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4000 Jahre Pionier-Arbeit in Den Exakten Wissenschaften ^ ^MSTAEDT rEYMOND 1 4000 JAHRE I PIONIER-ARBEIT EXAKTEN WISSENSCHAFTEN ACCESSION NUMBER \m6 PRESS MARK AD Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/b24854256 1 fs tf-y-O' /, / 77 ^KMSTÄEDT^ V >^J|5^s_rEYM0ND >0 i 4000 JAHRE PIONIER-ARBEIT 1 L. DARMSTAEDTER UND R. DU BOIS-REYMOND 4000 JAHRE PIONIER-ARBEIT IN DEN EXAKTEN WISSENSCHAFTEN BERLIN J. A. STARGARDT 1904 / fiß /DA&- IM 15 Alle Rechte, insbesondere das der Uebersetzung in fremde Sprachen, Vorbehalten. ' ' HISTORtCaC ] [ V meoicav / ! Vergraben ist in ewige Nacht Der Erfinder grosser Name zu oft Was ihr Geist grübelnd entdeckt, nutzen wir, Aber belohnt Ehre sie auch? Klopshock, Vorwort. ar za oft hat die Weltgeschichte nur die äusseren Er- vj eignisse im Leben der Völker verzeichnet und sich mit einer Aufzählung und Beleuchtung der Kriegszüge, Thron- wechsel und politischen Verhandlungen begnügt. Viele dieser äusseren Vorgänge aber finden bei näherem Zusehen ihre hauptsächliche Begründung in den wirthschaftlichen Verhältnissen, d. i. in den Lebensbedin- gungen, unter denen die verschiedenen Völker sich be- funden haben. Und auf jene haben wiederum wesentlichen Einfluss einzelne Männer gehabt, welche die Völker lehrten, die ihnen zu Gebote stehenden Naturkräfte zu nutzen. Nur eine Geschichte, die diese Seite der Entwicklung mit berücksichtigt, darf sich eine „Weltgeschichte“ nennen. Einem solchen Geschichtswerke aber stehen unermess- liche Schwierigkeiten im Wege. Die Fortschritte der Wissenschaft und Technik voll- ziehen sich ohne äusseres Gepränge und oft in so unmerk- licher Abstufung, dass der Gang ihrer Entwicklung sich nach- träglich kaum mehr feststellen lässt. Während sich für die Thaten der Kriegshelden schon in der Urzeit Sänger fanden, fehlt es noch heute an berufenen Geschichtsschreibern der ’I baten auf dem Gebiete der exakten AVissenschaften und der Technik. i Diejenigen Forscher aus diesen Gebieten, die sich mit geschichtlichen Studien beschäftigten, haben meist nur ihr Specialgebiet behandelt. Die Folge davon war, dass ihre Studien, nur für Fach- genossen berechnet, sehr ins Einzelne gingen und deßhalb für die allgemeine Weltgeschichte nicht verwendet wurden. Dies hat in den Verfassern den Gedanken angeregt, die Entwicklung der exakten Wissenschaften und der Technik in Form einer Tabelle zu bringen, die in ihrer Kürze eine allgemeine Uebersicht gestattet, und vielleicht eine Grundlage abgeben kann für eine, später einmal von berufener Seite in Angriff zu nehmende Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften und der Technik. Das von uns zusammengetragene Material erhält seinen natürlichen Zusammenhang durch die unserer Tabelle ge- gebene chronologische Reihenfolge, der wir als einer rein objektiven Darstellung vor der nach Fächern und Perioden eingetheilten Uebersicht den Vorzug gegeben haben. Es werden sich so manche interessante Schlussfolge- rungen auf die gemeinsamen Grundzüge der exakten Wissen- schaften, auf die Bedeutung der Entdeckungen in einer ein- zelnen Wissenschaft für die Entwicklung der übrigen und auf ihren Zustand in den verschiedenen Ländern und unter den wechselnden politischen Verhältnissen ergeben. Ein