Analysis of the State of Preservation of the M Edieval Fortification Elements, in the C Ontext of Landscape a Ttractiveness Base

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Analysis of the State of Preservation of the M Edieval Fortification Elements, in the C Ontext of Landscape a Ttractiveness Base Key words: fortifications, Middle tem. They resembled a little military Ages, Lower Silesia, military organizations where every member xample xample architecture had to have his own helmet, spear andscape E L and sword. They were responsible Introduction for provision of weapons, their repair reservation reservation and each of them was in charge of P In many cities in Lower Silesia a selected part of fortification. For medieval fortifications are preserved instance, in fortified towers managed to various extent. Most of them were by guilds there were rooms used for subject to research that took place in storage of weapons [Widawski 1973, the 60’s and 70’s of the twentieth cen- p. 55]. As we can see, the whole ortification ontext of ontext tury and was conducted by Edmund system was specifically constructed F tate of Małachowicz, Mirosław Przyłęcki, and ensured full readiness of the city C ased on an or Mieczysław Zlat. This article pres- to defence. S B ent results of contemporary research Until now, in 15 cities in Lower ities of Lower Silesia ities of Lower involving the quantitative assess- Silesia there are preserved fragments C ment of the preserved elements of of medieval fortifications of at least the Lower Silesian city fortifications 30% of their original size. This in the context of contemporary city resource has been analysed in the edieval edieval landscape attractiveness, their role following study. The following figure and participation in the recreation presents the general state of preserva- M space, or creation of the visual iden- tion (Fig. 1). tity of the city. elected The medieval fortifications of Medieval fortifications in the S Silesian towns served the towns- West European cities ttractiveness ttractiveness people in the defence against foreign lements, in the enemy troops (e.g. Czechs, Germans, In the Middle Ages, Silesia Analysis of the Analysis of the Izabela Iwancewicz Jerzy Potyrała, E A of Mongolians), band of looters and belonged to the areas which were vagabonds carrying plagues (thanks economically rich and abundant in Analiza stanu to the defended gateways it was various building materials. It main- zachowania possible to regulate or reduce their tained political and commercial elementów fortyfikacji influx). The townspeople shared contacts with historic empires e.g. the costs of building fortifications, The Roman Empire, Byzantine Em- średniowiecznej gathering weapons, ammunition and pire, the Monarchy of Charlemagne w kontekście paying for the military contingent and later with Holy Roman Empire defending the territory of the Duchy. (consisting of Kingdom of Germany atrakcyjności They were also obliged to a complete and the fief of Roman Empire – Czech krajobrazowej na military training in the use of weapon. Kingdom) [Przyłęcki 1998, p. 9–10]. Guilds played the main role in the In natural consequence, Lower Sile- przykładzie wybranych organization of the city defence sys- sian cites took inspirations from their miast Dolnego Śląska experience in the construction of 20 3/2015 Słowa kluczowe: średniowiecze, bronią. W organizacji systemu obro- do przechowywania broni cechowej fortyfikacje, architektura obronna, ny miasta główną rolę odgrywały [Widawski 1973, s. 55]. Jak widać, Dolny Śląsk cechy rzemieślnicze. Przypominały system był szczegółowo rozwiązany one organizacje wojskowe, a każdy i zapewniał pełną gotowość miasta członek musiał posiadać własny do obrony. Do dziś w 15 miastach Wprowadzenie hełm, włócznię i miecz. Cechy zaj- na terenie Dolnego Śląska zachowa- W wielu miastach na Dolnym mowały się zaopatrzeniem w broń, ły się fragmenty średniowiecznych Śląsku zachowały się w różnym jej naprawą i magazynowaniem oraz fortyfikacji w wymiarze co najmniej stopniu średniowieczne fortyfikacje. odpowiadały za konkretny odcinek 30%. Zasób ten poddano analizie W zdecydowanej większości zo- fortyfikacji. Na przykład w wieżach w poniższym opracowaniu. Ogólny stały objęte badaniami naukowymi zarządzanych przez cechy znajdo- stan zachowania w tych miastach w latach 60. i 80. XX wieku, pro- wały się zamknięte pomieszczenia przedstawia rycina 1. wadzonymi m.in. pod kierunkiem Edmunda Małachowicza, Mirosława Przyłęckiego czy Mieczysława Zlata. Poniższy artykuł prezentuje wyniki współczesnych badań dotyczących oceny ilościowej zachowanych elementów dolnośląskich średnio- wiecznych fortyfikacji miejskich w kontekście współczesnej atrakcyj- ności krajobrazowej miasta, ich roli w przestrzeni rekreacyjnej czy two- rzeniu tożsamości wizualnej miasta. Średniowieczne fortyfikacje śląskich miast służyły mieszczanom w obronie przed obcymi wojska- mi (Czesi, Niemcy, Mongołowie), bandami