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BART @ 20 Series Rail Access Modes and Catchment Areas for the BART

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BART @ 20 Series Rail Access Modes and Catchment Areas for the BART BART@ 20 Series Rail Access Modes and Catchment Areas for the BARTSystem Robert Cervero Alfred Round Todd Goldman Kang-Li Wu Working Paper UCTCNo. 307 TheUniversity of California TransportationCenter Universityof California Berkeley, CA94720 The University of California Transportation Center The University of California Center activities. Researchers Transportation Center (UCTC) at other universities within the is one of ten regional units region also have opportunities mandated by Congress and to collaborate with UCfaculty established in Fall 1988 to on selected studies. support research, education, and training in surface trans- UCTC’seducational and portation. The UCCenter research programs are focused serves federal Region IX and on strategic planning for is supported by matching improving metropolitan grants from the U.S. Depart- accessibility, with emphasis ment of Transportation, the on the special conditions in California Department of Region IX. Particular attention Transportation (Caltrans), and is directed to strategies for the University. using transportation as an instrument of economic Based on the Berkeley development, while also ac- Campus, UCTCdraws upon commodatingto the region’s existing capabilities and persistent expansion and resources of the Institutes of while maintaining and enhanc- Transportation Studies at ing the quality of life there. Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, and Los Angeles; the Institute of The Center distributes reports Urban and Regional Develop- on its research in working ment at Berkeley; and several papers, monographs, and in academic departments at the reprints of published articles. Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, and It also publishes Access, a Los Angeles campuses. magazine presenting sum- Faculty and students on other maries of selected studies. For University of California a list of publications in print, campuses may participate in write to the address below. University of California Transportation Center 108 NavalArchitectuie Building Berkeley, California 94720 Tel: 510/643-7378 FAX:510/643-5456 Thecontents of this report reflect the viewsof the author whois responsible for the facts and accuracyof the data presentedherein. Thecontents do not necessarilyreflect the official viewsor policiesof the State of Californiaor the U.S. Departmentof Transportation.This report doesnot constitute a standard, specification,or regulation. Rail Access Modes and Catchment Areas for the BART System Robert Cervero Alfred Round Todd Goldman Kang-Li Wu Departmentof City and Regional Planning Institute of Urbanand RegionalDevelopment University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1850 Working Paper September 1995 UCTCNo. 307 The University of California Transportation Center University of California at Berkeley Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. WHYSTUDY ACCESS TRIPS AND CATCHMENTZONES? 1 3. RESEARCH FOCUS 3 4. DATA SOURCES AND RESEARCH APPROACH 5 5. STATION CLASSIFICATIONS 6 5.1. GroupingVariables 6 5.2. Classification 8 5.3. Station Classes 10 6. ANALYSIS OF MODESOF ACCESS ACROSSSTATION CLASSES 14 7. PREDICTORS OF ACCESS AND EGRESS MODES 18 8. ACCESS MODESAS A FUNCTIONOF DISTANCE TO STATIONS 23 9. RIDERSHIP CATCHMENTAREAS 40 9.1. CatchmentAreas for All Modesof Accessand Egress 41 9.2. CatchmentAreas for WalkingAccess Modes 42 9.3. Comparisonof CatchmentsAcross Station Classes, for all Modes 42 9.4. Comparisonof CatchmentsAcross Station Classes, for WalkingTrips 45 9.5. CatchmentsAmong Station Types with Different Parking Supplies 46 10. CONCLUSION 49 Notes 41 References 53 APPENDIX 55 FIGURES 1° Hypothesized Effect of NeighborhoodDesign on Pedestrian Access to Stations 2. Hypothesized Distributions of Rail Station Access Modes as a Function of Distance to Stations Dendogramfor Classifying BARTStations by Land-Use Environment , 4. Modeof Egress for CommuteTrips from San Francisco Office Center BARTStations to Work 25 Modeof Access for CommuteTrips , from Hometo San Francisco Office Center BARTStations 25 Modeof Access/Egress for All San Francisco Office Center BARTCommute Trips 26 , 7. Modeof Egress for CommuteTrips from San Francisco Commercial/Civic Center BARTStations to Work 26 Modeof Access for CommuteTrips , from Hometo San Francisco Commercial/Civic Center BARTStations 27 Modeof Access/Egress , for All San Francisco Commercial/Civic Center BARTCommute Trips 27 10. Mode of Egress for CommuteTrips from DowntownOakland BARTStations to Work 28 11. Mode of Access for CommuteTrips from Hometo DowntownOakland BARTStations 29 12. Mode of Access/Egress for all DowntownOakland BARTCommute Trips 29 13. Modeof Egress for CommuteTrips from Urban District BARTStations