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Gunpowder and Ammunition, Their Origin and Progress

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Gunpowder and Ammunition, Their Origin and Progress GUNPOWDER AND AMMUNITION THEIR ORIGIN AND PROGRESS BY LIEUT.-COLONEL HENRY W. L. HIME* * (LATE) ROYAL ARTILLERY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON NEW YORK AND BOMBAY 1904 All rights reserved Digitized by G o o g le Digitized by 1 1 0 8 3 8 SEP 3 0 1907 LRK ■ H 5 1 CONTENTS PART I THE ORIGIN OF GUNPOWDER CHAP. PAGB I. I ntroduction ..............................................................3 II. Sa l t p e t r e .....................................................................12 III. T he Gr e e k s ..................................................................... 29 IV. M arcus Gh s c u s ..................................................... 57 V. T he A r a b s ..................................................................... 90 VX T he H i n d u s ...................................................................105 VTI. T he C hinese................................................................... 124 VTII. F riar Baco n ................................................................... 141 PART II THE PROGRESS OF AMMUNITION IX. A nalytical T able op A mmunition • . .165 X. Hand A mmunition:— F ire-Arrows and F ire-Pikes . .168 H and G r e n a d e s ................................................. 169 XI. W ar R o c k e t s ....................................................172 XII. G unpowder . 177 Digitized by G o o g le VI CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE XIII. Shock P rojectiles:— D arts, & c..................................................................199 Round Sh o t .......................................................... 200 Case ........ 207 Sh r a p n e l .......................................................... 208 XIV. I gneous P rojectiles:— Hot Sh o t .......................................................... 217 I ncendiary F i r e b a l l s ........................................ 217 I ncendiary Sh e l l ................................................. 220 C a r c a s s e s .......................................................... 224 E xplosive F i r e b a l l s ........................................ 224 E xplosive Sh e l l ................................................. 225 XV. I gniters:— Hot W ires, P riming P owder, Matches, and P o r t f i r e s ................................................. 228 T u b e s ...................................................................230 T ime F u z e s .......................................................... 231 P ercussion and C oncussion Fuzes . 244 X V I. Signals............................................................................ 246 TABLES TABLE I. M ethods of R efining Saltpetre . - 2 7 II. Greek F ir es.............................................................. 32 III. Sea F i r e s .............................................................. 41 IV. A nalytical T able of A mmunition . .167 V. P rice of E nglish Powder at V arious T imes . 184 Digitized by V^OOQle CONTENTS V ll TABLE VI. C onnection between S ize of Grain, M uzzle V elocity, and Pressu re.................................... 195 VTL C omposition of E nglish P owder at V arious T imes 197 VIII. Composition of F oreign P owder at V arious T imes 198 IX. P rice of Metals in 1375 and 1865 . 204 X. C omparative C ost of One Round fired with Shot of D ifferent Materials, cir. 1375 . 205 X L C omparative P ressure on Bore when firing S hot of D ifferent Materials, cir. 1375 206 XII. Composition of Matches at V arious T im es. 229 XIII. C omposition of T ime F uzes at V arious T imes . 243 X IV . C omposition of Signal Rockets at V arious T imes 246 X V . F ixed L ights . .................................... 246 XVI. F i r e w o r k s ............................................................. 247 I ndex ....................................................................... 249 Digitized by Digitized by BOOKS OFTEN QUOTED The following works are frequently quoted, and are only designated by the author’s name. Thus, “ Elliot,” ii. 75, means Sir H. M. Elliot’s “ Hist, of India, as told, &c. &c.,” vol. ii. p. 75. Bacon, Roger, Opera qusedcm hactmus inedita, ed. b y Professor Brew er; Rolls Series, 1859. B erthelot, M. P. E., La Chirnie au Moyen Age, Paris, 1893. Brackenbury, Lieut.-General Sir H., G.C.B., “ Ancient Gannon in Europe,” in vols. iv. and v. of Proceed. Roy. Artillery Institution, Woolwich, 1865-6. Elliot, Sir H. M., “ Hist of India, as told by its own Historians,” ed. by Professor J. Dowson, M.R.A.S., London, 1867-77. Jahns, Oberst-Lieut. M., Handbuch einer Geechickte dee Kriegeweeens, Leipsig, 1880. Napoleon III., Etudes eur le Posed et VAvenir de VArUUerie, Paris, 1846-71. Nye, Master-Gunner N., “ Art of Gunnery,” to which is added a “ Treatise on Artificial Fireworks” (separately paginated), London, 1647. Reinaud (Professor) et Fav£ (Capitaine), Du Feu Grdgeoie, &c., Paris, 1845. Romocki, S. J. yon, Geechickte der Explosivstoffe, Hanover, 1895. Whitehorne, P., u Certain Waies for the ordering of Souldiers in Battelray,” London, 1560. ix Digitized by G o o g le Digitized by V jO O Q lC PART I THE ORIGIN OF GUNPOWDER Digitized by Digitized by CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION I M uch discussion has been caused in the past by the vagueness of the word gunpowder. The following are the meanings which this and a few other words bear in these pages Explosion.