Cocks) Engineered Destruction: Environmental Disaster and Dissent in the USSR 9:30 lindsay Zeigin-Netter (Dick) Appalachia: The True Cost of Coal 9:45 patrick Ryan (Yewah) Law, Literature, and the U.S. Constitution: A Defense of Textual Autonomy 10:00 amy Krieg (Frandsen) Aligning Executive and Shareholder Interests 10:15 christina Wade (Hagerman) The Construction of the Ideal Gentlemen or the Making of Future Imperialist Leaders 1:15 Jessica Atkinson (Rose) Women of Afghanistan: The Clash of Western Human Rights Ideals with a Non-Western Culture 1:30 David Geer (Franzen) The Hijra and Kothi Sex Workers of India: A Fight for Civil and Human Rights 1:45 steven Peruski (Dabney) Social Support of Female Legislators in the State of Michigan 2:00 sarah Richardson (Togunde) Household Size and Composition as Correlates of Child Labor in Urban Nigeria 2:15 samantha Newman (Togunde) Value of Children, Child Labor, and Fertility Preferences in Urban Nigeria 2:30 arielle Carter (Togunde) Socio-economic Causes of Child Labor in Urban Nigeria

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2:45 atlee McFellin (Rose) Feelings, Emotions, and the Historical Materialism of Karl Marx 3:00 Tamar Vescoso (Terstriep) Grave Robbing to Donor Bequest: The Changing Perception of Cadaver Use in Medicine from the Nineteenth Century to the Present Day 3:15 Joe Taylor (Melzer) Barriers, Stigma, Support, Hope: Transitional Housing Residents’ Experiences with HIV/AIDS and Homelessness 3:30 Brent Clore (Rose) Why We Protect Virtual Child Pornography: An Analysis of the Child Pornography Protection A act of 1996 and Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition 3:45 matthew Milligan (Raj) Early North Indian Buddhism: Architecture and Epigraphy in the Extant Record 4:00 Jayne Ptolemy (Sacks) “In Decency of . . . Oconomy”: Race and Respectability in Early National Philadelphian Benevolence

FORUM #3 – Palenske 227 8:30 catherine Fontana, Cameron Harris simulation of Parasitism in Armadillidium vulgare (McCurdy) 8:45 Jaime Gonsler (Lyons-Sobaski) adhesive Seed Dispersal by Bison of the Konza Prairie 9:00 Joseph Smith (Harris) Ionic Liquids and Potassium Permanganate: Characterization and Initial Study

of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [EMIM] [BF4]

9:15 natalie McKinney (Bieler) Time Resolved Dissociation Dynamics of Ne2Br2 and Ne3Br2 Clusters 9:30 hillary Burgess (Skean) An Analysis of Vegetation at Brandt Woods, a Selectively-Logged Forest in C calhoun County, Michigan 9:45 sarah Beaudoin (Harris) Ionic Liquids and Potassium Permanganate: Characterization and Initial Study of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate 10:00 Diana Lancaster (McCurdy) Intersex Mating Behavior in the Amphipod Corophium volutator 10:15 Daniel Painter (McCurdy) Reproductive Behavior of Intersexes in the Intertidal Amphipod Corophium volutator 1:15 elizabeth Murrenus (Green) Environmental Estrogens 1:30 Daniel Wreschnig (Skean) The Effect of Warming on Deciduous Forest Growth in the Eastern United States, with Data from Oak Ridge, Tennessee 1:45 amy Hupp (Carrier) Do Abiotic Factors Affect Diel Movements of Adult Nurse Sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum, in the Dry Tortugas (Florida) Reproductive Refuge? 2:00 rachel Ransom (Carrier) Monitoring Blood Parameters for a Captive Population of Nurse Sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum) 2:15 lindsay Rubin, Jennifer Smith (Carrier) sensory System Functions in Nurse Sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum): Acquisition and I interpretation of Electrophysiology in Olfactory and Acoustic Nerve Pathways 2:30 sarah Carver (White) A Shortened Molecular Method for Undergraduate Detection of Fecal Coliforms in E environmental Samples 2:45 Daniel Harris (Schmitter) Global Transcriptional Regulation of Iron-Responsive Genes in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 3:00 kristen Krum (McCurdy) Prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila Bacteria on Frogs and Toads at Michigan’s Pierce C cedar Creek Institute 3:15 shauna Paradine (French) Synthesis of a Chiral Hypervalent Iodine Reagent Starting from (S)-Propylene Oxide 3:30 emily Armstrong (Harris) Ionic Liquids and Potassium Permanganate: Characterization and Initial Study of Trioctylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) Imide 3:45 J. Kendall Adams (Bartels) A Morphometric Analysis of Hyopsodus (Mammalia: Condylarthra) from the Wasatchian and Bridgerian Eocene of the Green River Basin, Wyoming 4:00 andrew Lake (Reimann) BRUW: Bandwidth Reservation for User Work

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FORUM #4 – Bobbitt Visual Arts Center Auditorium 8:30 Troy Piwowarski (Goering) Facing the Authoritarian: Artistic Depiction of a Troublesome Personality Orientation 8:45 rachel Szymanski (Melzer) The Career Experiences of Professional Musicians 9:00 nicole Trachsel (Wickre) Art and Autonomy in Scotland 9:15 Danielle Fowler (MacInnes) adolescent_lit@the-millennium 9:30 shelly McLeod (Bishop) The Art and Craft of Composition: A Creative Project Designed to Compose a Piece for Woodwinds and Percussion 9:45 amanda Cross (Oswald) Five Months of “Mate” 10:00 amy Riske (Bishop) Creation of the New: Music Composition as a Means of Self-Expression 10:15 natalie Corbin (Mesa) “Standing on the Midway: A Poetic Sequence” 1:15 rachael Lyon (Mesa) “Double Exposed”: A Collection of Poems and Prose Inspired by Integration in Little Rock 1:30 ashley Larimer (Balke, Lee, Ball) The Aria, “Steal Me, Sweet Thief,” from Menotti’s Opera The Old Maid and the Thief 1:45 eric Johnson (Stotz-Ghosh) “Annus Mirabilis” 2:00 stephanie Mann (Sacks) Southern Medical Distinctiveness: Realities and Rhetoric in Retrospect 2:15 Jenna Caponey (Ball, Miller) Kent Kennan’s Night Soliloquy 2:30 christine Bell (Mesa) “Definition of Snow”: A Collection of Poems Concerned with Gender and Identity 2:45 sarah Wingo (Young) Popular Culture as Propaganda: Finding Madonna in Shakespeare 3:00 Dayna Cleland, Allison Gessner concerto à Cinque in G Major, Opus 9, No. 6, by Tomaso Albinoni (Ball, R. Van de Ven) 3:15 audrey Coleman (Young) ‘The Butch’ and ‘The Bitch’: Heteronormativity in The Birdcage and Brokeback Mountain 3:30 miranda Green (Wahl) Beauty Is Only Skin Deep 3:45 heather Handlon (Dick) Standing at the Crossroads of the Environmental Crisis: Rediscovering Thoreau, Muir, and Leopold 4:00 Jason Sebacher (Wickre) The Keys to the Cabinets: Understanding Dalinian Philosophy

POSTER PRESENTATIONS – Gerstacker Commons, Kellogg Center, 3:30-4:30 p.m. Rebekah Bahr-Meyerholt (Lyons-Sobaski) The Effects of Cadmium and Lead on the Growth and Reproduction of Brassica rapa Meagan Bosket, Lauren Sayig (Kennedy) Does Movement of Foraging Black-capped Chickadees in the Whitehouse Nature Center Differ between Sexes? Christina Busuito (Wilson) Within-Subject Comparison of Appetitive Delay and Trace Pavlovian Conditioning in the Rat: E effects of Medial Septal Lesions Robert Buszek (Bieler) Kinetic Study of the Reaction of Bromine with Alkanes and Alkenes Andrew Fidler, Katie Riepen (Bieler) Photophysics of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives Megan Fitzpatrick, Ashley Gardner Nest Structure, Incubation, Egg Viability, and Sex Ratio in Tree Swallows in (Kennedy, White) Whitehouse Nature Center Sarah Gebhardt (Keyes) Children and Race David Goodyear (Kennedy) Does the Source of DNA Matter? A Comparison of DNA from Feathers and Blood of N nestling House Wrens and Tree Swallows Bethany Gozdzialski (C. Van de Ven) Change in Water Depth from 1971 to 2005 in Albion’s Lower Millpond Cameron Harris (Christopher) Affective Reactions to Affluence Acquisition: The Mediating Effects of Perceived Conscientiousness Heather Horobik (Villamil) Exploring the Intricacies of Archaeological Site Surface Survey: A Case Study of Körösladány 14 Courtney Mangus (Saville) Detection of Global and Gene-Specific Uracil Levels in Down Syndrome and Non-Down S syndrome Myelogenous Leukemic Cell Lines Sarah Simmons (French) Progress toward a New Class of Chiral Hypervalent Iodine Reagents Anna Stroud (Harris) Ionic Liquids and Potassium Permanganate: Characterization and Initial Study of Ammoeng 100

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Abstracts of Student Presentations

J. KENDALL ADAMS, ’07 ASHLEY E. ALKER, ’06 hypothesize that because there is only one X in males, homologous recombination cannot Majors: Biology, Spanish occur, and NHEJ will be used instead. Once A Morphometric Analysis Hometown: Harbor Springs, Mich. DSBs were created, the repaired region was of Hyopsodus (Mammalia: JAIME FORNETTI, ’06 amplified using PCR, cloned, and sequenced Condylarthra) from the Wasatchian to determine the pattern of repair. Major: Biology and Bridgerian Eocene of the Green Hometown: Iron Mountain, Mich. Supported by: FURSCA River Basin, Wyoming Comparing DNA Repair in Two Faculty Sponsor: William Bartels MEGAN ANDERSON, ’07 Different Strains of Drosophila Majors: Geology, Biology Within-Subject Comparison Hometown: Dearborn, Mich. Faculty Sponsor: Kenneth Saville of Appetitive Delay and Trace DNA damage is a Hyopsodus is a Pavlovian Conditioning in the Rat: small primitive un- common occur- gulate (condylarth) rence. Unrepaired Effects of Scopolamine DNA damage that lived in North Faculty Sponsor: W. Jeffrey Wilson America from the leads to genetic latest Paleocene instability and Major: Psychology (Clarkforkian Age, contributes to the Hometown: Clarkston, Mich. approximately 52 development of cancer. One type We compare million years ago) delay and trace through the late of DNA damage is double strand conditioning Eocene (Uintan of autoshaped DNA breakage Alker Age, 43 million nosepoke responses years ago). Fossil jaws and isolated teeth (DSB). There are two mechanisms in Sprague-Daw- of Hyopsodus are common in the Eocene ley rats. This deposits of Wyoming, but are also present in to repair DSBs: homologous re- clearly appetitive the Eocene beds of Europe and Mongolia. response requires Hyopsodus has featured prominently in studies combination (HR) and non-homolo- longer conditioned and debates of macroevolution in mammals. stimulus-uncon- Fossil teeth, particularly cheek teeth (premo- gous end-joining (NHEJ). HR ditioned stimulus lars and molars), from the Wasatchian and intervals than are typically used in eyeblink Bridgerian (middle Eocene) of the Green uses a template to copy the proper conditioning, and involves a less automatic River Basin in Wyoming are described and response. Trace and delay responses were analyzed morphometrically for size and shape. sequence into the DSB, and NHEJ Fornetti acquired at comparable rates in control rats. Roughly 700 specimens were measured with Rats receiving scopolamine acquired the delay attention to linear dimensions and cusp involves the joining of DNA ends without using a template. responses more slowly than they did the trace morphology. These data were aggregated responses. by coarse stratigraphic levels ranging from HR is the predominant DSB repair mecha- the latest Wasatchian (Wa7) through the nism in lower eukaryotes such as yeasts, and Supported by: FURSCA Bridgerian (Br3) of the Eocene. Sample sizes NHEJ is the predominant pathway for DSB for all teeth are rather small, but in each tooth repair in mammalian cells. We are investigat- a last-occurrence event is discernable at the ing HR and NHEJ in the fruit flyDrosophila Br1a-Br1b boundary. A distinct larger-sized melanogaster. To create DSBs in flies, we lineage of Hyopsodus is not found immedi- are utilizing the transposable element hobo. ately above this boundary in the Green River These mobile pieces of DNA “jump out” of Basin, whereas a smaller-sized lineage is found their original location in the genome and re- throughout, which trends toward a larger size insert themselves in a different location. After in Br2-3. Causal explanations of this pattern they jump out, the original site of insertion is as well as other analyses are continuing. repaired. To create an environment in which HR could occur, we used a fly strain with Supported by: FURSCA, Geological Sciences hobo inserted into the second chromosome. Department Taylor Fund, University of Michi- Because there are two copies of the second gan Museum of Paleontology, Arnold G. Langbo chromosome, a homologous template is avail- Trustees’ Professorship (Bartels) able for repair. In contrast, to study NHEJ a fly strain withhobo inserted into the X chromosome of male Drosophila was used. We

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universal human rights and local cultures. done in order to test the hypothesis that EMILY ARMSTRONG, ’06 Women make up a very interesting case for heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, will Ionic Liquids and Potassium human rights study because they comprise negatively impact the growth and reproduc- roughly half of the population, and yet tion of Brassica rapa. Plants were measured Permanganate: Characterization violations of their rights are almost a norm in for differences in height, leaf width, number and Initial Study of Trioctylmethyl- many areas. of flowers, number of fruits, number of seeds, ammonium bis(trifluoromethyl- The thought of applying one idea of and physical appearance. Plant biomass was sulfonyl) Imide human rights universally is next to impossible then analyzed using the ICP-AES, in order at the present time. There is no international to observe where the greatest concentration Faculty Sponsor: Clifford Harris body that can enforce a standard set of hu- of metals was stored. Initial observations indi- man rights all over the world. Most cultures cate that plants grown in contaminated soil Major: Chemistry or localities have their own codes defining the grew faster than those in the control group. Hometown: Marquette, Mich. rights of men and women, whether they are Some chemi- written or unwritten. SARAH BEAUDOIN, ’06 cal and physical i have applied these ideas to a very properties of specific case study of women and their condi- Ionic Liquids and Potassium trioctylmethylam- tion under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. Permanganate: Characterization monium bis(triflu- Women’s lives were extremely restricted, and oromethylsulfonyl) this case study brings to light issues stemming and Initial Study of 1-ethyl-3- imide have been from “culturally determined” human rights. methylimidazolium ethylsulfate measured. These The Taliban repeatedly ignored UN warn- Faculty Sponsor: Clifford Harris included HNMR, ings, proving that it is extremely difficult to CNMR, and IR force compliance with any sort of interna- Major: Chemistry spectroscopic char- tional set of human rights. Hometown: Alpena, Mich. acterization as well Supported by: FURSCA as determination of solubility in water and a Some chemical and variety of organic solvents. The interaction of physical properties the neat ionic liquid and potassium perman- REBEKAH BAHR-MEYERHOLT, of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ganate solid was also studied to determine ’06 this ionic liquid’s suitability for use as a ethylsulfate have permanganate oxidation solvent. been measured. The Effects of Cadmium and Lead These included Supported by: EcoSynthetics on the Growth and Reproduction HNMR, CNMR, of Brassica rapa and IR spectro- JESSICA ATKINSON, ’06 scopic character- Faculty Sponsor: Sheila Lyons-Sobaski ization as well as Women of Afghanistan: The Clash Major: Biology determination of Hometown: Caro, Mich. solubility in water and a variety of organic of Western Human Rights Ideals solvents. The interaction of the neat ionic with a Non-Western Culture All living things are liquid and potassium permanganate solid was connected to the Faculty Sponsor: William Rose also studied to determine this ionic liquid’s soil through the suitability for use as a permanganate oxida- Majors: Political Science, English food web, so it is tion solvent. Hometown: Canton, Mich. a major problem when the soil gets Supported by: EcoSynthetics With the forma- contaminated. tion of the United Land plants are Nations, the fall of the base of the ter- old empires, and restrial food web, the emergence of and are dependent new regimes, the upon soil for issues of human obtaining nutrients required for growth and rights violations reproduction. If the soil is contaminated, have been named then plants could possibly uptake toxins. and thrown in- Although there are many different types of creasingly into the contamination, in Albion the predominant media spotlight. type has been contamination by heavy metals Human rights are a largely Western strain such as lead, zinc, chromium, and cadmium. of thought; human rights ideology tends What are the long-term effects of heavy to ignite tensions lying between the idea of metals on plants and do these metals persist over generations? This experiment is being