to Work 31 14. Modeof Access for CommuteTrips from Hometo Urban District BARTStations 31 15. Modeof Access/EgressFor all Urban District BARTCommute Trips 32 16. Mode of Access for CommuteTrips from Hometo Suburban Center BARTStations 32 17. Mode of Egress for CommuteTrips from Suburban Center BARTStations to Work 33 18. Modeof Access/Egress for All Suburban Center BARTCommute Trips 33 19. Mode of Access for CommuteTrips from Hometo Low-Density-Area BARTStations 35 20. Modeof Egress for CommuteTrips from Low-Density-Area BART Stations to Work 35 21. Mode of Access/Egress For All Low-Density-Area BARTCommute Trips 36 22. Mode of Access/Egress For Terminal/Near-Terminal BARTCommute Trips 36 23. Modeof Access for CommuteTrips from Hometo All BARTStations 37 24. Modeof Egress for CommuteTrips from All BARTStations to Work 37 25. Modeof Access/Egress for All BARTCommute Trips 38 26. Mode of Access/Egress for All Home-to-Work BARTCommute Trips, Longer Distance Plot 38 27. Comparison of Mean Catchment Radii and Land Areas AmongStation Classes 43 28. MeanRadii and Land Areas as Percent of the "San Francisco Office Center" Catchment 44 29. Comparison of Mean Catchment Radii and Land Areas AmongThree Station Types 48 30. Mean Radii and Land Areas as Percent of the "Urban/No Parking" Catchment 48 ii TABLES ° Candidate Variables for Classifying BARTStations 7 2. Station Characteristics: BARTSystem 8 3. Characteristics of the Six BARTStation Classes 12 4. ANOVAin Percent of Home-End Access Trips by Automobile Across Station Classes 15 5. ANOVAin Percent of Home-End Access Trips by Drive-Alone Automobile Across Station Classes 16 6. ANOVAin Percent of Home-EndAccess Trips by Kiss-and-Ride, Across Station Classes 16 7. ANOVAin Percent of Home-EndAccess Trips by Transit, Across Station Classes 16 8. ANOVAin Percent of Work-EndEgress Trips by Transit, Across Station Classes 17 9. ANOVAin Percent of Home-EndAccess Trips by Walking, Across Station Classes 18 10. A.NOVAin Percent of Work-EndEgress Trips by Walking, Across Station Classes 18 11. Regression Modelfor Predicting Percentage of Access Trips to BARTStations by Automobile 19 12. Regression Modelfor Predicting Percentage of Egress Trips from BARTStations by Transit 2O 13. Regression Modelfor Predicting Percentage of Access Trips to BARTStations by Walking 20 14. Regression Modelfor Predicting Percentage of Egress Trips from BARTStations by Walking 21 15. Midpoint Elasticities of Access and Egress ModalShares as Functions of Land-Use and Other Variables 22 16. SummaryStatistics for Access and Egress Trips by Station Class 23 17. Summaryon Influence of Distance on Modesof Access and Egress AmongClasses of BARTStations 39 18. Comparison of Catchment Radii, Land Areas, Populations, and Densities for Six Station Classes, for all Home-AccessModes 43 19. Regression Modelfor Predicting Size and Radius of CatchmentAreas for BARTStations, Walking Modes 45 20. Comparison of Catchment Radii, Land Areas, Populations, and Densities for Six Station Classes, for Home-AccessWalk Trips 46 21. Regression Modelfor Predicting Size and Radius of CatchmentAreas for BARTStations, Walking Modes 47 22. Comparison of Catchment Radii, Land Areas, Populations, and Densities for Three Station Types, for All Home-AccessModes 47 23. Comparison of Catchment Radii, Land Areas, Populations, and Densities for Three Station Types, for Home-AccessWalk Trips 49 MAPS Map 1. Map of the BARTSystem 11 °°o III Rail Access Modes and Catchment Areas for the BARTSystem Robert Cervero 1. INTRODUCTION To date, far moreresearch has been conductedon the effects of the built environmenton transit demandalong mainline corridors than in the catchmentzones surrounding transit stops. Pushkarevand Zupan(1977), for example,correlated transit ridership for the line-haul segmentof trips as a function residential densities, distance to downtown,and size of downtown;however, they ignored howaccess trips to transit stops were influenced by such factors. Seminalwork by Meyer,Kain, and Wohl(1965) studied factors influencingbus andrail transit demandfor three segmentsof trips mresidential collection- distribution, line-haul, and downtowncirculator -- however,their workdid not examinethe direct effects of land-usevariables. For example,in the case of access trips fromhome to rail stations, or whatthey call the residential collection-distribution segment,the numberof "trip origins per city block" wasused as the predictor of access demand.Standard trip generationrates wereused to directly estimate access demand. As part of the BART@20study, this report studies the influence of the built environmenton two aspects of transit demand:(1) modesof access to and fromrail stations; and (2) the sizes and shapes of the ridership catchmentareas. Variations in both modesof access and catchmentarea sizes are studied for different classes of stations, defined mainlyin terms of the land-use
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