— The sudden and violent generation, with a loud noise and in a time inappreciable by the unaided senses, of a very great volume of gas, by the combustion of a body occupy­ ing a comparatively very small volume. Progressive Combustion. — Combustion which takes place in a time appreciable by the un­ aided senses, such as that of rocket composi­ tion or a bit of paper. Gunpowder.— A mixture of saltpetre, charcoal, and sulphur, which explodes. The signs of its explosion are a bright flash, a loud noise, and a large volume of smoke. Incendiary (for “ incendiary composition”)-— A substance or mixture which bums progres­ sively, although fiercely, and is hard to put out Machine always means an apparatus of the bal- lista type. Digitized by G o o g le 4 THE ORIGIN OF GUNPOWDER Cannon includes bombards, mortars, guns, &c. Musket includes all hand firearms charged with gunpowder. II Of the many difficulties that beset the present inquiry, two deserve special mention. The first is the want of simple exactness in most early writers when recording the facts from which we have to draw our conclusions. At times their descriptions are so meagre that it is difficult, if not impossible, to decide whether certain projectiles were incendiary or explosive. At other times they abound in tropes and figures of speech which amount to an unintentional suggestio fa lsi. “ The missiles spread themselves abroad like a cloud,” says a Spanish Arab; “ they roar like thunder; they flame like a furnace; they reduce everything to ashes.” 1 A projectile full of blazing Greek fire appeared to Joinville to be of portentous bulk. It flew through the midnight sky with thundering noise like a fiery dragon, followed by a long trail of flame; and it illumined the whole camp as with the light of day.1 2 Even to approach the truth, we must prune such figures of rhetoric; and this is a danger­ ous operation, for we may prune too much. The 1 Escorial MS., No. 1249, given in Casiri’s Bibliotheca Arabico- Hispana Escur., ii. 7. 2 Hut, du Boy Saint Boys, Paris, 1668, p. 39. He calls the projec­ tile “ ung tonneau,” which it probably was. See the section on “ Incendiary Fireballs.” Digitized by G o o g le INTRODUCTION 5 only safeguard against these suggestive metaphors is to keep steadily in view the distinctive peculiarities of incendiary and explosive projectiles. The incendiary shell was simply an envelope intended to convey into the interior of a fort, ship, &c., a quantity of combustible matter, which burned with such violence as to set fire to everything in­ flammable that was near it. The primary object of the explosive shell, on the other hand, was to blow up whatever it fell upon. It might occasionally, by the intense heat generated by the explosion,1 set fire to its surroundings when inflammable; but this was a mere incidental consequence of its action. Its aim and end was to explode. When a musket or cannon was fired there was a bright flash, a loud, momentary report, and a large volume of smoke.2 When an incendiary missile was discharged from a machine there was no flash, but little smoke, and the only sounds were the whizzing and sputtering of the burning mixture and the creaking and groaning of bolts, spars, ropes, & c.:— “ W ith grisly soune out goth the grete gonne.” 3 An explosive missile made its way through the air with little noise1 and less light:6 during its flight 1 Estimated for gunpowder at 33730 C. 2 “ . to be the mark Of smoky muskets.” — AWs Well that Ends Well, iii. 2. * Chaucer’s “ Legend of Good Women,” 637. Professor Skeat points out that the word “ gonne” applies to the projectile in this line. 4 Only the whirring of the shot. 6 Only the faint light of the time fuze. Digitized by G o o g le 6 THE ORIGIN OF GUNPOWDER the blazing contents of the incendiary shell doubt­ less gave out much light and made a considerable noise, as described by many early writers. When an explosive shell reached its object there was, sooner or later (if it acted at all), an explosion, occasionally followed by a conflagration: an in­ cendiary shell produced a conflagration only. The second difficulty arises from the change of meaning which many technical words have under­ gone in the lapse of years. The Arabic word bartid originally meant hail, was afterwards applied to saltpetre, and finally came to signify gunpowder. Our own word powder, which at first meant a fine, floury dust (pulvis), is often used in the present day to designate the stringy nitrocelluloid, cordite— smokeless powder. The Chinese word yo means gunpowder now, although its first meaning was a drug or plant. For centuries gunpowder was called kraut in Germany, and to this day it is called kruid in Holland.
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