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CHRISTINE BELL, ’06 ing a QIAGEN about math: positive affect toward math, cog- DNeasy™ kit, we nitive competence in math, the value of math “Definition of Snow”: A Collection extracted DNA in life, and the simplicity of math. Finally, from the blood, participants provided indices of objective ex- of Poems Concerned with Gender used polymerase perience with math and subjective experience and Identity chain reaction to with math. Faculty Sponsor: Helena Mesa amplify the CHD- our results indicate that math-specific 1 gene on the sex fear of negative evaluation is associated with Majors: English, French chromosome, and less positive affect toward math, lower per- Hometown: Ann Arbor, Mich. ran gel electropho- ceived cognitive competence in math, and less resis to separate simplicity of math (i.e., belief that math is dif- “Definition of and visualize it. Bosket ficult). In addition, subjective competence in, Snow” is a col- Sex was recorded but not objective experience with, math also lection of poetry and compared predicted each of these three math attitudes. loosely focused on with behavioral Sex differences emerged only on the per- the themes of gen- observations. We ceived value of math, as males tended to see der and identity. tested our null more value of math in life than did females, The pieces com- hypothesis, which which perhaps suggests a socialization of ment on turning is that sex does not males toward more math-oriented careers. points and experi- affect movements ences that shape of chickadees. an identity, with a HILLARY BURGESS, ’06 Results will be particular interest discussed. An Analysis of Vegetation at Brandt in the effects of sexuality and sexual experi- Sayig ence. The poems are mostly lyrical dramatic Supported by: Woods, a Selectively-Logged Forest narratives: poems narrated by a character Student Research Partners Program in Calhoun County, Michigan other than the writer. These pieces play with Faculty Sponsor: Dan Skean classical mythology, fairy tales, the sciences, VICTORIA BROWN, ’06 astrology, and the writer’s own experiences Major: Biology during her semester abroad in France. Within Individual Differences in Math Hometown: Williamston, Mich. this collection, there is a sense that characters are trying to move toward understandings of Attitudes Brandt Woods, these defining experiences. They reflect many Faculty Sponsor: Andrew Christopher a ca. 100-acre of the questions the writer has asked herself (40 ha) property about her own life and memories. Major: Psychology located in Sections Hometown: Clinton Township, Mich. 7 & 8, T2S, R4W MEAGAN BOSKET, ’09 The current study in Sheridan Town- ship, is owned by Major: Geology examined the the Calhoun Con- Hometown: Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. need for cognition (NFC), fear of servation District negative evaluation and managed as LAUREN SAYIG, ’08 (FNE), objective a demonstration Majors: Spanish, Economics and experience with woodlot and sum- Management math, subjective mer outdoor education center. Approximately Hometown: Livonia, Mich. competence at 70 acres (28 ha) consists of beech-maple forest. Brandt Woods has been visited by Does Movement of Foraging math, gender, and age as predictors Albion College classes since the 1950s and Black-capped Chickadees in the of four different studied floristically since 1988. Selective log- Whitehouse Nature Center Differ attitudes toward math. ging took place in 1997, 2001, and 2004 in three different tracts of the woods. In the fall between Sexes? Undergraduate students (N = 272) completed a series of questionnaires examin- of 2004, after the most recent cut, stratified Faculty Sponsor: E. Dale Kennedy ing individual differences in math anxiety. random sampling (n=106) along E-W tran- Included were Cacioppo (1984) et al.’s sects placed 30m apart was used to determine Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapil- the composition of the forest. Woody plants lus) in the Whitehouse Nature Center may 18-item NFC scale (e.g., “I find satisfaction in deliberating hard and for long hours”), above 2.5cm d.b.h. were sampled using the move between various feeders to forage. point-quarter method; herbaceous plants We observed three feeders over a two-year Leary’s (1983) brief 12-item FNE scale (e.g., “I often worry that I will say or do the wrong and woody seedlings in the understory were period. We captured birds using mist nets, 2 things”), an 18-item fear of negative math sampled in 1m plots. and we banded and took blood samples in the logged areas, the woody plants from 37 chickadees to determine sex. Us- evaluation scale (e.g., “I feel very upset when I make a mathematical error”), and a math with the highest importance values (rel. attitudes scale that measured four attitudes density + rel. dominance + rel. frequency) 9 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

were: sugar maple, Acer saccharum (130.1); in contrast to another finding from our labo- determine the rate of this reaction. Stopped- American beech, Fagus grandifolia (25.7); ratory that systemic muscarinic blockade by flow techniques combined with UV/Visible basswood, Tilia americana (18.0); hop-horn- scopolamine impaired delay more than trace spectroscopy can be used to obtain the rate beam, Ostrya virginiana (15.1); and red oak, CRs. We consider the implications of these constant with relative ease. Alkanes, on the Quercus rubra (14.8). These were compared results for appetitive vs. aversive conditioning other hand, do not react freely with bromine, to woody plant importance values obtained and for cholinergic involvement in Pavlovian and a reaction must be induced by photolysis. similarly in 1991. Importance values (rel. conditioning. For these reactions, a mixture of reactants was cover + rel. frequency) for the understory although it is known that the hip- subjected to intense light at various wave- species were calculated to compare the dif- pocampus is responsible for learning and lengths, and the loss of bromine reactant was ferent-aged logging tracts. The 1997 tract memory, there are still many processes that monitored by visible spectroscopy at various (n=33) had the following five most important are not completely understood. In 1998 times. The parameters necessary to cause species: sugar maple seedlings (16.0); sedges, McEchron et al. showed that rats with a hip- these reactions will be reported. Carex spp. (9.1); violets, Viola (8.8); asters, pocampectomy were not able to learn trace Supported by: Chemistry Department Aster spp. (6.9); and unidentified Rosaceae fear conditioning but were able to learn delay, (5.0). The 2001 tract (n=31) had: wood suggesting that the hippocampus is used nettle, Laportea canadensis (8.8); violets (8.5); during trace conditioning. In 2000, Shors et JENNA CAPONEY, ’07 sugar maple seedlings (7.7); clearweed, Pilea al. found that rats with a lesioned hippocam- pumila (7.3); Virginia-creeper, Parthenocissus pus could learn trace conditioning only after Kent Kennan’s Night Soliloquy quinquefolia (5.8). The 2004 tract (n=37) learning delay with the same stimulus. Their Faculty Sponsors: James Ball, Tess Miller had: violets (9.3); ash seedlings, Fraxinus study also involved eyeblink conditioning. americana (5.9); sedges (5.2); Rosaceae (5.1); Little research has been done examining the Major: Music Education and sugar maple seedlings (5.1). Using a role of the hippocampus in appetitive Pavlov- Hometown: Livonia, Mich. vascular plant checklist compiled from previ- ian conditioning. In two separate experiments Kent Kennan was ous floristic studies, a Floristic Quality Index we disrupted the cholinergic input to the born in 1913 in (F.Q.I.) of 66.7 was calculated for the woods. hippocampus via electrolytic lesions of the Milwaukee, Wis- medial septum, and examined the effects on consin and died CHRISTINA BUSUITO, ’07 already established Pavlovian CRs (Experi- only a few years ment 1) and on the acquisition of these CRs ago in 2003. He Within-Subject Comparison (Experiment 2). Both delay and trace CRs began his musical were examined in each subject in a within- studies on piano at of Appetitive Delay and Trace subject design, allowing a direct comparison Pavlovian Conditioning in the Rat: age six and shortly of these two types of CRs. thereafter started Effects of Medial Septal Lesions Supported by: FURSCA, Neuroscience Program, studying the organ Faculty Sponsor: W. Jeffrey Wilson Psychology Department and flute. He attended the University of Michigan and the Major: Biology Eastman School of Music where he received Hometown: Cheboygan, Mich. ROBERT BUSZEK, ’06 degrees in composition and music theory. At Delay Pavlovian Kinetic Study of the Reaction of the age of 23 he received the Prix de Rome. This award allowed him to study for three eyeblink condi- Bromine with Alkanes and Alkenes tioning requires years in Europe. Kennan spent most of his no brain structures Faculty Sponsor: Craig Bieler teaching career at the University of Texas anterior to the and devoted much of his time to teaching Major: Chemistry rather than composing. At the age of 43 he cerebellum, while Hometown: Fraser, Mich. trace condition- composed his last major work and from then ing requires a func- The reaction on composed only small pieces because he tional hippocam- of molecular wanted to dedicate himself to his teaching. Night Soliloquy is one of Kennan’s pus. We examined bromine, Br2, with the effects of organic molecules most famous pieces. Many major orchestras cholinergic dener- has been tradi- throughout the country have performed the vation of the hippocampus via electrolytic tionally used as a piece. It is considered a staple of the flute lesions of the medial septum on trace and character test for repertory. Preparing this piece was a challenge delay conditioned nosepoke responses (an ap- double or triple for me because I have never had to memorize petitive task) in rats. Histological verification bonds within a any of my music before. I began working on of the lesion sites is pending, but it appears molecule. This this piece last semester to have it ready for that medial septal lesions in trained rats had study sets out the Albion College concerto competition no effect on the conditioned responses (CRs). to measure the in February 2006. I have really enjoyed the In naive rats the lesion reduced responding rate of the reaction of bromine with vari- challenge this piece has presented and look overall, but did little to the ability of the rats ous classes of hydrocarbons. Since alkenes forward to performing it in the Concerto to acquire the response. Trace and delay CRs contain double bonds, they react very quickly Concert on April 30 with the Albion College were not differentially affected by the lesion, with bromine, and it is difficult to easily Symphony Orchestra. 10 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

ARIELLE CARTER, ’08 SARAH CARVER, ’06 STEPHANIE CLARK, ’06 Major: Biology Socio-economic Causes of Child A Shortened Molecular Method Hometown: Port Huron, Mich. Labor in Urban Nigeria for Undergraduate Detection of Fecal Coliforms in Environmental WENDY SIMANTON, ’07 Faculty Sponsor: ‘Dimeji Togunde Major: Biology Samples Major: International Studies Hometown: Niles, Mich. Hometown: Grand Rapids, Mich. Faculty Sponsor: Douglas White Netrins: Creating Divergent Axon This research ex- Major: Biology Morphologies amines the causes Hometown: Albion, Mich. of child labor and Faculty Sponsor: Molly Scheel Although patho- how child labor gens occur in low During embryonic varies by parental amounts, fecal nervous system socio-economic contamination of development, status in urban water can endan- axons must grow Nigeria. Drawing ger the health of and make proper on interviews with citizens. Detection connections with 1,535 children of pathogenic targets within the (aged 8 to 14 bacteria can be body. This process years), we affirm difficult so fe- is referred to as that a study of the relationship between pa- cal coliforms, pathfinding and rental socio-economic status and child labor synonymous with is regulated by is crucial to an understanding of the roots are used as indicators of secreted guid- Clark of child labor at the household level. The Escherichia coli, contamination due to their naturally high ance molecules, uniqueness of our study lies with the richness presence in fecal matter. Undergraduates have many of which of the data that introduce two new measures traditionally learned to distinguish and quan- are conserved of child labor—child’s ownership of business tify by utilizing selective media with among a variety and control over earnings—to supplement E. coli confirmation possible in 48 hours. Fluores- of organisms, the conventional use of child’s hours of work. cence in-situ hybridization (FISH) is a rapid, including humans. Our findings offer strong support to the pov- sensitive, and versatile technique available for In this project, erty hypothesis and the socialization theory, a wide range of microbiology studies. Seldom we are interested which have been routinely used to explain is the method used in an undergraduate in examining the child labor in developing societies. Further- microbiology laboratory because of equip- guidance mol- more, our results indicate that children of ment and time limitations. FISH employs ecule, netrin, and parents with higher levels of socio-economic an oligonucleotide, a short piece of DNA, to how this protein Simanton status work fewer hours. Evidence also shows fluoresce a whole cell; the oligonucleotide can regulates the de- that children of parents with higher socio- be specific for a phylogenetic group, species, velopment of divergent nervous systems. In economic status are more likely to own their or even a strain of bacteria. Unlike traditional insects and in some crustaceans, such as the businesses rather than assisting parents. Those aquatic bacteriology tests, FISH can be com- malacostracan Parhyale hawaiensis, commis- children are also more likely to keep and pleted within a few hours. sural axon tracts are established prior to the spend their work earnings. The findings have With this goal in mind, two previously longitudinals. However, we have noted that implications for regulating child labor and published FISH protocols were adapted the longitudinal axon tracts are established alleviating its consequences. to form a new FISH technique. In this prior to commissural axon growth in several Supported by: FURSCA method, a new oligonucleotide was designed, branchiopod crustaceans, such as the brine ECO1018, that specifically targetsEscherichia shrimp Artemia franciscana. coli nucleotide positions 1018-1036 in the This observation led us to hypothesize 16S ribosomal RNA. After completion of that changes in the expression of the netrin FISH on E. coli and Enterobacter aerogenes, gene may be responsible for such differences. the negative control, only E. coli cells were To investigate this idea, the Artemia francis- detected with ECO1018; the new oligonucle- cana netrin (afrnet) gene was cloned. An anti- otide demonstrated high specificity forE. coli. body to the afrnet protein was generated and The entire procedure can be accomplished in used to elucidate a novel pattern of netrin 90 minutes, allowing for the incorporation expression in Artemia. This antibody was also of FISH into an undergraduate microbiology found to cross-react to netrin proteins in oth- laboratory. er insect and crustacean species, a fortunate discovery that has allowed us to efficiently Supported by: FURSCA-Bethune Fellowship, study netrin expression patterns across arthro- Faculty Development Committee pods. Our findings indicate that the changes

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in netrin expression patterns observed in expands the layers of sound more than he had of the material (referred to as virtual child Artemia are conserved among branchiopods. in his earlier oboe concerti. pornography). Such changes have likely contributed to the as oboists at Albion College we are This legislation was challenged in the divergent mechanism of nerve cord formation unique, and we have banded together for courts all the way to the 2002 Supreme observed in branchiopod crustaceans. This support, and become very close. We have Court case Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition. research has enhanced our understanding of always enjoyed playing together. In the fall of The Supreme Court ruled that the CPPA was nervous system development and provided 2005 we began seriously considering doing unconstitutional in that it was overbroad in insight as to how divergent neural circuitry a duet and auditioning for the Concerto attempting to proscribe speech that passes patterns have evolved. competition in February. Albinoni’s concerti traditional free speech tests. What is particu- for two oboes were suggested as possible larly interesting about the CPPA and Ashcroft Supported by: FURSCA-Kresge Fellowship pieces for us to use in the competition. We is that both the government and the Supreme (Clark), FURSCA-Gardner Fellowship (Siman- had a few to choose from, and felt that the Court drew upon the same model of First ton), National Institutes of Health, Blanchard concerto in G Major did a good job of high- Amendment jurisprudence, but came to very Foundation, Foundation for Interdisciplinary lighting our individual talents. Once we had different conclusions. An analysis of two Study, Faculty Development Committee chosen the piece, we began weekly rehearsals competing models of free speech—the “liber- with each other focusing on musicality and ty” model and the “marketplace” model—in DAYNA CLELAND, ’08 memorization. This duet concerto has been a light of Ashcroft and the CPPA will show why Majors: Anthropology, Spanish unique and challenging experience for both I believe the court majority correctly applied Hometown: Birch Run, Mich. of us, and has helped us grow as musicians the marketplace model in ruling that virtual and friends. We are looking forward to per- child pornography, as a class of speech, ALLISON GESSNER, ’08 forming this concerto on April 30 with the deserves constitutional protection. Major: Music Performance Albion College Symphony Orchestra. Hometown: LaGrange, Ky. AUDREY COLEMAN, ’06 BRENT CLORE, ’06 Concerto à Cinque in G Major, ‘The Butch’ and ‘The Bitch’: Opus 9, No. 6, by Tomaso Albinoni Why We Protect Virtual Child Heteronormativity in The Birdcage Faculty Sponsors: James Ball, Rebecca Van Pornography: An Analysis of the and Brokeback Mountain de Ven Child Pornography Protection Act Faculty Sponsor: Margaret Young Tomaso Giovanni of 1996 and Ashcroft v. Free Speech Albinoni (1671- Coalition Major: Theatre 1751) was never Hometown: Plymouth, Mich. Faculty Sponsor: William Rose engaged as a court If it is true that composer, unlike Majors: Philosophy, Political Science popular culture most composers Hometown: Jackson, Mich. teaches and repro- at his time. He duces mainstream was an accom- In 1996, a Con- values, then criti- plished violinist gressional commit- cal examination and singing coach, tee proposed the of popular culture and married to Child Pornography is an effective tool an opera diva. Cleland Protection Act to evaluate cur- Albinoni wrote 24 (CPPA). One of rent standards of oboe concerti, one the most con- normativity. in each key, some troversial parts Ten years ago, for two oboes, of the legislation the film,The Birdcage, presented Americans and some for one. stated that the with a heteronormative image of gay relation- Unlike Vivaldi production, sale, ships. In the film, two men (biologically and his Venetian or possession of defined) negotiated their romantic relation- counterparts who “any picture” that “is, or appears to be, of a ship by performing the roles of a gendered typically com- minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct” man and a gendered woman. This depiction posed as if sub- is punishable by law. The act also prohibits suggests that the most fundamental defini- stituting the solo any sexually explicit image that is “adver- tion of a ‘normal’ romantic relationship is oboe for the solo Gessner tised, promoted, presented, described, or a dichotomous pair in which one party is violin, Albinoni distributed in such a manner that conveys the dominant. Gender differentials are an expres- composed more lyrical concertos that have impression” it depicts “a minor engaging in sion of this dichotomy, and therefore are been compared to operatic arias. Albinoni’s sexually explicit conduct.” This means that present in romantic relationships even when Concerto in G Major for two oboes, strings, under the CPPA any material produced to sex differentials are not. and basso continuo is one of his second set of appear as child pornography finds no protec- recently, the film,Brokeback Mountain, twelve. In this set of concerti, he models the tion under the First Amendment, even when presented Americans with another image concerti for two oboes on those for one, and no actual children were used in the making of gay relationships. Some critics argue that