jeder Blick in die Tabelle wird sofort bei den Lesern den Gedanken anregen, wie die koincidenten Ent- deckungen und Erfindungen befruchtend auf einander gewirkt haben. Man denke z. B. an die Folgen der Magalhaes’schen Weltumsegelung, die sich nicht nur in der Geographie, sondern namentlich auch in der Astronomie geltend machten und durch die gesteigerten Bedürfnisse der Astronomen zur Erfindung feinerer Hülfsmittel für die Durchforschung des Himmels führten. Man denke ferner an die Erfindung des Mikroskops, die mit einem Schlage die Botanik, die Zoologie, die Medizin in völlig neue Bahnen brachte. Gewiss lässt sich die vorliegende Tabelle nicht mit einer vollendeten Geschichtsdarstellung vergleichen, doch hat auch sie sehr viele und mühsame Arbeit erfordert. ii Wir hätten kaum gewagt, diese Arbeit zu unternehmen, wäre sie nicht zum Theil schon dadurch geleistet gewesen, dass der eine von uns sich seit langer Zeit bemüht hat, eine Sammlung von Autographen derjenigen Männer der Wissen- schaft zusammenzubringen, die in ihren Fächern bahnbrechend gewesen sind. Diese Sammlung umfasst alle Wissenschaften seit Beginn des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts und weist gegen 6000 Nummern auf. Diesem Ursprung entsprechend haben wir die Tabelle auf solche Daten beschränkt, für die ein bestimmter Name nachweisbar war. Um unsere Zusammenstellung auch für diejenigen brauchbar zu machen, die nur Erfindung und Entdeckung oder nur den Namen der Urheber kennen, haben wir einen Namen- und einen Sachschlüssel beigefügt, die beide alphabetisch angeordnet sind. Ausser dem Katalog der obenerwähnten Autographen- Sammlung sind von uns sämmtliche uns zu Gebote stehenden Bibliographien, Lehrbücher und Werke, welche die Geschichte der einzelnen Wissenschaften, sowie auch einzelne Zweige derselben behandeln, benutzt worden. Ahm erheblicherem Nutzen sind uns die nachstehenden Werke gewesen: Dannemann, Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften. Embacher, Tabellen zu den Forschungsreisen. Geschichte der AVissenschaften in Deutschland, herausgegeben durch die historische Kommission bei der königl. (bairischen) Akademie der Wissenschaften. Griesbach, Physikalisch-chemische Propaedeutik. Günther, Geophysik. Günther, Geschichte der anorganischen AATssenschaften. Heller, Geschichte der Physik. Lodge, Pioneers of Science. Felix Müller, Zeittafeln zur Geschichte der Mathematik und Astronomie bis zum Jahre 1500. Mittheilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissen- schaften. in Poggendorff, Handwörterbuch. Poggendorff, Lebenslinien. Poppe, Alphabetisch -chronologische Uebersicht der Erfin- dungen, Entdeckungen u. s. w. Prometheus, herausgegeben von Dr. Otto N. Witt. Rosenberger, Geschichte der Physik. Bühlmann, Allgemeine Maschinenlehre. Spons, Dictionary of Engineering. Whewell, Geschichte der induktiven Wissenschaften. Wir möchten noch darauf hinweisen, dass ein solcher erster Versuch sicherlich unvollkommen sein wird. Wir hoffen indess bei der sich jetzt mehr und mehr bemerkbar machenden Tendenz, die historische Forschung in den exakten Wissenschaften zu beleben, auf eine milde Bcurtheilung unseres Versuchs, die vielfach zerstreuten Daten über die Entdeckungen und Erfindungen auf diesem Felde möglichst allgemein zugänglich zu machen. Jeder Nachweis von Fehlern oder Auslassungen wird uns hochwillkommen sein, wird er uns doch in unserem Streben unterstützen, eine eventuelle Neuauflage vollständiger und korrekter zu gestalten. Gütige Zuschriften erbitten wir unter der Adresse „Dr. Ludwig Darmstaedter, Berlin W.62, 18a Landgrafcn- Straße.