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Universidad Nacional De Educación a Distancia UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Filología Clásica EDICIÓN Y COMENTARIO DE DE MIRABILIBUS MUNDI DE PSEUDO ALBERTO MAGNO Rafael González Macho Directora: Dra. Matilde Conde Salazar Tutor: Dr. Francisco Calero Calero 2015 2 3 4 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Filología Clásica EDICIÓN Y COMENTARIO DE DE MIRABILIBUS MUNDI DE PSEUDO ALBERTO MAGNO Rafael González Macho Rafael González Macho Tesis doctoral dirigida por la Dra. Matilde Conde Salazar Tutor: Dr. Francisco Calero Calero 5 6 7 TABLA DE CONTENIDO PREÁMBULO ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................................................... 14 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................. 14 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................................................. 16 A. De mirabilibus mundi, un libro de secretos medieval .............................................................. 16 B. Objetivos .................................................................................................................................................... 18 C. Estado actual de la investigación y descripción de los principales estudios que se han utilizado en este trabajo ............................................................................................... 20 D. Contenido del presente trabajo ........................................................................................................ 31 I. LA MAGIA DEL MUNDO GRECO-ROMANO EN EL DE MIRABILIBUS MUNDI .................... 33 A. Relación del De mirabilibus mundi con la ciencia ..................................................................... 33 B. Respuestas del hombre ante la naturaleza. La función y el significado de la magia para la sociedad ......................................................................................................................... 35 C. De la magia en la literatura clásica al De mirabilibus mundi ................................................ 42 1. Relación del De mirabilibus mundi con la épica y tragedia clásicas ............................ 42 2. Relación del De mirabilibus mundi con la lírica clásica .................................................... 49 D. La ciencia del mundo greco-romano y la magia del De mirabilibus mundi .................... 52 II. ORIGEN, ENTORNO Y DIVULGACIÓN DE LOS LIBROS DE SECRETOS EN LA BAJA EDAD MEDIA Y EL TEMPRANO RENACIMIENTO ......................................................... 59 A. Introducción ............................................................................................................................................. 59 B. Antecedentes de los libros de secretos ......................................................................................... 63 C. Entorno social y cultural de los libros de secretos. El público de los libros de secretos ...................................................................................................................................................... 68 III. DE MIRABILIBUS MUNDI ........................................................................................................................ 74 A. El texto: su origen, su historia y el estado actual de su estudio .......................................... 74 B. Contenido y estructura ........................................................................................................................ 83 C. Nuestra edición ....................................................................................................................................... 92 1. Criterios de edición ....................................................................................................................... 101 Abreviaturas ........................................................................................................................................... 112 2. Texto, traducción y comentarios ............................................................................................. 114 D. Vocabulario ............................................................................................................................................... 287 IV. CONCLUSIONES ....................................................................................................................................... 330 V. BIBLIOGRAFÍA .......................................................................................................................................... 334 A. Diccionarios y léxicos ......................................................................................................................... 334 B. Textos ........................................................................................................................................................ 335 8 C. Estudios y manuales ........................................................................................................................... 340 APÉNDICES .......................................................................................................................................................... 348 APÉNDICE 1. CUADRO DE PROCEDENCIA Y ESTADO DE LOS MANUSCRITOS DEL DE MIRABILIBUS MUNDI ................................................................................................................... 350 APÉNDICE 2. CUADRO COMPARATIVO DE VARIANTES .................................................................. 352 APÉNDICE 3. RELACIÓN DE EDICIONES INCUNABLES Y POSTINCUNABLES DEL DE MIRABILIBUS MUNDI ................................................................................................................... 354 APÉNDICE 4. EJEMPLOS DE DIVERGENCIAS CON LA EDICIÓN DE SANNINO EN LAS LECTURAS DEL MANUSCRITO DE PARÍS .......................................................................... 362 9 PREÁMBULO Esta tesis doctoral comenzó a fraguarse hace ya algunos años en Guatemala; en realidad mucho antes, y el resultado no muestra otra cosa que el intento de conocer la relación peculiar que el ser humano tiene con la naturaleza y con todo aquello que lo rodea, incluso consigo mismo. Los cursos de doctorado realizados para la obtención del Diploma de Estudios Avanzados estuvieron adecuadamente dirigidos a este objetivo. El curso sobre la prosa técnica en Roma sirvió para descubrir las convenciones que la sociedad se impone a la hora de analizar la naturaleza y mostrar ese análisis en público. La lengua, y concretamente su uso, es un reflejo del pensamiento humano y el estudio de la forma en que la lengua se utiliza para expresar el pensamiento científico y el análisis del mundo natural, es asimismo un ilustrativo medio para conocer al ser humano y sus reacciones ante la naturaleza. El curso sobre la lengua latina en los textos medievales fue muy útil para conocer y comprender cómo esas convenciones de expresión, es decir, los artificios establecidos en el uso de la lengua para hacer de ésta un fácil transmisor de las ideas científicas, incluso el uso de la misma lengua de ciencia, la latina, en un entorno en que ya no era una lengua vernácula, pueden convertirse en meros instrumentos de adorno, mostrando entonces un ser humano interesado en la investigación de la naturaleza y, con frecuencia, más interesado en la transmisión de esa investigación, devaluando en ocasiones la investigación por el empeño excesivo en maquillar el medio de expresión. El curso de crítica textual fue necesario para abordar el análisis y la edición del texto que hemos editado, para analizar su transmisión y para fijar el texto que nos sirve como base en el estudio del ser humano cuando éste se 10 dedica a estudiar su entorno y a buscar elementos de ese entorno que pueda utilizar en su propio beneficio. Y finalmente el curso sobre la novela en Grecia y Roma, los albores de este género literario, sirvió para profundizar y conocer mejor cómo la fantasía y lo extraordinario, o aquello que podemos llamar maravilloso, influyen en el ser humano y en la sociedad de la que forma parte. La novela, concretamente la griega y romana, muestra, mediante su rápida y continuada aceptación por parte del público más extenso y general, los rasgos de este público, paradigma indicativo de la sociedad, frente a lo extraordinario, su deseo de ser sorprendido y de admirar lo motivos de sorpresa. Me he referido a Guatemala porque fue allí donde, recorriendo mercados y tratando de conocer mejor a las personas de su entorno, redescubrí esa ansia humana de buscar remedios naturales para solucionar los problemas más habituales del día a día, domésticos o de salud, individuales o colectivos, y principalmente con plantas, algunas de las cuales coincidían, al menos en su nombre, con las plantas medicinales que yo conocía y que se habían clasificado en Europa desde la Antigüedad, y profusamente durante la Edad Media a partir del conocimiento de los científicos y enciclopedistas clásicos. En Guatemala estudié, en el curso de prosa técnica latina, el Códice Badiano o Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis, un tratado de medicina indígena escrito
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