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Brokeback Mountain embraces homosexuality. I, however, argue that the gay relationship AMANDA CROSS, ’06 ZACHARY DAGNEAU, ’06 in Brokeback Mountain expresses the same Five Months of “Mate” Engineered Destruction: gender/power dichotomy present in The Birdcage. The difference is only the subtlety Faculty Sponsor: Kalen Oswald Environmental Disaster and with which this dichotomy is expressed. Dissent in the USSR Major: Spanish Hometown: St. Paul, Minn. Faculty Sponsor: Geoffrey Cocks NATALIE CORBIN, ’06 Traveling abroad Major: History “Standing on the Midway: A Poetic can be an extreme- Hometown: Traverse City, Mich. ly frightening yet Central Asia is Sequence” very enlightening home to the worst life experience, Faculty Sponsor: Helena Mesa environmental especially when a disaster the world Majors: English (Creative Writing), German person is complete- has known. Be- Hometown: Kalamazoo, Mich. ly immersed in the tween the former local culture. In When the Bally- Soviet Central fall 2005, I totally Shouter invites Asian Republics submerged myself you to step right lies the evaporat- in the Argentine up and enter his ing Aral Sea. The culture for five months by living with a booth on the circus Aral was once host family and attending a local university midway, he is in- the fourth largest in Córdoba, Argentina. During this time I viting you to enter freshwater lake in the world and home to learned a lot about the Argentine people and another realm of twenty unique fish species which supported their customs as well as the diverse geography reality and to re- a thriving commercial trade. However, the of Argentina through my travels within the consider how you Aral was sacrificed for the economic gains country. Throughout the period of time be- define natural or of the former Soviet Union. The sea’s two fore, during, and after my adventures in Ar- normal. You enter tributaries were increasingly choked off to gentina, I kept a journal. From this journal, I a world of the extraordinary. We are captivat- irrigate a sweeping cotton monoculture in the selected different anecdotes and thoughts to ed by otherness, and throughout human his- arid desert steppes of the region. The story mix with my extensive research of Argentine tory, those born different have been singled of the Aral Sea is of the excesses of the Soviet history, popular culture, and my knowledge out and displayed. From the opening of P.T. centrally planned economy. of the Spanish language in order to compile a Barnum’s first dime museum of human and There is another aspect of this disaster series of short stories, poems, and essays that natural wonders, until the closing of the last that is less well known, that of the existence make up my thesis. traveling sideshow in 1956, circus sideshows of a group of motivated, organized, and and dime museums were a primary source of Supported by: FURSCA dedicated nature protection activists with a entertainment and fascination in the Western long tradition of service and study in Russia. world. Promoters of sideshows constructed The nature protection movement can trace a world that was seemingly more exotic and its roots to pre-revolutionary Russia and was thrilling than the so-called “normal” world quietly active throughout the Soviet period. outside the show. In the late 1960s the environmental move- i am inspired by the idea of otherness ment would take up the cause of the Aral Sea and the construction of another world, in what would become a show-down with the where nothing is quite what it seems, and I Soviet state. have wanted to offer my own narratives and interpretations of this alternate reality. These Supported by: FURSCA themes appear in much of my poetry. This creative thesis consists of a sequence of poems centered on the circus sideshow and its per- formers. Through the dramatic monologue, I attempt to create the voices of those who never had one, or whose own side of the story has rarely been told. Supported by: FURSCA

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SPENCER DAWSON, ’06 bias hypothesis in a community, but not a sion, these findings support our hypothesis student sample. that one’s perceptions of aging can influence physical recovery. Social Dominance Orientation, Supported by: FURSCA Right-Wing Authoritarianism, Supported by: FURSCA, Faculty Development and Similarity Effects in Biracial LAUREN DOWNHAM, ’06 Committee Elections Perceptions of Aging and Recovery ANDREW FIDLER, ’08 Faculty Sponsor: Mark Walter from an Acute Event Majors: Chemistry, Physics Hometown: Rochester, Mich. Majors: Psychology, Political Science Faculty Sponsor: Mary Jenson Hometown: Ann Arbor, Mich. Major: Psychology KATIE RIEPEN, ’09 Racial similarity Hometown: Olivet, Mich. Major: Chemistry bias is one reason Hometown: Milford, Mich. Caucasian-Ameri- Successful recovery can candidates from an acute ill- Photophysics of Cinnamic Acid often defeat ness is a compli- Derivatives African-Ameri- cated process, par- can candidates ticularly in elderly Faculty Sponsor: Craig Bieler in elections. It individuals. One Cinnamic acid was hypothesized area of concern is and its deriva- that similar- how one’s percep- tive compounds ity bias would be tions of aging may have been used as most prevalent influence one’s matrices for vari- in prejudiced individuals, causing them to recovery following ous laser desorp- think more positively toward and vote for a an acute illness or tion/ionization racially similar candidate. Right-Wing Au- event. We hypothesized that individuals with techniques. In an thoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance a more positive view of aging would have a attempt to under- Orientation (SDO) have both been found more successful recovery trajectory than those stand the utility of to be correlated with high levels of prejudice individuals who held a more negative view these compounds toward many different out-groups, including of aging. Participants were recruited at one for this tech- Fidler African-Americans. of several sub-acute care facilities. Patients nique, traditional a sample of Caucasian-American college were considered eligible to participate if they spectroscopic students (n = 55) and members of a small had been admitted for rehabilitation, were measurements Midwest community (n = 45) completed a over age 55, planned to be discharged to the were used to study questionnaire that began with a hypotheti- home, and had no cognitive impairments. the absorption and cal election. Pictures and written descrip- Participants were initially approached by a emission proper- tions of middle-aged African-American and member of the research team who explained ties of a series Caucasian-American men represented the the purpose and the procedures of the study of these com- two gubernatorial candidates. Participants during the first few days of their stay at the pounds. UV/Vis- completed a rating scale for each candidate, care facility. Patients then completed several ible spectroscopy “voted,” completed an RWA scale and an questionnaires (e.g., Perceptions of Aging measures the ease SDO scale, and then indicated their age, sex, Scale and a physical status questionnaire). with which the Riepen and race. A measure of racial bias was created They were then contacted biweekly to gauge molecule absorbs by comparing the ratings of the two candi- their current level of physical functioning. light at specific wavelengths, whereas fluores- dates, such that a positive score indicated bias The data were analyzed in a 2 (perception cence spectroscopy measures the amount of in favor of the Caucasian-American candi- of aging) x 4 (time of measurement) mixed energy that is lost by the molecule via light date. model ANOVA. The results suggest that emission after light absorption. A trend in Both the student and community patients increased their level of physical the absorption cross section and fluorescence samples rated the African-American can- functioning over time (p < .001). However, efficiency based on functional group identity didate more favorably than the Caucasian- this finding was qualified by an aging percep- and position helps unravel the details of en- American candidate and voted more often for tion and time interaction. Participants with ergy transfer within these molecules. We will the African-American than the Caucasian- more positive perceptions of aging reported report, for a series of compounds, absorptiv- American. In the community sample, SDO significantly greater increases in physical ity values and fluorescence quantum yields was found to have a positive correlation with functioning (p < .01) than those with more for absorption by these compounds at 337 racial bias. A positive correlation was found negative perceptions (p < ns). In conclu- nm, the most common laser wavelength used in the community sample between RWA and in the desorption techniques. racial bias. No correlation between racial bias and RWA or SDO was found in the student Supported by: Student Research Partners sample. These results support the similarity Program

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MEGAN FITZPATRICK, ’08 nests. Previous studies have suggested that which has been shown to alter behavior in birds may alter sex ratios in clutches based its host. Behavioral changes in the simulated Major: Biology on differences in rearing conditions. Based infected animals were examined with regards Hometown: Marshall, Mich. on DNA collected from blood of nestlings, to light/dark, shelter, humidity, and substrate ASHLEY GARDNER, ’07 sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1 preference as well as feeding, growth, and male:1 female (X2 = 1.15, df = 1, P = 0.283). locomotion. By comparing these changes to Major: Biology, Neuroscience Concentration well-documented changes seen in past studies Hometown: Kalamazoo, Mich. Supported by: FURSCA, A.M. Chickering of true acanthocephalan infections in iso- Professorship in Biology (Kennedy) Nest Structure, Incubation, Egg pods, insight into the source of these changes can be gained. Similarly, serotonin injections Viability, and Sex Ratio in Tree CATHERINE FONTANA, ’08 were used to test the hypothesis that secretion Swallows in Whitehouse Nature Majors: Biology, English of this neurotransmitter by the parasite is the Center Hometown: Dearborn, Mich. mechanism by which behavior is modified. The same behavioral tests were run compar- Faculty Sponsors: E. Dale Kennedy, Douglas CAMERON HARRIS, ’08 ing serotonin and no serotonin within the White Majors: Psychology, Biology infected and simulated infected isopods. Hometown: Portage, Mich. Factors that con- Supported by: FURSCA tribute to clutch size (number of Simulation of Parasitism in eggs laid) and egg Armadillidium vulgare JAIME FORNETTI, ’06 (See Ashley E. Alker, ’06, Jaime Fornetti, ’06) hatchability play Faculty Sponsor: Dean McCurdy major roles in the breeding success The parasite DANIELLE FOWLER, ’06 of birds. One manipulation such factor may hypothesis is a adolescent_lit@the-millennium be temperature in generally accepted eggs laid prior to belief among Faculty Sponsor: Ian MacInnes the onset of incu- Fitzpatrick parasitologists that Major: English bation. The egg some parasites are Hometown: Dearborn, Mich. viability hypothesis able to change the suggests that in behavior of their In exclaiming to warmer climates, hosts through a Alice, “Tut, tut, high ambient variety of methods. child! Everything’s (environmental) Understanding Fontana got a moral, if temperatures may these complex only you can find cause eggs to begin interactions, it,” Lewis Carroll’s developing before however, requires Duchess presents incubation begins. separating the a commonly Such early develop- behavior caused by held belief in ment may cause Gardner the host respond- our culture that abnormalities and ing to the infection children’s literature lead to hatching failure. We tested the egg (host response) should be simple, viability hypothesis in tree swallows (Tachyci- and the parasite’s straightforward, and didactic. However, neta bicolor) at Whitehouse Nature Center in true altering of the some contemporary authors of young adult summer 2005. We used IButtons™ to record host (parasite ma- literature are challenging this stereotype and temperatures in nests with eggs and nestlings. nipulation). The Harris taking their work in a new direction, based Swallows add variable numbers of feathers as teasing apart of on quite different ideas about what children nest insulation. We examined the relationship these systems, however, has not been possible can and cannot handle. between feather quantity, temperature re- or has not been attempted, mostly due to children in today’s culture, sometimes cords, and breeding success. We hypothesized their complexity and often microscopic scale. called the Millennial Generation, are integrat- that egg order would affect hatching, with In an attempt to help understand this distinc- ing technology into their daily lives in a way early eggs laid in a clutch less likely to hatch tion, this experiment examines a simulated that most adults are unable to imagine, or than later eggs. Unhatched eggs occurred in infection in the common acanthocephalan- are unwilling to acknowledge. In this thesis, I 16 of 36 nests, and in all of those 16 nests, isopod parasite system. approach the changing world of young adult ambient temperatures had fluctuated above in this study, a 1mm glass bead was literature from a technological standpoint. I 24º C (the temperature at which eggs may injected into the body cavity of the terrestrial utilize two areas of academia, the study of the begin developing). Our results, however, isopod Armadillidium vulgare, commonly “postmodern children’s book” and the emerg- suggested that later-laid eggs were less likely known as the pill bug. The location and size ing field of New Literacy Studies, to discuss to hatch, as the ultimate or penultimate egg of this bead approximates the cystocanth the increasingly prominent role of technology (or both) did not hatch in 10 of 16 (63%) stage of the parasite Plagiorhyncus cylindricus in adolescent literature and its broader signifi-

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cance to the genre as a whole. I analyze three favoritism peaks in second grade and begins ALLISON GESSNER, ’08 individual adolescent novels and a popular to decline thereafter. Moreover, these results (See Dayna Cleland, ’08, Allison Gessner, young adult series with respect to narrative, revealed that race of examiner did not influ- ’08) character, and technological content. These ence children’s responses on either task. books are just a small sampling of a larger pool of literature, but they serve as excellent Supported by: FURSCA JAIME GONSLER, ’07 examples of the shift from a stereotypical Victorian attitude toward children and young DAVID GEER, ’08 Adhesive Seed Dispersal by Bison adult literature to a less restricted, contempo- of the Konza Prairie rary approach. The Hijra and Kothi Sex Workers of India: A Fight for Civil and Faculty Sponsor: Sheila Lyons-Sobaski ASHLEY GARDNER, ’07 Human Rights Major: Biology Hometown: Clinton Township, Mich. (See Megan Fitzpatrick, ’08, Ashley Gardner, Faculty Sponsor: Trisha Franzen ’07) Seed dispersal is Major: Feminist and Identities Studies the method by SARAH GEBHARDT, ’06 Hometown: Taylor, Mich. which a plant This study focused distributes its off- Children and Race on the ways in spring away from a parent plant. Faculty Sponsor: Barbara Keyes which social con- structions affect Dispersal away Majors: Psychology, Music transgender per- from a parent in- Hometown: Grand Rapids, Mich. sons and individu- creases the chance als with gender that the offspring Stereotype adher- will arrive at “safe ence in children identities outside of forced, socially sites” that favor was studied using offspring survival. The attachment of seeds two research tools, constructed gender binaries and/or using devices such as hooks, barbs, or sticky a forced-choice substances to traveling dispersal agents is computer game identities. My readings and research focused on these indi- one of the many methods that plants use to and the Multi- disperse seeds. We investigated adhesive seed response Racial viduals within the West, India, and Thailand. For the symposium, my presentation is based dispersal on the bison of the Konza Prairie Attitude Measure Research Natural Area in the Flint Hills of (MRA) (Doyle on an aspect of my research—which was often limited to secondary, Western texts and Kansas by surveying seed abundance and & Aboud, 1995). diversity in bison hair samples taken during Children from primary personal narratives—that focused heavily on the fight for civil and human an annual round-up. Because the structure of a small, racially homogenous (Caucasian) bison hair varies depending on the location Midwestern elementary school participated rights by the Hijra and Kothi sex workers of India. This fight also includes organizations on the body (head, shoulder, and rump), we in this study. Participants were a sample of investigated how adhesive and non-adhesive kindergarten through fourth grade students not originally formed by a Hijra or Kothi individual. “Hijra” and “Kothi” are labels for seeds attach to each region. Hair on the head (N = 88). The MRA asked the participants is long, thin, and coarse, while on the shoul- 24 questions, such as “Who is polite?” and broad identities that actually contain a large diversity of “non-normative” or “non-main- der, hair is softer and of medium length. Hair “Who teases other children?” and then on the rump is very short, dense, and soft. participants responded to a white, biracial, stream” gender and sexual identities and roles. Many of the Hijras and Kothis face Our results suggest three findings. Adhesive and black silhouette. The computer game seeds are more abundant on bison than non- consisted of 10 questions such as “Which large amounts of gender and sexual oppression, violence, police brutality, and poverty. adhesive seeds. Hair on the head of bison child dropped the books?,” and participants traps seeds more effectively than hair on the were then presented with a black child, a These acts of “othering” and silencing are often argued to be worse for those individu- rump and shoulder of the bison. And last, the biracial child, and a white child from which head has the highest species richness although they could select only one child as their als who are also sex workers. This presentation will also acknowledge the way I am the shoulder has the highest species diversity answer. Half of the children were tested by relative to species abundance. a white administrator and half by a black positioned in relation to these experiences administrator. These results were interpreted entrenched in identities; I will not be giving Supported by: FURSCA in terms of social cognitive developmental a critique or critical analysis of Hijra or Kothi theory. Preliminary results indicated that identities because I am not positioned to do there was a significant interaction between so. Thus, the presentation is obviously biased grade and target on the computer game and a in the way that it is pro-transgender and pro- significant main effect of target on the MRA. genderQueer and based on creating awareness T-tests suggested that a shift in response about the oppression Hijras and Kothis face. patterns may occur between second and third Supported by: FURSCA grade. The findings suggested that in-group