łupieżców, ale również watahami włóczęgów przenoszący- mi w tych czasach zarazy (poprzez bramy miejskie można było regulo- wać bądź całkiem ograniczać ich na- pływ). Na mieszczanach spoczywał ciężar kosztów budowy fortyfikacji, uzbrojenia, amunicji oraz opłacenia kontyngentu wojskowego w celu obrony terytorium księstwa. Byli oni zobowiązani do wojskowego przeszkolenia w posługiwaniu się Ryc. 1. Stan zachowania murów obronnych w miastach na Dolnym Śląsku (oprac. I. Iwancewicz) 3/2015 21 Fig. 1. The state of preservation of defence walls in Lower Silesiacities (prepared by I. Iwancewicz) be found in religious buildings made from brick and possibly in parts of the castle located within the city walls. A crucial defensive element was the city fortified walls. Within their boundaries we can distinguish different elements of defence. The fundamental element is the wall, which is also named the curtain wall. It had a varied height and was constructed with wood and earth, and from thirteenth century on with stone or brick. It surrounded the city with a compact ring. Its height could also be an ob- stacle to the attackers (height 5–12 m) and by its bulk might also protect the city from an enemy attack and pen- etration (thickness 0.7–2.5 m). A cogged-shaped wall called crenellation was used for defence, behind that were located wooden communication bridges and defen- sive positions called the battlement. Its wooden roofing was named city fortifications. In Western Europe preserved until now, include brick hoarding. Projecting outside the cities developed over the former Ro- or stone constructions which in thir- wall defensive positions allowing for man Empire territories, hence their teenth century replaced the earlier shooting at the enemy from a height is fortifications followed the model wooden-earth structures. named machicolation. It had a brick from the ancient times. In the tenth The construction of fortifica- or wooden structure [Aleksandrowicz century German city fortifications tions was strictly related to the use 2010, p. 7–8]. were based on the ancient tradition of weapon of distance fight. In the The city could have one, two or and Galician-Roman one [Eysymontt Middle Ages the basic type of weapon even more fortified rings. The mod- 2009, p. 119–120]. We could say, was a bow and crossbow. In four- ernization of the town’s fortifications, that the thirteenth-century city defen- teenth century appeared firearms, but which took place in many cities in the sive systems in Silesia were among it was only in the fifteenth century that fifteenth and sixteenth century, and the most modern ones in their times, they reached their highest efficiency development of firearms, consisted and they deserves special protection in combat [Widawski 1973, p. 55]. precisely in the construction of an now. The remains of the medieval In the Middle Ages, when cit- additional line of walls which were fortifications in Silesian towns which ies were dominated by the wooden equipped with artillery towers (Fig. 3). have been to a greater or lesser extent buildings, solid shelters were only to 22 3/2015 Średniowieczne fortyfikacje o średniowiecze, to podstawowym wszystkim na budowie dodatkowych miast Europy Zachodniej rodzajem broni do walki na odległość linii murów wyposażonych w baszty były łuk, następnie kusza, a w XIV w. artyleryjskie (ryc. 3). Śląsk należał w średniowieczu pojawiła się broń palna osiągająca Obiektem w znaczącym stop- do obszarów ekonomicznie boga- dopiero w XV w. liczącą się w walce niu wzmacniającym skuteczność tych i zasobnych w różne materiały skuteczność [Widawski 1973, s. 54]. obrony bezpośredniej murów była budowlane. Utrzymywał kontakty W średniowieczu, kiedy domi- baszta. Umiejscowiona w linii mu- polityczno-handlowe z historyczny- nowały budynki drewniane, solid- rów, lecz wyniesiona nawet na dwu- mi mocarstwami, np. z Imperium Ro- nym schroniskiem były murowane krotną ich wysokość i – co ważne manum, Bizancjum czy Monarchią budowle sakralne i ewentualnie – wysunięta z ich lica, umożliwiała Karola Wielkiego, a później Świętym obiekty zamku znajdującego się bardzo skuteczny ostrzał atakujących Cesarstwem Rzymskim, w skład któ- w obrębie miasta. wzdłuż ich linii pod murem, a także rego wchodziły Królestwo Niemiec Bojową pozycją obronną były większy punktowy zasięg na przed- i lenno Królestwo Czeskie [Przyłęcki mury fortyfikacji miejskich. To w ich polu twierdzy. Rozstaw baszt związa- 1998, s. 9–10]. W naturalnej konse- obrębie wyróżnić możemy różne ny był ze skutecznym strzałem z łuku kwencji czerpał więc inspiracje z ich elementy obrony. Podstawowym czy z kuszy, co stanowiło odległość doświadczeń w budowie fortyfika- elementem była ściana, nazywana 30–50 m. Pod względem architekto- cji miejskich. W Europie Zachod- też kurtyną. Miała różną wysokość, nicznym nadawały rytm pierścienio- niej miasta rozwijały się na byłych konstrukcję
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