Máquinas Paranoides E Sujeito Influenciável: Conspiração, Conhecimento E Subjetividade Em Redes Algorítmicas

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Máquinas Paranoides E Sujeito Influenciável: Conspiração, Conhecimento E Subjetividade Em Redes Algorítmicas UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Escola de Comunicação Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura Paulo Faltay Filho MÁQUINAS PARANOIDES E SUJEITO INFLUENCIÁVEL: CONSPIRAÇÃO, CONHECIMENTO E SUBJETIVIDADE EM REDES ALGORÍTMICAS Rio de Janeiro, 2020 1 PAULO FALTAY FILHO Máquinas paranoides e sujeito influenciável: conspiração, conhecimento e subjetividade em redes algorítmicas Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura (Tecnologias da Comunicação e Estética); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Comunicação e Cultura. Orientadora: Profa. Dr. Fernanda Glória Bruno Rio de Janeiro, RJ 2020 1 Agradecimentos Ao encontro com as pesquisadoras e pesquisadores do MediaLab.UFRJ por quatro anos de trocas e de prazer na pesquisa coletiva. A Fernanda Bruno, pela amizade e orientação. A Anna Bentes pelo companheirismo e pelo pensar junto. A Paula Cardoso, Lori Regattieri, Wilson Milani, Mariana Antoun, Debora Pio, Helena Strecker, Natassia Rocha, Moises Costa e Adriano Belisário. A Henrique Antoun, Henrique Parra, Letícia Cesárino, Icaro Vidal, Andre Mintz e Fernanda Carrera por gentilmente aceitar o convite para compor a banca, cedendo tempo para discutir a pesquisa. A Karla Martins pela contribuição na qualificação. A Francisco Kerche pela ajuda imprescindível. A Capes e a Faperj pelas bolsas que permitiram a pesquisa ser realizada. Ao PPGCOM/UFRJ, em especial a Thiago Couto, pelo auxílio e ajuda nos meandros burocráticos. Aos colegas Rodrigo Sombra, Isabel Stein, Isabel Veiga, Arthur Frazão e Flávia Meirelles pela convivência e conversas sobre as pesquisas. A Izabel Fontes, Hermano Callou, Pedro Neves, Julio Paschoal, Gabriela Barreto e Julia Lopes pelo convívio nos anos morando no Rio e amizade de sempre. A Luís pela leitura, revisão e inquietação. Ao meu pai, minha mãe, Priscila e Alexandre. 2 Resumo FALTAY, Paulo. Máquinas paranoides e sujeito influenciável: conspiração, conhecimento e subjetividade em redes algorítmicas. Tese (Doutorado em Comunicação e Cultura) – Escola de Comunicação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2020. A tese se debruça sobre o grupo autointitulado Targeted Individuals (TIs), ou Indivíduos-Alvo. Reunidos em sites, blogs e redes sociais digitais, os TIs partilham da crença de serem vítimas de manipulação e de controle mental por meio de aparelhos eletrônicos e tecnologias digitais. A análise da produção de conteúdo pelo grupo em canais do YouTube permite notar como a percepção de influência pela tecnologia, para além de circunscrita a delírios e fantasias psíquicas particulares, se apresenta como uma tentativa de elaboração de sentido frente à centralidade ocupada por plataformas e opacas mediações algorítmicas na reorganização das vidas sociais e subjetivas. A hipótese aqui desenvolvida é de que a crescente proliferação de narrativas paranoides e conspiratórias se deve não apenas às impossibilidades cada vez maiores de distinção entre verdade e mentira, e ao caos e à insegurança informacional advindos de disputas epistemológicas e políticas no debate público. É fruto também dos investimentos das empresas de tecnologia em técnicas e procedimentos de produção de conhecimento sobre indivíduos e populações de modo a influenciar, gerir e intervir no comportamento. Os modos de percepção e subjetivação paranoide são, assim, relacionados à emergência da figura do sujeito influenciável. A tese pretende mostrar que a noção de influenciabilidade dos sujeitos, tornados objetos de intervenções a partir do comportamento monitorado, articula modos de percepção paranoides sobre as relações de poder, os regimes de saber e os modos de ser em redes algorítmicas do capitalismo orientado por dados. Trata-se de dimensões relacionadas, respectivamente, com o conspiracionismo; com a crença na eficácia tecnocientífica e nos conhecimentos produzidos a partir de dados digitais; e com os modos de subjetivação e de constituição de si ante a promessa de personalização dos sistemas automatizados de recomendação e direcionamento de conteúdo. Palavras-chave: algoritmos; paranoia; subjetividade; teorias da conspiração; sujeito influenciável 3 Abstract FALTAY, Paulo. Paranoid machines and influenceable subjects: conspiracy, knowledge and subjectivities in algorithmic networks.. Thesis (Doctorate in Communication and Culture) – Escola de Comunicação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2020. The thesis focuses on the self-titled group Targeted Individuals (TIs), or Indivíduos-Alvo, in Portuguese. Congregating on websites, blogs and digital