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DAVID GOODYEAR, ’07 DAVID GOODYEAR, ’07 BETHANY GOZDZIALSKI, ’06 Within-Subject Comparison Does the Source of DNA Matter? A Change in Water Depth from 1971 of Appetitive Delay and Trace Comparison of DNA from Feathers to 2005 in Albion’s Lower Millpond Pavlovian Conditioned Inhibitors and Blood of Nestling House Wrens Faculty Sponsor: Christopher Van de Ven in the Rat: Effects of Scopolamine and Tree Swallows Major: Geology Faculty Sponsor: W. Jeffrey Wilson Faculty Sponsor: E. Dale Kennedy Hometown: Clarkston, Mich. Major: Biology Major: Biology The upper and Hometown: Perry, Mich. Hometown: Perry, Mich. lower millponds in Albion, Michigan Delay and trace Recent advancements in molecular biology were dredged in excitatory Pavlov- have led to an increase in the number of the early 1970s. ian conditioning methods available for obtaining DNA from Since the dredg- has received much birds. Ornithologists are progressively more ing, there has been attention since interested in avian DNA for studies of sex no additional the realization ratios, paternity, phylogeny, and fingerprint- surveying to see that their neural ing. The two most commonly used sources of if the millponds substrates differ, avian DNA are blood and feathers. The use are filling up with with the cerebel- of blood as a source of DNA for these studies sediment. In the lum controlling has a variety of potential problems regarding fall of 2005, the depth of the lower millpond delay condition- collection, handling, and storage. Concerns between Superior Street and Riverside Drive about exposure to avian blood have increased ing while trace adjacent to Victory Park was surveyed using additionally requires the hippocampus. recently with the introduction of West Nile a depth finder. Depth measurements were virus. Feathers, on the other hand, are more Delay and trace inhibitory conditioning has taken every 20 feet across the lower millpond easily collected, less intrusive to take than received little attention, perhaps because of and each row of measurements was taken blood, and can be stored indefinitely at room the conundrum of defining the trace period. approximately 100 feet apart. Using a geo- temperature. In excitatory conditioning, the trace period is graphic information system (GIS), the 2005 i compared concentration and pu- defined as the period of time from the offset data were compared to depth measurements rity of DNA collected from nestling house of the conditioned stimulus (CS) to the onset collected in 1971 prior to dredging in the wrens ( ) and tree swallows of the unconditioned stimulus (US), i.e., the Troglodytes aedon early 1970s. Results showed that 57,218 m3 time during which the memory trace of the (Tachycineta bicolor) in order to determine of silt was removed from the lower millpond. CS must be maintained. In trials involving the best source of DNA. The preliminary Over 39,622 m2 (94% of the total area) of the a conditioned inhibitor (CI), the US is not data from this study show that the blood millpond experienced an increase in depth, presented. Is the trace period the time from collected from tree swallows had an average with 2,234 m2 (5%) experiencing a decrease the offset of a CI until the time when the US DNA concentration of 34.9 μg/ml and a in depth, and 1% of the millpond having no would have been presented on an excitatory purity ratio of 1.77 (where 1.8 is completely change. The amount of sediment in the lower trial? We chose to define the inhibitory trace pure DNA), while the feathers collected had millpond in 2005 was insignificant, indicat- period in this manner, and compared ac- an average DNA concentration of 30.6 μg/ml ing that the pond is not filling with sediment. quisition of a trace CI with a delay CI (a CI and a purity ratio of 1.81. In comparison, terminating at the time when the US would the blood collected from house wrens had an Supported by: Geological Sciences Department have been presented). Both trace and delay average DNA concentration of 41.7 μg/ml Alumni CIs were readily acquired. We then found and a purity ratio of 1.76, while the feathers that scopolamine, in doses ranging from had an average DNA concentration of 20.18 0.125 mg/kg through 0.625 mg/kg, increased μg/ml and a purity ratio of 1.62. The average responding overall but did not differentially DNA concentrations from blood among all affect conditioned responses in either excit- specimens and both species were higher than atory or inhibitory trials. average DNA concentrations from feathers, and although there was more variance Supported by: FURSCA, Psychology in DNA collected from feathers, especially Department from house wrens, both feathers and blood provided sufficient DNA for sexing nestlings. Supported by: FURSCA

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MIRANDA GREEN, ’06 HEATHER HANDLON, ’06 CAMERON HARRIS, ’08 Beauty Is Only Skin Deep Standing at the Crossroads Affective Reactions to Affluence Faculty Sponsor: Gary Wahl of the Environmental Crisis: Acquisition: The Mediating Effects Rediscovering Thoreau, Muir, and of Perceived Conscientiousness Major: Art and Art History Hometown: Chase, Mich. Leopold Faculty Sponsor: Andrew Christopher The objective of Faculty Sponsor: Wesley Dick Majors: Psychology, Biology my research has Major: History Hometown: Portage, Mich. been to explore Hometown: Clinton Township, Mich. To examine the and transform effect of afflu- perceptions of In 2006 there is ence source on the human body consensus among affective reactions through the fram- scientists that we of observers, 382 ing and focus of face an environ- Americans read my camera lens: mental crisis on one scenario that not altering the planet Earth, depicted either a body, but revealing stemming from man or a woman what has always human ignorance in one of six been there from my perspective. Through and arrogance home settings: less carefully chosen angles, lighting, framing, concerning nature. affluent, affluent and focus, photography allows me to reframe Humankind is (source of affluence unspecified), affluent the typically ignored areas of the body to standing at a cross- via promotions, entrepreneurial success, reveal them as abstract displays of beauty. roads. Can the crisis be resolved or reversed? inheritance, or gambling success. Participants Scars, wrinkles, and pores all have a story that This study explores how enlighten- indicated envy, resentment, and pleasure is unique to each individual. As these aspects ment and modern values defining progress felt for the scenario character, as well as how of the body are separated from the individual, have shaped human attitudes and behavior deserving the character was of his or her they become metaphors of human life. This concerning the environment, contributing lifestyle. Multivariate analyses of variance and process of abstraction reduces the human to the crisis, and how alternative perspectives subsequent tests revealed that participants form to the point where it can be seen more have offered paths toward a more harmoni- were particularly resentful of affluence ac- as textures and patterns, removing the nega- ous relationship with nature. Henry David quired via inheritance or gambling success. In tive connotations society has placed on such Thoreau, John Muir, and Aldo Leopold are addition, participants felt pleasure for indi- aspects of the body. prominent among those visionaries who have viduals who earned promotions, and believed one of the biggest transformations questioned such progress. They have seen individuals who earned promotions or expe- I have encountered has come from hearing human salvation in wilderness and nature. rienced entrepreneurial success were deserv- my models’ and participants’ views being The purpose of this research is not prescrip- ing of their affluent lifestyles. Perceptions of changed through the abstraction process. tive, but it does explore our options. conscientiousness fully mediated how source Their stories range from mere acceptance in America, the answer is usually more of affluence affected feelings of resentment, of my project to actually altering their view progress. But, what is the question? The envi- and such perceptions partially mediated how toward their own body. Their transformed ronmental prophets highlighted in this study source of affluence affects feelings of pleasure perceptions drive the continuation of this asked hard questions about the assumptions and judgments of deservingness. work and its expansion to include the con- of the modern age. One hope for countering sideration of its effects on the subjects. They the environmental crisis is the rediscovery of are now able to see their imperfections in a their wisdom. CAMERON HARRIS, ’08 different light and embrace their own body Supported by: FURSCA as being beautiful. By allowing my viewers The Effect of Alcohol on Jet Lag a new lens through which to see the human Recovery in the Diurnal Rodent, body, I hope to be able to start deconstruc- Octodon degus tion of the beauty constraints placed on individuals of the twenty-first century. Faculty Sponsor: Tammy Jechura Majors: Psychology, Biology Hometown: Portage, Mich. Circadian rhythms are an important aspect of mammalian biology, mediating daily fluctuations in body temperature, activity, and other bodily functions. The onset of a typical circadian rhythm is mediated by environmental factors including light:dark cycle, social

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interaction, some food cycles, temperature, DANIEL HARRIS, ’06 tion, leading to the use of S. oneidensis as a and other factors. When a radical change bioremediation agent of metal-contaminated in timing of environmental stimuli occurs, Global Transcriptional Regulation sites. circadian rhythms become desynchronized. Supported by: Student Undergraduate Labora- In humans, travel across time zones causes of Iron-Responsive Genes in tory Internships (SULI) Program, Office of the phenomenon of “jet lag.” Influences on Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Science, U.S. Department of Energy. This jet lag recovery (known as phase shift reen- Faculty Sponsor: Ruth Schmitter research was conducted at Oak Ridge National trainment) have been studied at length and Laboratory under the guidance of Yunfeng Yang include the use of olfactory cues, exercise, Major: Biology and Jizhong Zhou. light, and pharmacological treatments. Hometown: Bloomfield Hills, Mich. alcohol has been shown to have a Iron is an essential significant impact on circadian rhythms by micronutrient for ANDREW HASLEY, ’07 Major: Biology affecting body temperature and disrupting both prokaryotic Hometown: Grand Junction, Colo. normal expression of the per gene. While and eukaryotic alcohol’s interaction with body temperature organisms. In ad- has been widely studied, the effect that dition to structural BRANDON HILL, ’07 Majors: Biology, French consumption has on reentrainment remains roles in proteins, Hometown: Plymouth, Mich. unclear. In recent studies, an excellent animal the iron redox model for circadian research has emerged, the potential makes Phylogenetic Analysis of Netrin Octodon degus. Unlike most rodents, the degu iron a useful cofac- is diurnal and shows many circadian rhythm tor for proteins, Genes similarities to humans. Circadian rhythm functioning in Faculty Sponsor: Molly Scheel research has shown the degu to be an effec- respiration, electron transport, photosyn- tive and responsive model for the study of thesis, nitrogen fixation, DNA biosynthesis, This study exam- reentrainment. In this study, degus were used and other important processes. Accumula- ines developmental to examine alcohol’s influence on reentrain- tion of free Fe(II) will induce iron toxicity genes cloned ment after a six-hour phase advance of the by producing highly reactive oxygen species; from Artemia light:dark cycle. Data representing the length thus, most bacteria moderate iron acquisition franciscana (sea of time to reentrain following the phase shift and use through the ferric uptake regulator monkey). Genes in the presence and absence of alcohol inges- (Fur), an iron-responsive global transcrip- recently cloned tion will be presented. Circadian rhythms tional factor. from Artemia were will be represented through changes in body in the present study, DNA microarray analyzed online temperature and activity rhythms as a result technology was used to characterize the iron using BLAST and of alcohol consumption. response network in the dissimilatory metal- ClustalW to iden- tify the sequences Hasley Supported by: FURSCA reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, and in a fur deletion mutant derived and compare them from MR-1. Cells were harvested at various with previously CAMERON HARRIS, ’08 intervals after addition of an iron chelator identified genes (See Catherine Fontana, ’08, Cameron Har- (2,2’-dipyridyl), and then after iron repletion of the netrin and ris, ’08) laminin gene with iron sulfate (FeSO4). Total RNA was extracted from each strain at thirteen time families, genes that intervals, reverse transcribed, fluorescently regulate nervous labeled, and hybridized to DNA microar- system develop- ray slides. Quantified microarray data were ment. Gene align- analyzed using a novel method based on ments generated Random Matrix Theory (RMT), which was in ClustalW were employed to construct regulatory gene co-ex- further analyzed Hill pression networks. The results confirmed pre- with two software vious findings implicating Fur as a pleiotropic programs, Phylip and PAUP, which allowed transcriptional regulator of genes involved for the creation of phylogenetic trees. Based in iron acquisition and storage (SO3032, on analyses of these trees, which show rela- hugA, ftn), energy metabolism (such as tionships between protein sequences, it was TCA enzymes acnA, adhA, icd), and other determined that one clone’s sequence associ- functions. Analysis of co-expression networks ated with netrin genes. This gene was subse- identified a dozen transcriptional regulators quently named Artemia franciscana netrin-1 that are co-regulated with genes in anaerobic (afrnet-1). Another clone’s sequence was more energy transport. Understanding regulatory similar to laminin genes in phylogenetic trees, pathways and co-expression networks might and this clone was named Artemia francis- elucidate specific pathways in metal reduc- cana laminin-1 (afrlam-1). These data are important because the changes in the netrin

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gene in different species suggest information be used in isolation but rather as a starting ERIC JOHNSON, ’06 about evolution. Furthermore, by compari- point when considering whether and how to son with other species, these findings allow a explore a site. “Annus Mirabilis” better understanding of the netrin gene’s role, structure, and importance. Supported by: National Science Foundation Faculty Sponsor: Julie Stotz-Ghosh Research Experiences for Undergraduates. This Supported by: FURSCA, National Institutes of research was conducted under the guidance of Majors: Economics and Management, Health, Foundation for Interdisciplinary Study William Parkinson, Richard Yerkes, and Attila English (Creative Writing) Gyucha in Vészto, Hungary as part of the Körös Hometown: Chicago, Ill. BRANDON HILL, ’07 Regional Archaeological Project. TO THE (See Andrew Hasley, ’07, Brandon Hill, ’07) READER AMY HUPP, ’06 Of the smoke and HEATHER HOROBIK, ’06 Do Abiotic Factors Affect Diel fog of a London afternoon, you’ll Exploring the Intricacies of Movements of Adult Nurse see this scene ar- Archaeological Site Surface Survey: Sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum, range itself—as it A Case Study of Körösladány 14 in the Dry Tortugas (Florida) seemed to do—a Reproductive Refuge? story prepared for Faculty Sponsor: Laura Villamil all the things to be Majors: Anthropology, History Faculty Sponsor: Jeffrey Carrier said or left unsaid; do not start read- Hometown: Benkelman, Neb. Major: Biology ing unless you are prepared to finish. Archaeological Hometown: Clinton Township, Mich. The scene comes and goes like the tide of the surface survey is Nurse sharks begin Thames flows, a useful tool for mating in mid- exposing rocky follies and murk-dirty understanding the June each year in thoughts— past. However, the the Dry Tortugas bringing closer what is left to come; accuracy of surface (Florida) island and dulling to distance all we are. artifacts to reflect chain. In addition the site below the to the physiologi- … My street was long and winding; it curved surface has been cal changes that around and was split in two by an iron-fenced questioned. If the prepare them for park with a bubbling fountain and plush surface materi- mating, other greenery. The tall trees and thick shrubs and als mirror the factors are believed colorful flowerbeds were silhouetted by the rows subsurface site, then the patterning of surface to influence the of homogenous flat buildings that extended six artifacts would give archaeologists helpful onset of reproductive behaviors. Some of the to seven stories upwards. The street was long insights about the site. Using survey data most influential abiotic factors are believed to and tight, with sturdy architecture and cars obtained from the Hungarian Copper Age include water temperature and moon phase packed into spaces. The air was thick from the site of Körösladány 14 (K-14) during 2005, along with tidal fluctuations. Additionally, accumulation of fog and smoke, which wafted I evaluate the uses, limitations, and results of the amount of dissolved oxygen and the as- in from Earl’s Court and Cromwell: fog from archaeological site surface survey. By combin- sociated changes in barometric pressure may the rain and smoke from the rattling car pipes ing the survey data with spatial information, provide clues as to why the tagged communi- hovered around the tops of these tall buildings, I created a geographic information system ty of nurse sharks returns seasonally to mate making them disappear in the distance like an (GIS) database to map the density and during this specific time interval. endless row of whitewashed soldiers, lined up to distribution of surface artifacts and to predict Data were collected over two, two-week infinity—guiding my first steps into London. the subsurface site. The predictions were periods during the month of June in 2004 London, 2005 then compared to results from both magne- and 2005. Data were collected manually at tometry and 2005 excavations. In discussing various locations throughout the site, and Supported by: FURSCA the advantages and disadvantages of using through the use of underwater temperature surface survey for the K-14 site as well as monitors and a solar-powered weather sta- the limitations of archaeological survey in tion. Tides and currents were determined us- general, I conclude that the surface data does ing computer software algorithms. The extent not reflect perfectly the site below ground. to which these abiotic factors influence the Site survey raises many questions that can daily shark activity seen in the Dry Tortugas only be answered through other means (e.g., is presented in this work. excavation). Therefore, survey should not Supported by: FURSCA-Hyde Fellowship, Biology Department Upjohn Fund for Student Research, Sea Grant, W.W. Diehl Trustees’ Professorship (Carrier)