“ Wir haben endlich noch den folgenden Herren, die uns bei der Revision unseres Versuches aufs liebenswürdigste in den von ihnen vertretenen Fächern und sonst unterstützt haben, unseren ergebensten Dank abzustatten: Herrn Direktor F. S. Ar eben hold in Berlin. „ Dr. Arons in Berlin. in Stockholm. „ Professor Dr, Arrhenius Professor Dr. von Buchka „ Geheimen Regierungsrath in Berlin. in Berlin. „ Dr. Dinse Geheimen Medizinalrath Professor Dr. Ehrlich in Frankfurt a. M. in Berlin. „ Dr. Euting Dr. Adolph Frank in Charlottenburg. Professor Dr. Friedländer in Berlin. iv Herrn Baurath Dr. ing. Haack in Berlin. „ Geheimen Regierungsrath Professor Dr. Hell mann in Berlin. in Dillenburg. „ Dr. Heusler Ihering in Berlin. „ Regierungsrat Dr. von in Berlin. „ Professor Dr. Jacobson Berlin. „ Postrath Karrass in in Berlin. „ Professor Dr. C. Lehmann „ Professor Dr. Lummer in Berlin. „ Geheimen Regierungsrath Professor Dr. von Martens in Berlin. _ Dr. Morgenroth in Frankfurt a. M. „ Professor Dr. Neisser in Frankfurt a. M. Hofrath Dr. L. Petzendorfer in Stuttgart. ,, „ Professor Dr. Poske in Berlin. _ Professor Dr. E. Pringsheim in Berlin. „ Professor Dr. Raps in Berlin. „ Patentanwalt Alard du Bois-Reymond in Berlin. „ Privatdocent Dr. C 1 au d e d u B o i s - R ev mp n d in Berlin. ,. Professor Dr. Rubens in Berlin. „ Dr. H. Sachs in Frankfurt a. M. „ Zahnarzt S achtleben in Homburg a. d. Höhe. „ Oberstleutnant Schaefer in Berlin. r Dr. 0. Schwarzer in Breslau. „ Professor Dr. Steinitz in Berlin. „ Dr. F. Tob ler in Berlin. „ Direktor der städt. Webeschule Weber in Berlin. „ Geheimen Oberbaurath Dr. ing. Zimmermann in Berlin. Berlin, November 1903. Die Verfasser. V Vorchristliche Zeit. 2650 Dungi I., König von Ur, südbabylonischer Beherrscher des Zweistromlandes, wird von NebukadneZar II. (s. 570 v. Chr.) als Urheber einer Gewichtsnorm, und zwar der schweren babylonischen Mine gemeiner Norm zu 982,4 gr. genannt. Aus 2 Statuen, die Gudea, Priesterfürsten von Lagai, einen älteren Zeitgenossen des Dungi als Bauherrn sitzend darstellen und die genau übereinstimmende Massstäbe tragen, ergibt sich die babylonische Doppelelle zu 990—996 mm, fast genau gleich dem Sekundenpendel für den 30. Breitengrad, und daraus die schwere babylonische Mine zu 982,4 gr. als Wasser- gewicht des Kubus vom Zehntel der Doppelelle, so dass ein geschlossenes Mass- und Gewichtssystem vorliegt, dessen Einheiten die Grundlage für die gesammte metrologische Entwicklung des Alterthums gebildet haben. 1750 Der Aegypter Ahmes lehrt die Berechnung des Flächen- inhaltes von Feldstücken, deren einschliessende Seiten ge- geben sind. 1100 Der Chinese Tschu-Kong bestimmt die Schiefe der Ekliptik. 660 Terpandros von Lesbos begründet die diatonischen und chromatischen Tonleitern. 640 Der chaldaeische Astronom Berosus, angeblich der Lehrer des Thaies, soll die Sonnenuhr erfunden haben.
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