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Restless Nationalism RESTLESS NATIONALISM Ljubomir Danailov Frchkoski RESTLESS NATIONALISM 1 Ljubomir Danailov Frchkoski For the Publisher Ana Kostovska, manager Editor Gordana Vojneska Editor of the issue Iskra Geshoska © Ljubomir Danailov Frchkoski, 2016 English translation Darko Putilov Macedonian proof-reading Boban Karapejovski Cover design Viktor Mihajlov Computer preparation „Kultura“ A. D. Skopje © Copyright for the Macedonian issue held by „Kultura“ A. D. – Skopje Copying, reproduction and publication of parts thereof or the whole issue in printed or electronic media without the written permission of the publisher is stricly forbidden. 2 RESTLESS NATIONALISM Ljubomir Danailov Frchkoski RESTLESS NATIONALISM 2 0 1 6 3 Ljubomir Danailov Frchkoski 4 RESTLESS NATIONALISM TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I - SEARCH FOR DIFFERENCE ........................................... 9 Introduction ...................................................................................11 1. Independence process of Republic of Macedonia ....................15 1.1. Nature of the name dispute between Macedonia and Greece and identity implications ......................................30 2. Geostrategy of Macedonia and Macedonian nationalism ..............................................................46 2.1. Memento 1 .......................................................................... 50 2.2. Security before democracy ................................................54 2.3. What is really “anti-Macedonian conspiracy”? .............................................................................. 62 3. Political pluralization in terms of attitude towards national identity ...........................................67 3.1. Mire ......................................................................................75 PART TWO - MACEDONIAN NATIONALISM AND MACEDONIAN IDENTITY ....................................................81 4. Macedonian nation in concepts of nations .............................. 83 4.1. Defi nitions of nation and nationalism ............................. 88 4.2. Nationalism as ideology .................................................... 94 4.3. Nationalism and wrath .....................................................103 4.4. Nationalism and death .....................................................104 4.5. Contempt or exit from nationalism toward right to culture ............................................................105 5 Ljubomir Danailov Frchkoski 5. Macedonia through categories and Macedonian nationalism ...............................................................111 5.1. Hidden history of Macedonians or problem with self-determination ...................................... 114 5.2. Ohrid Framework Agreement ......................................... 115 5.3. Memento 2 .........................................................................124 5.4. Macedonian-Albanian cooperation ................................. 127 6. Identity .....................................................................................132 6.1. Macedonian identity with dual code and Slavic sign mark ..............................................136 7. Enjoying the nation .................................................................. 147 7.1. What is our secret? ...........................................................156 7.2. Emancipated Macedonian as leftist utopia ........................................................................161 7.3. Crumbs and leftovers of emancipation ......................................................................166 8. Dictatorship and nation, or on Macedonian biopolitics ...................................................... 170 6 RESTLESS NATIONALISM THE WOUND IS A PLACE WHERE THE LIGHT EN TERS YOU 7 Ljubomir Danailov Frchkoski 8 RESTLESS NATIONALISM PART I SEARCH FOR DIFFERENCE 9 Ljubomir Danailov Frchkoski 10 RESTLESS NATIONALISM INTRODUCTION The construct of the Macedonian nationalism, which I call restless, would be elaborated or, to put it better, deconstructed starting from its contemporariness, from the rose of its exhibitive epiphenomena, towards its roots and causes, backwards, in forms of fl ashbacks, from the forms it has taken, back to the causes that have made it assume the forms it has today. I would place the special accent on its “différence” and “différance” (J. Derrida) vis-à-vis other nations in the region, and also its relations with them. These relations are more constitutive for its formation than with other nationalisms. That amoroso rose of the Macedonian nationalism was the moment when the Macedonian state became fully independent in 1991, previously being a republic within the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). I am aware that the use of the term “restless” for any nationalism is not suitable to some extent, because nationalism is basically a schizophrenic condition of affection in individuals that express it collectively. In this regard, it is always “restless” to some extent. However, the Macedonian nationalism is especially made restless in a way that I consider constitutive for it, while I am able consequently to show and deliver this in the concluding part. In this regard, the use of the said attribute is justifi ed in this case. Moreover, its connection with other regional nationa- 11 Ljubomir Danailov Frchkoski lisms – that started in a trauma still going on to some extent – has become the foundations, which it has been built on. In a fascinating manner, this trauma “is internalized” in the way how the Macedonian ethnic nationalism sees itself and struggles for visibility in the world. I consider such methodological approach suitable from another aspect as well. The key to knowing the character of every historical creation, including nationalism, is the fi nale, the crescendo, the form in which it fi nally shows to be relatively stabilized and so goes to new, post-phases. These are phases when certain initial development lines end up, so that others can begin. We talk about phases when the established nationalism decides “to cast a glance backward” and to exploit history by creating “archives.” Reading history always represents a political decision turned backward, while having consequences for the present and the future. Such decision always implies political ideology and political motivation in its assumptions. Explicitly or implicitly, this relates to a political decision on how to use a historical material, what would be defi ned as important from such fi les, what would be marginalized, glorifi ed or made a myth, and what would be suppressed and concealed. Such decision is always considered “to have already been made.” On the other hand, we need that material in its instrumental totality (the public and the suppressed) in order to read the symptoms of the contemporary forms in which nationalism appears. That material makes the responsibility of the political elites for the choice these elites make in their relations to history, the present, and the future. For my approach to the topic of restless nationalism of the Macedonians, of major importance will be the archeology of suppressed fears, absent places, decentered centers, forbidden history, collective amnesias, absent centers of the historical material (let me just refer you to the importance of the text written by Jacques Derrida in 1966 “Archive Fever”). It would be interesting to follow and analyze the Macedonian case: how the search for deep historical roots of the East European awakened nations has been transformed into “creating those roots”; how national myths organize a given community over thesis of external and internal threats, over the notion of fear (Zygmunt Bauman); 12 RESTLESS NATIONALISM how “the others” want to steal “our national cause”; about our taking pleasure in being a Macedonian, each to his own… The basic analytic tool would be the specifi cs of the ideology of the Macedonian nationalism as a moment of “jouissance,” in a context of taking pleasure or enjoying in being its follower. It deals with the very thing that gives form to the manners in which the principles of public law are violated, the permissions and bans in our community, the very thing that makes us “the very Macedonians.” It involves the fantasies of the Macedonians that “explain” to them why they cannot afford the fulfi llment of their own whole, their unifi cation, the harmonic One of their national existence. It deals with the collective drive; and the pleasure with the constant unfulfi lment of the desires to unite on one hand, and with constant coveting and repeating them on the other hand. Of great importance for the analysis is the sad phase of the creation of the Macedonian nationalism in the process of partisanship and pluralization of the political discourse (whose historical part has become sensitive). A hot turning point is a failure or incapacity to defi ne a relationship toward the communist phase (period), which coincided with the formation of the fi rst state of the Macedonians. This has become, as sociologists would say, a symptomatic case where all characteristics of a given phenomenon are demonstratively recoiled. Why does this represent an important aspect for analysis? It is because the attempt to erase parts of the constitutive history of a given nation from the collective and personal memory of the persons belonging to it has concrete political implications. This, in turn, makes the nation incapable of rationalization, communication, unable to make historical thinking and so damages its self-perception.
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