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AMY KRIEG, ’08 ERIC KRIEGER, ’06 KRISTEN KRUM, ’08

Aligning Executive and Shareholder Who Graduates under the No Child Prevalence of Aeromonas Interests Left Behind Act? hydrophila Bacteria on Frogs and Faculty Sponsor: Michael Frandsen Toads at Michigan’s Pierce Cedar Faculty Sponsor: Myron Levine Major: Economics and Management Creek Institute Major: Political Science Hometown: Brighton, Mich. Hometown: Benton Harbor, Mich. Faculty Sponsor: Dean McCurdy Recent popular The No Child Major: Biology press attention Left Behind Act Hometown: Sturgis, Mich. has focused (NCLB) represents concern on The disease a radical shift to excessive executive ‘red-leg’ has been establish national compensation and found to cause standards for how executives mass mortality in educational policy. share in their natural and captive Graduation rate companies’ market populations of accountability is performance. frogs and is fre- now a major com- There has also quently associated ponent in measur- been growing with the presence ing school perfor- attention on the mechanisms of corporate of the bacterium mance. Under NCLB, schools are required to governance and the roles of the board of Aeromonas hy- demonstrate that they are making Adequate directors. This study looks at one mechanism drophila. Bacteria Yearly Progress (AYP) toward improving the that corporate boards use to compel such as Aeromonas are thought to take advan- education they offer each year. Graduation executives to share in the appreciation tage of amphibians with weakened immune rates and standardized testing scores are the or depreciation of the companies’ stock. systems, possibly when animals are under areas to which the legislation gives the high- Executive stock ownership guidelines stress. I measured infection rates of Aeromo- est priority in determining whether schools have been identified as a mechanism of nas on frogs and toads at the Pierce Cedar are making AYP. New research suggests that influential governance, a way to align the Creek Institute, Hastings, Michigan between without reform of the current methods of interests of managers and shareholders. April and July, 2005. Bacteria were identified implementing graduation rate accountability, Data were collected from the 2003 Fortune by swabbing the abdomen and legs of frogs our efforts to hold schools accountable are 500 companies’ proxy statements from and inoculating samples onto plates with falling far short. the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Ryan’s medium (48 hours at 37˚ C). Colonies nclB faces shortcomings that have EDGAR database, and then each company’s were then identified to assess prevalence ofA. prevented graduation rates from becom- approach to executive stock ownership hydrophila bacteria. I captured 185 different ing a major factor in determining whether was categorized as follows: (1) if executives frogs of seven different species. Prevalence schools are making AYP. The most serious of were required to own stock, (2) if they were of A. hydrophila on frogs was 86.0%, which these shortcomings allows schools to push encouraged to own stock, (3) if they were is much higher than what other researchers out academically low-performing students neither required nor encouraged. The first have observed on frogs in the Great Lakes in their districts to raise standardized test two groups were then divided into two region. There was no indication that sex of scores. My research focuses on the challenges categories each based on whether or not frogs or season was related to colonization by that a system of national graduation rate the proxy statements specified the amount bacteria. Future research is required to assess accountability, specifically the one prescribed or type of required or encouraged stock whether prevalence and intensity of bacterial by NCLB, faces and where we find ourselves ownership. An ANOVA analysis and a infections are related to stress in amphibians. today. Is the approach that the legislation paired comparison analysis were then done takes the wrong one or are there provisions Supported by: FURSCA, Pierce Cedar Creek to see whether required or encouraged stock for graduation rate accountability that are not Institute, Foundation for Interdisciplinary ownership improved the performance of a being implemented? Recommendations focus Study, Faculty Development Committee company, as measured by return on equity. on improving implementation, standards, Supported by: FURSCA methods, and oversight to strengthen the role of graduation rate accountability under NCLB. The goal is a system of holding schools accountable, under which we are neither leaving students behind nor choosing whom we allow to create “success.”

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ANDREW LAKE, ’07 DIANA LANCASTER, ’06 ASHLEY LARIMER, ’08 BRUW: Bandwidth Reservation for Intersex Mating Behavior in the The Aria, “Steal Me, Sweet Thief,” User Work Amphipod Corophium volutator from Menotti’s Opera The Old Faculty Sponsor: David Reimann Faculty Sponsor: Dean McCurdy Maid and the Thief Majors: Computer Science, Economics and Majors: Biology, German Faculty Sponsors: Maureen Balke, Joy Lee, Management Hometown: Ann Arbor, Mich. James Ball Hometown: Marshall, Mich. The intertidal am- Major: Vocal Performance Have you ever phipod Corophium Hometown: Traverse City, Mich. complained volutator lives The purpose of because your in the mudflats this project was to network is too in the Bay of research and per- slow when you Fundy, Canada. form an aria from need it the most? In populations of The Old Maid and BRUW, a project this amphipod, the Thief. The op- started through the there are far more era, composed by non-profit research females than Menotti in 1939, organization Inter- males, which can premiered specifi- net2, attempts to have significant cally for radio. It is solve this problem ecological impacts on these animals and their a humorous tale of with the idea of bandwidth reservation. By parasites and predators. Within amphipod an old woman and reserving bandwidth, a user is guaranteed populations, as many as 10% of individu- her housekeeper, Laetitia, who take a thief to have a “pipe” large enough to send his or als are intersexes, which have both male and into their home. The success of the opera’s her data quickly across a network. This is female characteristics. Previous research has broadcast helped establish Menotti’s career in especially important for those in the scientific shown that intersex amphipods can function the United States. research community who need to send large as males when housed with females, but little The aria I chose to sing is “Steal Me, amounts of data quickly and cannot afford to is known about their ability to compete with Sweet Thief.” My first task in performing this be delayed by network congestion from other males or fertilize females when in competi- music was to research the character I would users. This talk will discuss how BRUW takes tion. Using small aquaria, I paired receptive be portraying. Interpretation is important values entered by a user on a Web site and female amphipods with either two males or a when performing because the singer must translates them into a dedicated “pipe” setup male and an intersex and observed interac- depict the emotion of the character as though by routers that is guaranteed to provide the tions among females and potential mates. they are acting through song. Another amount of bandwidth requested. In terms Few females became ovigerous (mated) important part of performing is diction. I of technical detail, the talk will focus on during my study, although I observed that studied the language of the song and trained BRUW’s security considerations, use of Web there was a great deal of contact among myself to pronounce each word according services, and conditions necessary to reserve amphipods, including aggressive contact and to the character and the dialect used. With bandwidth across multiple domains. In addi- mating interactions. diction comes drama because the language tion to the technical details, the presentation Supported by: FURSCA-Hyde Fellowship used describes feeling. As a singer I have to will also briefly discuss future collaboration utilize both text and emotion, not only to tell efforts with similar projects and the challeng- a story through music, but also to visually es/issues surrounding bandwidth reservation. portray what is happening within the piece. Supported by: Internet2 my next step was to rehearse and memorize, and I spent many hours with my teacher and vocal coach perfecting the piece. The final stage of the project is to showcase and perform the music. I have already com- peted against several students for a chance to perform with an orchestra, and I sang the piece at the National Association of Teachers of Singing competition in March.

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MATTHEW LOZEN, ’06 ERIN LUSK, ’07 ERIN LUSK, ’07 The Problems of Qualification: The Social Construction of Gender Policy Analysis of the Effectiveness A Look at No Child Left Behind in Middle Childhood and Implementation of the School Faculty Sponsor: Myron Levine Faculty Sponsor: Leonard Berkey Choice Provision of No Child Left Behind Major: History Major: Sociology Hometown: Port Huron, Mich. Hometown: Oscoda, Mich. Faculty Sponsor: Myron Levine On January 8, Gender is not Major: Sociology 2002, Congress something that Hometown: Oscoda, Mich. passed the No is inherent in The purpose of this study is to examine the Child Left Behind biology or nature; effectiveness and challenges of implement- Act of 2001. This it is something ing the school choice provision of the No act was an attempt that is learned and Child Left Behind Act. Different studies on by the Congress performed through school choice under NCLB done by scholars and the Bush the socialization and organizations have been compared, and administration to process. The pur- data from various organizations researching install a national pose of this study NCLB have been examined and analyzed. education program is to examine the To gain some insider insight, two school that would greatly social construction administrators have been interviewed about improve the quality of schools across the of gender in childhood, i.e., how children the issue. One of the main problems found nation. This legislation has at its foundation interpret and perform gender in our society. with school choice under NCLB is that it is the undeniable principle that accountability Gender is something that people are con- underutilized. Causes for this underutiliza- is essential to ensuring that children can stantly performing, whether they are aware of tion could include: parental management meet a high standard of learning. The act it or not. Looking at how children construct of school choice, capacity issues, options includes the mandate that students should gender is important because it allows us to see available under NCLB, and timeframes of be taught by highly qualified teachers. The how gender is reinterpreted by children and informing parents. One of the issues with implementation of this legislation has had then reproduced in our society. Essentially NCLB is that it is different in every state many questioning whether this is possible what this study is looking at is how children because the law allows flexibility. This means given the current state and resources of the “do gender.” Children in the fifth grade were that each state and each district has its own state Departments of Education. Many observed during recess, and field notes were complications dealing with school choice have argued that the policy was not thought written based upon these observations. Other under NCLB. Implementation of school through carefully enough or that too much research has focused on the separation and choice is inconsistent. Parental management of it has been left undecided. In an attempt segregation by gender on the playground. and parental notifications are key issues for to leave control to the state governments, Instances of definite separation were found implementing school choice. When parents the standards for what a teacher must do to in this study; however, the ways in which are equipped with vague or little information, become highly qualified were left intention- boys and girls play together can shed light on it can cause problems in implementing school ally vague. This created much confusion as the social construction of gender. This study choice. Some conclusions drawn from this it was questioned whether or not teachers found that most of the time gender was not analysis are that consistency across the U.S., who had been teaching for decades would an issue for children, and kids were just kids. or at least within the states, would make be considered highly qualified or not. In the However, sometimes there were confronta- school choice more successful. Also advocacy years since the legislation was signed into law, tions in which gender became a salient issue. for parents and students eligible for school however, the definition of highly qualified has It was during those punctuated and highly choice would be extremely helpful in all areas become much clearer. School districts have memorable events that gender boundaries but especially in large cities where managing worked to include several options for teachers and gender differences were reinforced. This school choice is more difficult. to become highly qualified. My research fol- is how gender is reproduced in our society. lows this policy as it has been implemented in school districts and the problems that it has encountered.

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COURTNEY MANGUS, ’06 ence between non-DS and DS cell lines with RACHAEL LYON, ’06 respect to uracil levels in exon 2 specifically. “Double Exposed”: A Collection Detection of Global and Gene- Supported by: Wayne State University, of Poems and Prose Inspired by Specific Uracil Levels in Down Karmanos Cancer Institute. This research was Integration in Little Rock Syndrome and Non-Down conducted under the guidance of Diane Cabelof and Larry Matherly. Faculty Sponsor: Helena Mesa Syndrome Myelogenous Leukemic Cell Lines Majors: English, German STEPHANIE MANN, ’06 Hometown: Nashville, Tenn. Faculty Sponsor: Kenneth Saville After the recent Majors: Biology, Spanish Southern Medical Distinctiveness: deaths of Rosa Hometown: Orchard Lake, Mich. Realities and Rhetoric in Retrospect Parks and Coretta Children with Faculty Sponsor: Marcy Sacks Scott King, it has Down Syndrome become increas- Major: History (DS) are predis- ingly evident that Hometown: Grand Rapids, Mich. posed to devel- we are reaching the oping myeloid From the 1820s end of an era in leukemias, particu- to 1861, tensions American history. larly the subtype mounted between The modern civil known as acute the northern rights movement, megakaryoblastic and the southern which began leukemia (AMkL). United States, more than half a century ago, claims some of Of the DS patients culminating in the America’s most outstanding heroes, including who develop Civil War. Various the Little Rock Nine, the black students who AMkL, nearly 100% display acquired muta- issues of conten- fought for their right to an equal education at tions in exon 2 of the GATA1 gene, which tion occurred Central High School in 1957. encodes an essential transcription factor during this period, This creative thesis builds a histori- crucial in the formation of certain blood cells. including the Mis- cal context for the reader. But more than another phenomenon associated with souri Compromise, the Tariff of Abomina- that, in writing a collection of prose and DS is the overexpression of the gene encoding tions, the Nullification Crisis, the Mexican poems, I have tried to convey what cannot the enzyme cystathionine β-Synthase (CBS). War and Wilmot Proviso, the Compromise be communicated in an objective historical It is hypothesized that CBS overexpres- of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the account of the crisis at Central High. Already, sion ultimately results in a functional folate election of Abraham Lincoln, all of which accounts exist of the heroism and optimism deficiency, which leads to altered nucleotide illuminated for northerners and southern- of the nine students. Stories of their success biosynthesis. As folate deficiency causes uracil ers that they were inherently two different thrill and amaze readers everywhere. But such misincorporation into DNA, our objective societies. With the end of the Atlantic slave accounts often place heroes within a context was to determine whether DS likewise results trade in 1808, the South became progres- that separates them from the present. We fall in uracil accumulation in DNA. sively more defensive about slavery, while the into the habitual belief that there are those We hypothesized that hyper-mutagen- North became gradually more critical. The who accomplish amazing feats, and others esis of exon 2 in GATA1 could result from South crafted a number of arguments to fos- who respect and admire them. So in these increased levels of uracil in DS patients with ter the notion that the American South was poems and prose pieces, I portray humanity AMkL. Conversely, because non-DS cells distinct from the North as part of its defense as well as heroism, the private lives they led at show normal expression of CBS, and presum- in the increasingly acrimonious debate over home and the public lives they faced as their ably display normal folate levels, these cells slavery, freedom, and westward expansion. names were printed in national newspapers. I should display normal levels of uracil. To test During the course of these debates between am interested in the time they spent between this hypothesis, we examined both global and the North and the South, medical profession- the end of one school day and the beginning gene-specific uracil levels in myelogenous als participated equally, even constructing of another, the interactions with their parents leukemic cell lines from Non-DS and DS arguments for distinctiveness surrounding and family, and the source of the courage that patients. Preliminary data suggest greater southern medicine. was captured in newsreels. These pieces push global uracil accumulation in DS cell lines as There were two main arguments the the personal to the forefront in an attempt to compared to non-DS cell lines. However, it South made to support the claim of medical discover what constructs a hero. does not appear that GATA1 mutations result distinctiveness. First, southerners argued that Supported by: FURSCA, David Johnson, ’70, from increased levels of uracil in exon 2 of the South was affected by a number of spe- English Department, Ethnic Studies, Intercul- GATA1, as there appears to be no differ- cific diseases distinct to the South. Second, tural Affairs southerners maintained that their intimate contact with large slave populations gave them a level of expertise on better slave health and health care. Little previous work has been conducted to examine this argument.