social networks, TIs share the belief that they are victims of manipulation and mind control through electronic devices and digital technologies. Analysis of content created by this group and disseminated on YouTube channels affords us a grasp on how their perception of technological influence is not circumscribed to private psychic fantasies and ravings, but is framed as an attempt to make sense of the centrality of platforms and murky algorithmic mediations in the reorganization of social and subjective lives. The hypothesis developed here is that the growing proliferation of paranoid and conspiratorial narratives is not only due to the increasing impossibility of distinguishing between truth and lies and to the chaos and informational insecurity arising from epistemological and political disputes in public debate. It is also the result of investments by technology companies in techniques and procedures for producing knowledge about individuals and populations in order to influence, manage and intervene in their behavior. The modes of paranoid perception and subjectivity are thus related to the emergence of the figure of the influenceable subject. The thesis intends to show that the notion of the subjects' influenceability by data and algorithms articulates paranoid ways of elaborating the meaning of regimes of power, knowledge and modes of being in algorithmic networks of data oriented capitalism. Dimensions related, respectively, to conspiracy, to the belief in technoscientific effectiveness and in knowledge regimes built from digital data, and to modes of subjectivation and self-constitution in the face of the promise of personalization of automated systems for recommending and directing content. Keywords: algorithms; paranoia; subjectivity; conspiracy theories; influenceable subject 4 Lista de figuras Figura 1: Incidência da procura do termo “targeted individual” no buscador da Google .......................... 21 Figuras 2, 3 e 4: Notícias compartilhadas sobre controle da mente no grupo Targeted Individuals .......... 22 Figuras 5 e 6: Notícia no grupo Targeted Individuals sobre o monitoramento de empresas de tecnologia e da economia digital ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Figura 7: Vídeo com relatos de pessoas que argumentam sofrer com os efeitos de procedimentos e drogas criados pelo MK-ULTRA ............................................................................................................................. 23 Figura 8: Usuário de um canal procura provar a tortura psicotrônica sofrida com um aparelho detector de radiação infravermelha ................................................................................................................................. 23 Figuras 9 e 10: Relato em um site de TIs sobre os efeitos do assédio eletrônico ....................................... 24 Figura 11: Ilustração de James Tilly Matthews do tear de ar ..................................................................... 32 Figura 12: Detalhes do painel do tear de ar ................................................................................................ 33 Figura 13: Dispositivo magnético retratado por Fredrich Krauss em Grito de aflição de uma vítima de envenenamento magnético (1852) ................................................................................................................ 34 Figura 14: Provas (Beweisse, 1909), de Jakob Mohr ................................................................................ 35 Figura 15: Lista das principais plataformas (Machado, Oliveira, Souza, e Silveira, 2018)....................... 40 Figuras 16, 17, 18 e 19: Posts em grupos de Facebook relacionados aos TIs com recomendação e link para vídeos no YouTube .............................................................................................................................. 47 Figura 20: Post em site com vídeos compartilhados do YouTube que supostamente apresentam evidências do assédio eletrônico ......................................................................................................... ......................... 48 Figura 21: Texto de abertura da página inicial do Targeted Justice. Ao final, há recomendação de vídeo que mostraria um exemplo de implante tecnológico .................................................................................. 48 Figura. 22: Rede de 70 canais após coleta de dois graus ........................................................................... 55 Figura 23: Clusters identificados por cores e com a porcentagem referente ao número de canais entre o total de 491 analisados ................................................................................................................................ 64 Figura 24: Rede total formada
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