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THE EAST BAY GREENWAY: EXPLORING the PARADOX of ENVIRONMENTAL GENTRIFICATION the Degree a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty Of

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THE EAST BAY GREENWAY: EXPLORING the PARADOX of ENVIRONMENTAL GENTRIFICATION the Degree a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty Of THE EAST BAY GREENWAY: EXPLORING THE PARADOX OF ENVIRONMENTAL GENTRIFICATION A Thesis submitted to the faculty of San Francisco State University In partial fulfillment of ^ the requirements for the Degree - a o \ \ Master of Arts C* o G In •TU Geography by Erika Nicole Poveda San Francisco, California December 2017 Copyright by Erika Nicole Poveda 2017 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL I certify that I have read The East Bay Greenway: Exploring the Paradox of Environmental Gentrification by Erika Nicole Poveda, and that in my opinion this work meets the criteria for approving a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Master of Arts in Geography at San Francisco State University. THE EAST BAY GREENWAY: EXPLORING THE PARADOX OF ENVIRONMENTAL GENTRIFICATION Erika Nicole Poveda San Francisco, California 2017 The San Francisco Bay Area has a close and contentious relationship with gentrification, displacement, and environmental justice. Little research to date has explored how these three factors interact with one another through the process of environmental gentrification. Through a case study of the proposed East Bay Greenway development project in Alameda County, California this research examines if environmental gentrification is being considered by urban planners, city officials, and community residents during the early planning stages of the greenway. Rather than measuring gentrification after development, this study is uniquely situated to offer an analysis before greening efforts take place in disadvantaged urban communities within the San Francisco Bay Area. Through providing a valuable snapshot of an area prior to the completion of a countywide sustainable development project, the research offers a more complete understanding of the complex relationship between environmental gentrification, environmental justice, and sustainable development than has thus far been done. Data for this study was gathered from planning documents, an online questionnaire and semi­ structured interviews with stakeholders. Insights from this case study can benefit community residents, activists, and urban planners. bstract is a correct representation of the content of this thesis. Ii / Chair, Thesis Committee Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my thesis advisers, Tendai Chitewere and Jennifer Blecha, for your time, encouragement, and guidance. I would also like to thank my husband, Carlos Poveda, and my mother, Connie Lindstrom, for the constant support throughout the thesis process. Thank you to the Academic Technology team at San Francisco State University for graciously providing meeting space. Finally, this project would not have been possible without the participants. I would like to thank each individual for sharing his/her valuable experience, knowledge, and beliefs with me. Each individual added an immense amount of insight to this study. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables......................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures...........................................................................................................................ix List of Appendices.................................................................................................................... x 1.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1 2.0 BACKGROUND & LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................3 2.1 Gentrification..........................................................................................................4 2.2 Environmental Justice........................................................................................... 7 2.3 Environmental Gentrification..............................................................................13 2.3a Drivers of Environmental Gentrification............................................. 14 2.3b Outcomes of Environmental Gentrification.........................................14 2.3c Contesting Environmental Gentrification............................................16 3.0 CASE STUDY.......................................... 19 3.1 East Bay Greenway...............................................................................................19 3.2 Study Area Geography & Demographics.......................................................... 27 4.0 RESEARCH METHODS................................................................................................ 31 4.1 Archival Data......................................................................................................31 4.1 a Census Data......................................................................................... 31 4.1b Planning Documents............................................................................. 32 4.2 Online Questionnaire........................................................................................... 32 4.2a Questionnaire Procedure....................................................................... 33 4.2b Questionnaire Design............................................................................ 35 4.3 Semi-Structured Interviews.................................................................................38 4.3a Interview Procedure.............................................................................. 38 4.3b Interview Design............................. 39 5.0 DATA ANALYSIS...........................................................................................................40 5.1 Quantitative Data................................................................................................. 40 5.2 Qualitative Data................................................................................................... 41 6.0 FINDINGS.........................................................................................................................43 6.1 Community Context............................................................................................. 43 6.2 Equity.................................................................................................................... 44 6.3 Community Concerns..........................................................................................49 6.4 Community Impacts............................................................................................. 53 6.5 Gentrification........................................................................................................55 6.6 Public Engagement & Responsibility to the Community................................. 60 7.0 LIMITATIONS................................................................................................................. 63 8.0 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................. 64 References..................................................................................................... 67 Appendix..................................................................................................................................76 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Comparison of Questionnaire Participant & Study Area Demographics 34 2. Breakdown of Interview Participants............................................................... 39 3. Sample Qualtrics Analysis Table......................................................................41 4. Community Concerns (Community Questionnaire).......................................51 5. Housing Tenure & Gentrification Concerns...................................................52 6. Community Impacts (Semi-Structured Interviews)........................................53 7. Community Impacts (Community Questionnaire)..........................................55 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 1. Devalorization Cycle..............................................................................................6 2. The High Line in New York City, NY............................................................... 11 3. Ohlone Greenway.................................................................................................21 4. Existing Conditions at Hayward BART Station................................................ 22 5. East Bay Greenway at Oakland Airport/Coliseum BART Station..........24 6. East Bay Greenway at Oakland Airport/Coliseum BART Station..........25 7. Map of Alameda County.....................................................................................27 8. Map of the East Bay Greenway...........................................................................28 9. Study Area Population by Race...........................................................................29 10. Distribution of Households in Study Area......................................................... 30 11. Lack of Green Space Near Hayward BART Station...........................................45 12. Litter at Coliseum BART Station.........................................................................47 13. Community Concerns (Interview Participants)...................................................50 ix LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page 1. Community Online Questionnaire....................... ..................................................76 2. Interview Guides....................................................................................................
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