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The notion of southern medical distinctive- philosophical foundation for action through SHELLY MCLEOD, ’07 ness itself was not incorrect; it was, however, the works of Karl Marx, looking at the nature factually inaccurate. The antebellum South of consciousness with the assistance of others The Art and Craft of Composition: was medically distinct, but not in the way the who have worked in the spirit and theoretical ideologues claimed. framework of Marxism. A Creative Project Designed to Compose a Piece for Woodwinds Supported by: FURSCA ATLEE MCFELLIN, ’06 and Percussion Faculty Sponsor: Andrew Bishop Feelings, Emotions, and the NATALIE MCKINNEY, ’06 Historical Materialism of Karl Major: Music Education Time Resolved Dissociation Hometown: St. Ignace, Mich. Marx Dynamics of Ne Br and Ne Br 2 2 3 2 Last summer Faculty Sponsor: William Rose Clusters I composed a Major: Political Science Faculty Sponsor: Craig Bieler piece of music Hometown: Battle Creek, Mich. for a woodwind Major: Chemistry and percussion Karl Marx, argu- Hometown: North Adams, Mich. ensemble. My ably, created the Two-color college career goal most comprehen- pump-probe laser was to compose a sive theoretical techniques were piece for a small understanding of employed to follow ensemble with the revolution. His the dissociation intent of publi- philosophy of pathways of the cation. I began historical material- van der Waals writing the piece by playing the piano and ism culminated in developing numerous possible themes, coun- molecules Ne2Br2 describing the ‘self- terpoint medleys, and general expressions and Ne3Br2. These emancipation of clusters are first that I wanted to portray. Next, I formed the the working class,’ excited into the piece into four movements. Now that I had the overthrow of capitalism, and the creation B electronic state the basic outline, I created a chord structure of a socialist state pursuing world commu- with one laser, and a second laser probes showing the rise and fall of the piece. After nism. He may have indefatigably worked dissociation intermediates and products 10 weeks of composition, I succeeded in the toward this revolution, both theoretically and with picosecond resolution. Modeling of the recreation of a personal fishing experience, practically, but his theoretical work lacked an lifetimes associated with the appearance and in the form of music for woodwinds and understanding of the emotional element in disappearance of all species indicates that the percussion. The Albion College Symphonic human beings and the role it plays in creating dissociation occurs via a sequential pathway Band read the piece in October and will be revolutionary social change, concomitantly with little evidence of intermolecular vibra- performing it in their spring 2007 season. limiting his ability to practically create that tional redistribution. After the performance, I will have a record- change. ing that I can send along with the score to Going back to the works of Karl Marx, Supported by: FURSCA-Kresge Fellowship, publishers. University of California, Irvine as well as others who have written in the Supported by: FURSCA tradition of Marxism, the political theory and history of E. P. Thompson, and the social anthropology of Agnes Heller is essential to creating a system by which emotions can be understood in the formation of human consciousness, consciousness striving to create social change. Emotions play a key role in how human beings come to understand the world around them, providing the impetus from which they will rise up to change society. Looking at the traditional dichotomy of emotions versus rationality in a critical light to see the epistemological role of emotions has many implications for political action today, but it is necessary to provide the

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estrogens. In humans, xenoestrogens are middle-aged woman was considered to be MATTHEW MILLIGAN, ’06 thought to contribute to an increase in breast less competent than a middle-aged man. Our Early North Indian Buddhism: cancer, testicular cancer, and fibroids, and pattern of results suggests that aging gener- a decrease in sperm counts. Because of the ally has a deleterious effect on professional Architecture and Epigraphy in the health risks associated with environmental perceptions of women, but a beneficial effect Extant Record estrogens, research has been done to quantify on professional perceptions of men. Faculty Sponsor: Selva Raj estrogen levels in the environment. This presentation highlights laboratory research that Supported by: FURSCA Major: Religious Studies explored detection techniques to determine Hometown: Ortonville, Mich. estrogen levels at various Albion sites using AMY NARAMORE, ’07 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. My research is Body Image and Self-Esteem an investigation of Early Historic JENNIFER NAJJAR, ’06 among Elementary School Girls (300 B.C.E.-300 Faculty Sponsor: Leonard Berkey C.E.) Buddhism. Effects of Employee Age and Sex My primary focus on Perceptions of Personality and Majors: Biology, Sociology Hometown: Beloit, Ohio centers on the Professional Competency extant archaeologi- My research on cal record of the Faculty Sponsor: Andrew Christopher body image and Buddhist monastic Major: Psychology self-esteem among complexes located Hometown: Novi, Mich. fifth grade girls has in north India. been conducted This study explores the construction of Bud- This experiment through the Jessie’s dhist ritual space and its use by members of examined the Gift Research the ordained and lay Buddhist communities. effects of em- Seminar which be- Because of their potential value, donative in- ployee age and sex gan last September. scriptions and architectural space receive spe- on perceptions While helping lo- cial attention. I utilize current archaeological of personality cal fifth grade kids and Buddhological scholarship and theories and professional with their social to reassess popular practice. Overall, I argue competence. Evo- and reading skills, we have also undertaken that the various early Buddhist communi- lutionary theory our own individual research projects having ties were engaged in activity directed toward predicts more to do with the social construction of child- mundane benefits as opposed to intangible, negative percep- hood in Albion. My project focuses on body elusive spiritual goals. tions of women image and self-esteem among fifth grade girls. as they age, but more positive perceptions of Studies have shown that girls who grow up in ELIZABETH MURRENUS, ’06 men as they age. Participants were shown a chaotic and/or low income families are much video of a young (i.e., early 20s) or middle- more likely to develop self-esteem issues and Environmental Estrogens aged (i.e., late 40s) man or woman in a eating disorders than girls who do not. There simulated performance review interview. has also been a steady increase in rates of eat- Faculty Sponsor: David Green The participants were then asked to read a ing disorders among African American girls. Majors: Chemistry, Biology performance evaluation of the employee and i have examined other studies of trends Hometown: Farmington Hills, Mich. answer a short questionnaire that included from across the country, and have evaluated perceptions of the employee’s personality and the applicability of these studies to girls in In recent years, questions about professional competence, our fifth grade class. Since September I have our knowledge such as ability to make decisions in a timely been working with two girls and have drawn of environmental manner, organize a meeting, and delegate a many of my field notes from observations contaminants, task to subordinates. and conversations with them. All observa- including estrogen, regarding personality perceptions, a tions and comments are drawn from general has increased. young woman was considered more emotion- conversations and not from direct question- Environmental ally stable than a young man, but there were ing on the issue. Other observations include estrogens have no differences in perceptions of emotional watching girls while they walk through the always been pres- stability between a middle-aged woman and halls, listening to their conversations, as well ent in many foods a middle-aged man. Regarding openness to as comments and field notes made by others that we eat, but experience, a young woman was considered in my seminar class relating to the issue. in recent years to be less open than a young man; however, Information was also gathered from teachers synthetic estrogens have been produced in a middle-aged woman was considered to be and school nutritionists. pesticides, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. In more open than a middle-aged man. Regard- fish and other wildlife, developmental prob- ing perceptions of professional competence, lems have been attributed to environmental a young woman was considered to be more competent than a young man; however, a

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SAMANTHA NEWMAN, ’08 ROSS O’HARA, ’06 DANIEL PAINTER, ’06 Value of Children, Child Labor, The Parsimony of Electoral Reproductive Behavior of and Fertility Preferences in Urban Decision-Making: Need for Intersexes in the Intertidal Nigeria Cognition and Need for Closure as Amphipod Corophium volutator Faculty Sponsor: ‘Dimeji Togunde Predictors of Political Interest Faculty Sponsor: Dean McCurdy Major: Speech Communication Faculty Sponsor: Mark Walter Major: Biology Hometown: Wooster, Ohio Majors: Psychology, English Hometown: Hillsdale, Mich. This study exam- Hometown: Canton, Mich. Corophium voluta- ines the value of Most studies of tor is an intertidal children as per- electoral decision- amphipod found ceived by parents making fail to rec- in the mudflats and explores the ognize the internal of Nova Scotia, link between child factors each voter Canada. These labor and fertil- brings to the vot- amphipods are ity preferences in ing process. This a key species in urban Nigeria. The study examined this environment data come from the role of Need in that they serve a 2002 survey of for Cognition and as a food source 1,535 parents and Need for Closure for both fish and their children (aged 8 to 14 years) who are as predictors of shorebirds and their burrows stabilize and engaged in paid labor or services. Drawing political interest. oxygenate mudflats. This species is also on these data, the objectives are: to docu- The experiment was completed online unusual because of female-biased sex ratios, ment the value of children as reported by by 93 college alumni and 158 college stu- which may lead to male-limitation in some parents in an urban setting of Nigeria and dents. Part one of the experiment consisted cases and are thought to be caused, in part, how perceived value varies by gender of the of scales measuring Need for Cognition and by parasites that feminize males. Intersexes, child, to draw out the link between the cur- Need for Closure, as well as demographic which have morphological and anatomical rent economic contribution of children and information. Part two was completed three features of males and females, also occur and additional children wanted by parents, and weeks after completing the questionnaires. appear to function as males. However, male finally, to examine the correlates of additional Participants were presented with three fic- function has only been demonstrated under children wanted, including child labor. tional candidates for United States president laboratory conditions, so it is not known Findings indicate that sons are valued containing either partisan labels (Republican, whether they function as males in natural for their future patriarchal status and for Democrat, Independent) or meaningless populations. I investigated intersex function their kinship role in continuing the family labels (A, B, C). Participants had unlimited in the field by observing crawling and bur- name. Daughters are more likely than sons time to explore the candidates’ views on rowing activity of intersexes versus males and to be relied upon for financial support at old fifteen political issues before being asked to females. As expected, I observed that inter- age. The results also suggest that the labor vote. sexes were almost as likely to mate-search and contribution of children has become a central political interest was defined as the total pair with females as males, suggesting that part of the fertility equation in urban areas. number of political issues read by the partici- they function as males in nature. In the lab, Parents wanted more children because of the pant. Results indicated that Need for Cogni- I investigated mate-searching further by vid- financial support of current children, and tion had a positive relationship (r = .21) and eotaping crawling of males and intersexes to they expected additional children to contrib- Need for Closure a negative relationship compare fine-tuned aspects of mate-searching ute to the household income. This study has (r = -.20) with political interest. Need for behavior. implications for regulating child labor and Cognition significantly predicted political Supported by: FURSCA-Robson Fellowship other socioeconomic determinants of fertility interest, with participants low in Need for in Nigeria. Cognition having less political interest than Supported by: FURSCA those high in Need for Cognition, regardless of their Need for Closure. These results indicate that an individual’s personality has a bearing on how they process political information and make electoral decisions. Significant differences arose between the alumni and student samples, indicating that the prominence of each personality facet may be related to age. Supported by: FURSCA

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SHAUNA PARADINE, ’08 STEVEN PERUSKI, ’06 MARIA PINTAR, ’06 Synthesis of a Chiral Hypervalent Social Support of Female A Naturalistic Study of Post- Iodine Reagent Starting from Legislators in the State of Michigan Conflict Interactions among (S)-Propylene Oxide Faculty Sponsor: Dyron Dabney Preschool Boys and Girls Faculty Sponsor: Andrew French Major: History Faculty Sponsor: Jamie Walter Major: Chemistry Hometown: Flushing, Mich. Majors: Psychology, French Hometown: Schoolcraft, Mich. It is a well known Hometown: Holland, Mich. Hypervalent fact that women Preschool iodine reagents are underrepre- children’s be- are of consider- sented through- haviors during able interest in the out American conflict have field of organic legislative politics. been shown to be chemistry. These The State of related to their reagents have Michigan certainly social competence, unique properties is no exception but less is known in organic reac- with respect to about post-conflict tions, and they can the legislative behavior. The facilitate a number representation of present study was of transformations, women. This study investigates the under- designed to explore many of which are significant in the develop- representation of women in legislatures. The how quickly and by what means preschool ment of pharmaceutical drugs and drug can- central question this study seeks to answer children reconcile after a conflict. In addi- didates. One particular facet of interest with is why women don’t run for elected political tion, these patterns were expected to relate to these reagents is their potential to replace the office. The goal of this study is to determine social competence and gender. heavy-metal catalysts that are currently used the importance of social support, particularly Fifty-eight preschool children aged 2-6 in industrial settings for similar reactions. By spousal support, on women’s considerations years old were recruited from two preschools doing this, environmental hazards would be of elected public office. in small Midwestern towns. Participants greatly reduced and waste removal would be The findings of the study are generated were from predominantly white, middle- simplified. This research has been an explora- through a research methodology of one-hour and working-class families. Using an event tion into the synthesis of a new class of chiral face-to-face interviews with 11 women legis- sampling method, instances of conflict and hypervalent iodine reagents. This method lators currently serving in elected public of- post-conflict resolution during free play were uses (S)-propylene oxide and 2-iodophenol fice. Participants of the study are drawn from recorded. Parents completed a measure of as starting materials, both of which are com- women from both major political parties, the social competence for their child. mercially available reagents. The abbrevi- Republican Party and the Democratic Party, results revealed that in many conflict in- ated synthesis, only three steps, includes an and both houses of the Michigan legislature. stances children never reconciled, the teacher epoxide-opening reaction, methylation, and The study evaluates one-third of present- intervened, or reconciliations occurred oxidation protocol. Reported here will be the day Michigan state legislators—it is not an shortly after the conflict ended. As expected, progress toward this synthesis. exhaustive treatment of women state legisla- children who were more socially competent tors for the state of Michigan—and thus, it is O reconciled more quickly than children who difficult to generalize from the findings. were less socially competent. Social compe- CH3 common legislators’ response patterns tence was correlated with use of verbal power, uncovered in this study include the difficulty but not with apologizing. Results revealed I O many women have in fund raising, the effects several interesting patterns related to gender. HO CH3 OTs of term limits on the numeric representation Conflict was significantly more likely to Supported by: FURSCA, American Chemical of women in the Michigan legislature, and occur in same-sex than mixed-sex groups. In Society Petroleum Research Fund the significance of external encouragement to addition, boys reconciled more quickly than run. girls. Supported by: FURSCA, Michigan Colleges Taken together, these findings suggest Foundation (Earhart Grant) that socially competent children may have the skills to handle peer conflict on their own, but preschoolers may be too young to consistently use apology as a strategy in conflict resolution. Finally, boys’ and girls’ post-conflict interaction differed in several ways, suggesting that preschool children’s conflict interactions are gender-regulated. Supported by: FURSCA

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afterlife, which might allow the individual to TROY PIWOWARSKI, ’06 more easily derogate dissimilar others. JAYNE PTOLEMY, ’06 Effects of Mortality Salience and Supported by: FURSCA “In Decency of . . . Oconomy”: Literal Immortality on Prejudicial Race and Respectability in Beliefs TROY PIWOWARSKI, ’06 Early National Philadelphian Benevolence Faculty Sponsor: Mark Walter Facing the Authoritarian: Artistic Majors: Psychology, Art Depiction of a Troublesome Faculty Sponsor: Marcy Sacks Hometown: Cadillac, Mich. Personality Orientation Major: History Hometown: Dryden, Mich. Terror Manage- Faculty Sponsor: Douglas Goering ment Theory Focusing on (TMT) posits Majors: Psychology, Art Philadelphia in the a closely-knit Hometown: Cadillac, Mich. period between relationship Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) is a Pennsylvania’s between awareness personality orientation generally character- Gradual Abolition of one’s own death ized by blind submission to authority figures, Act in 1780 and (mortality salience; often with an especially aggressive fervor. the rise of harden- MS) and numer- RWA has been the focus of psychological ing racial distinc- ous seemingly research since the mid-1940s, during the ad- tions in the 1830s, unrelated beliefs vent of Fascism and Nazism in Europe. Since my historical and behaviors. the inception of the term, a great deal has research explores Stellmacher and Petzel (2005) revealed that been discovered about the authoritarian, and the limitations and mortality salience threatens authoritarians, it has become much clearer how widespread implications of benevolent activities. Specifi- activating their inherent prejudice. and menacing this personality trait is in cally, this project addresses how white par- The present research offered two contemporary society. ticipants in benevolent institutions conflated hypotheses: (1) MS will increase homonega- This series, entitled Facing the Authori- rising concerns over social instability, evident tivity (negative regard for homosexuals) in tarian, is an attempt to examine not only through increasingly visible white impover- authoritarians and (2) subsequent presenta- the elements that make up the authoritarian ishment, with anxieties over the emerging tion of evidence that an afterlife exists will personality, but the specifics that make it free black population. I explore how such decrease homonegativity in authoritarians. a reality in our society. A substantial effort philanthropic action, in referring to the free albion College and community par- has been made to maintain the objective black residents of Philadelphia through terms ticipants ( = 187) completed a question- N underpinnings of the research, despite the po- of respectable behavior and analogies to the naire packet that contained three personality litical charge that the series carries. Accurate lower sorts, placed significant restrictions on inventories. The MS manipulation (writing demographic and social group representation potential white assistance. Benevolent acts, a paragraph about one’s own death) induced is maintained so that the statement carries I contend, were especially significant in the death awareness while a control manipula- validity as well as emotion. perpetuation of previous racial hierarchies as tion (writing a paragraph about watching each of the seven smaller portraits well as the formulation of distinct racial and television) did not. The afterlife manipula- features the authoritarian, blindfolded with economic boundaries in the new republic. tion presented either evidence supporting an a different material symbolic of a particular This project also considers how this language afterlife or evidence dispelling the existence dogma or following. They are supplemented of similarity between free blacks and poor of an afterlife. Participants then completed a by two larger 3x3-foot paintings that are high whites reflected itself within those groups and homonegativity inventory. magnifications of two of those symbols, as was concurrently created and manipulated by strong correlations between authoritari- well as a 6x4-foot enlargement of a biblical them. This thesis analyzes how the ideo- anism and homonegativity ( = .66, < .001) r p text from Isaiah. While the portraits afford logical connection between free blacks and supported hypothesis 1. Regression analyses the viewer an external perspective of the poorer whites, while providing a language of revealed that (1) MS, afterlife, and authori- authoritarian, the larger paintings serve to similarity among marginal groups, ultimately tarianism were significantly interactive in reverse that relationship, forcing a reexamina- facilitated the separation of black and white predicting homonegativity ( = -.91, (183) β t tion of each icon from within the blindfold. populations that relied upon notions of = -29.28, p < .001) in authoritarians, and respectability. (2) presentation of support for the afterlife Supported by: FURSCA in the absence of MS significantly increased Supported by: FURSCA, Shear/Mellon, Michi- homonegativity (β = .014, t(183) = 2.06, p < gan Colleges Foundation (Earhart Grant) .05) in authoritarians. Data supported both hypotheses, despite an inversion of the expected effect for afterlife. This increase in prejudice is most likely due to the lack of burden that MS would present, coupled with a guarantee of literal

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RACHEL RANSOM, ’08 difference through time for individuals that greater amounts of conflict without dissolv- have been repetitively sampled. ing. It is expected adolescents will use more Monitoring Blood Parameters for a compromise in conflicting situations with Supported by: Defense Advanced Research peers than with siblings in order to preserve Captive Population of Nurse Sharks Projects Agency, W. W. Diehl Trustees’ Professor- this open relationship. (Ginglymostoma cirratum) ship (Carrier) Supported by: FURSCA Faculty Sponsor: Jeffrey Carrier KARLY REDBURN, ’06 Major: Biology SARAH RICHARDSON, ’08 Hometown: Midland, Mich. Adolescent Conflict between Household Size and Composition Blood is extremely Siblings and Peers: Affective useful as both a Quality and ConflictR esolution as Correlates of Child Labor in Urban Nigeria diagnostic and Faculty Sponsor: Jamie Walter research tool that Faculty Sponsor: ‘Dimeji Togunde can yield perti- Major: Psychology nent, real-time Hometown: Mason, Mich. Major: Sociology information about Hometown: Saginaw, Mich. Previous research an animal’s health on conflict dur- My research draws and overall physi- ing adolescence on interviews with ological condition. typically focuses 1,535 parents and The Albion Col- on conflict with their children to lege shark research parents or peers. examine the rela- lab considers routine blood collection and These relation- tionship between observation as an important way to monitor ships differ in the child labor and the health of captive nurse sharks over time kinship bond and various household when compared to the literature and to other amount of choice variables in urban captive facilities such as SeaWorld Adventure in membership Nigeria, where Parks (Orlando, Florida). such that par- child labor studies The methodology for monitoring ent relationships are categorized as closed have been very electrolytes and blood minerals includes the and peer relationships are considered open. limited. This research provides a comprehen- drawing of blood by caudal venipuncture. Closed (or parent-child) relationships tend to sive understanding of the household factors Blood is then processed by standard hema- have more conflict and less constructive con- and residential dynamics through which tological techniques and used for automated flict resolution than egalitarian peer relation- child labor evolves. My findings demonstrate blood chemistries and to make blood smears ships. Sibling relationships, although closed, the usefulness of the household production for blood cell counts. The smears are fixed in lack the hierarchy of a parent relationship and theory in explaining the socio-economic methanol and stained with Wright-Giemsa are comparable to peer relationships when ramification and household context of child stain and observed under a microscope. It is looking at support and disclosure. Therefore, labor. These findings also indicate that, the count of each type of leukocyte that gives it is unclear if sibling conflict patterns will although child labor is mostly caused by a measurement for animal health includ- mirror those with parents or peers. poverty and the need to prepare children with ing lymphocytes, granulocytes (heterophils, The present study examined affect skills and training useful for future occupa- eosinophils, and basophils), and monocytes. and styles of conflict resolution in adoles- tions, the size of the household, number While these numbers vary by species, they cents’ sibling and peer relationships. Thirty of children in the household, number of tend to lie around 50-75% lymphocytes, 10- participants, between the ages of 18-19, were children contributing to the household 30% heterophils, 0-10% eosinophils, 0-1% recruited from a small liberal arts school in income, child’s age, and age at which the basophils, and 0-3% monocytes for elasmo- mid-Michigan. Participants completed a se- child started working are all significantly and branchs. ries of questionnaires assessing conflict within positively correlated with children’s hours of Blood samples have also been sent to both peer and sibling relationships, support work. However, gender compositions of the Regional Biomedical Laboratories for com- within the relationships, and conflict resolu- children or of the household head and age of parisons and quality assurance. The labora- tion styles generally used. Participants also the household head have little or no relation- tory provides blood cell differential counts as wrote a description of a conflict with a peer ship with children’s hours of work. Addi- well as quantitative blood chemistries for the and one with a sibling. These open-ended tionally, parental socio-economic status and amount of certain blood components such as descriptions were then coded for affect and family structure variables are associated with cholesterol, proteins, calcium, and other trace conflict resolution. fewer hours of children’s work. Findings have elements. Our results suggest that overall it is expected that adolescents will have implications for policies aimed at regulating blood chemistries for the 12 animals held in greater amounts of conflict, use less con- child labor in Nigeria. captivity are within normal limits for captive structive forms of conflict resolution, and animals of this species and that there is no show greater amounts of negative affect with Supported by: FURSCA siblings than with peers. This supports the theory that closed relationships can handle

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KATIE RIEPEN, ’09 LINDSAY RUBIN, ’07 PATRICK RYAN, ’06 (See Andrew Fidler, ’08, Katie Riepen, ’09) Major: Psychology, Neuroscience Concentration Law, Literature, and the U.S. AMY RISKE, ’06 Hometown: Orchard Lake, Mich. Constitution: A Defense of Textual Autonomy Creation of the New: Music JENNIFER SMITH, ’07 Major: Psychology Faculty Sponsor: Emmanuel Yewah Composition as a Means of Hometown: Ann Arbor, Mich. Self-Expression Major: Public Policy Sensory System Functions in Nurse Hometown: Augusta, Ga. Faculty Sponsor: Andrew Bishop Sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum): My research, Major: Music Composition Acquisition and Interpretation of interdisciplinary Hometown: Hanover, Mich. in its approach, Electrophysiology in Olfactory and seeks to reexamine My research Acoustic Nerve Pathways the important and focuses on the somewhat “misun- process of com- Faculty Sponsor: Jeffrey Carrier derstood” relation- posing and how The functioning of ship between law music can affect a the sensory system and literature. It person’s emotions. in sharks while draws from critical Mortalis Oriens is in their marine theories derived a modern work for environment is from both disci- symphonic band largely unexplored. plines to provide an insightful and innovative that was composed The present study reading of the United States Constitution. during the summer involves investigat- It also discusses the methodology taken by of 2005. As a coming the relation- the Supreme Court in its interpretation or poser, I am frequently questioned about the ship between interpretations of the Constitution and asks process of composition. Thus, I will explain sensory physiology whether adherence to one single meaning the procedures and development of the piece of olfactory and Rubin of the text is driven by ideology rather than from its beginning chord progressions to the acoustical systems legality. Additionally, the study contends that final score. Audio examples from rehearsals in nurse sharks these legal and literary theories and their ap- and performances will be included in the (Ginglymostoma plications are attempts by their practitioners presentation. cirratum) and how not only to illuminate their disciplines but, Furthermore, psychological experimen- sensory input equally importantly, to preserve or, indeed, tation investigates the links between the translates to behav- defend disciplinary autonomy. theoretical analysis of the music and its effect ioral responses. on human emotion. Participants in the study In order to study were asked to reflect indirectly on their emo- LILIANE SALIBA, ’07 single nerve cell tions while hearing Mortalis Oriens played in electrical ac- the background versus completing the study Locus of Control, Materialism, and tivities, microscale in silence. The results of this study help to silicon- and Smith Well-Being clarify the link between a composer’s desire to polymer-substrate elicit specific emotions from his or her audi- Faculty Sponsor: Andrew Christopher neural probes were designed in collaboration ence and the theoretical attributes that can be with the University of Michigan Biomedical Major: Psychology used to do so. Engineering Department. These prototypical Hometown: Solon, Ohio Supported by: FURSCA electrodes are implanted into the olfactory This study tract and acoustical system to measure neural examined the signals and characterize basic functions as interrelationships they relate to behavior. Further study will between feelings of provide a unique opportunity to relate control, materi- sensory and motor responses to the animals’ alistic tendencies, behaviors in both the laboratory and ocean and psychologi- environment. cal well-being. I Supported by: Defense Advanced Research designed a survey Projects Agency, W. W. Diehl Trustees’ Professor- that measured feel- ship (Carrier) ings of control (e.g., “Whether or not I get into a car accident depends mostly on how good a driver I am” and “When I make

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plans, I am almost certain to make them JASON SEBACHER, ’08 SARAH SIMMONS, ’07 work”), materialism (e.g., “I enjoy spending money on things that aren’t practical” and The Keys to the Cabinets: Progress toward a New Class of “The things I own say a lot about how well I’m doing in life”), and affective well-being Understanding Dalinian Chiral Hypervalent Iodine Reagents (e.g., how “proud,” “jittery,” or “excited” one Philosophy Faculty Sponsor: Andrew French tends to feel). A total of 440 participants Faculty Sponsor: Bille Wickre from across the United States completed the Major: Chemistry survey online. Major: English Literature Hometown: Scotts, Mich. our results indicated the less control Hometown: Sturgis, Mich. We report here our people felt, the worse their affective well- “In Catalan, Dali progress toward being tended to be. Also, the less control means Desire.” the synthesis of a people felt, the more materialistic they –Salvador Dali hypervalent iodine tended to be, and the more materialistic reagent. Diffi- people were, the worse their affective During the culty with the final well-being. Most importantly, materialism summer of 2005, oxidation of the mediated the relationship between feelings I studied the life iodine using tradi- of control and affective well-being. Stated and paintings of tional oxidants led differently, when people feel as though they the Catalan artist us to investigate lack control in their lives, they may value Salvador Dali and the electrochemis- and strive to acquire material possessions to developed a theory try of oxygenated avoid the lower levels of affective well-being that all of Dali’s iodobenzenes. A summary of our progress in associated with lacking control. This strategy paintings, when this area is also presented. may be psychologically adaptive in the considered as more of a storyboard of his life Ph short-term; however, the fact that high levels than of disjoined pictures, are a discourse O of materialism were associated with lower on the nature of desire, which Dali claims Ph levels of affective well-being suggests that is his namesake. I found that there are four O turning to possessions when faced with a lack distinct desires that occur in every single I CH3 of control is ultimately maladaptive. When one of his over 1,000 paintings at different HO OTs lacking control, people should seek means levels and in varying ways: narcissistic desires, Supported by: FURSCA, American Chemical other than material possessions to maintain sadomasochistic desires, fetishistic desires, Society Petroleum Research Fund their well-being. and remunerative desires. My presentation is abridged from a two-hour lecture that was Supported by: FURSCA, Faculty Development given at the beginning of the year, in which JENNIFER SMITH, ’07 Committee I explain how Dali’s desires were displaced (See Lindsay Rubin, ’07, Jennifer Smith, ’07) into the periods of his art. I plan to highlight LAUREN SAYIG, ’08 only his most famous of the five periods, JOSEPH SMITH, ’06 (See Meagan Bosket, ’09, Lauren Sayig, ’08) the Surreal, in which his desires are most explicitly communicated. Ionic Liquids and Potassium Supported by: FURSCA Permanganate: Characterization and Initial Study of 1-ethyl-3- WENDY SIMANTON, ’07 methylimidazolium tetrafluoro- (See Stephanie Clark, ’06, Wendy Simanton, borate [EMIM] [BF4] ’07) Faculty Sponsor: Clifford Harris Major: Chemistry Hometown: Commerce Township, Mich. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a potential new class of solvents deemed to be environmentally friendly due to their low volatil- ity and ability to be recycled. One IL was examined, 1-ethyl-

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3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate solid was also studied to determine this ionic get from making music is worth the struggle.

([EMIM][BF4]), in order to determine its liquid’s suitability for use as a permanganate Final conclusions will be reached in the suitability as a solvent for oxidation reactions oxidation solvent. culmination of the project, my senior thesis, using potassium permanganate. Oxidation which will be completed in spring 2007. MeOSO3 reactions are a class of reactions that adds O I hope to share my thesis at a sociological Cocos electrons to a molecule, usually by adding n OH conference, so a better understanding of this + an oxygen. Solubility of various traditional N unique career might inspire other research

H3C OH organic solvents in [EMIM][BF4] was de- about social aspects of the performing arts. termined by massing a saturated solution O m Supported by: FURSCA of the IL in a solvent and then removing n+m=4-14 the solvent and massing again. Reactivity of Structure 1. Ammoeng 100 potassium permanganate with [EMIM][BF4] JOE TAYLOR, ’06 was determined by mixing the IL with per- Supported by: EcoSynthetics manganate and then analyzed using nuclear Barriers, Stigma, Support, Hope: magnetic resonance (NMR) to determine if Transitional Housing Residents’ RACHEL SZYMANSKI, ’07 the IL was altered. Early results indicate that Experiences with HIV/AIDS and [EMIM][BF4] is degraded by permanganate oxidation. Since it is degraded by the oxidant, The Career Experiences of Homelessness Professional Musicians [EMIM][BF4] is probably not suitable for Faculty Sponsor: Scott Melzer permanganate oxidation reactions. This reac- Faculty Sponsor: Scott Melzer tion may be useful for the clean-up of hazard- Major: Sociology ous waste should the IL be inadvertently Majors: Sociology, Music Hometown: Walled Lake, Mich. released into the environment. Hometown: Dexter, Mich. Individuals af- Supported by: EcoSynthetics Music is a fected by both pervasive part HIV/AIDS and of American homelessness are ANNA STROUD, ’06 culture. Arguably, often overlooked Ionic Liquids and Potassium the people most and understudied responsible for segments of the Permanganate: Characterization ensuring that this population. This and Initial Study of Ammoeng 100 part of our culture exploratory study uses grounded Faculty Sponsor: Clifford Harris continues to persist and develop are theory to examine Majors: Biology, Studio Art professional musi- the experience Hometown: Ann Arbor, Mich. cians. Currently, I of individuals impacted by HIV/AIDS and am conducting a sociological research project homelessness in transitional housing in a Some chemical and to determine which groups of people consider large Midwestern city. Theory used to exam- physical proper- themselves to be professional musicians ine the barriers and stigma of the population ties of Ammoeng and what their lives are actually like. This will include both macro and micro level 100 (1) have been project is exploratory in nature because few approaches such as conflict theory and measured. These sociologists have examined musicians over symbolic interactionism theory. included HNMR, the past 30 years. From sociological research Data collected from field notes during a CNMR, and IR on musicians and other artists as well as data summer internship and semi-structured inter- spectroscopic char- from the National Endowment for the Arts, views reveal that these individuals face bar- acterization as well I have found that pursuing a career in music riers and frustrations in the form of employ- as determination of can be difficult due to factors such as the ment, housing, and family reaction to the solubility in water extensive training and practice necessary and disease. The data also reveal that individuals and a variety of the fact that an income from performing may are able to manage HIV/AIDS with the as- organic solvents. The interaction of the neat be insufficient. sistance of programs such as ADAP (AIDS ionic liquid and potassium permanganate For my project I am conducting qualita- Drug Assistance Program) and that religion tive semi-structured interviews with a variety does not directly impact how these partici- of professional instrumental musicians about pants deal with the disease. Management of their educational and career experiences. This HIV/AIDS is no longer a main concern and research is still in progress. However, prelimi- the shift in focus has moved from finding a nary findings show that although musicians’ place where individuals could die in peace professional development is difficult and their to assisting people to reenter society in a incomes are often low, all musicians inter- meaningful manner. Further research on the viewed seem to feel that the satisfaction they

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topic could address how to best ensure that JORDAN TROISI, ’06 TAMAR VESCOSO, ’06 a person is able to live adequately outside of transitional housing and if structural barri- Predicting Money Motives: The Grave Robbing to Donor Bequest: ers such as social class disadvantages can be overcome. Interactive Effects of the Protestant The Changing Perception of Work Ethic and the Need for Cadaver Use in Medicine from the Supported by: FURSCA Cognition Nineteenth Century to the Present Day NICOLE TRACHSEL, ’06 Faculty Sponsor: Andrew Christopher Majors: Psychology, English Faculty Sponsor: Amy Terstriep Art and Autonomy in Scotland Hometown: Holt, Mich. Majors: Chemistry, Biology Faculty Sponsor: Bille Wickre Money is a Hometown: Garden City, Mich. Major: Art and Art History relatively ubiq- In today’s society, Hometown: Albion, Mich. uitous feature of ill or injured daily life for many people who need “Without tradi- people. Srivastava, tion, art is a flock new organs have Locke, and Bartol the potential of of sheep without a (2001) developed shepherd. Without receiving them. A a scale to measure few hundred years innovation, it is a money motives corpse.” ago this was not (i.e., reasons why a realistic option. – Sir Winston people want to Churchill Our perceptions of earn money). the human body Art is often used as However, no research has yet examined and medicine have a vehicle for politi- individual differences in these motivations. changed from the beginning of the nine- cal reformation, as This study examined the interactive effects teenth century when the study of anatomy a social outlet, or of the Protestant work ethic (PWE) and the became an important subject in medical even for economic growth. Art is therefore need for cognition (NFC) on three money teaching. This presentation will explore the interchangeable with these issues. Our way of motivations. controversies surrounding the use of cadavers seeing art, understanding art, and appreciat- participants completed Srivastava in learning and research in the Victorian era, ing art has changed as we have learned to ‘use’ et al.’s (2001) Money Motives scale. The scale as well as how the past has shaped medicine art as a medium for progression. has three factors: a negative money motive and surgery today. Grave robbing, the sell- my research explores these concepts us- factor (e.g., “To prove I am not a failure”), ing of bodies to anatomists, and regulating ing the history of Scottish art and Scotland’s a positive money motive factor (e.g., “To be schools of medicine will be discussed. In modern ‘cultural explosion’. Through study- able to support a family”), and a freedom addition, the varying uses of cadavers today ing Scottish art, I have outlined how and why of action motive factor (e.g., “To direct my (from organ donation to plastination) will be our perceptions and the function of art have own life with no interference from anyone discussed to show how vastly altered Western changed and how Scotland has thoroughly else”). Participants also completed Mirels and medicine is as a result of shifting views on the adapted this formula for using art as a vehicle Garrett’s (1971) measure of the PWE (e.g., use of cadavers in medicine. for cultural identity. Scotland’s journey to “I often feel I would be more successful if I find cultural identity through the use of art sacrificed certain pleasures”) and Cacioppo Supported by: FURSCA (such art that creates nationalism and eco- et al.’s (1984) measure of the NFC (e.g., nomic growth) can be seen in the country’s “I really enjoy a task that involves coming up modern political movement for unity. with new solutions to problems”). This formula for achievement in the arts results indicated that PWE was posi- is a constant circle of give and take. It is im- tively related to all three money motivations. portant to see how modern Scotland has set However, high PWEs who were low NFCs up a political agenda and used its art to create seemed particularly motivated for negative successful recognition and power throughout reasons to acquire money, which Srivastava the (art) world. et al. (2001) found was related to poor psychological functioning. Supported by: FURSCA our research suggests that although PWE endorsement is associated with a greater motivation for money, such motivations tend to depend on one’s NFC. Supported by: FURSCA-Metalonis Fellowship, Faculty Development Committee

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CHRISTINA WADE, ’06 SARAH WINGO, ’07 DANIEL WRESCHNIG, ’06 The Construction of the Ideal Popular Culture as Propaganda: The Effect of Warming on Gentlemen or the Making of Future Finding Madonna in Shakespeare Deciduous Forest Growth in the Imperialist Leaders Faculty Sponsor: Margaret Young Eastern United States, with Data from Oak Ridge, Tennessee Faculty Sponsor: Christopher Hagerman Major: Theatre Major: History Hometown: Ferndale, Mich. Faculty Sponsor: Dan Skean Hometown: Mary Esther, Fla. Scholars of propa- Majors: Biology, English British imperialism ganda have tended Hometown: Manistee, Mich. to focus on either during the latter Climatic warm- straightforward half of the nine- ing is predicted political propa- teenth century has to affect forest ganda or artifacts been thoroughly migration, succes- of popular culture studied. In 1857, sion, and growth, that are easily rec- the British empire according to many ognizable examples was threatened computer models. from the past to by a mutiny in The success of a define propaganda colonial India and modeling approach for the now, while needed to cultur- in understanding audience effects scholars have tended to focus ally compensate for the effects of cli- on the socializing power of popular media. that. Britain’s great empire was threatened for matic warming has Thus, Triumph of the Will is examined as an the first time, which resulted in the empire been hampered, however, by an incomplete example of Nazi propaganda while Madonna attempting to create a sort of man who could understanding of the role acclimation—the videos as examples of the socializing power of maintain colonial inferiority. Many historians adjustment of individuals to changes in local popular media. agree that there is a distinct difference in how environment—will play in the responses of This tendency to separate “propaganda” the concept of empire was viewed between trees subjected to future warming. from the socialization power of the media ex- the first and second halves of the nineteenth To better understand the interaction tends backwards in time. For example, when century. Some historians even go as far as to among warming, acclimation, and growth, studying the propagandistic power of Shake- link imperialism to British public schools. individuals from three species native to dif- speare, scholars have all too often focused Public schools educated the privileged upper ferent temperature regimes (Quercus rubra, on the historical plays (such as Richard III) class. These boys, because of their social and Betula alleghaniensis, and Liquidambar sty- or the dramas (such as Macbeth and Hamlet) financial position in life, became regarded ) were grown together in open-topped rather than examining the propagandistic raciflua as future leaders of Britain. Public schools warming chambers maintained at ambient, power and messages that one can find in paid particularly close attention to training +2, and +4° C. Seedling height and diameter Shakespeare’s comedies. However, like music the character of the boys who attended in were measured intermittently during the videos, comedies also have the power to wash hope of creating an ideal gentleman. Using growing season for four years, and average over their audience and leave the satisfied primary sources, it is possible to discern that relative growth rates (RGRs) for each interval viewers unaware that they have been receiving both the public schools and the empire set were calculated based on D²H (diameter * messages that have ideological and political down the criteria for ideal British manhood diameter * height) for each species by treat- import. as being useful, Christian, athletically aggres- ment. RGRs were tested via multiple regres- sive, brave, and hard-working. The cult of Supported by: FURSCA sions against condition variables, including masculinity or creation of an ideal gentleman, growing degree days, average rainfall, average originating in British public schools, contrib- temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and uted to imperialism by producing a specific photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). breed of able, patriotic, and entitled men for One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the greater good of managing and controlling multiple regression analyses showed little Britain’s extensive empire. significant difference between treatments Supported by: FURSCA and no correlation between temperature and RGR, indicating acclimation. Further study

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of warming and acclimation in trees will be trip seminar. Through all of this, one learns JONATHAN ZOMBECK, ’06 necessary, as there is much species-specific to appreciate the rich cultural gifts and the information to be collected. warmth of the Appalachian people. This The Interaction of Ginseng and study is focused on “the true costs of coal,” Supported by: Student Undergraduate Labora- but it ultimately provides a window on the Nicotine on Anxiety tory Internships (SULI) Program, Office of Sci- American soul. ence (Biological and Environmental Research, Faculty Sponsor: W. Jeffrey Wilson Program for Ecosystem Research), U.S. Depart- Major: Psychology ment of Energy. This research was conducted ERIC ZIEM, ’06 Hometown: Midland, Mich. at Oak Ridge National Laboratory under the guidance of Carla Gunderson. Attitudes toward Capital The study of Punishment drug interactions is vital to fully LINDSAY ZEIGIN-NETTER, ’08 Faculty Sponsor: Mark Walter understanding the actions of pharma- Appalachia: The True Cost of Coal Major: Psychology Hometown: Milford, Mich. ceuticals and their Faculty Sponsor: Wesley Dick potential prob- This study lems. The current Major: Sociology examines the study examines Hometown: Novi, Mich. relationships the interaction A region of great among race, of the anxiogenic natural beauty, gender, personality, effects of nicotine Central Appala- and attitudes with the anxiolytic effects of ginseng. Both chia is also rich in toward capital nicotine and ginseng bind to the nicotinic natural resources. punishment. acetylcholine receptor; however, nicotine is In the mountains Participants an agonist while ginseng is an antagonist. of Kentucky and included Anxiety was measured in 40 rats using an West Virginia, introductory elevated plus maze and open field test. It is fortunes have been psychology hypothesized that this study will support made mining coal. students from a small Midwestern liberal the findings of previous studies and that the Coal has indeed arts college and a sample of the general anxiolytic properties of ginseng will be more been king for more population who had volunteered to salient than the anxiogenic properties of than a century. Yet, the region has also been participate in an online research database. nicotine. Participants completed a social dominance the poster child for poverty and environmen- Supported by: FURSCA tal degradation. How can one explain this orientation scale (SDO), a right-wing paradox of wealth and poverty? How can authoritarianism scale (RWA), a social one solve the riddle of natural beauty and desirability scale, and an attitudes toward environmental destruction? Although coal is capital punishment scale that measured king, what is the true cost of coal? five different aspects of the death penalty. historically, underground coal mining Previous research has suggested that males has claimed thousands of victims in mine tend to favor capital punishment more explosions. The 2005 Sago mine disaster in than females (Whitehead & Blankenship, West Virginia was a dramatic reminder of 2000), while whites tend to favor capital this tragic history. While mining deaths have punishment more than African Americans decreased in recent years, a key factor in this (Soss, Langbein, & Metelko, 2003). This trend has been the replacement of under- study examines these differences by accessing ground mining by surface mining. In Central the different groups’ ideas toward capital Appalachia, this mining technique, known as punishment as a function of the participant’s mountaintop removal, is causing irreversible social dominance orientation and right- devastation to the environment. wing authoritarianism. It is predicted that The American addiction to fossil fuels, when SDO and, to a lesser extent, RWA are including coal, makes it likely that the de- accounted for the correlation between gender mand for Appalachian coal will continue. If and attitudes toward the death penalty as well Americans knew the true costs of coal, would as the correlation between race and death they conserve energy? penalty attitudes will become non-significant. i first became interested in this topic Results will be discussed with respect to after spending summer 2005 working for SDO and RWA and how each differentially a non-profit organization in West Virginia. explains different aspects of death penalty I further researched Appalachia coal mining attitudes. in an Environmental History course and the Supported by: Faculty Development Committee Environmental Institute’s Appalachian field 36 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

The Elkin R. Isaac Endowment PAST ISAAC SYMPOSIUM SPEAKERS

The Elkin R. Isaac Endowed Lectureship was created in 1991 by Elkin R. Isaac Alumni Lecture Albion College alumni in honor of their former teacher, coach, and mentor, Elkin R. “Ike” Isaac, ’48. Isaac taught at Albion from 1952 Emilio DeGrazia, ’63 (1999) to 1975 and coached basketball, track, and cross country. He led his James Misner, ’66 (2000) teams to one Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association basketball John Vournakis, ’61 (2001) title, six consecutive league championships in track, and three cross Joseph Serra, ’56 (2002) country championships. He also served as the College’s athletic director and created Albion’s “Earn, Learn, and Play” program and the “Albion Denise Cortis Park, ’73 (2003) Adventure Program.” In 1975, Isaac joined the faculty at University John Porter, ’53 (2004) of the Pacific and became athletic director in 1979. He retired there in Elkin Isaac, ’48 (2005) 1984. He now lives in Kalamazoo, Mich., with his wife, Edith. reflecting Elkin Isaac’s lifelong interests in higher education and research, proceeds from the endowment are used to bring a noted Joseph S. Calvaruso Keynote Address scholar or public figure to campus each year to offer the Isaac Lecture Wade Davis (1999) and to visit with classes. In 1997, the Isaac Lectureship was expanded Stephen Jay Gould (2000) and is now associated with Albion College’s annual Student Research Symposium, featuring presentations by students recommended by Doris Kearns Goodwin (2001) their faculty sponsors for outstanding independent study and research. Kurt Vonnegut (2002) The symposium now bears Isaac’s name. Salman Rushdie (2003) Gloria Steinem (2004) Edward O. Wilson (2005) The Isaac Endowment Committee

Cedric W. Dempsey, ’54 Ben E. Hancock, Jr. THE 2006 ISAAC STUDENT RESEARCH T. John Leppi, ’59 SYMPOSIUM COMMITTEE Thomas G. Schwaderer, ’56 Leonard F. “Fritz” Shurmur, ’54 (deceased) Morris Arvoy (Communications Office) John R. Taylor, ’55 Craig Bieler (Chemistry) Sarah Briggs (Communications Office) Jeffrey Carrier (Biology) Gene Cline (Philosophy/Brown Honors Institute) THE JOSEPH S. CALVARUSO KEYNOTE Jennifer Cook (FURSCA) Ben Hancock (Institutional Advancement) ADDRESS ENDOWMENT Lauren Karcz, ’08 Joseph S. Calvaruso, ’78, and his wife, Donna, established an Lisa Lewis (Chemistry/Brown Honors Institute) endowment fund in 2005 to support the annual Elkin R. Isaac Beth Lincoln (Academic Affairs, Geology) Symposium keynote address. The keynote address now bears Anne McCauley (Art and Art History) Calvaruso’s name. an Albion native, he entered the banking profession shortly after Rachel Ransom, ’08 graduating from Albion College in 1978, and he currently serves as Larry Steinhauer (Economics and Management) senior vice president and director of risk management for Mercantile Michael Van Houten (Stockwell-Mudd Libraries) Bank in Grand Rapids. He has also held numerous leadership roles Royal Ward (Academic Affairs) in professional organizations, including the Risk Management Association. active in the Republican Party on the state and national levels, Calvaruso is a member of the Gerald R. Ford Institute for Public Policy and Service Visiting Committee at the College. in keeping with Calvaruso’s personal goal to “try different things in life,” the keynote endowment ensures the symposium will continue to provide an exceptional variety of presenters from the arts, sciences, social sciences, and humanities.

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Foundation for Undergraduate and may elect to continue during their sophomore year. Participation is selective, based on high academic achievement, and stipends are Research, Scholarship, and awarded. Creative Activity (FURSCA) Research Grants—Students may apply for funds to support research The Foundation for Undergraduate Research, Scholarship, and or other creative projects. Students must work closely with a faculty Creative Activity (FURSCA) was established to promote and support adviser; however, projects are not limited to any particular discipline. student research, original scholarship, and creative efforts in all Grants may be awarded to pay for supplies, printing costs, subject disciplines. Through a number of programs, taking place at all points payments, software, or other costs associated with completion of the in a student’s career at Albion, FURSCA can help students pursue project. independent study in their areas of interest. Students work closely with a faculty mentor to develop and carry out research or other creative Travel Grants—Students may be awarded travel funds to help cover projects. Participation in such projects provides valuable experience expenses associated with travel to attend professional meetings at beyond the scope of classroom work, and enhances a student’s which they will present the results of their research or creative projects. preparedness for future employment or graduate studies. Some examples of FURSCA programs are listed below. Summer Research Fellowship Program—A select number of students may remain on campus during the summer, earning a stipend, to work Student Research Partners Program—Geared toward first-year on research or creative projects. In addition to working closely with students, this program pairs a student with a faculty mentor to work a faculty adviser, students participate in weekly seminars with other on a project related to the faculty member’s research or creative area. students in the program. Students gain hands-on experience with scholarship in a specific field,

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